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id="toc-Tanakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tanakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genres_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genres and themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Traditional attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Before the exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixing_the_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing_the_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fixing the canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing_the_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language and pronunciation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_different_words_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_different_words_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Number of different words used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_different_words_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevi'im" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevi'im"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nevi'im</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevi'im-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketuvim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketuvim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ketuvim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketuvim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Poetic books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_scrolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_scrolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Five scrolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Other books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Book order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Number of books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Jewish commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Jewish_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Jewish_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence on Jewish identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Jewish_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Influence on Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew Bible</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الكتاب العبري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتاب العبري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_hebrea" title="Biblia hebrea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biblia hebrea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="হিব্রু বাইবেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিব্রু বাইবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Яўрэйская Біблія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэйская Біблія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsk%C3%A1_bible" title="Hebrejská bible – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hebrejská bible" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraiske_Bibel" title="Hebraiske Bibel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hebraiske Bibel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_hebrea" title="Biblia hebrea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblia hebrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrea_Biblio" title="Hebrea Biblio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebrea Biblio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrear_Biblia" title="Hebrear Biblia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hebrear Biblia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کتاب مقدس عبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب مقدس عبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_hebrea" title="Biblia hebrea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biblia hebrea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4_%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="히브리어 성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히브리어 성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkitab Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhayibheli_lesiHeberu" title="IBhayibheli lesiHeberu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBhayibheli lesiHeberu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreska_bibl%C3%ADan" title="Hebreska biblían – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hebreska biblían" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%22%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="התנ"ך העברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנ"ך העברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_ya_Kiebrania" title="Biblia ya Kiebrania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biblia ya Kiebrania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica" title="Biblia Hebraica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biblia Hebraica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ber_Biblia" title="Héber Biblia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Héber Biblia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Танах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Танах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹീബ്രു ബൈബിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹീബ്രു ബൈബിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الكتاب العبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكتاب العبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Bible_Ibrani" title="Kitab Bible Ibrani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Bible Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreeuwse_Bijbel" title="Hebreeuwse Bijbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hebreeuwse Bijbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="ヘブライ語聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘブライ語聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hebraiske_bibelen" title="Den hebraiske bibelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hebraiske bibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hebraiske_bibelen" title="Den hebraiske bibelen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den hebraiske bibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="عبرانی بائبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عبرانی بائبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عبراني سپېڅلی کتاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عبراني سپېڅلی کتاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia_hebraica" title="Bíblia hebraica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bíblia hebraica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еврейская Библия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейская Библия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Танах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Танах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibla_Hebreje" title="Bibla Hebreje – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bibla Hebreje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hebrew Bible" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejsk%C3%A1_biblia" title="Hebrejská biblia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hebrejská biblia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کتێبی پیرۆزی عیبری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێبی پیرۆزی عیبری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хебрејска Библија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хебрејска Библија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrejska_Biblija" title="Hebrejska Biblija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hebrejska Biblija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எபிரேய வேதாகமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எபிரேய வேதாகமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="คัมภีร์ฮีบรู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัมภีร์ฮีบรู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brani_Kutsal_Kitab%C4%B1" title="İbrani Kutsal Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbrani Kutsal Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%84" title="عبرانی بائبل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عبرانی بائبل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_Th%C3%A1nh_Hebrew" title="Kinh Thánh Hebrew – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh Thánh Hebrew" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibe_(djudayisse)" title="Bibe (djudayisse) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bibe (djudayisse)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="希伯来圣经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希伯来圣经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenach" title="Tenach – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tenach" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="希伯來聖經 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Core group of ancient Hebrew scriptures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tanakh" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tanakh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tanakh (disambiguation)">Tanakh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Jewish text. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Hebrew" title="Bible translations into Hebrew">Bible translations into Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hebrew Bible (disambiguation)">Hebrew Bible (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Hebrew Bible</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#ededed"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תַּנַ״ךְ</span>‎, <i>Tanakh</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png/259px-Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png" decoding="async" width="259" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png/389px-Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png/518px-Entire_Tanakh_scroll_set.png 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Complete set of scrolls, constituting the Tanakh</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">8th/7th centuries BCE – 2nd/1st centuries BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90" class="extiw" title="s:he:מקרא">Hebrew Bible</a></span></span></i> at Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hebrew Bible</b> or <b>Tanakh</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תַּנַ״ךְ</span>‎ <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Tanaḵ</i></span>), also known in Hebrew as <b>Miqra</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מִקְרָא</span>‎ <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Mīqrāʾ</i></span><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>), is the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical collection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> scriptures, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>. Different branches of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a> have maintained different versions of the canon, including the 3rd-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text used in <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, and most recently the 10th-century medieval <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a>, currently used in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tov_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "Hebrew Bible" or "Hebrew Canon" are frequently confused with the Masoretic Text; however, this is a medieval version and one of several texts considered authoritative by different types of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">Judaism throughout history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tov_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current edition of the Masoretic Text is mostly in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, with a few passages in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> (in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, and the verse <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_10#Verse_11" title="Jeremiah 10">10:11</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authoritative form of the modern Hebrew Bible used in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> (7th to 10th century CE), which consists of 24 books, divided into chapters and <i><a href="/wiki/Passuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Passuk">pesuqim</a></i> (verses). The <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew Bible developed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a>, as the Jews decided which religious texts were of divine origin; the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Jewish scribes and scholars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, comprises the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a> 24 books that they considered authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tov_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Alexandria">Jews of Alexandria</a> produced a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible called "the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>", that included books later identified as the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> produced their own edition of the Torah, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>. According to the Dutch–Israeli biblical scholar and linguist <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a>, professor of Bible Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, both of these ancient editions of the Hebrew Bible differ significantly from the medieval Masoretic Text.