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Sex - Wikipedia

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sexual reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexual_reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexual reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexual_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sexual systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexual_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexual systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexual_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution of sex</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_sex-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of sex subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptive_function_of_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_function_of_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adaptive function of sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_function_of_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex-determination_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex-determination_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sex-determination systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sex-determination_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sex-determination systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sex-determination_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-XY_sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XY_sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>XY sex determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XY_sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ZW_sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ZW_sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>ZW sex determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ZW_sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XO_sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XO_sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>XO sex determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XO_sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ZO_sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ZO_sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>ZO sex determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ZO_sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sequential_hermaphroditism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequential_hermaphroditism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Sequential hermaphroditism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequential_hermaphroditism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature-dependent_sex_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Temperature-dependent sex determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-dependent_sex_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haplodiploidy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplodiploidy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Haplodiploidy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplodiploidy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sex ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sex differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sex_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sex differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sex_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sexual characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dimorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sexual dimorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_differences_in_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_differences_in_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sex differences in behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_differences_in_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_from_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_from_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Distinction from gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_from_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geslag" title="Geslag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geslag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisches_Geschlecht" title="Biologisches Geschlecht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Biologisches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="جنس (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنس (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexo" title="Sexo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sexo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BC_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Սեռ (կենսաբանութիւն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեռ (կենսաբանութիւն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95)" title="লিংগ (জৈৱিক) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিংগ (জৈৱিক)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexu" title="Sexu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sexu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B1a" title="Meña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Meña" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe&#039;ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cins_(insan)" title="Cins (insan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cins (insan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="جینس (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جینس (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="জৈবিক লিঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈবিক লিঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-pia%CC%8Dt_(seng-bu%CC%8Dt)" title="Sèng-pia̍t (seng-bu̍t) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-pia̍t (seng-bu̍t)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Енес (биология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Енес (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Плоць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плоць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spol" title="Spol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reizh" title="Reizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexe" title="Sexe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sexe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Арамалăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арамалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekso" title="Sekso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sekso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlavnost" title="Pohlavnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohlavnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyw" title="Rhyw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisches_Geschlecht" title="Biologisches Geschlecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biologisches Geschlecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugu_(bioloogia)" title="Sugu (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sugu (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Φύλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φύλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexo" title="Sexo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sexo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekso" title="Sekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessu" title="Sessu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sessu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexu" title="Sexu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sexu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="جنس (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنس (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sexual reproduction" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexe" title="Sexe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sexe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geslacht_(sekse)" title="Geslacht (sekse) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geslacht (sekse)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses" title="Ses – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ses" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%A9as" title="Gnéas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnéas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexo" title="Sexo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sexo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="성 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima%27i" title="Jima&#039;i – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jima&#039;i" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BC_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Սեռ (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեռ (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जैविक लिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैविक लिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spol" title="Spol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuo" title="Sexuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sexuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9kso" title="Sékso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sékso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenis_kelamin" title="Jenis kelamin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jenis kelamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyn_(l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Kyn (líffræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kyn (líffræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesso_(biologia)" title="Sesso (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sesso (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92" title="זוויג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זוויג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97" title="ಲಿಂಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სქესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სქესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Жыныс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыныс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reydh" title="Reydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Reydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinsia" title="Jinsia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jinsia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seks" title="Seks – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Seks" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayenda_biyoloj%C3%AEk" title="Zayenda biyolojîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zayenda biyolojîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Жыныс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыныс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexus" title="Sexus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sexus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzimums" title="Dzimums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzimums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sex" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytis" title="Lytis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lytis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesso" title="Sesso – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sesso" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3giai_nem" title="Biológiai nem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biológiai nem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ലിംഗഭേദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിംഗഭേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="लिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სქესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სქესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantina" title="Jantina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jantina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="လိင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakayalewa" title="Vakayalewa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakayalewa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekse" title="Sekse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sekse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="जैविक लिङ्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैविक लिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="性 (生物学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="性 (生物学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Организмийн стен-боьршалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Организмийн стен-боьршалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8xe_(biologia)" title="Sèxe (biologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sèxe (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jins" title="Jins – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jins" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਲਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexo" title="Sexo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sexo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جنس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sex" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sess" title="Sess – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sess" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geslecht" title="Geslecht – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Geslecht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82e%C4%87" title="Płeć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płeć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexo" title="Sexo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sexo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Пол организмов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пол организмов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Секс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Секс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sex" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjinia_biologjike" title="Gjinia biologjike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjinia biologjike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessu" title="Sessu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sessu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="ලිංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlavie_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Pohlavie (biológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pohlavie (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ki_spol" title="Biološki spol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biološki spol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmo" title="Galmo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Galmo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="زایەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زایەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistisani" title="Fistisani – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Fistisani" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spol" title="Spol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupuoli" title="Sukupuoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupuoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6n" title="Kön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohikal_na_kasarian" title="Biyolohikal na kasarian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohikal na kasarian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="பால் (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzuf" title="Uzuf – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uzuf" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Җенес – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җенес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="లింగ భేదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లింగ భేదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="เพศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Au%C9%94%CC%88tkath%C9%94n" title="Ŋuɔ̈tkathɔn – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ŋuɔ̈tkathɔn" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_cinsiyet" title="Biyolojik cinsiyet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik cinsiyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86barima_ne_%C9%94bea_nna" title="Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Стать – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стать" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جنس (حیاتیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنس (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesso" title="Sesso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sesso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_t%C3%ADnh" title="Giới tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugu" title="Sugu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sugu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seks" title="Seks – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Seks" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98" title="געשלעכט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געשלעכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7" title="性 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB" title="性别 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性别" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q290#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the distinguishing trait in sexually reproducing organisms. For activities, see <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal sexual behavior">Animal sexual behavior</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sex (disambiguation)">Sex (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Male and female" redirects here. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22.0em;white-space:wrap;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sex" title="Category:Sex">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:135%;font-weight:normal;color:black;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sex</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg/250px-Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg/330px-Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg/500px-Mice_X_Y_chromosomes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Biological terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">Temperature-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogametic_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogametic sex">Heterogametic sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogametic_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogametic sex">Homogametic sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">Sex chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome_anomalies" title="Sex chromosome anomalies">Sex chromosome anomalies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">Testis-determining factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphroditism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_(biology)" title="Intersex (biology)">Intersex (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating type</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Fungal reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in animals">Sexual reproduction in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile%E2%80%93vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile–vaginal intercourse">Penile–vaginal intercourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">Lordosis behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_system" title="Sexual system">Sexual system</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">Dioecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">Gonochorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_sidebar" title="Template:Sex sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sex sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sex</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Biological_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological trait">biological trait</a> that determines whether a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually reproducing</a> organism produces <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> or <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson-2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purves-2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goymann-2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goymann-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During sexual reproduction, a male and a female gamete fuse to form a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, which develops into an <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> that inherits traits from each parent. By convention, <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that produce smaller, more mobile gametes (<a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>) are called <i>male</i>, while organisms that produce larger, non-mobile gametes (<a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a>, often called egg cells) are called <i>female</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Royle-2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royle-2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An organism that produces both types of gamete is <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves-2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avise-2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avise-2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In non-hermaphroditic species, the sex of an individual is determined through one of several biological <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination systems</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian species</a> have the <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>, where the male usually carries an X and a <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> (XY), and the female usually carries two <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosomes</a> (XX). Other <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Chromosomal_systems" title="Sex-determination system">chromosomal sex-determination systems</a> in animals include the <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW system</a> in birds, and the <a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO system</a> in some insects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sex_determination" title="Environmental sex determination">environmental systems</a> include <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a> in reptiles and crustaceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hake-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male and female of a species may be physically alike (sexual monomorphism) or have physical differences (<a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>). In sexually dimorphic species, including most birds and mammals, the sex of an individual is usually <a href="/wiki/Sex_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex identification">identified</a> through observation of that individual's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_characteristics" title="Sexual characteristics">sexual characteristics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a> can accelerate the evolution of differences between the sexes. </p><p>The terms <i>male</i> and <i>female</i> typically do not apply in sexually undifferentiated species in which the individuals are isomorphic (look the same) and the gametes are <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamous</a> (indistinguishable in size and shape), such as the <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyte">green alga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ulva_lactuca" title="Ulva lactuca">Ulva lactuca</a></i>. Some kinds of functional differences between individuals, such as in <a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">fungi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating types</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_reproduction">Sexual reproduction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sexual_cycle.svg/250px-Sexual_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sexual_cycle.svg/330px-Sexual_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sexual_cycle.svg/500px-Sexual_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The life cycle of a sexually reproducing species cycles through haploid and diploid stages</figcaption></figure> <p>Sexual reproduction, in which two individuals produce an offspring that possesses a selection of the genetic traits of each parent, is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. Genetic traits are encoded in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. The eukaryote cell has a set of paired <a href="/wiki/Homologous_chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologous chromosomes">homologous chromosomes</a>, one from each parent, and this double-chromosome stage is called "<a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>". During sexual reproduction, a diploid organism produces specialized <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> sex cells called <a href="/wiki/Gametes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametes">gametes</a> via <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> each of which has a single set of chromosomes. Meiosis involves a stage of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a> via <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover">chromosomal crossover</a>, in which regions of DNA are exchanged between matched pairs of chromosomes, to form new chromosomes, each with a new combination of the genes of the parents. Then the chromosomes are separated into single sets in the gametes. When gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting zygote has half of the genetic material of the mother and half of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The combination of chromosomal crossover and <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, bringing the two single sets of chromosomes together to make a new diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, results in a new organism that contains a different set of the genetic traits of each parent. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, the haploid stage only occurs in the gametes, the sex cells that fuse to form a zygote that develops directly into a new diploid organism. In a <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> species, the diploid organism produces a type of haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> by meiosis that is capable of undergoing repeated <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">cell division</a> to produce a <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> haploid organism. In either case, the gametes may be externally similar (<a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamy</a>) as in the green alga <i>Ulva</i> or may be different in size and other aspects (<a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The size difference is greatest in <a href="/wiki/Oogamy" title="Oogamy">oogamy</a>, a type of anisogamy in which a small, <a href="/wiki/Motile" class="mw-redirect" title="Motile">motile</a> gamete combines with a much larger, non-motile gamete.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In anisogamic organisms, by convention, the larger gamete (called an <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>, or egg cell) is considered female, while the smaller gamete (called a spermatozoon, or sperm cell) is considered male. An individual that produces large gametes is female, and one that produces small gametes is male.