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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In the Talmud</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Talmud-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the Talmud subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy_as_a_religious_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy_as_a_religious_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Astronomy as a religious study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy_as_a_religious_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence_between_Biblical_numbers_and_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_between_Biblical_numbers_and_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Correspondence between Biblical numbers and astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_between_Biblical_numbers_and_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conceptions_of_the_Heavens_and_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptions_of_the_Heavens_and_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conceptions of the Heavens and Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptions_of_the_Heavens_and_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology_and_the_Mazzaroth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology_and_the_Mazzaroth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chronology and the Mazzaroth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology_and_the_Mazzaroth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_heavenly_bodies_and_their_motions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_heavenly_bodies_and_their_motions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The heavenly bodies and their motions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_heavenly_bodies_and_their_motions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed_stars_and_comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_stars_and_comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fixed stars and comets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_stars_and_comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Talmudic_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Talmudic_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-Talmudic times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Talmudic_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomy written in Hebrew or by Hebrew speakers</div> <p><b>Hebrew astronomy</b> refers to any <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew languages">Hebrew</a> or by Hebrew speakers, or translated into Hebrew, or written by Jews in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>. It includes a range of genres from the earliest astronomy and cosmology contained in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible or "Old Testament"), to <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> religious works like the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and very technical works. </p><p>Some Persian and Arabian traditions ascribe the invention of astronomy to Adam, Seth and Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggest that the signs of the zodiac, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazzaloth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazzaloth (page does not exist)">Mazzaloth</a>, and the names of the stars associated with them originally were created as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> device by these forefathers of the Hebrews to tell the story of the Bible. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> says Seth and his offspring preserved ancient astronomical knowledge in pillars of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few stars and <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> are named individually in the <a href="/wiki/Tanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanach">Hebrew Bible</a>, and their identification is not certain. The clearest references include: </p> <ul><li><i>Kesil</i> (כְּסִיל <i>Kəsīl</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually understood to be <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>, a giant angel.</li> <li><i>Kimah</i> (כִימָה <i>Ḵīmā</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldebaran" title="Aldebaran">Aldebaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>.</li> <li><i> 'Ash</i> or <i> 'Ayish</i> (עָשׁ <i> 'Āš</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>, or even the Evening Star (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> when seen at dusk).</li> <li><i>Mezarim</i> (מְזָרִים <i>Məzārīm</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be Ursa Major and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, or a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Mazzaroth" title="Mazzaroth">mazzarot</a></i>, in which case it would refer to the planets or the constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>.</li></ul> <p>Aside from the Earth, only two planets are named in the Hebrew Bible: </p> <ul><li>The term <i>Chiun</i> (כִּיּוּן <i>Kīyyūn</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Amos_5:26" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos 5:26">Amos 5:26</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is thought by some authors to refer to <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, closely related to the Assyrian "Kévan" or "<i><a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">kaiwanu</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Venus, called <i>məleḵeṯ haššāmayīm,</i> (מְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם), "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_heaven_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of heaven (antiquity)">the queen of heaven</a>", in Jeremiah 7:18 and elsewhere. That the latter means Venus is shown by the cakes which are said to have been baked for her.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Assyrians and Babylonians, the cake offerings were called "the bread of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>". <i>Hēlēl</i> (הֵילֵל), the "son of the morning", (בֶּן שָׁחַר <i>Ben-Šāḥar</i>) in Isaiah 14:12, is also thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">morning star</a> (Venus when visible before dawn). This identification is better known to many English speakers as its Latin name, <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>, the "light-bearer".