<sup id="cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tov_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the Masoretic Text, modern biblical scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the Septuagint, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> translation, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> collection, the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>, and quotations from <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic manuscripts</a>. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases and often differ from it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an <a href="/wiki/Urtext_(biblical_studies)" title="Urtext (biblical studies)">Urtext</a> of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many similarities between the Hebrew Bible and the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Old Testament has the same books as the Hebrew Bible, but the books are arranged in different orders. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> churches include the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>, which are not included in certain versions of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توراة</span>) is identified not only with the <i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></i> (the five books of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>), but also with the other books of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanakh">Tanakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tanakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Hebrew abbreviations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></div> <p><i>Tanakh</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>, made from the first <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew letter</a> of each of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>'s three traditional divisions: <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (literally 'Instruction' or 'Law'),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> (Prophets), and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> (Writings)—hence TaNaKh. </p><p>The three-part division reflected in the acronym <i>Tanakh</i> is well attested in the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that period,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, <i>Tanakh</i> was not used. Instead, the proper title was <i>Mikra</i> (or <i>Miqra</i>, מקרא, meaning <i>reading</i> or <i>that which is read</i>) because the biblical texts were read publicly. The acronym 'Tanakh' is first recorded in the medieval era.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mikra</i> continues to be used in Hebrew to this day, alongside Tanakh, to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, they are interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Biblia Hebraica (disambiguation)">Biblia Hebraica (disambiguation)</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical studies</a> scholars advocate use of the term <i>Hebrew Bible</i> (or <i>Hebrew Scriptures</i>) as a substitute for less-neutral terms with Jewish or Christian connotations (e.g., <i>Tanakh</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>'s <i>Handbook of Style</i>, which is the standard for major academic journals like the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i> and conservative Protestant journals like the <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Sacra" title="Bibliotheca Sacra">Bibliotheca Sacra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Journal" title="Westminster Theological Journal">Westminster Theological Journal</a></i>, suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as ... Hebrew Bible [and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of either.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hebrew" refers to the original language of the books, but it may also be taken as referring to the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple era</a> and their descendants, who preserved the transmission of the Masoretic Text up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew Bible includes small portions in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (mostly in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>), written and printed in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic square-script</a>, which was adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres_and_themes">Genres and themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genres and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tanakh includes a variety of genres, including narratives of events set in the past. The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>) contains legal material. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> is a collection of hymns, but songs are included elsewhere in the Tanakh, such as Exodus 15, 1 Samuel 2, and Jonah 2. Books such as Proverbs and Ecclesiastes are examples of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other books are examples of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>. In the prophetic books, a prophet denounces evil or predicts what God will do in the future. A prophet might also describe and interpret visions. The Book of Daniel is the only book in the Tanakh usually described as <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a>. However, other books or parts of books have been called proto-apocalyptic, such as Isaiah 24–27, Joel, and Zechariah 9–14.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central theme throughout the Tanakh is <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, worshiping one <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>. The Tanakh was created by the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, a people who lived within the cultural and religious context of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">religions of the ancient Near East</a> were <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, but the Israelites rejected polytheism in favor of monotheism. Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Christine Hayes</a> writes that the Hebrew Bible was "the record of [the Israelites'] religious and cultural revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">John Barton</a>, "<a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> is consistently presented throughout the [Hebrew Scriptures] as the God who created the world, and as the only God with whom Israel is to be concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This special relationship between God and Israel is described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a>. As part of the covenant, God gives his people the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> as an eternal possession. The God of the covenant is also a God of <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)#Judaism" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>. God liberates his people from Egypt and continually intervenes to save them from their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019–10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019–10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tanakh imposes <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">ethical requirements</a>, including social justice and ritual purity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">Tumah and taharah</a>)</span>. The Tanakh forbids the exploitation of widows, orphans, and other vulnerable groups. In addition, the Tanakh condemns murder, theft, bribery, corruption, deceitful trading, adultery, incest, bestiality, and homosexual acts. Another theme of the Tanakh is <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>, showing that God is just even though evil and suffering are present in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200110-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrative">Narrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tanakh begins with the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genesis 12–50 traces Israelite origins to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarchs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, and grandson <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>. God promises Abraham and his descendants blessing and land. The covenant God makes with Abraham is signified by <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">male circumcision</a>. The children of Jacob become the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve tribes of Israel">twelve tribes of Israel</a>. Jacob's son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> is sold into slavery by his brothers, but he becomes a powerful man in Egypt. During a famine, Jacob and his family settle in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob's descendants lived in Egypt for 430 years. After <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, the Israelites wander in the wilderness for 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God gives the Israelites the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> to guide their behavior. The law includes rules for both religious ritual and ethics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a>)</span>. This moral code requires justice and care for the poor, widows, and orphans. The biblical story affirms God's unconditional love for his people, but he still punishes them when they fail to live by the covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God leads Israel into the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman201738_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman201738-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they conquer after five years. For the next 470 years, the Israelites were led by <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">judges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, a new enemy emerged called the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>. They continued to trouble Israel when the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> was judge (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1). When Samuel grew old, the people requested that he choose a king because Samuel's sons were corrupt and they wanted to be like other nations (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_8" title="1 Samuel 8">1 Samuel 8</a>). The Tanakh presents this negatively as a rejection of God's kingship; nevertheless, God permits it, and <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a> is <a href="/wiki/Anointed" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointed">anointed</a> king. This inaugurates the united monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202162_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An officer in Saul's army named <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> achieves great militarily success. Saul tries to kill him out of jealousy, but David successfully escapes (1 Samuel 16–29). After Saul dies fighting the Philistines (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_31" title="1 Samuel 31">1 Samuel 31</a>; <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_10" title="2 Chronicles 10">2 Chronicles 10</a>), the kingdom is divided between his son <a href="/wiki/Eshbaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eshbaal">Eshbaal</a> and David (David ruled his <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a> and Eshbaal ruled the rest). After Eshbaal's assassination, David was anointed king over all of Israel (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Samuel">2 Samuel</a> 2–5).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202163_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David captures the <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusite</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_5" title="2 Samuel 5">2 Samuel 5</a>:6–7) and makes it his capital. Jerusalem's location between Judah in the southern hills and the northern Israelite tribes made it an ideal location from which to rule over all the tribes. He further increased Jerusalem's importance by bringing the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> there from <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_6" title="2 Samuel 6">2 Samuel 6</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202160_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202160-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David's son <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> built the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Solomon's death, the united kingdom split into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">northern Kingdom of Israel</a> (also known as the Kingdom of Samaria) with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> with its capital at Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman201723_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman201723-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Samaria survived for 200 years until it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a> in 722 BCE. The Kingdom of Judah survived for longer, but it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a> in 586 BCE. The Temple was destroyed, and many Judeans were <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled to Babylon</a>. In 539 BCE, Babylon was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible" title="Cyrus the Great in the Bible">Cyrus the Great</a> of Persia, who allowed the exiles to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Judah</a>. Between 520 and 515 BCE, the Temple was rebuilt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813–14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813–14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_attribution">Traditional attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious tradition ascribes <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">authorship of the Torah to Moses</a>. In later Biblical texts, such as Daniel 9:11 and Ezra 3:2, it is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Torah (Law) of Moses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Torah itself credits Moses with writing only some specific sections.