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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microscopic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscopic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Microscopic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscopic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vitamin_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vitamin D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edible_mushrooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edible_mushrooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Edible mushrooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edible_mushrooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxic_mushrooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxic_mushrooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Toxic mushrooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxic_mushrooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoactive_mushrooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoactive_mushrooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Psychoactive mushrooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoactive_mushrooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Folk medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Literature cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mushroom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddastoel" title="Paddastoel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paddastoel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عيش الغراب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيش الغراب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrec%C3%B3n" title="Potrecón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Potrecón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpoforo" title="Carpoforo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Carpoforo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogorda" title="Cogorda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cogorda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99k" title="Göbələk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oong" title="Oong – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oong" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE" title="মাশরুম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাশরুম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CD%98" title="Ko͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompiniong" title="Sompiniong – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Sompiniong" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Durka" title="Pečurka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pečurka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolet" title="Bolet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bolet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohwa" title="Hohwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hohwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Madarchen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DD%A3%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="فݣيع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فݣيع" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruchtk%C3%B6rper" title="Fruchtkörper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fruchtkörper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Μανιτάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανιτάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta" title="Seta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88apelfungo" title="Ĉapelfungo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉapelfungo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta" title="Seta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Seta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziza" title="Ziza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ziza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86_%DA%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قارچ چتری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ چتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophore" title="Sporophore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sporophore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poddestoel" title="Poddestoel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poddestoel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beac%C3%A1n" title="Beacán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beacán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgan-buachair" title="Balgan-buachair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Balgan-buachair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogomelo" title="Cogomelo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cogomelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BB" title="Kû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%84%AF" title="버섯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버섯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գլխարկավոր սնկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխարկավոր սնկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95)" title="कुकुरमुत्ता (कवक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुकुरमुत्ता (कवक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijelo_gljive" title="Tijelo gljive – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tijelo gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jamur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champignon" title="Champignon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Champignon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argai%C4%A1%C3%B1aq" title="Argaiġñaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Argaiġñaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rsveppir" title="Stórsveppir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórsveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_epigeo" title="Fungo epigeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungo epigeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="פטרייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטרייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jamur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%8Bgb%C9%A9s%C9%A9" title="Kaŋgbɩsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaŋgbɩsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಣಬೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣಬೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payungpayungan" title="Payungpayungan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Payungpayungan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyoga" title="Uyoga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uyoga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvark" title="Kuvark – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuvark" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Козу карын – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ເຫັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຫັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93ne" title="Sēne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybas" title="Grybas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likomb%C3%B3" title="Likombó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likombó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печурка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Печурка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="കൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="अळिंबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अळिंबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendawan" title="Cendawan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cendawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindawan" title="Cindawan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cindawan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AD" title="Gŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque" title="Roque – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%B3" title="Мөөг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөөг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddenstoel_(schimmel)" title="Paddenstoel (schimmel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paddenstoel (schimmel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddestool" title="Paddestool – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paddestool" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="च्याउ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="च्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3" title="キノコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キノコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81" title="ଛତୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛତୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBziqorin" title="Qoʻziqorin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻziqorin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD" title="ਖੁੰਭ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੁੰਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faniw" title="Faniw – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Faniw" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کھمبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھمبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janpinhion" title="Janpinhion – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Janpinhion" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poggenst%C3%B6hle" title="Poggenstöhle – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Poggenstöhle" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owocnik" title="Owocnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Owocnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogumelo" title="Cogumelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cogumelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa_puquy" title="K'allampa puquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa puquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Гриб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гриб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="छत्राकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छत्राकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱩᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordolinu" title="Cordolinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cordolinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddock_stuil" title="Puddock stuil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Puddock stuil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funcia_(organismu)" title="Funcia (organismu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funcia (organismu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="හතු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හතු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mushroom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%80%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="کنڀيون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کنڀيون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goba" title="Goba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Goba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqoshaa" title="Boqoshaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqoshaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Печурка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Печурка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Durka" title="Pečurka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pečurka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruktkropp" title="Fruktkropp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fruktkropp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabute" title="Kabute – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabute" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="காளான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காளான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="పుట్ట గొడుగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుట్ట గొడుగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94" title="เห็ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93" title="Занбӯруғ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakamalu%CA%BBat%C4%93volo" title="Fakamaluʻatēvolo – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fakamaluʻatēvolo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B5" title="ᏓᏬᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᏬᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsong" title="Tsong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Гриб (плодове тіло) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриб (плодове тіло)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کھمبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کھمبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83_(%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%85%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83)" title="دۈمبە مەدەك (ئۆسۈملۈك) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دۈمبە مەدەك (ئۆسۈملۈك)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_l%E1%BB%9Bn" title="Nấm lớn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm lớn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion-boloe" title="Tchampion-boloe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion-boloe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%88" title="蕈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蕈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulap%C3%ADng" title="Ulapíng – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ulapíng" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rajab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%91%E8%8F%87" title="蘑菇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蘑菇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="שוועמל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוועמל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%87" title="菇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%88%E9%A1%9E" title="蕈類 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蕈類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kulak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fungi. For use in food, see <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Edible mushroom</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mushroom (disambiguation)">Mushroom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Toadstool" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Toadstool_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Toadstool (disambiguation)">Toadstool (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_(Pholiota_squarrosa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg/300px-Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg/450px-Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg/600px-Sparrige_Sch%C3%BCppling_%28Pholiota_squarrosa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pholiota_squarrosa" title="Pholiota squarrosa">Pholiota squarrosa</a></i> growing at the base of a tree</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mushroom</b> or <b>toadstool</b> is the fleshy, <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">fruiting body</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> source. <i>Toadstool</i> generally denotes one poisonous to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>; hence, the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (<a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a>) that have a stem (<a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a>), a cap (<a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">pileus</a>), and gills (lamellae, sing. <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">lamella</a>) on the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems; therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>. The gills produce microscopic <a href="/wiki/Spore#Fungi" title="Spore">spores</a> which help the fungus spread across the ground or its occupant surface. </p><p>Forms deviating from the standard <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> usually have more specific names, such as "<a href="/wiki/Bolete" title="Bolete">bolete</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Puffball" title="Puffball">puffball</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Stinkhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinkhorn">stinkhorn</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Morel">morel</a>", and gilled mushrooms themselves are often called "<a href="/wiki/Agaric" title="Agaric">agarics</a>" in reference to their similarity to <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a></i> or their order <a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a>. By extension, the term "mushroom" can also refer to either the entire fungus when in culture, the <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallus (tissue)">thallus</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>) of species forming the fruiting bodies called mushrooms, or the species itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg/190px-Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg/285px-Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg/380px-Zwerg_Postkarte_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>, the most easily recognised "toadstool", is frequently depicted in fairy stories and on greeting cards. It is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "mushroom" and "toadstool" go back centuries and were never precisely defined, nor was there consensus on application. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the terms <i>mushrom, mushrum, muscheron, mousheroms, mussheron, or musserouns</i> were used.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsbottom1954_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsbottom1954-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "mushroom" and its variations may have been derived from the French word <i><a href="/wiki/Calocybe_gambosa" title="Calocybe gambosa">mousseron</a></i> in reference to <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> (<i>mousse</i>). Delineation between edible and poisonous fungi is not clear-cut, so a "mushroom" may be edible, poisonous, or unpalatable.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arora_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arora-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>toadstool</i> appeared first in <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a> England as a reference for a "stool" for <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>, possibly implying an inedible poisonous fungus.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2></div> <p>Identifying what is and is not a mushroom requires a basic understanding of their <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> structure. Most are <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycetes">basidiomycetes</a> and gilled. Their spores, called <a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">basidiospores</a>, are produced on the gills and fall in a fine rain of powder from under the caps as a result. At the microscopic level, the basidiospores are shot off <a href="/wiki/Basidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidia">basidia</a> and then fall between the gills in the dead air space. As a result, for most mushrooms, if the cap is cut off and placed gill-side-down overnight, a powdery impression reflecting the shape of the gills (or pores, or spines, etc.) is formed (when the fruit body is sporulating). The color of the powdery print, called a <a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">spore print</a>, is useful in both classifying and identifying mushrooms. Spore print colors include white (most common), brown, black, purple-brown, pink, yellow, and creamy, but almost never blue, green, or red.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson1982_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png/220px-Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png/330px-Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png/440px-Mushroom_cap_morphology2.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushrooms</figcaption></figure> <p>While modern identification of mushrooms is quickly becoming molecular, the standard methods for identification are still used by most and have developed into a fine art harking back to <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, combined with microscopic examination. The presence of juices upon breaking, bruising-reactions, odors, tastes, shades of color, habitat, habit, and season are all considered by both amateur and professional mycologists. Tasting and smelling mushrooms carries its own hazards because of poisons and <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_test" title="Chemical test">Chemical tests</a> are also used for some genera.