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Talmud">In the Talmud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The information preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> does not emanate from one homogeneous system, as they are the accumulations of at least four centuries, and are traceable to various authors in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmuds</a>, among whom many were inclined to <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy_as_a_religious_study">Astronomy as a religious study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Astronomy as a religious study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high value of astronomical knowledge is already demonstrated by the astronomical section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a></i> (about 72–80 BC), as well as by such sayings as those of <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Hisma" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Hisma">Eleazar Hisma</a> (about 100), a profound mathematician, who could "count the drops in the ocean",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who declared that the "ability to compute the solstice and the calendar is the 'dessert' [auxiliaries] of wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the sciences that <a href="/wiki/Johanan_ben_Zakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanan ben Zakkai">Johanan ben Zakkai</a> mastered was a knowledge of the solstices and the calendar; i.e., the ability to compute the course of the Sun and the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later writers declare that "to him who can compute the course of the sun and the revolution of the planets and neglects to do so, may be applied the words of the prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'They regard not the work of the Lord, nor consider the operation of His hands.'" To pay attention to the course of the Sun and to the revolution of the planets is a religious injunction; for such is the import of the words,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the general importance and religious significance attached to astronomy in the Holy Land, no notable developments in astronomy happened there during the Talmudic period. The starry heavens of the land of Israel interested the Jews as creations of God and as means to determine the holidays, but for a better knowledge of them the Jews were undoubtedly indebted to the Babylonians and their Hellenic pupils, as evidenced by the foreign term <i><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a></i> used to designate the computation of the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>. Probably this word represents a transposition of the Greek γραμματεία meaning "arithmetic, mathematics". Most of the observations of a scientific nature were transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea" title="Samuel of Nehardea">Samuel of Nehardea</a>, who attended the schools of the Babylonians, and who claimed to possess as exact a knowledge of the heavenly regions as of the streets of Nehardea. Certain rules must nevertheless have existed, because Rabban <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II"> Gamaliel</a> (about 100), who applied the lunar tablets and telescope, relied for authority upon such as had been transmitted by his paternal ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence_between_Biblical_numbers_and_astronomy">Correspondence between Biblical numbers and astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Correspondence between Biblical numbers and astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number 7 is a recurring numerical theme in the Hebrew scriptures. The <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a>'s seven lamps on four branches correspond to the lights of the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">Classical planets</a>: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun (4th), Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew mysticism">Hebrew mysticism</a> recognized their great importance. Therefore, along with the four <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phases" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar phases">lunar phases</a> being slightly over seven days (~7.4 days) each, the number 7 was held in very high regard. The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> reflects this with Bereishit (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 1:1) being seven words and twenty-eight letters (7x4) in its original Hebrew. This is "God's signature".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "And God said, 'Let there be lights in the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark seasons, days, years and festivals'...the 4th day (of 7)."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some scholars identified the 12 signs of the zodiac with the 12 sons of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>/<a href="/wiki/Twelve_tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve tribes of Israel">twelve tribes of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptions_of_the_Heavens_and_Earth">Conceptions of the Heavens and Earth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conceptions of the Heavens and Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Talmud, as in the Bible, the heavens and the Earth designate the two borders of the universe, with the heavens a covering over the Earth. One <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tannaitic</a> authority believed that the sphere consists of a strong and firm plate two or three fingers in thickness, always lustrous and never tarnishing, another estimates the diameter of this plate as one-sixth of the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">diurnal</a> journey,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while another, a Babylonian, estimates it at 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Parasang" title="Parasang">parasangs</a> (approx. 3728 miles). Yet another authority states that the diameter of the <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmament</a> is equal to the distance covered in 50 or 500 years and this is true also of the Earth and the large sea (<a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a>) upon which it rests.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distance of the firmament from the Earth is a journey of 500 years, a distance equivalent to the diameter of the firmament, through which the Sun must saw its way in order to become visible.