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Moses would have lived in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BCE</a>, but this was before the development of Hebrew writing. The Torah is dated to the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="1st millennium BCE">1st millennium BCE</a> after Israel and Judah had already developed as states. Nevertheless, "it is highly likely that extensive oral transmission of proverbs, stories, and songs took place during this period", and these may have been included in the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of Genesis 12–50, which describes the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">patriarchal age</a>, and the Book of Exodus may reflect <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>. In these stories, Israelite ancestors such as Jacob and Moses use <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickery</a> and deception to survive and thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202151_&_56_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202151_&_56-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span>) is credited as the author of at least 73 of the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, is identified as the author of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Solomon</a>. The Hebrew Bible describes their reigns as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> when Israel flourished both culturally and militarily. However, there is no archeological evidence for this, and it is most likely a "retrospective extrapolation" of conditions under King <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 781–742</span> BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144–45_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144–45-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_exile">Before the exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Before the exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tradition_history" title="Tradition history">Tradition history</a></div> <p>Modern scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the ancient Israelites mostly originated from within Canaan. Their material culture was closely related to their Canaanite neighbors, and Hebrew was a <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite dialect</a>. Archaeological evidence indicates Israel began as loosely organized tribal villages in the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel#Central_hills" title="Geography of Israel">hill country of modern-day Israel</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span>. During crises, these tribes formed temporary alliances. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, written <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BCE</span> (around 500 years after the events it describes), portrays Israel as a grouping of decentralized tribes, and the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Deborah" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Deborah">Song of Deborah</a> in Judges 5 may reflect older oral traditions. It features archaic elements of Hebrew and a <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel#Scholarly_examination" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">tribal list</a> that identifies Israel exclusively with the northern tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202137–38,_45,_42–49_&_54_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202137–38,_45,_42–49_&_54-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 9th or 8th centuries BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Scribe#Judaism" title="Scribe">scribal</a> culture of Samaria and Judah was sufficiently developed to produce biblical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Samaria was more powerful and culturally advanced than the Kingdom of Judah. It also featured multiple cultic sites, including the sanctuaries at <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_&_73_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_&_73-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars estimate that the Jacob tradition (Genesis 25–35) was first written down in the 8th century BCE and probably originated in the north because the stories occur there. Based on the prominence given to the sanctuary at Bethel (Genesis 28), these stories were likely preserved and written down at that religious center. This means the Jacob cycle must be older than the time of King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> of Judah (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 640 – 609 BCE</span>), who pushed for the centralization of worship at Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202173–74_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202173–74-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of Moses and the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a> appears to also originate in the north. It existed as a self-contained story in its oral and earliest written forms, but it was connected to the patriarchal stories during the exile or post-exile periods. The account of Moses's birth (<a href="/wiki/Exodus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 2">Exodus 2</a>) shows similarities to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, which suggests <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> influence sometime after 722 BCE. While the Moses story is set in Egypt, it is used to tell both an anti-Assyrian and anti-imperial message, all while appropriating Assyrian story patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202176–79_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202176–79-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">David M. Carr</a> notes the possibility of an early oral tradition for the Exodus story: "To be sure, there may have been a 'Moses group,' themselves of Canaanite extraction, who experienced slavery and liberation from Egypt, but most scholars believe that such a group—if it existed—was only a small minority in early Israel, even though their story came to be claimed by all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202145_&_54_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202145_&_54-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars believe <a href="/wiki/Psalm_45" title="Psalm 45">Psalm 45</a> could have northern origins since it refers to a king marrying a foreign princess, a policy of the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omrides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202179_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202179-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some psalms may have originated from the shrine in the northern city of Dan. These are the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Korah_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Korah (Bible)">Sons of Korah</a> psalms, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_29" title="Psalm 29">Psalm 29</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_68" title="Psalm 68">Psalm 68</a>. The city of Dan probably became an Israelite city during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a> (781–742<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE). Before then, it belonged to <a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_20" title="Psalm 20">Psalm 20</a> is nearly identical to an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> psalm found in the 4th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Amherst_63" title="Papyrus Amherst 63">Papyrus Amherst 63</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202174–75_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202174–75-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> likely lived in Jerusalem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The text shows a clear bias favoring Judah, where God's worship was centralized in Jerusalem. The Kingdom of Samaria is portrayed as a godless breakaway region whose rulers refuse to worship at Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixing_the_canon">Fixing the canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fixing the canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <p>The books that make up the Hebrew Bible were composed and edited in stages over several hundred years. According to biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a>, "It now seems clear that all the Hebrew Bible received its final shape in the postexilic, or Second Temple, period."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201815_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201815-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> was considered the author of the Torah, and this part of the Tanakh achieved authoritative or canonical status first, possibly as early as the 5th century BCE. This is suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_7" title="Ezra 7">Ezra 7</a>:6, which describes <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> as "a scribe skilled in the law (<i>torah</i>) of Moses that the Lord the God of Israel had given".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nevi'im had gained canonical status by the 2nd century BCE. There are references to the "Law and the Prophets" in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The Book of Daniel, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 164 BCE</span>, was not grouped with the Prophets presumably because the Nevi'im collection was already fixed by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20185_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20185-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ketuvim was the last part of the Tanakh to achieve canonical status. The prologue to the Book of Sirach mentions "other writings" along with the Law and Prophets but does not specify the content. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> refers to "the Law of Moses, the prophets, and the psalms" (<a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">Luke 24</a>:44). These references suggest that the content of the Ketuvim remained fluid until the canonization process was completed in the 2nd-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies662_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies662-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.<sup id="cite_ref-Neusner2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speculated late-1st-century <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a> was once credited with fixing the Hebrew canon, but modern scholars believe there was no such authoritative council of rabbis. Between 70 and 100 CE, rabbis debated whether certain books "make the hands unclean" (meaning the books are holy and should be considered scripture), and references to fixed numbers of canonical books appear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20185_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20185-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several criteria for inclusion. Books had to be older than the 4th century BCE or attributed to an author who had lived before that period. The original language had to be Hebrew, and books had to be widely used. Many books considered scripture by certain Jewish communities were excluded during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_&_7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_&_7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texts_of_the_OT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Texts_of_the_OT.svg/350px-Texts_of_the_OT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Texts_of_the_OT.svg/525px-Texts_of_the_OT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Texts_of_the_OT.svg/700px-Texts_of_the_OT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The inter-relationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible (some identified by their siglum). Mt being the Masoretic text. The lowermost text "(lost)" would be the <a href="/wiki/Urtext_(Biblical_studies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urtext (Biblical studies)">Urtext</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are various <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible">textual variants in the Hebrew Bible</a> resulting from centuries of hand-copying. <a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a> introduced thousands of minor changes to the biblical texts. Sometimes, these changes were by accident. At other times, scribes intentionally added clarifications or theological material. In the Middle Ages, Jewish scribes produced the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, which became the authoritative version of the Tanakh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr20216–7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20216–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a> was written without vowels, but the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> added vowel markings to the text to ensure accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20187–8_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20187–8-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi and Talmudic scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a></i>, published in 1909, that the twenty-four book canon was fixed by Ezra and the scribes in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, much of the Tanakh was compiled by the men of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a> (<i>Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah</i>), a task completed in 450  BCE, and it has remained unchanged ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 24-book canon is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Midrash Koheleth</a> 