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An individual that produces both types of gamete is a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>. In some species, a hermaphrodite can <a href="/wiki/Self-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fertilization">self-fertilize</a> and produce an offspring on its own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction#Animals" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction §&#160;Animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/250px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/330px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg/500px-Hoverflies_mating_midair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Simosyrphus_grandicornis" title="Simosyrphus grandicornis">Simosyrphus grandicornis</a></i> mating</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sexually reproducing animals spend their lives as diploid, with the haploid stage reduced to single-cell gametes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The gametes of animals have male and female forms—<a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a> and egg cells, respectively. These gametes combine to form <a href="/wiki/Embryos" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryos">embryos</a> which develop into new organisms. </p><p>The male gamete, a <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a> (produced in vertebrates within the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>), is a small cell containing a single long <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a> which propels it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spermatozoa are extremely reduced cells, lacking many cellular components that would be necessary for embryonic development. They are specialized for motility, seeking out an egg cell and fusing with it in a process called <a href="/wiki/Fertilization#Fertilisation_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. </p><p>Female gametes are egg cells. In vertebrates, they are produced within the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>. They are large, immobile cells that contain the nutrients and cellular components necessary for a developing embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Egg cells are often associated with other cells which support the development of the embryo, forming an <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">egg</a>. In mammals, the fertilized embryo instead develops within the female, receiving nutrition directly from its mother. </p><p>Animals are usually mobile and seek out a partner of the opposite sex for <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>. Animals which live in the water can mate using <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>, where the eggs and sperm are released into and combine within the surrounding water.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most animals that live outside of water, however, use <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>, transferring sperm directly into the female to prevent the gametes from drying up. </p><p>In most birds, both excretion and reproduction are done through a single posterior opening, called the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>—male and female birds touch cloaca to transfer sperm, a process called "cloacal kissing".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many other terrestrial animals, males use specialized <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a> to assist the transport of sperm—these male sex organs are called <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent organs</a>. In humans and other mammals, this male organ is known as the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>, which enters the female reproductive tract (called the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>) to achieve <a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">insemination</a>—a process called <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>. The penis contains a tube through which <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> (a fluid containing sperm) travels. In female mammals, the vagina connects with the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, an organ which directly supports the development of a fertilized embryo within (a process called <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>). </p><p>Because of their motility, <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal sexual behavior">animal sexual behavior</a> can involve coercive sex. <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_insemination" title="Traumatic insemination">Traumatic insemination</a>, for example, is used by some insect species to inseminate females through a wound in the abdominal cavity—a process detrimental to the female's health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_flower_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/250px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/330px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/500px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Flowers contain the sexual organs of flowering plants. They are usually hermaphrodite, containing both male and female parts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like animals, <a href="/wiki/Land_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plants">land plants</a> have specialized male and female gametes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dusenbery-2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dusenbery-2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a>, male gametes are produced by reduced male <a href="/wiki/Gametophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametophytes">gametophytes</a> that are contained within <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> which have hard coats that protect the male gamete forming cells during transport from the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">anthers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>. The female gametes of seed plants are contained within <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>. Once fertilized, these form <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> which, like eggs, contain the nutrients necessary for the initial development of the embryonic plant. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg/121px-Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg/182px-Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg/242px-Pinus_nigra_cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pine_cones,_immature_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pine_cones%2C_immature_male.jpg/120px-Pine_cones%2C_immature_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pine_cones%2C_immature_male.jpg/250px-Pine_cones%2C_immature_male.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Female (left) and male (right) cones contain the sex organs of pines and other conifers.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> contain their sexual organs. Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic, with both male and female parts in the same flower or on the same plant in single sex flowers, about 5% of plant species have individual plants that are one sex or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The female parts, in the center of a hermaphroditic or female flower, are the <a href="/wiki/Pistils" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistils">pistils</a>, each unit consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>. Two or more of these reproductive units may be merged to form a single compound <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>, the fused carpels forming an <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>. Within the carpels are <a href="/wiki/Ovules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovules">ovules</a> which develop into seeds after fertilization. The male parts of the flower are the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>: these consist of long filaments arranged between the pistil and the petals that produce pollen in <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#anther" title="Glossary of botanical terms">anthers</a> at their tips. When a pollen grain lands upon the stigma on top of a carpel's style, it germinates to produce a <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a> that grows down through the tissues of the style into the carpel, where it delivers male gamete nuclei to fertilize an ovule that eventually develops into a seed. </p><p>Some hermaphroditic plants are self-fertile, but plants have evolved multiple different <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility" title="Self-incompatibility">self-incompatibility</a> mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization, involving <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">sequential hermaphroditism</a>, molecular recognition systems and morphological mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Heterostyly" title="Heterostyly">heterostyly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd-2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73, 74">&#58;&#8202;73,&#8202;74&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, the sex organs are produced within <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a> that have male and female forms. Male cones are smaller than female ones and produce pollen, which is transported by wind to land in female cones. The larger and longer-lived female cones are typically more durable, and contain ovules within them that develop into seeds after fertilization. </p><p>Because <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a> are immobile, they depend upon passive methods for transporting pollen grains to other plants. Many, including conifers and grasses, produce lightweight pollen which is carried by wind to neighboring plants. Some flowering plants have heavier, sticky pollen that is specialized for transportation by insects or larger animals such as <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, which may be attracted to flowers containing rewards of nectar and pollen. These animals transport the pollen as they move to other flowers, which also contain female reproductive organs, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Mating in fungi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiitake_mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiitake_mushroom.jpg/250px-Shiitake_mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiitake_mushroom.jpg/330px-Shiitake_mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiitake_mushroom.jpg/500px-Shiitake_mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Mushrooms are produced as part of fungal sexual reproduction.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> can reproduce sexually and have life cycles with both haploid and diploid phases. These species of fungus are typically <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamous</a>, i.e. lacking male and female specialization. One haploid fungus grows into contact with another, and then they fuse their cells. In some cases, the fusion is asymmetric, and the cell which donates only a nucleus (and no accompanying cellular material) could arguably be considered male.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fungi may also have more complex allelic mating systems, with other sexes not accurately described as male, female, or hermaphroditic.<sup id="cite_ref-Watkinson-2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkinson-2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fungi, including <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker&#39;s yeast">baker's yeast</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating types</a> that determine compatibility. Yeasts with the same mating types will not fuse with each other to form diploid cells, only with yeast carrying another mating type.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">higher fungi</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Fungus#Reproduction" title="Fungus">sexual reproduction</a>. Within the mushroom, diploid cells are formed, later dividing into haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_systems">Sexual systems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_system" title="Sexual system">Sexual system</a></div><p>A sexual system is a distribution of male and female functions across organisms in a species.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals_2">Animals</h3></div> <p>Approximately 95% of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> species have separate male and female individuals, and are said to be <a href="/wiki/Gonochoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonochoric">gonochoric</a>. About 5% of animal species are hermaphroditic.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard-2013_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This low percentage is partially attributable to the very large number of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species, in which hermaphroditism is absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> About 99% of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are gonochoric, and the remaining 1% that are hermaphroditic are almost all fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants_2">Plants</h3></div> <p>The majority of plants are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#bisexual" title="Glossary of botanical terms">bisexual</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kliman-2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliman-2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 212">&#58;&#8202;212&#8202;</span></sup> either hermaphrodite (with both stamens and pistil in the same flower) or <a href="/wiki/Monoecious_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious (botany)">monoecious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabath-2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabath-2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beentje-2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beentje-2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a> species male and female sexes are on separate plants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> About 5% of flowering plants are dioecious, resulting from as many as 5000 independent origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Renner-2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renner-2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dioecy is common in <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, in which about 65% of species are dioecious, but most <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a> are monoecious.