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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="محاضرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاضرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChazir%C9%99" title="Mühazirə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mühazirə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лекция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_magistral" title="Classe magistral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classe magistral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99edn%C3%A1%C5%A1ka" title="Přednáška – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přednáška" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlith" title="Darlith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Darlith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foredrag" title="Foredrag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Foredrag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logaldallan" title="Logaldallan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Logaldallan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorlesung" title="Vorlesung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorlesung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeng" title="Loeng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loeng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_magistral" title="Clase magistral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clase magistral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekcio" title="Lekcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lekcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezio_magistral" title="Lezio magistral – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lezio magistral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سخنرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخنرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseignement_magistral" title="Enseignement magistral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enseignement magistral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%98" title="강의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դասախոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասախոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliah" title="Kuliah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuliah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezione" title="Lezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%94" title="הרצאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרצאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಉಪನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лекция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лекция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectio" title="Lectio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lectio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskaita" title="Paskaita – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paskaita" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoorcollege" title="Hoorcollege – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoorcollege" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9" title="講義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="講義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forelesning" title="Forelesning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forelesning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksiya" title="Leksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੈਕਚਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਕਚਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyk%C5%82ad" title="Wykład – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wykład" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestra" title="Palestra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palestra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksiya" title="Leksiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Leksiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лекция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksion" title="Leksion – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leksion" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predn%C3%A1%C5%A1ka" title="Prednáška – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prednáška" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predavanje" title="Predavanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predavanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luento" title="Luento – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luento" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rel%C3%A4sning" title="Föreläsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Föreläsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="விரிவுரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விரிவுரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82" title="ఉపన్యాసం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపన్యాసం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การบรรยาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบรรยาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cniversite_dersi" title="Üniversite dersi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üniversite dersi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic rank, see <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">Lecturer</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg/290px-ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg/435px-ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg/580px-ADFA_Lecture_Theatres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy" title="Australian Defence Force Academy">Australian Defence Force Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg/290px-Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg/435px-Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg/580px-Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>A lecture at the University of Bologna in Italy in the mid-fourteenth century. The lecturer reads from a text on the lectern while students in the back sleep.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg/290px-McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg/435px-McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg/580px-McClintock_Nobel_Lecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> delivers her <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> lecture</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lecture</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">lectura</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">reading</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentation</a> intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> or <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>, or even a business person's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content. </p><p>Though lectures are much criticised as a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching method</a>, universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses.<sup id="cite_ref-cirtl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cirtl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon <a href="/wiki/Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">passive learning</a>. Therefore, lecturing is often contrasted to <a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a>. Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating; at the very least, lectures have survived in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> as a quick, cheap, and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study. </p><p>Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom, as well. Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor, and academic conferences often center on "<a href="/wiki/Keynote" title="Keynote">keynote addresses</a>", i.e., lectures. The <a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">public lecture</a> has a long history in the sciences and in <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Union halls</a>, for instance, historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters. Similarly, churches, <a href="/wiki/Community_centre" title="Community centre">community centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>, and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents' interests. Lectures represent a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> in contrast to textual communication in books and other media. Lectures may be considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">grey literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golan_levin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golan_levin.jpg/290px-Golan_levin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golan_levin.jpg/435px-Golan_levin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golan_levin.jpg/580px-Golan_levin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golan_Levin" title="Golan Levin">Golan Levin</a> lecturing using a projected slide</figcaption></figure> <p>The noun "lecture" dates from 14th century, meaning "action of reading, that which is read," from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>lectus</i>, pp. of <i>legere</i> "to read." Its subsequent meaning as "oral discourse on a given subject before an audience for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">instruction</a>" is from the 16th century. The verb "to lecture" is attested from 1590. The noun "lectern" refers to the reading desk used by lecturers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval university</a> was for the instructor to read from an original source to a class of students who took notes on the lecture. The reading from original sources evolved into the reading of glosses on an original and then more generally to lecture notes. Throughout much of history, the diffusion of knowledge via handwritten lecture notes was an essential element of academic life. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/290px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/435px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/580px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>'s <i>The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp</i> (1632)</figcaption></figure> <p>Even in the twentieth century, the lecture notes taken by students, or prepared by a scholar for a lecture, have sometimes achieved wide circulation (see, for example, the genesis of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s <i>Cours de linguistique générale</i>). Many lecturers were, and still are, accustomed to simply reading their own notes from the lectern for exactly that purpose. Nevertheless, modern lectures generally incorporate additional activities, e.g. writing on a chalk-board, exercises, class questions and discussions, or student presentations. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> presentation software such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">Microsoft PowerPoint</a> has changed the form of lectures, e.g. video, graphics, websites, or prepared exercises may be included. Most commonly, however, only outlines composed of "bullet points" are presented. Critics such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> contend that this style of lecture bombards the audience with unnecessary and possibly distracting or confusing graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modified lecture format, generally presented in 5 to 15 minute short segments, is now commonly presented as video, for example in <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online courses</a> (MOOCs) or in programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg/290px-Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg/435px-Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Hogarth_lecture_1736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s 1736 <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, <i>Scholars at a Lecture</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Bligh, in <i>What's the Use of Lectures?</i>, argues that lectures "represent a <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_education" title="Definitions of education">conception of education</a> in which teachers who know give knowledge to students who do not and are therefore supposed to have nothing worth contributing." Based on his review of numerous studies, he concludes that lecturing is as effective, but not more effective, as any other teaching method in transmitting information. Nevertheless, lecturing is not the most effective method for promoting student thought, changing attitudes, or teaching behavioral skills.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bligh summarises research on memory to show the significance of the meaningfulness of material on retention (Marks and Miller 1964) and the importance of immediate rehearsal of information (Bassey 1968). He relates his own research on arousal during lectures to suggest a decrement in attention during the first 25 minutes. Lloyd (1968) and Scerbo et al. (1992) showed that students take less and less notes as lectures proceed. Bligh shows that after a short break filled by buzz group discussion, attention will recover somewhat. The largest section of Bligh's book is devoted to lecturing technique, particularly the organisation of lectures, how to make a point, the effectiveness of taking notes, the use of handouts, and ways of obtaining feedback. Early editions of the book contained a reply paid evaluation card. This research showed that the section on alternative teaching methods within lectures was the most highly praised.<sup id="cite_ref-Bligh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bligh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conception of the lecture as needing to be a didactic event has been challenged by Meltzer and Manivannan (2002) and Sandry (2005) who maintain that lectures can involve active learning. However, Elliot (2005) sees difficulties in the encouragement of active learning with phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Social_loafing" title="Social loafing">social loafing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_apprehension_model" title="Evaluation apprehension model">evaluation apprehension</a> causing audience members to be reluctant to participate. A possible solution to the encouragement of audience involvement in lectures is the use of an <a href="/wiki/Audience_response#Use_in_Educational_Settings" title="Audience response">audience response system</a> which allows audience members to participate anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shoufan (2020) argues that with a proper usage of learning technology, the lecture can be omitted and completely replaced by learning activities. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of traditional lecture is and has been debated. Some advantages of lecturing include: quick exposure to new material, greater teacher control in the classroom, an engaging format, which may complement and clarify course material, and facilitating large-class communication.<sup id="cite_ref-cirtl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cirtl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecturing also permits the dissemination of unpublished or not readily available material.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another advantage would be for the lecturer to attract students. A vivid personality with a kind and respectful attitude in the classroom may help to recruit prospective Master and PhD students for a lecturer's own academic research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been much debate as to whether or not lecturing actually improves student learning in the classroom. Commonly cited disadvantages of lecture include: placing students in a passive (rather than an active) role, encouraging one-way communication, requiring significant out-of-class time for students to engage with the material, and requiring the speaker to possess effective speaking skills.<sup id="cite_ref-cirtl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cirtl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The criticisms of lectures are often summarized by a quote generally misattributed<sup id="cite_ref-notes2notes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes2notes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>College is a place where a professor’s lecture notes go straight to the students’ lecture notes, without passing through the brains of either.<sup id="cite_ref-notes2notes_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes2notes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Brainbar_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/220px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/330px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg/440px-Civil_Brainbar_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Civil lecture at Budapest <a href="/wiki/Brain_Bar" title="Brain Bar">Brain Bar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While lecturing is generally accepted as an effective form of instruction, there have been some prominent educators who have succeeded without the help of lectures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuli_Siltanen_luennoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Samuli_Siltanen_luennoi.jpg/220px-Samuli_Siltanen_luennoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Samuli_Siltanen_luennoi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Professor of the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Technology" title="Tampere University of Technology">Tampere University of Technology</a> lecturing in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> courses relying on lectures supplement them with smaller discussion sections, <a href="/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorials</a>, or laboratory experiment sessions as a means of further actively involving students. Often these supplemental sections are led by <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching assistants</a>, or teaching <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellows</a> rather than senior <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculty</a>. Those other forms of academic teaching include <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">discussion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a> if conducted by a teaching assistant), <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Training_workshop" title="Training workshop">workshops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>, practical application, <a href="/wiki/Case_example" class="mw-redirect" title="Case example">case examples</a>/<a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a>/<a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>-based instruction, and <a href="/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorials</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, the prevalent mode of student-teacher interaction is <a href="/wiki/Lesson" title="Lesson">lessons</a>. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">parlor</a> lecture" gained currency throughout the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> during the mid-19th century. It referred to the custom of inviting noted speakers to deliver private lectures, which were typically hosted in the parlors of wealthy and socially influential families.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_lecture" title="Online lecture">Online lecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Michael Bassey Learning methods in tertiary education. Internal paper Nottingham Regional College of Technology 1968.</li> <li>Donald A. Bligh: <i>What's the Use of Lectures?</i> (<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>,: <a href="/wiki/Jossey-Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jossey-Bass">Jossey-Bass</a>, 2000). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-5162-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-5162-5">0-7879-5162-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Paul_Liessmann" title="Konrad Paul Liessmann">Konrad Paul Liessmann</a>: <i>Über den Nutzen und Nachteil des Vorlesens. Eine Vorlesung über die Vorlesung</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>: Picus, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85452-324-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85452-324-6">3-85452-324-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214043552/http://www.falter.at/heureka/archiv/98_1/04.php">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Jane Mackworth Vigilance and habituation. Penguin 1970</li> <li>Marks L.E. and Miller G.A. The role of semantic and syntactic constraints in memorization of English sentences. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 1964 3(1)</li> <li>Scerbo W.M. Warm J.S. Dember W.N. and Grasha A.E. The role of time and cueing in a college lecture. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Educational_Psychology" title="Contemporary Educational Psychology">Contemporary Educational Psychology</a> 1992 17(4) pp 312–328.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a>: <i>The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cheshire,_Connecticut" title="Cheshire, Connecticut">Cheshire, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Press">Graphics Press</a>, 2006, 2nd edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9613921-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9613921-5-0">0-9613921-5-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/powerpoint">The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cirtl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cirtl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cirtl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cirtl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirtl.net/node/2570">"Lecturing: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Lecture Method"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Sciences+of+Learning&rft.atitle=Natural+Learning+in+Higher+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.au=J.