12:12: <i>Whoever brings together in his house more than twenty four books brings confusion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_pronunciation">Language and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> of the Hebrew text was an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>: <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> written with some applied vowel letters (<i>"<a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a>"</i>). During the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, scholars known as the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> created a single formalized system of <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vocalization</a>. This was chiefly done by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Moses ben Asher</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh, hence the name <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>. It also included some innovations of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Naftali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Naftali">Ben Naftali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity#Exilic_literature_and_post-exilic_revisions_of_the_Torah/Pentateuch" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews hold the pronunciation and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> to derive from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">the revelation at Sinai</a>, since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of a text (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מקרא</span></span> <i>mikra</i>), pronunciation (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ניקוד</span></span> <i>niqqud</i>) and cantillation (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טעמים</span></span> <i>te`amim</i>) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning and the nuances in sentence flow of the text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_different_words_used">Number of different words used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Number of different words used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of distinct words in the Hebrew Bible is 8,679, of which 1,480 are <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> words or expressions that occur only once. The number of distinct <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a>, on which many of these biblical words are based, is roughly 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tanakh consists of twenty-four books, counting as one book each <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel">1 Samuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Samuel">2 Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תרי עשר</span></span>) are also counted as a single book. In Hebrew, the books are often referred to by their <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">prominent first words</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah">Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div> <p>The Torah (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תּוֹרָה</span></span>, literally "teaching") is also known as the "Pentateuch", or as the "Five Books of Moses". Printed versions (rather than scrolls) of the Torah are often called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Chamisha Chumshei Torah</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חמישה חומשי תורה</span></span> "Five fifth-sections of the Torah") and informally as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a></i></span>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Bərē’šīṯ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּרֵאשִׁית</span></span>, literally "In the beginning") – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Šəmōṯ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁמֹות</span></span>, literally "The names of") – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Vayyīqrā’</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַיִּקְרָא</span></span>, literally "And He called") – <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Bəmīḏbar</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּמִדְבַּר</span></span>, literally "In the desert of") – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Dəvārīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דְּבָרִים</span></span>, literally "Things" or "Words") – <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevi'im"><span id="Nevi.27im"></span>Nevi'im</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nevi'im"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></div> <p><i>Nevi'im</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נְבִיאִים</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Nəḇīʾīm</i></span>, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>. This division includes the books which cover the time from the entrance of the Israelites into the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> of Judah (the <i>"period of prophecy"</i>). Their distribution is not chronological, but substantive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Former_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Prophets">Former Prophets</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נביאים ראשונים</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Nevi'im Rishonim</i></span>): </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəhōšúaʿ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְהוֹשֻעַ</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Šōfṭīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שֹׁפְטִים</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Šəmūʾēl</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁמוּאֵל</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Məlāḵīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְלָכִים</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latter_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Prophets">Latter Prophets</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נביאים אחרונים</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Nevi'im Aharonim</i></span>): </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəšaʿyāhū</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְשַׁעְיָהוּ</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yīrməyāhū</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִרְמְיָהוּ</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yəḥezqēʾl</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְחֶזְקֵאל</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תרי עשר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Trei Asar</i></span>, "The Twelve"), which are considered one book: </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Hōšēaʿ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הוֹשֵׁעַ</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yōʾēl</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יוֹאֵל</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿĀmōs</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עָמוֹס</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿŌḇaḏyā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֹבַדְיָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yōnā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יוֹנָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Mīḵā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִיכָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Naḥūm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נַחוּם</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥăḇaqqūq</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲבַקּוּק</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣəfanyā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צְפַנְיָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥaggay</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חַגַּי</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Zəḵaryā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">זְכַרְיָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Malʾāḵī</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאָכִי</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ketuvim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Kəṯūḇīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּתוּבִים</span></span>, "Writings") consists of eleven books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetic_books">Poetic books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Poetic books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Emet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifrei Emet">Sifrei Emet</a></div> <p>In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stich#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:stich">stichs</a> in the verses, which are a function of their <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">poetry</a>. Collectively, these three books are known as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Sifrei Emet</i></span> (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">איוב, משלי, תהלים</span></span> yields <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Emet</i></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אמ"ת</span></span>, which is also the Hebrew for "<a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>"). </p><p>These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Təhīllīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְהִלִּים</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Mīšlē</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִשְׁלֵי</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">’Īyyōḇ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִיּוֹב</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_scrolls">Five scrolls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Five scrolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></div> <p>The five relatively short books of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> are collectively known as the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥamesh Megillot</i></span> (Five Megillot). </p><p>In many Jewish communities, these books are read aloud in the synagogue on particular occasions, the occasion listed below in parentheses. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Šīr hašŠīrīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, also known as Song of Solomon (on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Rūṯ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רוּת</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">’Ēḵā</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵיכָה</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Qōheleṯ</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֹהֶלֶת</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>)</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">’Esṯēr</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶסְתֵר</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_books">Other books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics: their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e. the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion); the Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them; two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in Tanakh with significant portions in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Dānīyyē’l</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דָּנִיֵּאל</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">‘Ezrā’</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֶזְרָא</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Dīvrē hayYāmīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים</span></span>) – <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_order">Book order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Book order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-bb14_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb14-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order is roughly chronological (assuming traditional authorship). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Codices">codices</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Codex" title="Leningrad Codex">Leningrad Codex</a>), and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order is more thematic (e.g. the <i>megillot</i> are listed together). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_books">Number of books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Number of books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <p>The Hebrew Bible is generally considered to consist of 24 books, but this number is somewhat arbitrary, as (for example) it regards 12 separate books of minor prophets as a single book.<sup id="cite_ref-niehoff_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niehoff-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional rabbinic count of 24 books appears in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-bb14_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb14-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous works of <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several early nonrabbinic sources, the number of books given is 22.