<sup id="cite_ref-Walas-2018_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walas-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_sex">Evolution of sex</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anisogamy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anisogamy.svg/120px-Anisogamy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anisogamy.svg/250px-Anisogamy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Different forms of <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a>:<br />A) anisogamy of motile cells, B) oogamy (egg cell and sperm cell), C) anisogamy of non-motile cells (egg cell and spermatia).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isogamy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Isogamy.svg/120px-Isogamy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Isogamy.svg/250px-Isogamy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Different forms of isogamy:<br />A) isogamy of <a href="/wiki/Motile_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Motile cell">motile cells</a>, B) isogamy of non-motile cells, C) conjugation.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>It is generally accepted that <a href="/wiki/Isogamy#Evolution" title="Isogamy">isogamy was ancestral</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Awasthi-2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awasthi-2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and that anisogamy <a href="/wiki/Evolved_independently" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved independently">evolved several times independently</a> in different groups of eukaryotes, including protists, algae, plants, and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">evolution of anisogamy</a> is synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Male#Evolution" title="Male">origin of male</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Female#Evolution" title="Female">origin of female</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehtonen-2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehtonen-2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism#Evolution" title="Sexual dimorphism">first step towards sexual dimorphism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Togashi-2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togashi-2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and influenced the evolution of various sex differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Székely-2007_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Székely-2007-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is unclear whether anisogamy first led to <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditism#Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditism">the evolution of hermaphroditism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism#Evolution" title="Gonochorism">evolution of gonochorism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kliman-2016_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliman-2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 213">&#58;&#8202;213&#8202;</span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gamete#Evolution" title="Gamete">the evolution of sperm and eggs</a> has left no fossil evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitnick-2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitnick-2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1.2 billion year old fossil from <i><a href="/wiki/Bangiomorpha_pubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiomorpha pubescens">Bangiomorpha pubescens</a></i> has provided the oldest fossil record for the differentiation of male and female reproductive types and shown that sexes evolved early in eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hörandl-2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hörandl-2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studies on <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> have provided genetic evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Mating_type#Evolution" title="Mating type">evolutionary link between sexes and mating types</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawada-2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawada-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original form of sex was <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal fertilization</a>, or sex as we know it, evolved later<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and became dominant for vertebrates after their <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_land_invasion" title="Vertebrate land invasion">emergence on land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_function_of_sex">Adaptive function of sex</h3></div> <p>The most basic role of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> appears to be conservation of the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> that is passed on to progeny by parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandeis-2018_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandeis-2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hörandl-2024_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hörandl-2024-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two most fundamental aspects of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">meiotic recombination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>, are likely maintained respectively by the adaptive advantages of recombinational repair of genomic <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> and genetic <a href="/wiki/Complementation_(genetics)" title="Complementation (genetics)">complementation</a> which masks the expression of deleterious recessive <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein-1985_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-1985-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Genetic variation</a>, often produced as a byproduct of these processes, may provide long-term advantages in those sexual lineages that favor <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein-1985_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-1985-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex-determination_systems">Sex-determination systems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolsex-dia2a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Evolsex-dia2a.svg/250px-Evolsex-dia2a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Evolsex-dia2a.svg/330px-Evolsex-dia2a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Evolsex-dia2a.svg/500px-Evolsex-dia2a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Sex helps the spread of advantageous traits through recombination. The diagrams compare the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Allele_frequency" title="Allele frequency">allele frequency</a> in a sexual population (top) and an asexual population (bottom). The vertical axis shows frequency and the horizontal axis shows time. The alleles a/A and b/B occur at random. The advantageous alleles A and B, arising independently, can be rapidly combined by sexual reproduction into the most advantageous combination AB. Asexual reproduction takes longer to achieve this combination because it can only produce AB if A arises in an individual which already has B or vice versa.</figcaption></figure> <p>The biological cause of an organism developing into one sex or the other is called <i>sex determination</i>. The cause may be genetic, environmental, <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploidy</a>, or multiple factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Within animals and other organisms that have genetic sex-determination systems, the determining factor may be the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosome</a>. In plants that are sexually dimorphic, such as <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Judd-2002_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 203">&#58;&#8202;203&#8202;</span></sup> the liverwort <i><a href="/wiki/Marchantia_polymorpha" title="Marchantia polymorpha">Marchantia polymorpha</a></i> or the dioecious species in the flowering plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Silene" title="Silene">Silene</a></i>, sex may also be determined by sex chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanurdzic-2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanurdzic-2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Non-genetic systems may use environmental cues, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature</a> during early development in <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, to determine the sex of the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner-2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner-2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex determination</a> is often distinct from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">sex differentiation</a>. Sex determination is the designation for the development stage towards either male or female while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic">Genetic</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="XY_sex_determination">XY sex determination</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg/220px-Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg/330px-Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg/440px-Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The common fruit fly has an <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>, as do humans and most mammals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans and most other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have an <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> carries factors responsible for triggering male development, making XY sex determination mostly based on the presence or absence of the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>. It is the male <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> that determines the sex of the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis-2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In this system XX mammals typically are female and XY typically are male.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, individuals with <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">XXY</a> or <a href="/wiki/XYY_syndrome" title="XYY syndrome">XYY</a> are males, while individuals with <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_X_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple X syndrome">XXX</a> are females.<sup id="cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hake-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unusually, the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> mammal, has ten sex chromosomes; females have ten X chromosomes, and males have five X chromosomes and five Y chromosomes. Platypus egg cells all have five X chromosomes, whereas sperm cells can either have five X chromosomes or five Y chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>XY sex determination is found in other organisms, including insects like the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">common fruit fly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser-2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and some plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Dellaporta-1993_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dellaporta-1993-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some cases, it is the number of X chromosomes that determines sex rather than the presence of a Y chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hake-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the fruit fly individuals with XY are male and individuals with XX are female; however, individuals with XXY or XXX can also be female, and individuals with X can be males.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ZW_sex_determination">ZW sex determination</h4></div> <p>In birds, which have a <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW sex-determination system</a>, the W chromosome carries factors responsible for female development, and default development is male.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In this case, ZZ individuals are male and ZW are female. It is the female <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> that determines the sex of the offspring. This system is used by birds, some fish, and some <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hake-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">butterflies and moths</a> also have a ZW sex-determination system. Females can have Z, ZZW, and even ZZWW.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="XO_sex_determination">XO sex determination</h4></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO sex-determination system</a>, males have one X chromosome (XO) while females have two (XX). All other chromosomes in these diploid organisms are paired, but organisms may inherit one or two X chromosomes. This system is found in most <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>, insects such as <a href="/wiki/Silverfish" title="Silverfish">silverfish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apterygota" title="Apterygota">Apterygota</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoptera">Paleoptera</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exopterygota" title="Exopterygota">Exopterygota</a>), and some nematodes, crustaceans, and gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull-1983_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull-1983-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gryllus" title="Gryllus">field crickets</a>, for example, insects with a single X chromosome develop as male, while those with two develop as female.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i>, most worms are self-fertilizing hermaphrodites with an XX karyotype, but occasional abnormalities in chromosome inheritance can give rise to individuals with only one X chromosome—these XO individuals are fertile males (and half their offspring are male).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ZO_sex_determination">ZO sex determination</h4></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO sex-determination system</a>, males have two Z chromosomes whereas females have one. This system is found in several species of moths.