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, identification to <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> can often be accomplished in the field using a local <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guide</a>. Identification to <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, however, requires more effort. A mushroom develops from a button stage into a mature structure, and only the latter can provide certain characteristics needed for the identification of the species. However, over-mature specimens lose features and cease producing spores. Many novices have mistaken humid water marks on paper for white spore prints, or discolored paper from oozing liquids on <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">lamella</a> edges for colored spored prints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp (fungi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basidiocarp" title="Basidiocarp">Basidiocarp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascocarp" title="Ascocarp">Ascocarp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg/220px-Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg/330px-Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg/440px-Hypomyces_lactifluorum_169126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A mushroom (probably <i><a href="/wiki/Russula_brevipes" title="Russula brevipes">Russula brevipes</a></i>) parasitized by <i><a href="/wiki/Hypomyces_lactifluorum" title="Hypomyces lactifluorum">Hypomyces lactifluorum</a></i> resulting in a "lobster mushroom"</figcaption></figure> <p>Typical mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order <a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a></i> and type species is the field mushroom, <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Agaricus campestris</a></i>. However in modern <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecularly</a> defined <a href="/wiki/Classification_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification (biology)">classifications</a>, not all members of the order Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms, occur in other orders of the class <a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">chanterelles</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Cantharellales" title="Cantharellales">Cantharellales</a>, false chanterelles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gomphus_(fungus)" title="Gomphus (fungus)">Gomphus</a></i> are in the <a href="/wiki/Gomphales" title="Gomphales">Gomphales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk-cap" title="Milk-cap">milk-cap</a> mushrooms (<i><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactarius (fungus)">Lactarius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactifluus" title="Lactifluus">Lactifluus</a></i>) and russulas (<i><a href="/wiki/Russula" title="Russula">Russula</a></i>), as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Lentinellus" title="Lentinellus">Lentinellus</a></i>, are in the <a href="/wiki/Russulales" title="Russulales">Russulales</a>, while the tough, leathery genera <i><a href="/wiki/Lentinus" title="Lentinus">Lentinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Panus" title="Panus">Panus</a></i> are among the <a href="/wiki/Polyporales" title="Polyporales">Polyporales</a>, but <i><a href="/wiki/Neolentinus" title="Neolentinus">Neolentinus</a></i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Gloeophyllales" title="Gloeophyllales">Gloeophyllales</a>, and the little pin-mushroom genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Rickenella" title="Rickenella">Rickenella</a></i>, along with similar genera, are in the <a href="/wiki/Hymenochaetales" title="Hymenochaetales">Hymenochaetales</a>. </p><p>Within the main body of mushrooms, in the Agaricales, are common fungi like the common <a href="/wiki/Marasmius_oreades" title="Marasmius oreades">fairy-ring mushroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">shiitake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoki">enoki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster mushrooms">oyster mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_agaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly agaric">fly agarics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic mushrooms">magic mushrooms</a> like species of <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Volvariella" title="Volvariella">paddy straw mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coprinus_comatus" title="Coprinus comatus">shaggy manes</a>, etc. </p><p>An atypical mushroom is the <a href="/wiki/Lobster_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster mushroom">lobster mushroom</a>, which is a fruitbody of a <i>Russula</i> or <i>Lactarius</i> mushroom that has been deformed by the <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Hypomyces_lactifluorum" title="Hypomyces lactifluorum">Hypomyces lactifluorum</a></i>. This gives the affected mushroom an unusual shape and red color that resembles that of a boiled <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volk2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volk2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other mushrooms are not gilled, so the term "mushroom" is loosely used, and giving a full account of their classifications is difficult. Some have pores underneath (and are usually called <a href="/wiki/Bolete" title="Bolete">boletes</a>), others have spines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hericium_erinaceus" title="Hericium erinaceus">hedgehog mushroom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Tooth_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth fungi">tooth fungi</a>, and so on. "Mushroom" has been used for <a href="/wiki/Polypore" title="Polypore">polypores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puffball" title="Puffball">puffballs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelly_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly fungi">jelly fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral fungi">coral fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracket_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracket fungi">bracket fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stinkhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinkhorn">stinkhorns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cup_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup fungi">cup fungi</a>. Thus, the term is more one of common application to <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> fungal fruiting bodies than one having precise <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> meaning. Approximately 14,000 species of mushrooms are described.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg/220px-Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg/330px-Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg/440px-Amanita_stirps_Hemibapha_45069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_jacksonii" title="Amanita jacksonii">Amanita jacksonii</a></i> buttons emerging from their universal veils</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg/220px-Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg/330px-Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg/440px-Lactarius_indigo_48568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The blue <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">gills</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_indigo" title="Lactarius indigo">Lactarius indigo</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Milk-cap" title="Milk-cap">milk-cap</a> mushroom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycoperdon_perlatum,_Common_Puffball,_UK_,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg/220px-Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg/330px-Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg/440px-Lycoperdon_perlatum%2C_Common_Puffball%2C_UK_%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdon_perlatum" title="Lycoperdon perlatum">Lycoperdon perlatum</a></i> (the "common puffball") has a <a href="/wiki/Gleba" title="Gleba">glebal</a> hymenium; when young, the interior is white, but it becomes brown containing powdery <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> as the fungus matures.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morelasci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/220px-Morelasci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/330px-Morelasci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Morelasci.jpg/440px-Morelasci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Morchella_elata" title="Morchella elata">Morchella elata</a></i> asci viewed with <a href="/wiki/Phase_contrast_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase contrast microscopy">phase contrast microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A mushroom develops from a nodule, or pinhead, less than two millimeters in diameter, called a <a href="/wiki/Primordium" title="Primordium">primordium</a>, which is typically found on or near the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>. It is formed within the <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>, the mass of threadlike <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> that make up the fungus. The primordium enlarges into a roundish structure of interwoven hyphae roughly resembling an egg, called a "button". The button has a cottony roll of mycelium, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_veil" title="Universal veil">universal veil</a>, that surrounds the developing fruit body. As the egg expands, the universal veil ruptures and may remain as a cup, or <a href="/wiki/Volva_(mycology)" title="Volva (mycology)">volva</a>, at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stalk</a>, or as warts or volval patches on the cap. Many mushrooms lack a universal veil, therefore they do not have either a volva or volval patches. Often, a second layer of tissue, the <a href="/wiki/Partial_veil" title="Partial veil">partial veil</a>, covers the bladelike <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">gills</a> that bear <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>. As the cap expands the veil breaks, and remnants of the partial veil may remain as a ring, or <a href="/wiki/Annulus_(mycology)" title="Annulus (mycology)">annulus</a>, around the middle of the stalk or as fragments hanging from the margin of the cap. The ring may be skirt-like as in some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a></i>, collar-like as in many species of <i><a href="/wiki/Lepiota" title="Lepiota">Lepiota</a></i>, or merely the faint remnants of a cortina (a partial veil composed of filaments resembling a spiderweb), which is typical of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius" title="Cortinarius">Cortinarius</a></i>. Mushrooms lacking partial veils do not form an annulus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stalk (also called the stipe, or stem) may be central and support the cap in the middle, or it may be off-center or lateral, as in species of <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus" title="Pleurotus">Pleurotus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Panus" title="Panus">Panus</a></i>. In other mushrooms, a stalk may be absent, as in the polypores that form shelf-like brackets. <a href="/wiki/Puffball" title="Puffball">Puffballs</a> lack a stalk, but may have a supporting base. Other mushrooms including <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelly_fungus" title="Jelly fungus">jellies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthstars" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthstars">earthstars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nidulariaceae" title="Nidulariaceae">bird's nests</a> usually do not have stalks, and a specialized mycological vocabulary exists to describe their parts. </p><p>The way the gills attach to the top of the stalk is an important feature of mushroom morphology. Mushrooms in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepiota" title="Lepiota">Lepiota</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pluteus" title="Pluteus">Pluteus</a></i>, among others, have free gills that do not extend to the top of the stalk. Others have <a href="/wiki/Decurrent" title="Decurrent">decurrent</a> gills that extend down the stalk, as in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalotus" title="Omphalotus">Omphalotus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus" title="Pleurotus">Pleurotus</a></i>. There are a great number of variations between the extremes of free and decurrent, collectively called attached gills. Finer distinctions are often made to distinguish the types of attached gills: adnate gills, which adjoin squarely to the stalk; notched gills, which are notched where they join the top of the stalk; adnexed gills, which curve upward to meet the stalk, and so on. These distinctions between attached gills are sometimes difficult to interpret, since gill attachment may change as the mushroom matures, or with different environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microscopic_features">Microscopic features</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a> is a layer of microscopic spore-bearing cells that covers the surface of gills. In the nongilled mushrooms, the hymenium lines the inner surfaces of the tubes of <a href="/wiki/Bolete" title="Bolete">boletes</a> and polypores, or covers the teeth of spine fungi and the branches of corals. In the Ascomycota, spores develop within microscopic elongated, sac-like cells called <a href="/wiki/Ascus" title="Ascus">asci</a>, which typically contain eight spores in each ascus. The <a href="/wiki/Discomycetes" title="Discomycetes">Discomycetes</a>, which contain the cup, sponge, brain, and some club-like fungi, develop an exposed layer of asci, as on the inner surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Cup_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup fungi">cup fungi</a> or within the pits of <a href="/wiki/Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Morel">morels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenomycetes">Pyrenomycetes</a>, tiny dark-colored fungi that live on a wide range of substrates including soil, dung, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, and decaying wood, as well as other fungi, produce minute, flask-shaped structures called <a href="/wiki/Perithecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perithecia">perithecia</a>, within which the asci develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammirati1985pp25-34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the basidiomycetes, usually four spores develop on the tips of thin projections called <a href="/wiki/Sterigmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterigmata">sterigmata</a>, which extend from club-shaped cells called a <a href="/wiki/Basidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidia">basidia</a>. The fertile portion of the <a href="/wiki/Gasteromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasteromycetes">Gasteromycetes</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Gleba" title="Gleba">gleba</a>, may become powdery as in the puffballs or slimy as in the <a href="/wiki/Stinkhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinkhorn">stinkhorns</a>. Interspersed among the asci are threadlike sterile cells called <a href="/wiki/Paraphyses" title="Paraphyses">paraphyses</a>. Similar structures called <a href="/wiki/Cystidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystidia">cystidia</a> often occur within the hymenium of the Basidiomycota. Many types of cystidia exist, and assessing their presence, shape, and size is often used to verify the identification of a mushroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammirati1985pp25-34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important microscopic feature for identification of mushrooms is the spores. Their color, shape, size, attachment, ornamentation, and reaction to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_tests_in_mushroom_identification" title="Chemical tests in mushroom identification">chemical tests</a> often can be the crux of an identification. A spore often has a protrusion at one end, called an apiculus, which is the point of attachment to the basidium, termed the apical <a href="/wiki/Germ_pore" title="Germ pore">germ pore</a>, from which the hypha emerges when the spore germinates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammirati1985pp25-34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/260px--Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm/Growing_oyster_mushrooms_-_timelapse.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Timelapse of <a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">oyster mushrooms</a> (<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>) growing on a <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In reality, all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruit bodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">cultivated mushroom</a>, as well as the common <a href="/wiki/Field_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Field mushroom">field mushroom</a>, initially form a minute <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting body">fruiting body</a>, referred to as the pin stage because of their small size. Slightly expanded, they are called buttons, once again because of the relative size and shape. Once such stages are formed, the mushroom can rapidly pull in water from its <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> and expand, mainly by inflating preformed <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that took several days to form in the <a href="/wiki/Primordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordia">primordia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, there are other mushrooms, like <i><a href="/wiki/Parasola_plicatilis" title="Parasola plicatilis">Parasola plicatilis</a></i> (formerly <i><a href="/wiki/Coprinus" title="Coprinus">Coprinus</a> plicatlis</i>), that grow rapidly overnight and may disappear by late afternoon on a hot day after rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primordia form at ground level in lawns in humid spaces under the <a href="/wiki/Thatch_(lawn)" title="Thatch (lawn)">thatch</a> and after heavy rainfall or in <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dewy</a> conditions balloon to full size in a few hours, release spores, and then collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all mushrooms expand overnight; some grow very slowly and add tissue to their fruiting bodies by growing from the edges of the colony or by inserting <a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">hyphae</a>. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_nebrodensis" title="Pleurotus nebrodensis">Pleurotus nebrodensis</a></i> grows slowly, and because of this combined with human collection, it is now <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-redlist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redlist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though mushroom fruiting bodies are short-lived, the underlying mycelium can itself be long-lived and massive. A colony of <i><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_solidipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Armillaria solidipes">Armillaria solidipes</a></i> (formerly known as <i>Armillaria ostoyae</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Malheur_National_Forest" title="Malheur National Forest">Malheur National Forest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is estimated to be 2,400 years old, possibly older, and spans an estimated 2,200 acres (8.9 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the fungus is underground and in decaying wood or dying tree roots in the form of white mycelia combined with black shoelace-like <a href="/wiki/Rhizomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomorphs">rhizomorphs</a> that bridge colonized separated woody substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-urlUSFS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlUSFS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap" style="float:right;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Mushrooms (brown, Italian)<br />or <a href="/wiki/Crimini" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimini">Crimini</a> (raw)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">94 kJ (22 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">4.3 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.1 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.5 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">38%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 3.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 1.