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number corresponds to the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> there were 27 books, corresponding to the alphabet with final letter forms (<i>sofiot</i>). </p><p>The count of 24 was said to be equal to the number of <a href="/wiki/Priestly_divisions" title="Priestly divisions">priestly divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a modern source, the number of books may be related to the division of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> into 24 books, corresponding to the letters of the Greek alphabet. Both the Bible and Homer formed "foundational literature" of their respective cultures, studied by children and considered distillations of the society's values. The division of the Bible into 22 books may be a conversion of the Greek system to the Hebrew alphabet, while the division into 24 may be an adoption of the "perfect" number 24 as befitting the Bible's stature in Jewish eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-niehoff_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niehoff-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nach">Nach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Nach</b>, also anglicized <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Nakh"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Nakh</span></span></b>, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> portions of Tanakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiferet_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiferet-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nach is often referred to as its own subject,<sup id="cite_ref-NachTeacher_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NachTeacher-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Torah_and_Nach" title="The Living Torah and Nach">separate from Torah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a major subject in the curriculum of Orthodox high schools for girls and in the seminaries which they subsequently attend,<sup id="cite_ref-Tiferet_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiferet-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often taught by different teachers than those who teach Chumash.<sup id="cite_ref-NachTeacher_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NachTeacher-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curriculum of Orthodox high schools for boys includes only some portions of Nach, such as the book of Joshua, the book of Judges,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Five Megillot.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Torah_and_Bible_study" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Torah and Bible study</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Jewish English Bible translations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation with the aid of Previous Versions & with the Constant Consultation of Jewish Authorities</a></i> was published in 1917 by the Jewish Publication Society. It was replaced by their <i>Tanakh</i> in 1985</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPS_Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="JPS Tanakh">Tanakh</a></i>, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0252-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0252-9">0-8276-0252-9</a></li> <li><i>Tanach: The Stone Edition</i>, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-269-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-269-5">0-89906-269-5</a>, named after benefactor <a href="/wiki/Irving_I._Stone" title="Irving I. Stone">Irving I. Stone</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanakh_Ram" title="Tanakh Ram">Tanakh Ram</a></i>, an ongoing translation to Modern Hebrew (2010–) by Avraham Ahuvya (RAM Publishing House Ltd. and Miskal Ltd.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Torah_and_Nach" title="The Living Torah and Nach"><i>The Living Torah</i> and <i>The Living Nach</i></a>, a 1981 translation of the Torah by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a> and a subsequent posthumous translation of the Nevi'im and Ketuvim following the model of the first volume</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations#The_Koren_Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jewish English Bible translations">The Koren Jerusalem Bible</a></i> is a Hebrew/English Tanakh by <a href="/wiki/Koren_Publishers_Jerusalem" title="Koren Publishers Jerusalem">Koren Publishers Jerusalem</a> and was the first Bible published in modern Israel in 1962</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_commentaries">Jewish commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jewish commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries on the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tanach.jpg/220px-Tanach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tanach.jpg/330px-Tanach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tanach.jpg/440px-Tanach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hebrew bible (Tanakh) in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>, printed in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>The major commentary used for the Chumash is the <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> commentary. The Rashi commentary and <a href="/wiki/David_Altschuler" title="David Altschuler">Metzudot</a> commentary are the major commentaries for the Nach.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major approaches to the study of, and commentary on, the Tanakh. In the Jewish community, the classical approach is a religious study of the Bible, where it is assumed that the Bible is divinely inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2007Ortho_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2007Ortho-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach is to study the Bible as a human creation.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2002Con_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2002Con-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this approach, Biblical studies can be considered as a sub-field of religious studies. The latter practice, when applied to the Torah, is considered heresy<sup id="cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2007unset_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2007unset-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT1984_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishBible.NYT1984-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, much modern day Bible commentary written by non-Orthodox authors is considered forbidden<sup id="cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT1982Potok_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishBible.NYT1982Potok-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by rabbis teaching in Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a>. Some classical rabbinic commentators, such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, used many elements of contemporary biblical criticism, including their knowledge of history, science, and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. Their use of historical and scientific analysis of the Bible was considered acceptable by historic Judaism due to the author's faith commitment to the idea that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Jewish</a> community allows for a wider array of biblical criticism to be used for biblical books outside of the Torah, and a few Orthodox commentaries now incorporate many of the techniques previously found in the academic world,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Da%27at_Miqra" title="Da'at Miqra">Da'at Miqra</a> series. Non-Orthodox Jews, including those affiliated with Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism, accept both traditional and secular approaches to Bible studies. "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Jewish commentaries on the Bible</a>", discusses Jewish Tanakh commentaries from the <a href="/wiki/Targums" class="mw-redirect" title="Targums">Targums</a> to classical <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> literature, the classical medieval commentators, and modern-day commentaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Jewish_identity">Influence on Jewish identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Influence on Jewish identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple scholars have noted the importance of the Hebrew Bible in developing the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> of the Jewish people in antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Fergus Millar</a> wrote that the Bible, serving as "both a national history and a source of law," was one of several key sources that helped establishing a sense of national identity among ancient Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Goodblatt argued that the Bible and related literature served as a key foundation for Jewish nationalism during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, underpinning the collective belief in shared descent, history, and cultural unity. The Bible provided a "national history" that traced the lineage of the Jewish people through the patriarchal narratives and tribal genealogies, establishing a shared ancestral framework that connected contemporary Jews to their historical forebears and consolidated a sense of shared descent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, biblical laws, such as <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">male circumcision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat observance</a>, and dietary prohibitions, became defining cultural markers of Jewish identity, distinguishing Jewish communities from surrounding populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible also played a key role in preserving Hebrew, which, unlike <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a>, survived even as Aramaic replaced other regional languages. The translation of biblical texts into Greek and Aramaic allowed Jewish culture to be expressed across linguistic boundaries, enabling a translingual Jewish identity while maintaining its cultural coherence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars argue that key sections of the Hebrew Bible were deliberately composed during specific historical periods to construct and consolidate a distinct Israelite national consciousness. E. Theodore Mullen, a key proponent of this idea, argued in his first monograph that the "<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic History">Deuteronomistic History</a>"— including Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings—was composed during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> to reinforce a threatened Judean identity. In another work, he focused on the Tetrateuch—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers—arguing that these books were compiled during the Persian era to forge a unified ethnic identity. This material, when combined with Deuteronomy, formed the Pentateuch, and its inclusion in the Deuteronomistic History created what <a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a> termed the "primary history."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a>, the study of sacred texts, including the Hebrew Bible, was a foundational element that allowed the Jews—whom he describes as the "true proto-nation"—to preserve their national identity during the two millennia following the loss of their political entity in the first century CE. This enduring connection to their heritage enabled Jews to be perceived as a nation rather than merely an ethnic group, ultimately paving the way for the rise of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and the eventual establishment of the State of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Christianity">Influence on Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Influence on Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">Development of the Christian Biblical canon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has long asserted a close relationship between the Hebrew Bible and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bibles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> is the same as the Hebrew Bible, but the books are arranged differently. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bibles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy#Bible" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Bibles</a>, as well as those in the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> churches, contain books not included in certain versions of the Hebrew Bible, called <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20182–5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20182–5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant English Bibles originally included the Deuterocanonical books, which Protestants now include among the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>. These books were removed when a slimmed-down <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> was mass-produced by free <a href="/wiki/Bible_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible societies">Bible societies</a> out of cost considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible currently used by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches are based on the Septuagint, which was considered the authoritative scriptural canon by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">early Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Septuagint was influential on early Christianity as it was the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> translation of the Hebrew Bible primarily used by the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st-century</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writers">Christian authors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a> contended that the model of ancient Israel presented in the Hebrew Bible established the original concept of nationhood, which subsequently influenced the development of nation-states in the Christian world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a>, formal list of Jewish 613 commandments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/929:_Tanakh_B%27yachad" title="929: Tanakh B'yachad">929: Tanakh B'yachad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Genocide in the Hebrew Bible">Genocide in the Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_Bible_Project" title="Hebrew University Bible Project">Hebrew University Bible Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Tanakh" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh">New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_Bible" title="Shem Tov Bible">Shem Tov Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <b>Tanach</b> and <b>Tenakh</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Exodus 17:14, 24:4, 34:28; Numbers 33:2; and Deuteronomy 31:9, 31:22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanach">"Tanach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134849/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanach">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tov_2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tov_2014_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTov2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPgxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"The Myth of the Stabilization of the Text of Hebrew Scripture"</a>. In Martín-Contreras, Elvira; Miralles Maciá, Lorena (eds.). <i>The Text of the Hebrew Bible: From the Rabbis to the Masoretes</i>. Journal of Ancient Judaism: Supplements. Vol. 103. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666550645.37">10.13109/9783666550645.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55064-9"><bdi>978-3-525-55064-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215183958/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPgxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Stabilization+of+the+Text+of+Hebrew+Scripture&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+From+the+Rabbis+to+the+Masoretes&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.series=Journal+of+Ancient+Judaism%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=37-46&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666550645.37&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55064-9&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPgxBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1110.htm#11">Jeremiah 10:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2014/05/13/news-opinion/united-states/scholars-seek-hebrew-bibles-original-text-but-was-there-one.">"Scholars seek Hebrew Bible's original text – but was there one?"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 2014-05-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223020/http://www.jta.org/2014/05/13/news-opinion/united-states/scholars-seek-hebrew-bibles-original-text-but-was-there-one.">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Scholars+seek+Hebrew+Bible%27s+original+text+%E2%80%93+but+was+there+one%3F&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2014%2F05%2F13%2Fnews-opinion%2Funited-states%2Fscholars-seek-hebrew-bibles-original-text-but-was-there-one.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2014" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Anthony (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/controversy-lurks-as-scholars-suss-out-original-biblical-text/#ixzz31uFPqDC8">"Controversy lurks as scholars try to work out Bible's original text"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151526/http://www.timesofisrael.com/controversy-lurks-as-scholars-suss-out-original-biblical-text/#ixzz31uFPqDC8">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Controversy+lurks+as+scholars+try+to+work+out+Bible%27s+original+text&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fcontroversy-lurks-as-scholars-suss-out-original-biblical-text%2F%23ixzz31uFPqDC8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: <i>The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies</i>, Tübingen 2004, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1992" class="citation book cs1">Shanks, Herschel (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingdea00shan"><i>Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingdea00shan/page/336">336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679414483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679414483"><bdi>978-0679414483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0679414483&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Herschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingdea00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen, Alex (Spring 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus/3">"Reconsidering the Roman Catholic Apocrypha"</a>. <i>Classical Conversations</i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_University_(Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern University (Florida)">Southeastern University</a>: 1–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216070312/https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Conversations&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Roman+Catholic+Apocrypha&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirescholars.seu.edu%2Fccplus%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel Lang <i>Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21-25</i> Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 31.12.2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832541514" title="Special:BookSources/9783832541514">9783832541514</a> p. 98 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/torah">"Torah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015809/https://www.etymonline.com/word/torah">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ftorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG.html">"Mikra'ot Gedolot"</a>. <i>people.ucalgary.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830130802/https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.ucalgary.ca&rft.atitle=Mikra%27ot+Gedolot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~elsegal%2FTalmudMap%2FMG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It appears in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">masorah magna</a> of the Biblical text, and in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">responsa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Rashba</a> (5:119); see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28655/discussions/2030881/tanakh%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%B4%D7%9A">Research Query: Tanakh/תנ״ך</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718172906/https://networks.h-net.org/node/28655/discussions/2030881/tanakh%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A0%25D7%25B4%25D7%259A">Archived</a> 2019-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblical Studies Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading, and Interpretation. Norton Irish Theological Quarterly. 2007; 72: 305–306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation news cs1">Safire, William (1997-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/25/magazine/the-new-old-testament.html">"The New Old Testament"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206110054/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/25/magazine/the-new-old-testament.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+Old+Testament&rft.date=1997-05-25&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-new-old-testament.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html">"From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the Word of God"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021417/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>. <q>Modern scholars often use the term 'Hebrew Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=From+Hebrew+Bible+to+Christian+Bible%3A+Jews%2C+Christians+and+the+Word+of+God&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Freligion%2Ffirst%2Fscriptures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Patrick H; et al., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sblhandbookofsty0000unse/page/17"><i>The SBL Handbook of Style</i></a>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sblhandbookofsty0000unse/page/17">17 (section 4.3)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-487-9"><bdi>978-1-56563-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SBL+Handbook+of+Style&rft.place=Peabody%2C+MA&rft.pages=17+%28section+4.3%29&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-487-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsblhandbookofsty0000unse%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/SBLHS2_FAQ.pdf"><i>Society of Biblical Literature</i>: Questions Regarding Digital Editions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190407/https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/SBLHS2_FAQ.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/science/biblical-codes-morgan-library.html">"Scanning an Ancient Biblical Text That Humans Fear to Open"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706070231/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/science/biblical-codes-morgan-library.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scanning+an+Ancient+Biblical+Text+That+Humans+Fear+to+Open&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2Fscience%2Fbiblical-codes-morgan-library.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a> (2001). "Introduction to the Old Testament". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef1QEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198755005.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198755005.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf1QEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2001">Barton 2001</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Hayes, Christine</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC"><i>Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300188271" title="Special:BookSources/9780300188271"><bdi>9780300188271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780300188271&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKbkXYHxvlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton20019–10-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton20019–10_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2001">Barton 2001</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200110-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200110_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2001">Barton 2001</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2018). <i>Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i> (3rd ed.). Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-4598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-4598-4"><bdi>978-1-5064-4598-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+US&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-4598-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">Carr, David M.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p08lEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Hebrew Bible: A Contemporary Introduction to the Christian Old Testament and the Jewish Tanakh</i></a> (2nd ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119636670" title="Special:BookSources/9781119636670"><bdi>9781119636670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Contemporary+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Old+Testament+and+the+Jewish+Tanakh&rft.pages=52-53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781119636670&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp08lEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Martin</a> (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjudaism0000good_z2n1"><i>A History of Judaism</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14155-3"><bdi>978-1-846-14155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-846-14155-3&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjudaism0000good_z2n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman201738-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman201738_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman2017">Goodman 2017</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202162-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202162_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202163-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202163_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202160-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202160_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman201723-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman201723_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman2017">Goodman 2017</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201813–14-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201813–14_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Schmid_(theologian)" title="Konrad Schmid (theologian)">Schmid, Konrad</a>; Schröter, Jens (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AlBEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Bible: From the First Fragments to Sacred Scripture</i></a>. Translated by Lewis, Peter. Harvard University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674269392" title="Special:BookSources/9780674269392"><bdi>9780674269392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Bible%3A+From+the+First+Fragments+to+Sacred+Scripture&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674269392&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6ter%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AlBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202143_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202151_&_56-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202151_&_56_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, pp. 51 & 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144–45-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202144–45_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202137–38,_45,_42–49_&_54-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202137–38,_45,_42–49_&_54_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, pp. 37–38, 45, 42–49 & 