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sex_determination" title="Environmental sex determination">Environmental sex determination</a></div> <p>For many species, sex is not determined by inherited traits, but instead by environmental factors such as temperature experienced during development or later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratopteris" title="Ceratopteris">Ceratopteris</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#homospory" title="Glossary of botanical terms">homosporous</a> fern species, the default sex is hermaphrodite, but individuals which grow in soil that has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> <a href="/wiki/Antheridiogen" title="Antheridiogen">antheridiogen</a> to develop as male.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanurdzic-2004_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanurdzic-2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bonelliidae" title="Bonelliidae">bonelliidae larvae</a> can only develop as males when they encounter a female.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sequential_hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/250px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/330px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/500px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clownfish" title="Clownfish">Clownfishes</a> are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes female.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species can change sex over the course of their lifespan, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">sequential hermaphroditism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fusco-2019_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fusco-2019-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleost fishes</a> are the only vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> where sequential hermaphroditism occurs. In <a href="/wiki/Clownfish" title="Clownfish">clownfish</a>, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female; when a dominant female is absent, then her partner changes sex from male to female. In many <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasses</a> the opposite is true: the fish are initially female and become male when they reach a certain size.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sequential hermaphroditism also occurs in plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arisaema_triphyllum" title="Arisaema triphyllum">Arisaema triphyllum</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature-dependent_sex_determination">Temperature-dependent sex determination</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="pile of eggs in the sand, with a newly hatched crocodile looking over the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg/250px-Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg/330px-Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg/500px-Crocoparc_Naissance_des_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Crocodiles do not have <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex chromosomes">sex chromosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Instead, whether these eggs will produce male or female crocodiles depends on the temperature of the eggs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, including all <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtles">turtles</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">temperature-dependent sex determination</a>. In these species, the temperature experienced by the embryos during their development determines their sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachtrog-2014_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachtrog-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower temperatures than females; but <i><a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">Macroclemys</a></i> females are produced at temperatures lower than 22&#160;°C or above 28&#160;°C, while males are produced in between those temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</h4></div> <p>Certain insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, use a <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">haplodiploid sex-determination system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diploid bees and ants are generally female, and haploid individuals (which develop from unfertilized eggs) are male. This sex-determination system results in highly biased <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratios</a>, as the sex of offspring is determined by fertilization (<a href="/wiki/Arrhenotoky" title="Arrhenotoky">arrhenotoky</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-arrhenotoky" title="Pseudo-arrhenotoky">pseudo-arrhenotoky</a> resulting in males) rather than the assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_ratio">Sex ratio</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_ratio&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> A <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of males to females in a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>. As explained by <a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher&#39;s principle">Fisher's principle</a>, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_ratio_Fisher_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_ratio_Fisher-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_ratio_Hamilton_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_ratio_Hamilton-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, many species deviate from an even sex ratio, either periodically or permanently. These include <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenogenic">parthenogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androgenesis" title="Androgenesis">androgenetic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sex_ratio_Schwander-2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_ratio_Schwander-2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> species, periodically mating organisms such as aphids, some <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_differences">Sex differences</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_medicine" title="Sex differences in medicine">Sex differences in medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Sex differences in intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience of sex differences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_human_physiology" title="Sex differences in human physiology">Sex differences in human physiology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a> is the fundamental difference between male and female.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitfield-2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitfield-2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> has stated that it is possible to interpret all the differences between the sexes as stemming from this.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_characteristics">Sexual characteristics</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_characteristics" title="Sexual characteristics">Sexual characteristics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_characteristics&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_characteristics" title="Sexual characteristics">Sexual characteristics</a> are physical traits of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> (typically of a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a> organism) which are indicative of or resultant from biological sexual factors. These include both <a href="/wiki/Primary_sex_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sex characteristics">primary sex characteristics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gonads" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonads">gonads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sex characteristics">secondary sex characteristics</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/250px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/330px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/500px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Common pheasants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> in both size and appearance.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beo-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beo-2.jpg/250px-Beo-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beo-2.jpg/330px-Beo-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beo-2.jpg/500px-Beo-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_hill_myna" title="Common hill myna">common hill myna</a> is sexually <a href="/wiki/Monomorphism_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomorphism (biology)">monomorphic</a>, meaning that the external appearance of males and females is very similar.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In many animals and some plants, individuals of male and female sex differ in size and appearance, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choe-2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sexual dimorphism in animals is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>: the mating competition between individuals of one sex vis-à-vis the opposite sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Mori-2017_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mori-2017-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other examples demonstrate that it is the preference of females that drives sexual dimorphism, such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Stalk-eyed_fly" title="Stalk-eyed fly">stalk-eyed fly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a> include a generally larger size and more body hair in men, while women have larger breasts, wider hips, and a higher body fat percentage. In other species, there may be differences in coloration or other features, and may be so pronounced that the different sexes may be mistaken for two entirely different taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Mori-2017_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mori-2017-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females are the larger sex in a majority of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choe-2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For instance, female <a href="/wiki/Southern_black_widow" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern black widow">southern black widow</a> spiders are typically twice as long as the males.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This size disparity may be associated with the cost of producing egg cells, which requires more nutrition than producing sperm: larger females are able to produce more eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choe-2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many other cases, the male of a species is larger than the female. Mammal species with extreme sexual size dimorphism, such as <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seals</a>, tend to have highly <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a> mating systems, presumably due to selection for success in <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">competition</a> with other males. </p><p>Sexual dimorphism can be extreme, with males, such as some <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a>, living <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitically</a> on the female. Some plant species also exhibit dimorphism in which the females are significantly larger than the males, such as in the moss genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dicranum" title="Dicranum">Dicranum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the liverwort genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerocarpos" title="Sphaerocarpos">Sphaerocarpos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster-1984_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-1984-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that, in these genera, the dimorphism may be tied to a sex chromosome,<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster-1984_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-1984-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crum-1980_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crum-1980-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or to chemical signaling from females.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In birds, males often have a more <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">colorful</a> appearance and may have features (like the long tail of male peacocks) that would seem to put them at a disadvantage (e.g. bright colors would seem to make a bird more visible to predators). One proposed explanation for this is the <a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This hypothesis argues that, by demonstrating he can survive with such handicaps, the male is advertising his <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">genetic fitness</a> to females—traits that will benefit daughters as well, who will not be encumbered with such handicaps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_differences_in_behavior">Sex differences in behavior</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences in psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals">Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Sex differences in cognition</a></div> <p>The sexes across gonochoric species usually differ in behavior. In most animal species, females invest more in parental care,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although in some species, such as some <a href="/wiki/Coucal" title="Coucal">coucals</a>, the males invest more <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Females also tend to be more choosy for who they mate with,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> such as most bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Males tend to be more competitive for mating than females.