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firmament, according to some, consists of fire and water, and, according to others, of water only, while the stars consist of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East and West are at least as far removed from each other as is the firmament from the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heaven and Earth "kiss each other" at the horizon and between the water above and that below there are but two or three fingerbreadths.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earth rests upon water and is encompassed by it. </p><p>According to other conceptions the Earth is supported by one, seven, or twelve pillars. These rest upon water, the water upon mountains, the mountains upon the wind, and the wind upon the storm, though this could easily be metaphoric.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also mentioned the terrestrial globe, <i>kaddur</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology_and_the_Mazzaroth">Chronology and the Mazzaroth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronology and the Mazzaroth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology#Hebrew_calendar_correlation_to_zodiac" title="Jewish views on astrology">Jewish views on astrology § Hebrew calendar correlation to zodiac</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> was a chief consideration in the study of astronomy among the Jews; sacred time was based upon the cycles of the Sun and the Moon. The Talmud identified the twelve constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Mazzaroth" title="Mazzaroth">Mazzaroth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>) with the twelve months of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The correspondence of the constellations with their names in Hebrew and the months is as follows: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a> - Ṭ'leh - <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> - Shor - <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a> - Teomim - <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a> - Sarṭan - <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a> - Ari - <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a> - Betulah - <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(constellation)" title="Libra (constellation)">Libra</a> - Moznayim - <a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpio</a> - 'Aḳrab - <a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> - Ḳeshet - <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricorn</a> - Gedi - <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a> - D'li - <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a> - Dagim - <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a></li></ol> <p>The first three are in the east, the second three in the south, the third three in the west, and the last three in the north; and all are attendant on the Sun. According to one account, in the first three months (spring) the Sun travels in the south, in order to melt the snow; in the fourth through sixth months (summer) it travels directly above the Earth, in order to ripen the fruit; in the seventh through ninth months (autumn) it travels above the sea, in order to absorb the waters; and in the last three months (winter) it travels over the desert, in order that the grain may not dry up and wither. </p><p>According to one conception, Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius face northward; Taurus, Virgo, and Capricornus westward; Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius southward; and Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces eastward. Some scholars identified the twelve signs of the zodiac with the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">twelve tribes of Israel</a>. </p><p>The four solstices (the Tekufot of Nisan, Tammuz, Tishrei, and Tevet) are often mentioned as determining the seasons of the year and there are occasional references to the rising-place of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes six seasons of the year are mentioned,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reference is often made to the receptacle of the Sun (ναρθήκιον), by means of which the heat of the orb is mitigated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moon was also a part of the calendar: "The moon begins to shine on the 1st of the month; its light increases until the 15th, when the disk [דסקוס (δίσκοσ)] is full; from the 15th to the 30th it wanes; and on the 30th it is invisible."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_heavenly_bodies_and_their_motions">The heavenly bodies and their motions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The heavenly bodies and their motions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two different cosmologies can be found in the Talmud. One is a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat Earth</a> cosmology resembling descriptions of the world in the mythology of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>. The other, is a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a>, according to which the stars move about the earth. According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, and other philosophers among the Greeks, the stars have no motion of their own, being firmly attached to spheres whose center is the Earth. A passage in the Talmud contrasts the pagan view with that of Jewish sages: </p> <blockquote><p>The learned of Israel say, "The sphere stands firm, and the planets revolve"; the learned of the nations say, "The sphere moves, and the planets stand firm." The learned of Israel say, "The sun moves by day beneath the firmament, and by night above the firmament"; the learned of the nations say, "The sun moves by day beneath the firmament, and by night beneath the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Sun has 365 windows through which it emerges; 182 in the east, 182 in the west, and 1 in the middle, the place of its first entrance. The course described by it in a year is traversed by the Moon in 30 days. The solar year is longer by 11 days than the lunar year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun completes its course in 12 months; Jupiter, in 12 years; Saturn, in 30 years; Venus and Mars, in 480 years;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, an objection is raised here (in a gloss) against the last-mentioned number. King Antoninus asked the patriarch why the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. At the time of the Deluge it traveled in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every 28 years it returns to its original point of departure, and on Tuesday evening of the spring solstice it is in opposition with Saturn, although <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> maintained that the Sun and planets never return to the place whence they started. This is the cycle of 28 years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>-cycle of 19 years may have been meant in <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a> Genesis 1:14. </p><p>The names of the five planets, one star and one moon [planetary satellite] are:<sup id="cite_ref-Hebrew_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Tzedeq</i> צדק, Jupiter <ul><li>Meaning: "righteousness", as Jupiter is the embodiment of divine influx.