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class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Northern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Italia settentrionale, Nord Italia, Alta Italia) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mangiameli-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a> defines the region as encompassing the four <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">northwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> in addition to the four <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2022_Istat_Yearbook-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Northern Italy</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it">Italia settentrionale (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) Nord Italia (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) Alta Italia (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_settentrionale.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Northern Italy"><img alt="Map of Italy, highlighting Northern Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Italia_settentrionale.svg/250px-Italia_settentrionale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Italia_settentrionale.svg/375px-Italia_settentrionale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Italia_settentrionale.svg/500px-Italia_settentrionale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="867"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="#Regions">List</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley"><img alt="Aosta Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna"><img alt="Emilia-Romagna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a> <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia"><img alt="Friuli-Venezia Giulia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a> <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria"><img alt="Liguria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy"><img alt="Lombardy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont"><img alt="Piedmont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/45px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a> <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto"><img alt="Veneto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></a> <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol"><img alt="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a> <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120,260 km2 (46,430 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2020 est.)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">27,437,474</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_linguistic_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Official linguistic minorities</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> – Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol language">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> With a total area of 120,311 km2 (46,452 sq mi), and a population of 27.4 million as of 2022, the region covers roughly 40% of the Italian Republic and contains 46% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-2022_Istat_Yearbook-5">[5]</a> Two of Italy's largest metropolitan areas, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, are located in the region. Northern Italy's GDP was estimated at <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>1 trillion in 2021, accounting for 56.5% of the Italian economy.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Northern Italy has a rich and distinct culture.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Thirty-seven of the fifty-nine <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a> are found in the region. <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic languages</a> are spoken in the region, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a> spoken in the rest of Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian language</a> is sometimes considered to be part of the Italo-Dalmatian languages, but some major publications such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (to which <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> refers on its page about endangered languages) and <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> define it as Gallo-Italic.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition_and_etymology">1 Definition and etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages">2.1 Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#High_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">2.2 High Middle Ages and Renaissance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_history">2.3 Modern history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pollution">3.2 Pollution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Languages">4 Languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#History_2">4.1 History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demography">6 Demography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Regions">6.1 Regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Most_populous_municipalities">6.2 Most populous municipalities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Alpine_regions">7 Alpine regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cultural_roots">8.1 Cultural roots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#UNESCO_sites,_sports_and_tourism">8.2 UNESCO sites, sports and tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cuisine">8.3 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Legends_and_folklore">8.4 Legends and folklore</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png/220px-Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png/220px-Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png/330px-Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png/440px-Gallia_cisalpina_-_Shepherd_png.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Territories of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> around 100 BC, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </figcaption></figure> Northern Italy was called by different terms in different periods of history. During ancient times the terms <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata were used to define that part of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>) between the 4th and 3rd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Conquered by the Roman Republic</a> in the 220s BC, it was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRR-12">[12]</a> Until that time, it was considered part of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, precisely that part of Gaul on the "hither side of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>" (from the perspective of the Romans), as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Transalpine Gaul</a> ("on the far side of the Alps"). After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a> and the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> the name Langobardia Maior was used, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>, to define the domains of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard Kingdom</a> in northern Italy with capital <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Lombard territories beyond were called Langobardia Minor, consisting of the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, after the fall of the northern part of the Lombard Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, the term Longobardia was used to mean northern Italy within the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. As the area became partitioned into regional states, the term Lombardy subsequently shifted to indicate only the area of the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Mantua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a> and later only to the area around <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Milan</a>. More recently, the term Alta Italia (Italian for 'High Italy') became widely used, for such by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee_for_Northern_Italy" title="National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy">Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. In the 1960s, the term <a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a> began to be sometimes used as a geographical synonym of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>. The term appeared sparingly until the early 1990s, when <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>, then a secessionist political party, proposed Padania as a possible name for an independent state in northern Italy, giving the term has carried strong political connotation. For statistical purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a> uses the terms <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">northwest Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">northeast Italy</a> for two of Italy's five statistical regions in its reporting. These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first-level <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a> (NUTS) regions ("NUTS 1 regions") within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the Italian constituencies for the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Early_Middle_Ages">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Early Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/220px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="717"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/220px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/330px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/440px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ancient peoples of northern Italy, with <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic peoples</a> shown in blue</figcaption></figure> In pre-Roman centuries it