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehtonen-2016_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehtonen-2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_from_gender">Distinction from gender</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex&amp;action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> While in ordinary speech, the terms <i>sex</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></i> are often used interchangeably, in contemporary academic literature, the terms often have distinct meanings, especially when referring to people.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_udry_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_udry-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_haig_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_haig-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Sex</i> generally refers to an organism's assigned biological sex, while <i>gender</i> usually refers to either social roles typically associated with the sex of a person (<a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a>) or personal identification of one's own gender based on their own personal sense of it (<a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Virginia_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Virginia-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Carlson_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Carlson-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most contemporary social scientists,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_socialsciencedictionary_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_socialsciencedictionary-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_pearsonhighered_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_pearsonhighered-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> behavioral scientists and biologists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmel20173_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel20173-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> many legal systems and government bodies and intergovernmental agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> make a distinction between gender and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Sexual_orientation,_gender_identity_and_international_human_rights_law:_common_law_perspectives_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Sexual_orientation,_gender_identity_and_international_human_rights_law:_common_law_perspectives-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and sex is consistent with the individual's gender identity, but in rare circumstances, an individual's <a href="/wiki/Assigned_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned sex">assigned sex</a> and gender do not align, and the person may be <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Bhargava-2021_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Bhargava-2021-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Virginia_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Virginia-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_allocation" title="Sex allocation">Sex allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexing" title="Sexing">Sexing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson-2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevensonWaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson A, Waite M (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1320">"Sex"</a>. <i>Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book &amp; CD-ROM Set</i>. <a href="/wiki/OUP_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP Oxford">OUP Oxford</a>. p.&#160;1302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960110-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>Sex: Either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions. The fact of belonging to one of these categories. The group of all members of either sex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sex&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Book+%26+CD-ROM+Set&amp;rft.pages=1302&amp;rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-960110-3&amp;rft.aulast=Stevenson&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Waite%2C+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XycAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1320&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills2018" class="citation book cs1">Mills A (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLhcDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43">"Sex and Reproduction"</a>. <i>Biology of Sex</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-9337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-9337-7"><bdi>978-1-4875-9337-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sex+and+Reproduction&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+of+Sex&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2018-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4875-9337-7&amp;rft.aulast=Mills&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLhcDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purves-2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purves-2000_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purves-2000_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurvesSadavaOriansHeller2000" class="citation book cs1">Purves WK, Sadava DE, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Orians GH</a>, Heller HC (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kS-h84pMJw4C&amp;pg=PA736"><i>Life: The Science of Biology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p.&#160;736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3873-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3873-2"><bdi>978-0-7167-3873-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>A single body can function as both male and female. Sexual reproduction requires both male and female haploid gametes. In most species, these gametes are produced by individuals that are either male or female. Species that have male and female members are called dioecious (from the Greek for 'two houses'). In some species, a single individual may possess both female and male reproductive systems. Such species are called monoecious ("one house") or hermaphroditic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Life%3A+The+Science+of+Biology&amp;rft.pages=736&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3873-2&amp;rft.aulast=Purves&amp;rft.aufirst=WK&amp;rft.au=Sadava%2C+DE&amp;rft.au=Orians%2C+GH&amp;rft.au=Heller%2C+HC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkS-h84pMJw4C%26pg%3DPA736&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Loof2018" class="citation journal cs1">De Loof A (31 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824932">"Only two sex forms but multiple gender variants: How to explain?"</a>. <i>Communicative &amp; Integrative Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (1): e1427399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19420889.2018.1427399">10.1080/19420889.2018.1427399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-0889">1942-0889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824932">5824932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29497472">29497472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Communicative+%26+Integrative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Only+two+sex+forms+but+multiple+gender+variants%3A+How+to+explain%3F&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=e1427399&amp;rft.date=2018-01-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5824932%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1942-0889&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29497472&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19420889.2018.1427399&amp;rft.aulast=De+Loof&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnold&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5824932&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goymann-2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goymann-2022_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoymannBrummKappeler2023" class="citation journal cs1">Goymann W, Brumm H, Kappeler PM (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.202200173">"Biological sex is binary, even though there is a rainbow of sex roles: Denying biological sex is anthropocentric and promotes species chauvinism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioEssays" title="BioEssays">BioEssays</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2): e2200173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.202200173">10.1002/bies.202200173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543364">36543364</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioEssays&amp;rft.atitle=Biological+sex+is+binary%2C+even+though+there+is+a+rainbow+of+sex+roles%3A+Denying+biological+sex+is+anthropocentric+and+promotes+species+chauvinism&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e2200173&amp;rft.date=2023-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.202200173&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36543364&amp;rft.aulast=Goymann&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&amp;rft.au=Brumm%2C+Henrik&amp;rft.au=Kappeler%2C+Peter+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.202200173&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royle-2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royle-2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKokkoJennions2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Kokko" title="Hanna Kokko">Kokko H</a>, Jennions M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-EUDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR5&amp;q=Sex%2Bdifferences%2Bin%2Bparental%2Bcare">"Sex differences in parental care"</a>. In Royle NJ, Smiseth PT, Kölliker M (eds.). <i>The Evolution of Parental Care</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969257-6"><bdi>978-0-19-969257-6</bdi></a>. <q>The answer is that there is an agreement by convention: individuals producing the smaller of the two gamete types&#160;&#8211;&#32;sperm or pollen&#160;&#8211;&#32;are males, and those producing larger gametes&#160;&#8211;&#32;eggs or ovules&#160;&#8211;&#32;are females.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sex+differences+in+parental+care&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Parental+Care&amp;rft.pages=103&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-969257-6&amp;rft.aulast=Kokko&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Jennions%2C+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-EUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR5%26q%3DSex%252Bdifferences%252Bin%252Bparental%252Bcare&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avise-2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avise-2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvise2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Avise" title="John Avise">Avise JC</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC&amp;q=Hermaphrodite">"Two sexes in one"</a>. <i>Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality</i>. Columbia University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52715-6"><bdi>978-0-231-52715-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Two+sexes+in+one&amp;rft.btitle=Hermaphroditism%3A+A+Primer+on+the+Biology%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Evolution+of+Dual+Sexuality&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-52715-6&amp;rft.aulast=Avise&amp;rft.aufirst=JC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqiR8C0lEckC%26q%3DHermaphrodite&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackmonRossBachtrog2017" class="citation journal cs1">Blackmon H, Ross L, Bachtrog D (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281344">"Sex Determination, Sex Chromosomes, and Karyotype Evolution in Insects"</a>. <i>The Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>108</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesw047">10.1093/jhered/esw047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1503">0022-1503</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281344">6281344</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27543823">27543823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Heredity&amp;rft.atitle=Sex+Determination%2C+Sex+Chromosomes%2C+and+Karyotype+Evolution+in+Insects&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&amp;rft.date=2017-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6281344%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0022-1503&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27543823&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesw047&amp;rft.aulast=Blackmon&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Ross%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Bachtrog%2C+D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6281344&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hake-2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hake-2008_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHakeO&#39;Connor2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hake L, O'Connor C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mechanisms-of-sex-determination-314/">"Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination | Learn Science at Scitable"</a>. <i>Nature Education</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819121941/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mechanisms-of-sex-determination-314">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+Mechanisms+of+Sex+Determination+%7C+Learn+Science+at+Scitable&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Hake&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fgenetic-mechanisms-of-sex-determination-314%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore-2020_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreRobsonTrinci2020" class="citation book cs1">Moore D, Robson JD, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_P._J._Trinci" title="Anthony P. J. Trinci">Trinci AP</a> (2020). <i>21st Century guidebook to fungi</i> (2&#160;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">211–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-74568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-74568-0"><bdi>978-1-108-74568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=21st+Century+guidebook+to+fungi&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-108-74568-0&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Robson%2C+JD&amp;rft.au=Trinci%2C+AP&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar-2019_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarMeenaSwapnil2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, <a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Shackelford T</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a>. <q>Anisogamy can be defined as a mode of sexual reproduction in which fusing gametes, formed by participating parents, are dissimilar in size.