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Shabtai</i> שבתאי, Saturn <ul><li>Meaning: "of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Ma'adim</i> מאדים, Mars <ul><li>Meaning: "the red one"</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ḥammah</i> חמה, the Sun <ul><li>Meaning: "the hot one"</li></ul></li> <li><i>Kokhevet</i> כוכבת, <i>Nogah</i> נוגה or <i>Kokhav-Nogah</i> כוכב נוגה, Venus <ul><li>Meanings: "the she-planet", "the bright one", or "the bright planet", respectively</li></ul></li> <li><i>Kokhav</i> כוכב, Mercury <ul><li>Meaning: "the planet", since Mercury is the Principle of planetary influence, in and of itself. The Mercurial principle is that of multiplorancy. It embodies our means of adaptation, and represents the many facets of existence. In being deemed simply as "the planet", Mercury is presented as a blank slate; an open-ended modality of being.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Levanah</i> לבנה, the Moon <ul><li>Meaning: "the white one"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In many languages, the names of the days of the week are derived from the names of the seven planets; each day was consecrated to the particular planet that ruled during the early hours of the morning. While Talmudists were familiar with the planets and their characteristics in <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, they opposed their worship, so weekdays are not named in Hebrew besides for the Sabbath. Instead they are referred to by number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_stars_and_comets">Fixed stars and comets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fixed stars and comets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is called "Fire-Stream", a name borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 7:10 (<i>Nehar di-nur</i>), where it may possibly have had the same signification. The statement is also made that the sting of Scorpio may be seen lying in the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea" title="Samuel of Nehardea">Samuel</a> said: "We have it as a tradition that no comet ever passed across the face of Orion "Kesil"; for if this should happen the earth would be destroyed." When his hearers objected to this statement, saying, "Yet we see that this occurs," Samuel replied: "It only appears so; for the comet passes either above or below the star. Possibly also its radiance passes, but not its body." Again, Samuel says: "But for the warmth of Orion, the earth could not exist, because of the frigidity of Scorpio; furthermore, Orion lies near Taurus, with which the warm season begins.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet, because of its tail, is called <i>kokba de-shabbiṭ</i>. (rodstar). Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a> (about 100), declared that a star appears once every seventy years and leads mariners astray, hence they should at such time lay in a larger store of provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapoport endeavors to prove that the path of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley's comet">Halley's comet</a> had been computed by a wise rabbi.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel said: "I know all the paths of heaven, but nothing of the nature of the comet." </p><p>The following Biblical names of constellations are mentioned and explained: כימה = כמאה. <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> (Biblically known as the Seven Stars) [a cluster of] about a hundred stars, and for the much disputed עש, its equally obscure Aramaic equivalent יותא (MS. M. אתא), Syriac עיותא, is given.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Talmudic_times">Post-Talmudic times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Talmudic times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Astronomy in medieval Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Hebrew_astronomers" title="List of medieval Hebrew astronomers">List of medieval Hebrew astronomers</a></div> <p>With the revival of <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a> which took place during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, Jews were intimately connected, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> is said to have been translated by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Sahal ibn Tabari</a> as early as AD 800, while one of the earliest independent students of astronomy among the Arabs was <a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a> (754-873?). Jews seem to have been particularly concerned with the formation of astronomical tables of practical utility to astronomers. Sind ben Ali (about 830) was one of the principal contributors to the tables drawn up under the patronage of the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mamun">al-Mamun</a>. No less than twelve Jews were concerned in the <a href="/wiki/Tables_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tables of Toledo">Tables of Toledo</a>, drawn up about AD 1080 under the influence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Zaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad ibn Zaid (page does not exist)">Ahmad ibn Zaid</a>, and the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_Tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonsine Tables">Alfonsine Tables</a> were executed under the superintendence of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Sid" title="Isaac ibn Sid">Isaac ibn Sid</a>, while Jews were equally concerned in the less-known tables of <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_al-Ahdab" title="Isaac ibn al-Ahdab">Isaac al-Ḥadib</a> compiled astronomical