+Scott+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarketing.wharton.upenn.edu%2Ffiles%2F%3Fwhdmsaction%3Dpublic%3Amain.file%26fileID%3D8113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bligh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bligh_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBligh1998" class="citation book cs1">Bligh, Donald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-xxxqZXUU8C"><i>What's the use of lectures?</i></a> (5th ed.). Intellect Books. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781871516791" title="Special:BookSources/9781871516791"><bdi>9781871516791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+use+of+lectures%3F&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781871516791&rft.aulast=Bligh&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-xxxqZXUU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic38998.files/Bligh_Ch1_and_Ch3.pdf">Ch.1 and Ch. 3 reprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011213244/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic38998.files/Bligh_Ch1_and_Ch3.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Philip (2016). "Academic integrity: a quantitative study of confidence and understanding in students at the start of their higher education". <i>Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 482–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02602938.2015.1024199">10.1080/02602938.2015.1024199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144164927">144164927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assessment+%26+Evaluation+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Academic+integrity%3A+a+quantitative+study+of+confidence+and+understanding+in+students+at+the+start+of+their+higher+education&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=482-497&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02602938.2015.1024199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144164927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoufan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shoufan, Abdulhadi (2020). "Lecture-Free Classroom: Fully Active Learning on Moodle". <i>IEEE Transactions on Education</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 314–321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ITEdu..63..314S">2020ITEdu..63..314S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTE.2020.2989921">10.1109/TE.2020.2989921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219501315">219501315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Education&rft.atitle=Lecture-Free+Classroom%3A+Fully+Active+Learning+on+Moodle&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=314-321&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219501315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTE.2020.2989921&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ITEdu..63..314S&rft.aulast=Shoufan&rft.aufirst=Abdulhadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southalabama.edu/languages/spanish/TRG/TRG/Enhancing_Learning/Lecturing/advantages.htm">"Advantages & Disadvantages of Lecturing"</a>. <i>TeachingResourcesGuide.com</i>. South Alabama University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112936/http://www.southalabama.edu/languages/spanish/TRG/TRG/Enhancing_Learning/Lecturing/advantages.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TeachingResourcesGuide.com&rft.atitle=Advantages+%26+Disadvantages+of+Lecturing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southalabama.edu%2Flanguages%2Fspanish%2FTRG%2FTRG%2FEnhancing_Learning%2FLecturing%2Fadvantages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notes2notes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-notes2notes_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notes2notes_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/08/17/lecture-minds/">"The Professor's Lecture Notes Go Straight to the Students' Lecture Notes"</a>. <i>Quote Investigator</i>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502201823/http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/08/17/lecture-minds/">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quote+Investigator&rft.atitle=The+Professor%27s+Lecture+Notes+Go+Straight+to+the+Students%27+Lecture+Notes&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquoteinvestigator.com%2F2012%2F08%2F17%2Flecture-minds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span>. This source suggests that <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Slosson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Slosson">Edwin Slosson</a> is more likely the original writer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.virginia.edu/~rmf8a/gaskell/EveningP.htm">Gaskell's Compendium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202172539/http://people.virginia.edu/~rmf8a/gaskell/EveningP.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Fuller, Steve (April 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujdnmk2UH-U"><i>The Lecture 2.0</i></a>. <i>13th Networked Learning Conference</i>. Edinburgh University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lecture+2.0&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUjdnmk2UH-U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2015" class="citation news cs1">Paul, Annie Murphy (September 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/opinion/sunday/are-college-lectures-unfair.html">"Are College Lectures Unfair?"</a>. <i>Sunday Review</i>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Review&rft.atitle=Are+College+Lectures+Unfair%3F&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Annie+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F13%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fare-college-lectures-unfair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen2015" class="citation news cs1">Worthen, Molly (October 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/opinion/sunday/lecture-me-really.html">"Lecture Me. Really"</a>. <i>Sunday Review</i>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Review&rft.atitle=Lecture+Me.+Really.&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F18%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Flecture-me-really.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBane1930" class="citation book cs1">Bane, Charles L. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011042440;view=1up;seq=11"><i>The Lecture in College Teaching</i></a>. Boston: Gorham Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lecture+in+College+Teaching&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Gorham+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011042440%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lecture" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Lecture">Lecture</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lectures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lectures">Lectures</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lecture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lecture">lecture</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/ShortSweet-Technology/13866">Short and sweet: Technology shrinks the lecture</a> (The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 20, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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