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 25 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 IU</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.142 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 120 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 448 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.1 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">92.1 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Selenium</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">26 ug</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Copper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Vitamin D (UV exposed)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1276 IU</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=ndbNumber:11266">Full Link to USDA Food Data Central entry</a>; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=ndbNumber:11936">exposed to UV light</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw <a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">brown mushrooms</a> are 92% water, 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and less than 1% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) amount, raw mushrooms provide 22 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and are a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (37% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (25% DV), and a moderate source (10–19% DV) of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (table). They have minimal or no <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_D">Vitamin D</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> content of a mushroom depends on <a href="/wiki/Postharvest" title="Postharvest">postharvest</a> handling, in particular the unintended exposure to sunlight. The <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a> provided evidence that UV-exposed mushrooms contain substantial amounts of vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) light, even after harvesting,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">ergosterol</a> in mushrooms is converted to <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D2">vitamin D<sub>2</sub></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koyyalamudi2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koyyalamudi2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process now used intentionally to supply fresh vitamin D mushrooms for the <a href="/wiki/Functional_food" title="Functional food">functional food</a> <a href="/wiki/Grocery" class="mw-redirect" title="Grocery">grocery</a> market.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a comprehensive safety assessment of producing vitamin D in fresh mushrooms, researchers showed that artificial UV light technologies were equally effective for vitamin D production as in mushrooms exposed to natural <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, and that UV light has a long record of safe use for production of vitamin D in food.<sup id="cite_ref-simon_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_use">Human use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edible_mushrooms">Edible mushrooms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Edible mushroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChampignonMushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChampignonMushroom.jpg/220px-ChampignonMushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChampignonMushroom.jpg/330px-ChampignonMushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ChampignonMushroom.jpg/440px-ChampignonMushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>, one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Pleurotus_eryngii_-_Do%C4%9Fal_Ortam%C4%B1nda_%C3%87a%C5%9F%C4%B1r_Mantar%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_eryngii_var._ferulae" title="Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae">Ferula</a> mushroom</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l" title="Bingöl">Bingöl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. This is an edible type of mushroom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mushrooms are used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, in many <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisines</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese food">Japanese</a>). Humans have valued them as food since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mushrooms sold in <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a> have been commercially grown on <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushroom farm">mushroom farms</a>. The most common of these, <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>, is considered safe for most people to eat because it is grown in controlled, sterilized environments. Several varieties of <i>A. bisporus</i> are grown commercially, including whites, crimini, and portobello. Other cultivated species available at many grocers include <i><a href="/wiki/Hericium_erinaceus" title="Hericium erinaceus">Hericium erinaceus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">shiitake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maitake" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitake">maitake</a> (hen-of-the-woods), <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus" title="Pleurotus">Pleurotus</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Enoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoki">enoki</a>. In recent years, increasing affluence in developing countries has led to a considerable growth in interest in mushroom cultivation, which is now seen as a potentially important economic activity for small farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is a major edible mushroom producer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country produces about half of all cultivated mushrooms, and around 2.7 kilograms (6.0 lb) of mushrooms are consumed per person per year by 1.4 billion people.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was the world's largest mushroom exporter, reporting an estimated 194,000 tonnes (191,000 long tons; 214,000 short tons) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separating edible from poisonous species requires meticulous attention to detail; there is no single trait by which all toxic mushrooms can be identified, nor one by which all edible mushrooms can be identified. People who collect mushrooms for consumption are known as mycophagists,<sup id="cite_ref-Metzler1992_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzler1992-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the act of collecting them for such is known as <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">mushroom hunting</a>, or simply "mushrooming". Even edible mushrooms may produce <a href="/wiki/Allergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic">allergic</a> reactions in susceptible individuals, from a mild <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthmatic</a> response to severe <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic">anaphylactic</a> shock.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the cultivated <i>A. bisporus</i> contains small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazines</a>, the most abundant of which is <a href="/wiki/Agaritine" title="Agaritine">agaritine</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the hydrazines are destroyed by moderate heat when cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-Sieger1998_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sieger1998-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of species of mushrooms are <a href="/wiki/Poisonous_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous mushroom">poisonous</a>; although some resemble certain edible species, consuming them could be fatal. Eating mushrooms gathered in the wild is risky and should only be undertaken by individuals knowledgeable in mushroom identification. Common best practice is for wild mushroom pickers to focus on collecting a small number of visually distinctive, edible mushroom species that cannot be easily confused with poisonous varieties. Common mushroom hunting advice is that if a mushroom cannot be positively identified, it should be considered poisonous and not eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxic_mushrooms">Toxic mushrooms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">Mushroom poisoning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/220px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/330px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg/440px-Amanita_phalloides_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Young <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" title="Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a></i> "death cap" mushrooms, with a matchbox for size comparison</figcaption></figure> <p>Many mushroom species produce <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">secondary metabolites</a> that can be toxic, mind-altering, antibiotic, antiviral, or <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioluminescent">bioluminescent</a>. Although there are only a small number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deadly fungi">deadly species</a>, several others can cause particularly severe and unpleasant symptoms. Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption and premature destruction is the evolution of chemicals that render the mushroom inedible, either causing the consumer to vomit the meal (see <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetics</a>), or to learn to avoid consumption altogether. In addition, due to the propensity of mushrooms to absorb <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>, including those that are radioactive, as late as 2008, European mushrooms may have included toxicity from the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> and continued to be studied.<sup id="cite_ref-FreshPlaza_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreshPlaza-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turhan2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turhan2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoactive_mushrooms">Psychoactive mushrooms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg/220px-Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg/330px-Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg/440px-Psilocybe.zapotecorum.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_zapotecorum" title="Psilocybe zapotecorum">Psilocybe zapotecorum</a></i>, a hallucinogenic mushroom</figcaption></figure> <p>Mushrooms with psychoactive properties have long played a role in various native medicine traditions in cultures all around the world. They have been used as sacrament in rituals aimed at mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the <i><a href="/wiki/Velada_(Mazatec_ritual)" title="Velada (Mazatec ritual)">velada</a></i> ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the <i><a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Curandera" class="mw-redirect" title="Curandera">curandera</a></i> (priest-healer).