tables from those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rakkam (page does not exist)">Al-Rakkam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Battam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Battam (page does not exist)">Al-Battam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kammad" title="Ibn al-Kammad">Ibn al-Kammad</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_ibn_Wakkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph ibn Wakkar (page does not exist)">Joseph ibn Wakkar</a> (1357) drew up tables of the period 720 (Heg.); while <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Comtino" title="Mordecai Comtino">Mordecai Comtino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mattathia_Delacrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattathia Delacrut">Mattathia Delacrut</a> commented upon the Persian and Paris tables respectively; the latter were commented upon also by <a href="/wiki/Farissol_Botarel" class="mw-redirect" title="Farissol Botarel">Farissol Botarel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> translated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mattani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mattani (page does not exist)">Al-Mattani</a>'s Canons of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarizmi">Khwarizmi</a> Tables, and in his introduction tells a remarkable story of a Jew in India who helped <a href="/wiki/Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb_ibn_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq">Jacob ben Tarik</a> to translate the Indian astronomical tables according to the Indian cycle of 432,000 years. Other tables were compiled by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Makir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob ben Makir">Jacob ben Makir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_ben_Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel ben Jacob (page does not exist)">Emanuel ben Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_David_ben_Yom-%E1%B9%ACob_Poel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob ben David ben Yom-Ṭob Poel">Jacob ben David ben Yom-Ṭob Poel</a> (1361), <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon ben Elijah">Solomon ben Elijah</a> (from the Persian tables), and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> (about 1515). </p><p>The earliest to treatise of astronomy in Hebrew on a systematic plan was <a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_%E1%B8%A4iyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham bar Ḥiyya">Abraham bar Ḥiyya</a>, who wrote at Marseilles, about AD 1134. Discussions on astronomical points, especially with regard to the spheres, and disputed points in calculating the calendar occur frequently in the works of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah ha-Levi">Judah ha-Levi</a>, Abraham ibn Ezra, and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, while a new system of astronomy is contained in the "Wars of the Lord" ("Milḥamot Adonai") of <a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi ben Gershon">Levi ben Gershon</a>. </p><p>Jews were especially involved as translators. <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moses ibn Tibbon">Moses ibn Tibbon</a> translated from the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ben_Aflah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabir ben Aflah">Jabir ben Aflah</a>'s acute criticisms of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">Ptolemaic system</a>, an anticipation of <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>, and thus brought them to the notice of Maimonides. <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhazen">Ibn al-Haitham</a>'s Arabic compendium of astronomy was a particular favorite of Jewish astronomers; besides being translated into Spanish by Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Faquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Faquin (page does not exist)">Abraham Faquin</a>, it was turned into Hebrew by Jacob ben Makir and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_ibn_Pater_Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon ibn Pater Cohen (page does not exist)">Solomon ibn Pater Cohen</a> and into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Balmes" title="Abraham de Balmes">Abraham de Balmes</a>. Other translations from the Arabic were by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Anatoli" title="Jacob Anatoli">Jacob Anatoli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_Galeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses Galeno (page does not exist)">Moses Galeno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus" title="Kalonymus ben Kalonymus">Kalonymus ben Kalonymus</a>, bringing the Greco-Arabic astronomers to the notice of western Europe. Jacob Anatoli, for example, translated into Hebrew both the <i>Almagest</i> and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>' compendium of it, and this Hebrew version was itself translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Christmann">Jacob Christmann</a>. Other translators from the Hebrew into Latin were Abraham de Balmes and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalonymus_ben_David_of_Naples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalonymus ben David of Naples (page does not exist)">Kalonymus ben David of Naples</a>, while <a href="/wiki/David_Kalonymus_ben_Jacob" title="David Kalonymus ben Jacob">David Kalonymus ben Jacob</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephraim_Mizra%E1%B8%A5i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephraim Mizraḥi (page does not exist)">Ephraim Mizraḥi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Abigdor" title="Solomon Abigdor">Solomon Abigdor</a> translated from the Latin into Hebrew. The well-known family of translators, the Ibn Tibbons, may be especially mentioned. In practical astronomy Jewish work was even more effective. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Makir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob ben Makir">Jacob ben Makir</a> (who is known also as <a href="/wiki/Profiat_Tibbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Profiat Tibbon">Profiat Tibbon</a>) appears to have been professor of astronomy at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, about 1300, and to have invented a quadrant to serve as a substitute for the astrolabe. Levi ben Gershon was also the inventor of an astronomical instrument, and is often quoted with respect under the name of <a href="/wiki/Leon_de_Ba%C3%B1olas" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon de Bañolas">Leon de Bañolas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bonet_de_Lattes" title="Bonet de Lattes">Bonet de Lattes</a> also invented an astronomical ring. Abraham Zacuto ben Samuel was professor of astronomy at Salamanca, and afterward astronomer-royal to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Emmanuel of Portugal</a>, who had previously been advised by a Jewish astronomer, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vecinho" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Vecinho">Joseph Vecinho</a>, a pupil of Abraham Zacuto, as to the project put before him by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who, in carrying it out, made use of Zacuto's "Almanac" and "Tables". </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Jewish work in astronomy lost in importance, as Europe could refer to the Greek astronomers without it. The chief name connected with of astronomical studies in this period is that of <a href="/wiki/David_Gans" title="David Gans">David Gans</a> of Prague (d. 1613), who corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>. He was acquainted with the Copernican system, but preferred that of Ptolemy, while as late as 1714 <a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a> of London still stood out against the Copernican system. </p><p>Other Jewish astronomers of note are <a href="/wiki/H._Goldschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Goldschmidt">H. Goldschmidt</a> (1802–1866), who discovered 14 asteroids. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer" title="Wilhelm Beer">Wilhelm Beer</a> (1797–1850), the brother of Meyer Beer, drew one of the most accurate maps of the moon of his time. <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Loewy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moritz Loewy">Moritz Loewy</a> (b. 1833) was director of the Paris Observatory, and the inventor of the coudé or elbow telescope, by which the stars may be observed without bending the neck back and without leaving the comfortable observatory. </p><p><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a></i></span> is the official Hebrew name for the planet <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptune (planet)">Neptune</a> in a vote organised by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayadan.org.il_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayadan.org.il-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya_Ha-Nasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi">Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi</a> (1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> (1093–1168)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto ben Samuel</a> (1452 – probably 1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gans" title="David Gans">David Gans</a> (died 1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a> (died 1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a> (Levi ben Gershon), (1327–1344)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Joseph" title="Isaac Israeli ben Joseph">Isaac Israeli ben Joseph</a> (1310–1330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Islamic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Anatoli" title="Jacob Anatoli">Jacob Anatoli</a> (1232)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_of_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish views of astrology">Jewish views of astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah ha-Levi">Judah ha-Levi</a> (1140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic astrology">Kabbalistic astrology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a> (754–813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moses ibn Tibbon">Moses ibn Tibbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1244–1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> (d. 1573)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the Bible <ul><li>Gunkel's <i>Commentary on Genesis</i> (Nowack Series) may be consulted for incidental references to Biblical Astronomy;</li> <li>for the Babylonian views, see Jensen, <i>Kosmologie der Babylonier</i>, Strasburg, 1890, passim;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jastrow, Jr.">Jastrow</a>, <i>Religion of Babylonia and Assyria</i>, xx.-xxii.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Epping" title="Joseph Epping">Joseph Epping</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Nepomuk_Strassmaier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Nepomuk Strassmaier (page does not exist)">Johann Nepomuk Strassmaier</a>, <i>Astronomisches aus Babylon</i>, Freiburg, 1889.J. Jr. P. J.</li></ul></li> <li>In the Talmud <ul><li>Winer, B. R. ii. 526–529, Leipsic, 1848;</li> <li>Hamburger, R. B. T. ii. 77–81, s.v. J. Sr. L. B.</li></ul></li> <li>"Astronomy", <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Jerusalem: Encyclopaedia Judaica & New York: Macmillan, 1971–72. 3:795-807.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzvi_Langermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzvi Langermann (page does not exist)">Langermann, Y. Tzvi</a>. "Hebrew Astronomy: Deep Soundings from a Rich Tradition". In <i>Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Helaine_Selin" title="Helaine Selin">Helaine Selin</a>, 555–84. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2052&letter=A">Jewish Astronomy/Astrology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_astronomy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marquette.edu/maqom/giants.html#fnB2">"Two Types of Antedeluvian Tablets: Enochic Tradition from Historical Palea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Types+of+Antedeluvian+Tablets%3A+Enochic+Tradition+from+Historical+Palea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marquette.edu%2Fmaqom%2Fgiants.html%23fnB2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I:1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah 13:10; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> 5:8; Job 9:9, 38:31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amos l.c.; Job l.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Job 9:9, 38:32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Job 37:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Amos%205:26&version=nrsv">Amos 5:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/hebrew/3594.