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202166-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202166_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_&_73-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_&_73_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, pp. 71 & 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202173–74-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202173–74_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202176–79-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202176–79_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr202145_&_54-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr202145_&_54_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, pp. 45 & 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202179-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202179_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202174–75-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202174–75_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidSchröter202171_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidSchröter2021">Schmid & Schröter 2021</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201815-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201815_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganChapman2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a>; Chapman, Cynthia R. (2018). <i>The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190608651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190608651"><bdi>978-0190608651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+A+Historical+and+Literary+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.pages=4-5&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190608651&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Cynthia+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20185-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20185_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20185_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooganChapman2018">Coogan & Chapman 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies662-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies662_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxW-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT66">"The Jewish Scriptural Canon in Cultural Perspective"</a>. In McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Baker Academic. p. PT66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4163-4</bdi></a>. <q>With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Scriptural+Canon+in+Cultural+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=PT66&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4163-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxW-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neusner2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald & Sanders, <i>The Canon Debate</i>, 2002, p. 5, cited are Neusner's <i>Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine</i>, pp. 128–145, and <i>Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism</i>, pp. 1–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_&_7-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganChapman20185_&_7_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooganChapman2018">Coogan & Chapman 2018</a>, pp. 5 & 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr20216–7-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr20216–7_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2021">Carr 2021</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20187–8-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20187–8_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Louis</a> (1909). <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">The Legends of the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">Vol. IV : Chapter XI Ezra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313050820/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends">Archived</a> 2020-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a>) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Bava Batra 14b–15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Midrash Qoheleth</a> 12:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyMynattCrawford1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Page H.; Mynatt, Daniel S.; Crawford, Timothy G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh6OHYcIZgkC&pg=PA20"><i>The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Introduction and Annotated Glossary</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802843630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802843630"><bdi>978-0802843630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masorah+of+Biblia+Hebraica+Stuttgartensia%3A+Introduction+and+Annotated+Glossary&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0802843630&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Page+H.&rft.au=Mynatt%2C+Daniel+S.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Timothy+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGh6OHYcIZgkC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gill1767" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dissertationconc00gill"><i>A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language: Letters, Vowel-points, and Accents</i></a>. G. Keith. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dissertationconc00gill/page/136">136</a>–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dissertation+Concerning+the+Antiquity+of+the+Hebrew+Language%3A+Letters%2C+Vowel-points%2C+and+Accents&rft.pages=136-137&rft.pub=G.+Keith&rft.date=1767&rft.au=John+Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdissertationconc00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dissertationconc00gill/page/250">pp. 250–255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revivalistics-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann,_Ghil'ad2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?lang=en&cc=us"><i>Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199812790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199812790"><bdi>978-0199812790</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505121004/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?lang=en&cc=us">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalistics%3A+From+the+Genesis+of+Israeli+to+Language+Reclamation+in+Australia+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0199812790&rft.au=Zuckermann%2C+Ghil%27ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Frevivalistics-9780199812790%3Flang%3Den%26cc%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Kinnot</i></span> in Hebrew.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb14-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bb14_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bb14_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.14b.11">14b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwete1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barclay_Swete" title="Henry Barclay Swete">Swete, Henry Barclay</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft/page/200/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek</i></a>. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+in+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Swete&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintrotooldtes00swetuoft%2Fpage%2F200%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niehoff-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niehoff_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niehoff_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darshan, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7021817/The_Twenty-Four_Books_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_and_Alexandrian_Scribal_Methods_in_M.R._Niehoff_ed._Homer_and_the_Bible_in_the_Eyes_of_Ancient_Interpreters_Between_Literary_and_Religious_Concerns_JSRC_16_Leiden_Brill_2012_pp._221_244">"The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods,"</a>, in: M.R. Niehoff (ed.), <i>Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters: Between Literary and Religious Concerns</i> (JSRC 16), Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 221–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a> 41:5; <a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a> 13:15, 14:4, 14:18, 15:22, 18:21; <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Songs Rabbah">Song of Songs Rabbah</a> 4:11; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a> 12:11, 12:12; <a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a> Ki Tisa 16:2, Korach 12:1, Vayelech 1:1; <a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a> 3:1; <a href="/wiki/Lekach_Tov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekach Tov">Lekach Tov</a>, Genesis 49:8; <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Kallah Rabbati</a> 10:14, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a>, 1:8; also <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> 12:45, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/tanach/shelanu/shelanu.htm">התנ"ך שלנו</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiferet-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiferet_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiferet_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yu.edu/israel-program/women-schools/Tiferet">"Guide to Israel Schools (Tiferet)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622055010/https://www.yu.edu/israel-program/women-schools/Tiferet">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>. <q>.. classes in Chumash, Nach, Practical Halacha, Tefilla, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeshiva+University&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Israel+Schools+%28Tiferet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yu.edu%2Fisrael-program%2Fwomen-schools%2FTiferet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishaction.com/religion/education/whos_afraid_of_change_rethinking_the_yeshivah_curriculum">"Who's Afraid of Change? Rethinking the Yeshivah Curriculum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Action" title="Jewish Action">Jewish Action</a> (OU)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623140147/https://jewishaction.com/religion/education/whos_afraid_of_change_rethinking_the_yeshivah_curriculum/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>. <q>know little Nach, are unexcited by the study of ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Action+%28OU%29&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Afraid+of+Change%3F+Rethinking+the+Yeshivah+Curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishaction.com%2Freligion%2Feducation%2Fwhos_afraid_of_change_rethinking_the_yeshivah_curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NachTeacher-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NachTeacher_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NachTeacher_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcot.org/tova-warburg-sinensky-our-new-yoetzet-halakha.html">"Tova .. our new ."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621201944/https://www.jcot.org/tova-warburg-sinensky-our-new-yoetzet-halakha.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>. <q>Tova joined the .. faculty this fall as a Nach teacher .. High School for Girls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tova+..+our+new+..&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcot.org%2Ftova-warburg-sinensky-our-new-yoetzet-halakha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Aryeh_Kaplan1995" class="citation book cs1">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a> (1995). <i>The Living Nach</i>. Moznaim Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1885-22007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1885-22007-3"><bdi>978-1885-22007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Nach&rft.pub=Moznaim+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1885-22007-3&rft.au=Rabbi+Aryeh+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">covered in or before 8th grade (so it is a review)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Esther, Rus, Shir HaShirim, </i> Eicha<i> and </i>KoHeles<i>: these are read aloud in synagogue, each at a particular point in the yearly Holiday cycle.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mishlei</i>. Shai LaMora "Eshkol".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishlei&rft.pub=Shai+LaMora+%22Eshkol%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monseyjudaica.com/product/nach-shai-lamorah-2">"NACH – Shai LaMorah – All Volumes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625095442/https://www.monseyjudaica.com/product/nach-shai-lamorah-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>. <q>Description. Nach metzudos on ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NACH+%E2%80%93+Shai+LaMorah+%E2%80%93+All+Volumes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monseyjudaica.com%2Fproduct%2Fnach-shai-lamorah-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2007Ortho-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2007Ortho_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Steinfels2007" class="citation news cs1">Peter Steinfels (September 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/us/15beliefs.html">"Irreconcilable Differences in Bible's Interpretations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201152736/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/us/15beliefs.