<sup id="cite_ref-Hudler2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudler2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a>, also referred to as psychedelic mushrooms, possess <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic properties</a>. Commonly known as "magic mushrooms" or <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'shrooms", they are openly available in <a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">smart shops</a> in many parts of the world, or on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> in those countries which have outlawed their sale. Psilocybin mushrooms have been reported to facilitate profound and life-changing insights often described as <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experiences">mystical experiences</a>. Recent scientific work has supported these claims, as well as the long-lasting effects of such induced spiritual experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/220px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/330px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png/440px-Pschoactive_Psilocybe_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>There are over 100 psychoactive mushroom species of genus <i>Psilocybe</i> native to regions all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzmán_1998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzmán_1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a>, a naturally occurring chemical in certain <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic mushrooms">psychedelic mushrooms</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_cubensis" title="Psilocybe cubensis">Psilocybe cubensis</a></i>, is being studied for its ability to help people suffering from psychological disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>. Minute amounts have been reported to stop <a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">cluster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migraine_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraine headache">migraine headaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sewell2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewell2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A double-blind study, done by <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>, showed psychedelic mushrooms could provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually significant event of their lives. Over two-thirds reported it among their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a>. However the anxiety went away after a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_=_16826400_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_=_16826400-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psilocybin mushrooms have also shown to be successful in treating addiction, specifically with alcohol and cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a></i>, most recognizably <i><a href="/wiki/A._muscaria" class="mw-redirect" title="A. muscaria">A. muscaria</a></i>, but also <i><a href="/wiki/A._pantherina" class="mw-redirect" title="A. pantherina">A. pantherina</a></i>, among others, contain the psychoactive compound <a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">muscimol</a>. The muscimol-containing chemotaxonomic group of <i>Amanitas</i> contains no <a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">amatoxins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phallotoxin" title="Phallotoxin">phallotoxins</a>, and as such are not <a href="/wiki/Hepatoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatoxic">hepatoxic</a>, though if not properly <a href="/wiki/Curing_(vegetable_preservation)" title="Curing (vegetable preservation)">cured</a> will be non-lethally <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxic">neurotoxic</a> due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">ibotenic acid</a>. The <i>Amanita</i> intoxication is similar to <a href="/wiki/Z-drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drug">Z-drugs</a> in that it includes <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> effects, but also <a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">dissociation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">delirium</a> in high doses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal mushrooms">Medicinal mushrooms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu,_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg/220px-2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg/330px-2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg/440px-2014-02-26_Ganoderma_lingzhi_Sheng_H._Wu%2C_Y._Cao_%26_Y.C._Dai_574882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ganoderma_lingzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganoderma lingzhi">Ganoderma lingzhi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some mushrooms are used in <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdq_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdq-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few countries, <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide-K" title="Polysaccharide-K">polysaccharide-K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">schizophyllan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide_peptide" title="Polysaccharide peptide">polysaccharide peptide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">lentinan</a>, are government-registered <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_cancer_therapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvant cancer therapies">adjuvant cancer therapies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borchers_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchers-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pdq_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdq-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but clinical evidence for efficacy and safety of these extracts in humans has not been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-pdq_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdq-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CancerResUK_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CancerResUK-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some mushroom species or their extracts may be consumed for therapeutic effects, some regulatory agencies, such as the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, regard such use as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, which does not have government approval or common clinical use as a <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdq_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdq-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fomes_fomentarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/220px-Fomes_fomentarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/330px-Fomes_fomentarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/440px-Fomes_fomentarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A tinder fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Fomes_fomentarius" title="Fomes fomentarius">Fomes fomentarius</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mushrooms can be used for <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and other natural fibers. The <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_dye" title="Mushroom dye">mushroom dyes</a> are organic compounds and produce strong and vivid colors, and all colors of the spectrum can be achieved with mushroom dyes. Before the invention of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, mushrooms were the source of many textile dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-BechtoldMussak2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BechtoldMussak2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fungi, types of <a href="/wiki/Polypore" title="Polypore">polypores</a> loosely called mushrooms, have been used as fire starters (known as <a href="/wiki/Tinder_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinder fungi">tinder fungi</a>). </p><p>Mushrooms and other fungi play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques (e.g., using <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizae</a> to spur plant growth) and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water).<sup id="cite_ref-Kulshreshtha_2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulshreshtha_2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an ongoing research in the field of genetic engineering aimed towards creation of the enhanced qualities of mushrooms for such domains as nutritional value enhancement, as well as medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_(fly_agaric).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amanita muscaria, a psychotropic mushroom commonly known as "fly agaric""><img alt="Amanita muscaria, a psychotropic mushroom commonly known as "fly agaric"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG/81px-Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG/122px-Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG/163px-Amanita_muscaria_%28fly_agaric%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="2569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>, a psychotropic mushroom commonly known as "fly agaric"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agaricus bisporus, a cultivated edible mushroom with various names including "button mushroom", "portobello" and "champignon""><img alt="Agaricus bisporus, a cultivated edible mushroom with various names including "button mushroom", "portobello" and "champignon"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg/120px-2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg/180px-2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg/240px-2016-01_Agaricus_bisporus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5579" data-file-height="3719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>, a cultivated edible mushroom with various names including "button mushroom", "portobello" and "champignon"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_02a(js)_Lodz_(Poland).