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 3594. כִּיּוּן (Kiyyun) -- a heathen god"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+3594.+%D7%9B%D6%B4%D6%BC%D7%99%D6%BC%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%9F+%28Kiyyun%29+--+a+heathen+god&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F3594.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=30&chapter=7&verse=18&version=31&context=verse">Biblegateway, Jeremiah 7, 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horayot 10a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 3:18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sukkah 28a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah 5:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deuteronomy 4:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabbat 75a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 2 58b; Bavli Rosh Hashana 25a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:14&version=nrsv">Genesis 1:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>12 Signs, 12 Sons: Astrology in the Bible</i>, David Womack, Harper & Row, San Francisco 1978, pg 43)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Berachot 1 2c; <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a> Genesis 1:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Berachot 1 2c, bottom; Pesachim 94a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 2 58a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamid 32a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> 2:4; <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> Hagigah 2:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagigah 12b; Yerushalmi Hagigah 2 77a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eruvin 56a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> 34:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis Rabbah 6:6, and elsewhere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exodus Rabbah 15:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pesachim 94b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 2 58a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis Rabbah 10:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanhedrin 91b, 108b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berachot 59b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebrew-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hebrew_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stieglitz, Robert (Apr 1981). "The Hebrew Names of the Seven Planets". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372867">10.1086/372867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/545038">545038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162579411">162579411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Names+of+the+Seven+Planets&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162579411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F545038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372867&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFברק" class="citation web cs1">ברק, מאיר. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/online/askexpert/general_know/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9F-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94?amp">"מהיכן קיבלו כוכבי הלכת את שמם העברי?"</a>. <i>davidson.weizmann.ac.il/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=davidson.weizmann.ac.il%2F&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9F+%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%3F&rft.aulast=%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidson.weizmann.ac.il%2Fonline%2Faskexpert%2Fgeneral_know%2F%25D7%259E%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%259B%25D7%259F-%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2595-%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%259B%25D7%2591%25D7%2599-%25D7%2594%25D7%259C%25D7%259B%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%25AA-%25D7%25A9%25D7%259E%25D7%259D-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599-%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%2594%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagigah 13b; <a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a> 15:6, נהר אש; Berachot 58b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi Berachot 9 13c; Bavli Berachot 58b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horayot 10a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epistle to Slonimski in "Toledot ha-Shamayim," Warsaw, 1838</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berachot 58b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/uranus-and-neptune-get-hebrew-names-at-last-1.1053">"Uranus and Neptune get Hebrew names at last"</a>, Haaretz.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayadan.org.il-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayadan.org.il_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayadan.org.il/hebrew-names-to-uranus-and-neptune-3112090">"Hebrew names to Uranus and Neptune"</a>, Hayadan.org.il</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=A&artid=2052">"Astronomy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astronomy&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DA%26artid%3D2052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template talk:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Local system</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Solar</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a></span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light <span style="font-size:85%;">(optical)</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational radiation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">folk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical<br />telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescopes" title="Category:Telescopes">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">Astrology and astronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers" title="List of astronomers">List of astronomers</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_astronomers" title="List of French astronomers">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Notable_astronomers" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers" title="List of women astronomers">Women</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_telescopes" title="Lists of telescopes">lists</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></span></li></ul> 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