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q>of divine origin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Irreconcilable+Differences+in+Bible%27s+Interpretations&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft.au=Peter+Steinfels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2F15beliefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2002Con-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2002Con_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Massing2002" class="citation news cs1">Michael Massing (March 9, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/09/books/new-torah-for-modern-minds.html">"New Torah For Modern Minds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327132240/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/09/books/new-torah-for-modern-minds.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q>human rather than divine document</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Torah+For+Modern+Minds&rft.date=2002-03-09&rft.au=Michael+Massing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F03%2F09%2Fbooks%2Fnew-torah-for-modern-minds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBible.NYT2007unset-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT2007unset_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Plotz2007" class="citation news cs1">David Plotz (September 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/books/review/Plotz-t.html">"Reading Is Believing, or Not"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625061246/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/books/review/Plotz-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Modern scholars have also unmoored ... Most unsettling to religious Jews</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reading+Is+Believing%2C+or+Not&rft.date=2007-09-16&rft.au=David+Plotz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FPlotz-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBible.NYT1984-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT1984_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie_Gittelson1984" class="citation news cs1">Natalie Gittelson (September 30, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/magazine/american-jews-rediscover-orthodoxy.html">"American Jews Rediscover Orthodoxy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501071143/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/magazine/american-jews-rediscover-orthodoxy.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q>watered-down Judaism soon turns to water</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=American+Jews+Rediscover+Orthodoxy&rft.date=1984-09-30&rft.au=Natalie+Gittelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F30%2Fmagazine%2Famerican-jews-rediscover-orthodoxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishBible.NYT1982Potok-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishBible.NYT1982Potok_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaim_Potok1982" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a> (October 3, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/03/magazine/the-bibles-inspired-art.html">"The Bible's Inspired Art"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623085742/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/03/magazine/the-bibles-inspired-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Song of Songs ... was entirely profane .. could not have been written by Solomon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Bible%27s+Inspired+Art&rft.date=1982-10-03&rft.au=Chaim+Potok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F10%2F03%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-bibles-inspired-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_First2018" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell First (January 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlinknj.com/features/22780-rabbi-hayyim-angel-s-13th-book-is-compilation-of-tanach-related-topics">"Rabbi Hayyim Angel's 13th Book Is Compilation of Tanach-Related Topics"</a>. <i>Jewish Link NJ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408153745/https://jewishlink.news/features/22780-rabbi-hayyim-angel-s-13th-book-is-compilation-of-tanach-related-topics">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Link+NJ&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Hayyim+Angel%27s+13th+Book+Is+Compilation+of+Tanach-Related+Topics&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft.au=Mitchell+First&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlinknj.com%2Ffeatures%2F22780-rabbi-hayyim-angel-s-13th-book-is-compilation-of-tanach-related-topics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1987" class="citation journal cs1">Millar, Fergus (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647/1337/JJS-1987">"Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 147–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987">10.18647/1337/JJS-1987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Empire%2C+Community+and+Culture+in+the+Roman+near+East%3A+Greeks%2C+Syrians%2C+Jews+and+Arabs&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-148&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18647%2F1337%2FJJS-1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodblatt2006" class="citation cs2">Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/elements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism/constructing-jewish-nationalism-the-role-of-scripture/9D600C19BF6BA343287CE63CDF2A5C8E">"Constructing Jewish Nationalism: The Role of Scripture"</a>, <i>Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–30, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.003">10.1017/cbo9780511499067.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86202-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements+of+Ancient+Jewish+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Constructing+Jewish+Nationalism%3A+The+Role+of+Scripture&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86202-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Felements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism%2Fconstructing-jewish-nationalism-the-role-of-scripture%2F9D600C19BF6BA343287CE63CDF2A5C8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1997" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1997). <i>The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3"><bdi>0-521-59391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Nationhood%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Religion+and+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59391-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, Alister, <i>Christian Theology</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, 2011, pp. 120, 123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444335149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444335149">978-1444335149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20182–5-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins20182–5_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2018">Collins 2018</a>, p. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniell2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniell, David (2003). <i>The Bible in English: its history and influence</i>. New Haven (Conn.): Yale university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09930-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+English%3A+its+history+and+influence&rft.place=New+Haven+%28Conn.%29&rft.pub=Yale+university+press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09930-0&rft.aulast=Daniell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTov2008" class="citation book cs1">Tov, Emanuel (2008). <i>Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible, and Quran</i>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F978-3-16-151454-8">10.1628/978-3-16-151454-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151454-8"><bdi>978-3-16-151454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Bible%2C+Greek+Bible%2C+and+Quran&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F978-3-16-151454-8&rft.isbn=978-3-16-151454-8&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC"><i>Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 66–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-18999-3"><bdi>978-1-101-18999-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408153758/https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-101-18999-3&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1987). <i>A History of the Jews</i> (First, hardback ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79091-4"><bdi>978-0-297-79091-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First%2C+hardback&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-297-79091-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kuntz, John Kenneth. <i>The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought</i>, Harper and Row, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-043822-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-043822-3">0-06-043822-3</a>.</li> <li>Leiman, Sid. <i>The Canonization of Hebrew Scripture</i> (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1976).</li> <li>Levenson, Jon. <i>Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible</i> (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1985).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkoff" class="citation web cs1">Minkoff, Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095848/http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/searching-for-better-text.asp">"Searching for the Better Text"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review (online)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/searching-for-better-text.asp">the original</a> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review+%28online%29&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Better+Text&rft.aulast=Minkoff&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-arch.org%2Fe-features%2Fsearching-for-better-text.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Noth" title="Martin Noth">Noth, Martin</a>. <i>A History of Pentateuchal Traditions</i> (1948; trans. by Bernhard Anderson; Atlanta: Scholars, 1981).</li> <li>Schmid, Konrad. <i>The Old Testament: A Literary History</i> (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_Bible&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tanakh" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Tanakh">Tanakh</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="he" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90" class="extiw" title="s:he:מקרא">Tanakh (Hebrew source)</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/63255/jewish/The-Bible-with-Rashi.htm">Judaica Press Translation of Tanakh with Rashi's commentary</a> Free online translation of Tanakh and <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s entire commentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a> (Rabbinic Bible) at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" class="extiw" title="s:Mikraot Gedolot">English</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot/Genesis/1:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Mikraot Gedolot/Genesis/1:1">(sample)</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="s:he:מקראות גדולות">Hebrew</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%22%D7%92_%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97_%D7%97" class="extiw" title="s:he:מ"ג נחמיה ח ח">(sample)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/kadish67/nakh-en">A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim</a> – Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural flow of the text (rather than the <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapter divisions</a>). The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in English, by Seth (Avi) Kadish.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanakh.info/">Tanakh Hebrew Bible Project</a>—An online project that aims to present critical text of the Hebrew Bible with important ancient versions (Samaritan Pentateuch, Masoretic Text, Targum Onkelos, Samaritan Targum, Septuagint, Peshitta, Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus, Theodotion, Vetus Latina, and Vulgate) in parallel with new English translation for each version, plus a comprehensive critical apparatus and a textual commentary for every verse.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbible.app/">Hebrew Bible Study App</a>—An interactive mobile and web application designed to facilitate a detailed study of the Hebrew Bible. It offers features such as customizable reading plans, in-depth articles, and community discussions, enhancing both understanding and engagement with the scriptures.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible" 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href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/75px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/113px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/150px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">The Bible and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">The Bible and humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_punishment_in_the_Torah" title="Crime and punishment in the Torah">Crime and punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Prayer in the Hebrew Bible">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> 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Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></i> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a></i> (Scientologist)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></i> (Satanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Hebrew Bible</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hebrew_Bible" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hebrew Bible">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hebrew_Bible" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Hebrew Bible">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hebrew_Bible" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hebrew Bible">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span 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