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Anisogamy&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_340-1&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&amp;rft.aulast=Kumar&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Meena%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Swapnil%2C+P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125115052/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26840/">"Meiosis"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26840/">the original</a> on 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Meiosis&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26840%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3678">"The Benefits of Sex"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Sex&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dmboc4.section.3678&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_F._Gilbert" title="Scott F. Gilbert">Gilbert SF</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10031">"Multicellularity: Evolution of Differentiation"</a>. <i>Developmental Biology</i> (6th&#160;ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6"><bdi>978-0-87893-243-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143406/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10031/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Multicellularity%3A+Evolution+of+Differentiation&amp;rft.btitle=Developmental+Biology&amp;rft.place=Sunderland+%28MA%29&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87893-243-6&amp;rft.aulast=Gilbert&amp;rft.aufirst=SF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK10031&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allaby" title="Michael Allaby">Allaby M</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzZGQOmcjqAC&amp;pg=PA350&amp;q=a%2520dictionary%2520of%2520plant%2520sciences%2520oogamy"><i>A Dictionary of Plant Sciences</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p.&#160;350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960057-1"><bdi>978-0-19-960057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Plant+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=350&amp;rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-960057-1&amp;rft.aulast=Allaby&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzZGQOmcjqAC%26pg%3DPA350%26q%3Da%252520dictionary%252520of%252520plant%252520sciences%252520oogamy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="10.1038/news991125-4" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gee" title="Henry Gee">Gee H</a> (22 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/news/1999/991122/full/news991125-4.html">"Size and the single sex cell"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011062235/http://www.nature.com/news/1999/991122/full/news991125-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Size+and+the+single+sex+cell&amp;rft.date=1999-11-22&amp;rft.aulast=Gee&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2F991122%2Ffull%2Fnews991125-4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402185423/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21836/">"Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21836">the original</a> on 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mendelian+genetics+in+eukaryotic+life+cycles&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21836&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629222617/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3729">"Sperm"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3729">the original</a> on 29 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sperm&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dmboc4.section.3729&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629074430/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3718">"Eggs"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3718">the original</a> on 29 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Eggs&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dmboc4.section.3718&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Alberts B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Johnson A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lewis_(biologist)" title="Julian Lewis (biologist)">Lewis J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Raff" title="Martin Raff">Raff M</a>, Roberts K, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Walter P</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219005819/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3738">"Fertilization"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th&#160;ed.). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3738">the original</a> on 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Fertilization&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Garland+Science&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Raff%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Walter%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dmboc4.section.3738&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchison" class="citation web cs1">Ritchison G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html">"Avian Reproduction"</a>. Eastern Kentucky University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412231002/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6"><bdi>978-0-87893-243-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143911/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10129/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stevens">Stevens PF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Donoghue" title="Michael Donoghue">Donoghue MJ</a> (2002). <i>Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0"><bdi>0-87893-403-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plant+systematics%2C+a+phylogenetic+approach&amp;rft.place=Sunderland+MA&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-87893-403-0&amp;rft.aulast=Judd&amp;rft.aufirst=WS&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+CS&amp;rft.au=Kellogg%2C+EA&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+PF&amp;rft.au=Donoghue%2C+MJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNick_Lane2005" class="citation book cs1">Nick Lane (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powersexsuicidem0000lane"><i>Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powersexsuicidem0000lane/page/236">236–237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280481-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Power%2C+Sex%2C+Suicide%3A+Mitochondria+and+the+Meaning+of+Life&amp;rft.pages=236-237&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-280481-5&amp;rft.au=Nick+Lane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowersexsuicidem0000lane&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkinson-2015-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watkinson-2015_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkinsonBoddyMoney2015" class="citation book cs1">Watkinson SC, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Boddy" title="Lynne Boddy">Boddy L</a>, Money N (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8qcBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA115"><i>The Fungi</i></a>. 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A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". <i>Science</i>. <b>156</b> (3774): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>488. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Sci...156..477H">1967Sci...156..477H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.156.3774.477">10.1126/science.156.3774.477</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1721222">1721222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6021675">6021675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Extraordinary+sex+ratios.+A+sex-ratio+theory+for+sex+linkage+and+inbreeding+has+new+implications+in+cytogenetics+and+entomology&amp;rft.volume=156&amp;rft.issue=3774&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&amp;rft.date=1967-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.156.3774.477&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6021675&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1721222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Sci...156..477H&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.aufirst=WD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_ratio_Schwander-2016-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex_ratio_Schwander-2016_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwanderOldroyd2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwander T, Oldroyd BP (28 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031619">"Androgenesis: where males hijack eggs to clone themselves"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>371</b> (1706). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0534">10.1098/rstb.2015.0534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5031619">5031619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27619698">27619698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Androgenesis%3A+where+males+hijack+eggs+to+clone+themselves&amp;rft.volume=371&amp;rft.issue=1706&amp;rft.date=2008-09-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5031619%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27619698&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0534&amp;rft.aulast=Schwander&amp;rft.aufirst=Tanja&amp;rft.au=Oldroyd%2C+Benjamin+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5031619&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiHasegawaYamamotoKawatsu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi K, Hasegawa E, Yamamoto Y, Kawatsu K, Vargo EL, Yoshimura J, et&#160;al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3048">"Sex ratio biases in termites provide evidence for kin selection"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>4</b>: 2048. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.2048K">2013NatCo...4.2048K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3048">10.1038/ncomms3048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2123%2F11211">2123/11211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23807025">23807025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Sex+ratio+biases+in+termites+provide+evidence+for+kin+selection&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=2048&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2123%2F11211&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23807025&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms3048&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCo...4.2048K&amp;rft.aulast=Kobayashi&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+E&amp;rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Y&amp;rft.au=Kawatsu%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Vargo%2C+EL&amp;rft.au=Yoshimura%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Matsuura%2C+K&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fncomms3048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitfield-2004-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitfield-2004_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield J (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423151">"Everything you always wanted to know about sexes"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (6): e183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020183">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423151">423151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15208728">15208728</a>. <q>One thing biologists do agree on is that males and females count as different sexes. And they also agree that the main difference between the two is gamete size: males make lots of small gametes—sperm in animals, pollen in plants—and females produce a few big eggs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Everything+you+always+wanted+to+know+about+sexes&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=e183&amp;rft.date=2004-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC423151%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15208728&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020183&amp;rft.aulast=Whitfield&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC423151&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierce2012" class="citation book cs1">Pierce BA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4pXRaZAkdkC&amp;q=Gamete%2Bsize"><i>Genetics: A Conceptual Approach</i></a>. W.H. Freeman. p.&#160;74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3252-4"><bdi>978-1-4292-3252-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Genetics%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4292-3252-4&amp;rft.aulast=Pierce&amp;rft.aufirst=BA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4pXRaZAkdkC%26q%3DGamete%252Bsize&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins R</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekonDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=the%2Bselfish%2Bgene%2Bbattle%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsexes%2B2016"><i>The Selfish Gene</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">183–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878860-7"><bdi>978-0-19-878860-7</bdi></a>. <q>However, there is one fundamental feature of the sexes which can be used to label males as males, and females as females, throughout animals and plants. This is that the sex cells or 'gametes' of males are much smaller and more numerous than the gametes of females. This is true whether we are dealing with animals or plants. One group of individuals has large sex cells, and it is convenient to use the word female for them. The other group, which it is convenient to call male, has small sex cells. The difference is especially pronounced in reptiles and in birds, where a single egg cell is big enough and nutritious enough to feed a developing baby for. Even in humans, where the egg is microscopic, it is still many times larger than the sperm. As we shall see, it is possible to interpret all the other differences between the sexes as stemming from this one basic difference.