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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloji_sistem" title="Bioloji sistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bioloji sistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ki_sistem" title="Biološki sistem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biološki sistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_biol%C3%B2gic" title="Sistema biològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema biològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_biol%C3%B3gico" title="Sistema biológico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema biológico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_biologiko" title="Sistema biologiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema biologiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دستگاه زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستگاه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_biologique" title="Système biologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système biologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_biol%C3%B3xicos" title="Sistemas biolóxicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistemas biolóxicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_system" title="Biologisk system – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk system" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_seestem" title="Biological seestem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biological seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="حياتياتي سرشتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتياتي سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_biologis" title="Sistim biologis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sistim biologis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagraw_asnudran" title="Anagraw asnudran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anagraw asnudran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_sistem" title="Biyolojik sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Біологічна система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологічна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hệ sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生物系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities</div> <p>A <b>biological system</b> is a complex <a href="/wiki/Biological_network_inference" title="Biological network inference">network</a> which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> scale in <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> and other animals, examples include the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micro</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanoscopic</a> scale, examples of biological systems are <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a>, macromolecular complexes and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell" title="Regulatory T cell">regulatory</a> pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">living system</a>, such as a living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organ_and_tissue_systems">Organ and tissue systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organ and tissue systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg/300px-TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg/449px-TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg/599px-TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An example of a system: the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> are the four basic components of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">Organ system</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body" title="List of systems of the human body">List of systems of the human body</a></div> <p>These specific systems are widely studied in <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a> and are also present in many other animals. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>: the organs used for <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and processing food with <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>): pumping and channeling <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to and from the body and <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, blood and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> involved in fluid balance, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> balance and excretion of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal system">Skeletal system</a>: structural support and protection with <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a>: communication within the body using <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary">pituitary</a> gland, <a href="/wiki/Pineal_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal body">pineal body</a> or pineal gland, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathyroid">parathyroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal">adrenals</a>, i.e., adrenal glands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine system">Exocrine system</a>: various functions including lubrication and protection by <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a> such <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous">mucous</a> glands, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a>: structures involved in the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blood_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood stream">blood stream</a>; includes the lymph and the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">nodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph vessel">vessels</a>. The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a>: protects the organism from foreign bodies.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a>: collecting, transferring and processing information with <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organs">sense organs</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory systems">Sensory systems</a>: <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">gustatory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a>: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal muscles">skeletal muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscles">smooth muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Sex_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex organs">sex organs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organic <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), but <a href="/wiki/Rufus_of_Ephesus" title="Rufus of Ephesus">Rufus of Ephesus</a> (c. 90–120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various,<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g., compare <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bichat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bichat">Bichat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuvier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuvier">Cuvier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a>, allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as <i>appareils</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellular_organelle_systems">Cellular organelle systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cellular organelle systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/220px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/330px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/440px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Artist impression of cell components</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact components of a cell are determined by whether the cell is a <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">Nucleus</a> (eukaryotic only): storage of genetic material; control center of the cell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Cytosol</a>: component of the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> consisting of jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended within</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membrane</a> (plasma membrane):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">Endoplasmic reticulum</a>: outer part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear envelope</a> forming a continuous channel used for transportation; consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum <ul><li>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): considered "rough" due to the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> attached to the channeling; made up of cisternae that allow for protein production</li> <li>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">Ribosome</a>: site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> (mitochondria): powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration producing ATP (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">Lysosome</a>: center of breakdown for unwanted/unneeded material within the cell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">Peroxisome</a>: breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(hydrogen peroxide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> (eukaryotic only): folded network involved in modification, transport, and secretion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a>: site of photosynthesis; storage of chlorophyll</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/48px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/64px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_network" title="Biological network">Biological network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_systems" title="Evolutionary systems">Evolutionary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">Organ system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=253">Systems Biology: An Overview</a> by Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103455/https://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW99/GIW99P66.pdf">Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System</a>, by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.</li> <li>It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, including evolution of genes and memes, into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a "<a href="/wiki/Global_brain" title="Global brain">global brain</a>", (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/">http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/</a></li> <li>Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2007. <i>The Evolution of Organ Systems</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwTDAAAQBAJ">[2]</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFF._MuggianuA._BensoR._BardiniE._Hu2018" class="citation book cs1">F. Muggianu; A. Benso; R. Bardini; E. Hu; G. Politano; S. Di Carlo (2018). "Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)". <i>2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">713–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FBIBM.2018.8621533">10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-5488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-5488-0"><bdi>978-1-5386-5488-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59233194">59233194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+biological+complexity+using+Biology+System+Description+Language+%28BiSDL%29&rft.btitle=2018+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Bioinformatics+and+Biomedicine+%28BIBM%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59233194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FBIBM.2018.8621533&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-5488-0&rft.au=F.+Muggianu&rft.au=A.+Benso&rft.au=R.+Bardini&rft.au=E.+Hu&rft.au=G.+Politano&rft.au=S.+Di+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+system" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In: <i>Rudiments of physiology</i>. Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21301608">link</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, Larry (2014). <i>Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLEBgAAQBAJ">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928095533/https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLEBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 2023-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bichat, X. (1801). <i>Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine</i>, 4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomiegnra001bich">link</a>. (See pp. cvj-cxj).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuvier, Georges. <i>Lecons d'anatomie comparée</i> 2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6850#/summary">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302003128/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6850#/summary">Archived</a> 2009-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Brain. <i>The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp., <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8IECgAAQBAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703083158/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8IECgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020215840/https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles/">"Human Anatomy And Physiology"</a>. <i>PressBooks</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles/">the original</a> on 2020-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PressBooks&rft.atitle=Human+Anatomy+And+Physiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fanatomyandphysiology%2Fchapter%2F3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hierarchy_of_life45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_organisation" title="Template talk:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hierarchy_of_life45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Biocoenosis</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_assembly" title="Macromolecular assembly">Biomolecular complex</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">Macromolecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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