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boletus edulis, also known as "cep", an edible wild bolete found in Europe"><img alt="Boletus edulis, also known as "cep", an edible wild bolete found in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg/120px-Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg/180px-Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg/240px-Boletus_edulis_02a%28js%29_Lodz_%28Poland%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4220" data-file-height="2813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Boletus edulis</a></i>, also known as "cep", an edible wild <a href="/wiki/Bolete" title="Bolete">bolete</a> found in Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitake_mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maitake, a polypore mushroom"><img alt="Maitake, a polypore mushroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Maitake_mushroom.jpg/120px-Maitake_mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Maitake_mushroom.jpg/180px-Maitake_mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Maitake_mushroom.jpg/240px-Maitake_mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maitake" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitake">Maitake</a>, a polypore mushroom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwam,_inktzwam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coprinopsis atramentaria, commonly known as the "ink cap""><img alt="Coprinopsis atramentaria, commonly known as the "ink cap"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg/120px-Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg/180px-Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg/240px-Zwam%2C_inktzwam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Coprinopsis_atramentaria" title="Coprinopsis atramentaria">Coprinopsis atramentaria</a></i>, commonly known as the "ink cap"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowmushrooms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, commonly known as the "flowerpot parasol", at various stages of development"><img alt="Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, commonly known as the "flowerpot parasol", at various stages of development" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellowmushrooms.jpg/120px-Yellowmushrooms.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellowmushrooms.jpg/180px-Yellowmushrooms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellowmushrooms.jpg/240px-Yellowmushrooms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucocoprinus_birnbaumii" title="Leucocoprinus birnbaumii">Leucocoprinus birnbaumii</a></i>, commonly known as the "flowerpot parasol", at various stages of development</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up cross section of mushroom gills"><img alt="Close-up cross section of mushroom gills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg/120px-Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg/180px-Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg/240px-Close-up_cross_section_of_mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up cross section of mushroom gills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop-up_mushroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agaricus bitorquis (the "pavement mushroom") emerging through asphalt concrete in summer"><img alt="Agaricus bitorquis (the "pavement mushroom") emerging through asphalt concrete in summer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pop-up_mushroom.jpg/120px-Pop-up_mushroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pop-up_mushroom.jpg/180px-Pop-up_mushroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pop-up_mushroom.jpg/240px-Pop-up_mushroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bitorquis" title="Agaricus bitorquis">Agaricus bitorquis</a></i> (the "pavement mushroom") emerging through <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a> in summer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psilocybin_mushroom_species" title="List of psilocybin mushroom species">List of psilocybin mushroom species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_fungal_fruit_bodies" title="Largest fungal fruit bodies">Largest fungal fruit bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fungal_species" title="Category:Lists of fungal species">Lists of fungal species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">Mushroom poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushrooms_in_art" title="Mushrooms in art">Mushrooms in art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toadstool">"Definition of TOADSTOOL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627010312/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toadstool">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+TOADSTOOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftoadstool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2008" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Patrick (2008). <i>Mushroom Miscellany</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-728464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-728464-1"><bdi>978-0-00-728464-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushroom+Miscellany&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-728464-1&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsbottom1954-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsbottom1954_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsbottom,_J.1954" class="citation book cs1">Ramsbottom, J. (1954). <i>Mushrooms & Toadstools: a study of the activities of fungi</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+%26+Toadstools%3A+a+study+of+the+activities+of+fungi&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Ramsbottom%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hay-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hay_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1887" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William Deslisle (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elementarytextbo00hayw#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>An Elementary Text-Book of British Fungi</i></a>. London, S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Elementary+Text-Book+of+British+Fungi&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=London%2C+S.+Sonnenschein%2C+Lowrey&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William+Deslisle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Felementarytextbo00hayw%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arora-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arora_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora1986" class="citation book cs1">Arora, David (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/1"><i>Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press" title="Ten Speed Press">Ten Speed Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/1">1–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89815-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89815-169-5"><bdi>978-0-89815-169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+Demystified%2C+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Fleshy+Fungi&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89815-169-5&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmushroomsdemysti00aror_0%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=toadstool">"Toadstool"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214745/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=toadstool">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toadstool&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dtoadstool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickinson1982-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickinson1982_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonLucas1982" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982). <i>VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms</i>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-21998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-21998-7"><bdi>978-0-442-21998-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VNR+Color+Dictionary+of+Mushrooms&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-442-21998-7&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Lucas%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ammirati">Ammirati</a> <i>et al</i>., pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volk2001-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volk2001_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolk,_T.2001" class="citation web cs1">Volk, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2001.html">"<i>Hypomyces lactifluorum</i>, the lobster mushroom"</a>. <i>Fungus of the Month</i>. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Department of Biology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203405/http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fungus+of+the+Month&rft.atitle=Hypomyces+lactifluorum%2C+the+lobster+mushroom&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Volk%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotit.botany.wisc.edu%2Ftoms_fungi%2Faug2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chang2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilesChang2004" class="citation book cs1">Miles PG, Chang ST (2004). <i>Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1043-0"><bdi>978-0-8493-1043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms%3A+Cultivation%2C+Nutritional+Value%2C+Medicinal+Effect%2C+and+Environmental+Impact&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1043-0&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=PG&rft.au=Chang%2C+ST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stuntz">Stuntz</a> <i>et al</i>., pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stuntz">Stuntz</a> <i>et al</i>., pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammirati1985pp25-34-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammirati1985pp25-34_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ammirati">Ammirati</a> <i>et al</i>., pp. 25–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconer2009" class="citation book cs1">Falconer, William (2009). <i>Mushrooms: How to Grow Them - A Practical Treatise on Mushroom Culture for Profit and Pleasure</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Cancer+Society&rft.atitle=Coriolus+Versicolor&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fdocroot%2Feto%2Fcontent%2Feto_5_3x_coriolous_versicolor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borchers-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borchers_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchersKrishnamurthyKeenMeyers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME (2008). "The immunobiology of mushrooms". <i>Experimental Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>233</b> (3): 259–276. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.546.3528">10.1.1.546.3528</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3181%2F0708-MR-227">10.3181/0708-MR-227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296732">18296732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5643894">5643894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+immunobiology+of+mushrooms&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-276&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.546.3528%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5643894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18296732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3181%2F0708-MR-227&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=AT&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+A&rft.au=Keen%2C+CL&rft.au=Meyers%2C+FJ&rft.au=Gershwin%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CancerResUK-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CancerResUK_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/mushrooms-in-cancer-treatment?_ga=2.202576657.1691015314.1510713893-658116733.1510713893">"Mushrooms in cancer treatment"</a>. Cancer Research UK. 30 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083457/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/mushrooms-in-cancer-treatment?_ga=2.202576657.1691015314.1510713893-658116733.1510713893">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+in+cancer+treatment&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Fcancer-in-general%2Ftreatment%2Fcomplementary-alternative-therapies%2Findividual-therapies%2Fmushrooms-in-cancer-treatment%3F_ga%3D2.202576657.1691015314.1510713893-658116733.1510713893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BechtoldMussak2009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BechtoldMussak2009_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiika_Raisanen2009" class="citation cs2">Riika Raisanen (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBFxuH5uXyIC&pg=PA183">"Dyes from lichens and mushrooms"</a>, in Thomas Bechtold and Rita Mussak (ed.), <i>Handbook of Natural Colorants</i>, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 183–200, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74496-3"><bdi>978-0-470-74496-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyes+from+lichens+and+mushrooms&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Natural+Colorants&rft.pages=183-200&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-74496-3&rft.au=Riika+Raisanen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBFxuH5uXyIC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulshreshtha_2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulshreshtha_2014_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulshreshthaMathurBhatnagar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kulshreshtha S, Mathur N, Bhatnagar P (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754">"Mushroom as a product and their role in mycoremediation"</a>. <i>AMB Express</i>. <b>4</b>: 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13568-014-0029-8">10.1186/s13568-014-0029-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052754">4052754</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24949264">24949264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMB+Express&rft.atitle=Mushroom+as+a+product+and+their+role+in+mycoremediation&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052754%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24949264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13568-014-0029-8&rft.aulast=Kulshreshtha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mathur%2C+N&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Waltz, Emily (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19754">"Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>532</b> (7599): 293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.532..293W">2016Natur.532..293W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19754">10.1038/nature.2016.19754</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27111611">27111611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4447141">4447141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Gene-edited+CRISPR+mushroom+escapes+US+regulation&rft.volume=532&rft.issue=7599&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4447141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.532..293W&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19754&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27111611&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2016.19754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_cited">Literature cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ammirati" class="citation book cs1">Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA (1985). <i>Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi</i>. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88902-977-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88902-977-4"><bdi>978-0-88902-977-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisonous+Mushrooms+of+Canada%3A+Including+other+Inedible+Fungi&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Fitzhenry+%26+Whiteside+in+cooperation+with+Agriculture+Canada+and+the+Canadian+Government+Publishing+Centre%2C+Supply+and+Services+Canada&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88902-977-4&rft.aulast=Ammirati&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Traquair%2C+JA&rft.au=Horgen%2C+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hall" class="citation book cs1">Hall IR, Stephenson SL, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole AL (2003). <i>Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World</i>. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-586-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-586-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+and+Poisonous+Mushrooms+of+the+World&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-586-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=IR&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+SL&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+PK&rft.au=Yun%2C+W&rft.au=Cole%2C+AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stuntz" class="citation book cs1">Stuntz DE, Largent DL, Thiers HD, Johnson DJ, Watling R (1978). <i>How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I</i>. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916422-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916422-00-4"><bdi>978-0-916422-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Identify+Mushrooms+to+Genus+I&rft.place=Eureka%2C+California&rft.pub=Mad+River+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-916422-00-4&rft.aulast=Stuntz&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Largent%2C+DL&rft.au=Thiers%2C+HD&rft.au=Johnson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Watling%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mushroom" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mushroom">mushroom</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mushrooms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mushrooms">Mushrooms</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mushroom" class="extiw" title="q:Mushroom">Mushroom</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Mushroom" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Mushroom"> Mushroom</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mushroom"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mushroom">"Mushroom" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 70–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mushroom&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=70-72&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Toadstool"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Toadstool">"Toadstool" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1035.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toadstool&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1035&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMushroom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_2">Identification</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mushroomobserver.org/">Mushroom Observer</a>, a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mushrooms.simons-rock.edu/">An Aid to Mushroom Identification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Rock_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon's Rock College">Simon's Rock College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017213639/http://ediblewildmushrooms.com/">Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungus" title="Template:Fungus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fungus" title="Template talk:Fungus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbiology:_Fungus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fungi" title="Outline of fungi">Outline of fungi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_lichens" title="Outline of lichens">Outline of lichens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_uses_of_fungi" title="Medicinal uses of fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Mycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction/<a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">teleomorph/sexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">Zygospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascospore">Ascospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ascus" title="Ascus">Ascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">Basidiospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basidium" title="Basidium">Basidium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teliospore" title="Teliospore">Teliospore</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">anamorph/asexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidium" title="Conidium">Conidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">Chlamydospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oidium_(spore)" title="Oidium (spore)">Oidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycniospore" title="Pycniospore">Pycniospore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">Hypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">Haustorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">Mycelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mushroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Glossary of mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungal_orders" title="List of fungal orders">List of fungal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycologists" title="List of mycologists">List of mycologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycology_journals" title="List of mycology journals">List of mycology journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fungi" title="Category:Fungi">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fungi" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fungi">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" 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