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Selfish+Gene&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-878860-7&amp;rft.aulast=Dawkins&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekonDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%252Bselfish%252Bgene%252Bbattle%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bsexes%252B2016&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinSinhaRamakrishnan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robin VV, Sinha A, Ramakrishnan U (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24078632">"Determining the sex of a monomorphic threatened, endemic passerine in the sky islands of southern India using molecular and morphometric methods"</a>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>101</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">676–</span>679. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3891">0011-3891</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24078632">24078632</a>. <q>Many species of birds are, however, monomorphic and difficult to sex visually, particularly in the field and some even in hand. Some examples are the Hill Mynah, <i>Gracula religiosa</i> and the Black-capped Chickadee, <i>Parus atricapillus</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Determining+the+sex+of+a+monomorphic+threatened%2C+endemic+passerine+in+the+sky+islands+of+southern+India+using+molecular+and+morphometric+methods&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E679&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24078632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.issn=0011-3891&amp;rft.aulast=Robin&amp;rft.aufirst=VV&amp;rft.au=Sinha%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Ramakrishnan%2C+U&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24078632&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choe-2019-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choe-2019_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoe2019" class="citation book cs1">Choe J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5lnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA7">"Body Size and Sexual Dimorphism"</a>. In Cox R (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior</i>. Vol.&#160;2. Academic Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">7–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813252-4"><bdi>978-0-12-813252-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Body+Size+and+Sexual+Dimorphism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Behavior&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-813252-4&amp;rft.aulast=Choe&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5lnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mori-2017-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mori-2017_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mori-2017_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoriMazzaLovari2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mori E, Mazza G, Lovari S (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_433-1">"Sexual Dimorphism"</a>. In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_433-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_433-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+Dimorphism&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_433-1&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&amp;rft.aulast=Mori&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Mazza%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Lovari%2C+S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%252F978-3-319-47829-6_433-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonReillo1994" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson GS, Reillo PR (22 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910164858/http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/L567/readings/Wilkinson_%26_Reillo_1994.pdf">"Female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk-eyed fly"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>225</b> (1342): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994RSPSB.255....1W">1994RSPSB.255....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.574.2822">10.1.1.574.2822</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1994.0001">10.1098/rspb.1994.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5769457">5769457</a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026031-6"><bdi>978-0-19-026031-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949553050">949553050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+gendered+society&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.edition=Sixth&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949553050&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-026031-6&amp;rft.aulast=Kimmel&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_socialsciencedictionary-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_socialsciencedictionary_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202125938/http://www.socialsciencedictionary.com/GENDER">"GENDER"</a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405145514/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0132448300.pdf">"Ch. 1. The Sociology of gender"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-244830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-244830-7"><bdi>978-0-13-244830-7</bdi></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p.&#160;153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99677-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99677-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99677-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020191850/https://books.google.com/books?id=rf9rAy1yCHkC&amp;q=Both+physiologists+and+biologists+agree+that+gender+is+distinct+from+sex.&amp;pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>28, <span class="nowrap">328–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-44265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-44265-0"><bdi>978-0-429-44265-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110674742">1110674742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation%2C+Gender+Identity+and+International+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Common+Law+Perspectives&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&amp;rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1110674742&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-429-44265-0&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Halloran&amp;rft.aufirst=Kerry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925234052/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/gender/gender-definitions">"Gender: definitions"</a>. <i>WHO/Europe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/gender/gender-definitions">the original</a> on 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WHO%2FEurope&amp;rft.atitle=Gender%3A+definitions&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2Fen%2Fhealth-topics%2Fhealth-determinants%2Fgender%2Fgender-definitions&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex–gender_distinction_Bhargava-2021-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sex–gender_distinction_Bhargava-2021_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhargavaArnoldBangasserDenton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bhargava A, Arnold AP, Bangasser DA, Denton KM, Gupta A, Hilliard Krause LM, et&#160;al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348944">"Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement"</a>. <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnaa034">10.1210/endrev/bnaa034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-769X">0163-769X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348944">8348944</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33704446">33704446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Considering+Sex+as+a+Biological+Variable+in+Basic+and+Clinical+Studies%3A+An+Endocrine+Society+Scientific+Statement&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8348944%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=0163-769X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33704446&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnaa034&amp;rft.aulast=Bhargava&amp;rft.aufirst=Aditi&amp;rft.au=Arnold%2C+Arthur+P&amp;rft.au=Bangasser%2C+Debra+A&amp;rft.au=Denton%2C+Kate+M&amp;rft.au=Gupta%2C+Arpana&amp;rft.au=Hilliard+Krause%2C+Lucinda+M&amp;rft.au=Mayer%2C+Emeran+A&amp;rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Margaret&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+Walter+L&amp;rft.au=Raznahan%2C+Armin&amp;rft.au=Verma%2C+Ragini&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8348944&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnqvistRowe2005" class="citation book cs1">Arnqvist G, Rowe L (2005). <i>Sexual conflict</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12217-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+conflict&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-12217-5&amp;rft.aulast=Arnqvist&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.au=Rowe%2C+L&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis1933" class="citation book cs1">Ellis H (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b2044249x"><i>Psychology of Sex</i></a>. London: W. Heinemann Medical Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Sex&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=W.+Heinemann+Medical+Books&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.aulast=Ellis&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb2044249x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span> <i>N.B</i>.: One of many books by this pioneering authority on aspects of human sexuality.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_F._Gilbert" title="Scott F. Gilbert">Gilbert SF</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentalbio00gilb"><i>Developmental Biology</i></a> (6th&#160;ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6"><bdi>978-0-87893-243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Developmental+Biology&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87893-243-6&amp;rft.aulast=Gilbert&amp;rft.aufirst=SF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentalbio00gilb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaynard-Smith1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Maynard-Smith J</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofsex0000mayn"><i>The Evolution of Sex</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29302-0"><bdi>978-0-521-29302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Sex&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-29302-0&amp;rft.aulast=Maynard-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofsex0000mayn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtto2008" class="citation journal cs1">Otto S (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231008141323/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/sexual-reproduction-and-the-evolution-of-sex-824/">"Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex | Learn Science at Scitable"</a>. <i>Nature Education</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 182. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/sexual-reproduction-and-the-evolution-of-sex-824/">the original</a> on 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+Reproduction+and+the+Evolution+of+Sex+%7C+Learn+Science+at+Scitable&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=182&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Otto&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fsexual-reproduction-and-the-evolution-of-sex-824%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sex</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a 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class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sex" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sex">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sex" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sex">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSizonenko" class="citation web cs1">Sizonenko PC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209011913/http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html">"Human Sexual Differentiation"</a>. <i>Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research (GFMER)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Geneva+Foundation+for+Medical+Education+and+Research+%28GFMER%29&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Sexual+Differentiation&amp;rft.aulast=Sizonenko&amp;rft.aufirst=PC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfmer.ch%2FBooks%2FReproductive_health%2FHuman_sexual_differentiation.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBTQ-affirming religious groups">LGBTQ-affirming religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/17px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/26px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">Temperature-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">Sex chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">Testis-determining factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphroditism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">parasexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual<br />reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Sex organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Fungal reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in animals">Sexual reproduction in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile%E2%80%93vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile–vaginal intercourse">Penile–vaginal intercourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">Lordosis behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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