was inhabited by different peoples among whom the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, who prospered through their trade in amber and breeding of horses, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, attested in northern Italy at least since the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanova period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-16">[16]</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and spread the use of writing; later, starting from the 5th century BC, the area was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic – Gallic tribes</a>. These people founded several cities like <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and extended their rule from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea. Their development was halted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman expansion</a> in the Po Valley from the 3rd century BC onwards. After centuries of struggle, probably officially around 81 BC, the entire area of what is now northern Italy became a Roman province with the name of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a> ("Gaul on the inner side (with respect to Rome) of the Alps"). In 49 BC, with the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> granted to the populations of the province full Roman citizenship. The <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> River marked its southern boundary with <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman Empire)">Italia</a> proper. By crossing this river in 49 BC with his loyal <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina" title="Legio XIII Gemina">XIII Legion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> returning from the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, Julius Caesar precipitated the civil war within the Roman Republic which led, eventually, to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. To this day the term "crossing the Rubicon" means, figuratively, "reaching the point of no return". In late antiquity, the strategic role of northern Italy was emphasized by the moving of the capital of the Western Empire from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> in 286 and later to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> from 402 until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">empire collapsed in 476</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longobardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Longobardi.jpg/220px-Longobardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Longobardi.jpg/220px-Longobardi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Longobardi.jpg/330px-Longobardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Longobardi.jpg/440px-Longobardi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Migration of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> towards northern Italy</figcaption></figure> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a>, northern Italy suffered heavily from destruction brought about by <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migration from Germanic peoples</a>. In 493 the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> managed to create a stable and prosperous <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">kingdom</a>, with its capital first in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and then in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a> caused the kingdom to fall and devastated the region. In the 570s the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, or Longobardi, entered northern Italy from <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> and founded a <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Kingdom">long-lasting reign</a> (with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>) that gave the medieval name to the whole northern Italy and the current name to the Lombardy region.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After the initial struggles, relationships between the Lombard people and the Latin-speaking people improved. In the end, the Lombard language and culture assimilated with the Latin culture, leaving evidence in many names, the legal code and laws, and other things. The end of Lombard rule came in 774, when the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pavia_(773%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Pavia (773–74)">conquered Pavia</a>, deposed <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a>, the last Lombard king, and annexed the Lombard Kingdom to his empire changing the name in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Duchies">Lombard dukes</a> were mostly replaced by Frankish counts, prince-bishops or marquises. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">High Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages and Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/220px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/220px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/330px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/440px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> in northern Italy, founded in 1088, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a></figcaption></figure> In the 10th century, north Italy, although formally under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">kingdom of Italy</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> remained the capital until 1024, however, gradually, starting from the last decades of the 11th century was in fact divided in a multiplicity of small, autonomous city-states, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_communes" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval communes">medieval communes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime republic">maritime republic</a>. The 11th century marked a significant boom in northern Italy's economy, due to improved trading and agricultural innovations, culture flourished as well with many universities founded, among them the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Ridder-Symoens-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/220px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/220px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/330px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BattagliaLegnano.jpg/440px-BattagliaLegnano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The defence of the <a href="/wiki/Carroccio" title="Carroccio">Carroccio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> (1176) by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Cassioli" title="Amos Cassioli">Amos Cassioli</a> (1832–1891)</figcaption></figure> The increasing richness of the city-states made them able to defy the traditional feudal supreme power, represented by the German emperors and their local vassals. This process led to the creation of different <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard Leagues</a> formed by allied cities of Lombardy that defeated the Hohenstaufen Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">Legnano</a>, and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parma" title="Battle of Parma">Parma</a>, and becoming virtually independent from the German emperors. Although having the military purpose as preponderant, the Lombard League also had its own stable government, considered one of the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The Leagues failed to develop from an alliance to a lasting confederation and subsequently, among the various local city-states, a process of consolidation took place; most of them became lordships ruled by powerful families like the <a href="/wiki/Della_scala" class="mw-redirect" title="Della scala">Della Scala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti of Milan</a>, and conquered neighbouring cities threatening to unify northern Italy into one kingdom, a revived Lombard empire.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In the end, a balance of power was reached in 1454 with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Lodi">Peace of Lodi</a> and northern Italy ended up divided between a small number of regional states, the most powerful were the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Mantua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and the Republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, which had begun to extend its influence in the mainland from the 14th century onwards. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_michele_maggiore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/170px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/170px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/255px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/340px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore, Pavia</a>, where almost all the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">kings of Italy</a> were crowned up to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> In the 15th century, northern Italy became one of the centres of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> whose culture and works of art were highly regarded. The enterprising class of the communes extended its trade and banking activities well into northern Europe and "<a href="/wiki/Lombard_banking" title="Lombard banking">Lombards</a>", the term that designated the merchants or bankers coming from northern Italy, were present in all of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> between 1494 and 1559 ended the north Italian Renaissance and brought the region to be fought between <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">France</a> and the Spanish and Austrian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. After the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, most of present-day Lombardy became under the direct or indirect control of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> control of the eastern Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">discoveries of sea routes</a> to Asia around Africa and the Americas led to the decline of the Venetian Republic. While the Republic of Genoa managed to become the main banking base of the Spanish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Pestilences, like that of <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plague of Milan">1628/1630</a>, and the generally declining conditions of Italy's economy in the 17th and 18th centuries halted the further development of northern Italy. The only polity that managed to thrive in this period was the Savoy's state which, thanks to military and diplomatic victories in 1720, managed to acquire the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, through which the then Dukes gained legitimacy as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">proper Kingdom</a> and increased Turin's importance as a European capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/330px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/440px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>, for centuries a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Kings of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the late 18th century northern Italy was conquered by the French armies, many client republics were created by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and in 1805 a new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, made of all of northern Italy but <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> that was annexed to <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a>, was established with Milan as capital and Napoleon as head of state. In the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">congress of Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> was restored, and furthermore enlarged by annexing the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, contravening the principle of restoring the legitimate governments and monarchies of the old Republic.<a href="#cite_note-sea-24">[24]</a> The rest of northern Italy was under <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian rule</a>, either direct like in the <a href="/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom">Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom</a> or indirect like in the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a>. <a href="/wiki/Papal_Legations" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Legations">Bologna and Romagna</a> were given to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal State">Papal State</a>. The Austrian imperial government was unpopular because of their anti-liberal politics and northern Italy became the intellectual centre leading the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Italian unification process</a>. Piedmont and the Kingdom of Sardinia, in particular, was the state that launched Italy's unification in 1859–1861. After <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">defeating the Austrians in 1859</a> and annexing northern Italy the new state proceeded to launch a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Spedizione_dei_Mille" class="mw-redirect" title="Spedizione dei Mille">conquer southern and central Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> briefly became the capital of the almost <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">whole of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/330px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/440px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> in Milan during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>, April 1945</figcaption></figure> After Italian unification the capital was moved from Turin to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the administrative and institutional importance of northern Italy was substantially reduced. However, from the late 19th century and especially with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic boom of the 1950s–1960s</a>, northern Italy and especially the cities of Turin, Genoa, and Milan was the most important region in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Italian industrialization</a> and sharpened its status of richest and most industrialized part of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian</a> fought in brutal <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain warfare</a> between 1915 and 1918 on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian front</a> where many large battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Grappa" title="Battle of Monte Grappa">Battle of Monte Grappa</a> took place. Italy would be victorious over <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> but at a high price. Between 1943 and 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, northern Italy was part of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> and the main theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">anti-fascist partisan activity</a>. Between April 19 and 25, 1945 the cities of northern Italy began an <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">insurrection</a> against Fascist and Nazi forces that led to the liberation of northern Italy by Allied forces. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economic differences</a> between northern Italy and the rest of the country, as well as the short history of Italy as a single nation, led in the 1990s to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian nationalism</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> promoted either <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> or larger <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> for Padania, the name chosen to represent northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/220px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/220px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/330px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/440px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a> are a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> Northern Italy is made of the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">River Po</a>, which comprises the whole of the broad plain extending from the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> to that of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, together with the valleys and slopes on both sides of it, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Plain" title="Venetian Plain">Venetian Plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian</a> coast. Northern Italy has the Alps as the northern and western boundary and the Apennine Mountains as the southern one.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In between the two mountain ranges lies a large plain made of the Venetian Plain and the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">valley of the Po</a>, the largest river in Italy, which flows 652 km (405 miles) eastward from the <a href="/wiki/Cottian_Alps" title="Cottian Alps">Cottian Alps</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and receives all the waters that flow from the Apennines northwards, and all those that descend from the Alps towards the south. The Po Valley is the largest plain in Italy and holds the vast majority of the north Italian population. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg/220px-RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg/220px-RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg/330px-RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg/440px-RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rice paddies in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a></figcaption></figure> The Alps are home to some worldwide-known mountains like the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (Cervino), <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a> in the western Alps, and <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Range" title="Bernina Range">Bernina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_Pass" title="Stelvio Pass">Stelvio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a> along the eastern side of the Alps. The highest peak in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, at 4,810 m (15,780 feet) above sea level, located at the border with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> With the exception of part of Liguria all of northern Italy lies in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Adriatic Sea (with rivers Po, <a href="/wiki/Piave_(river)" title="Piave (river)">Piave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenta_(river)" title="Brenta (river)">Brenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagliamento" title="Tagliamento">Tagliamento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reno_(river)" title="Reno (river)">Reno</a>) though the waters from some border municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Livigno" title="Livigno">Livigno</a> in Lombardy, <a href="/wiki/Innichen" title="Innichen">Innichen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexten" title="Sexten">Sexten</a> in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) drain into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> through the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, and the waters from the <a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Lei" title="Lago di Lei">Lago di Lei</a> in Lombardy drain into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> through the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On the foothills of the Alps, there are a number of subalpine moraine-dammed lakes, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Garda</a>. Other well known of these subalpine lakes are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, whose most northerly section is part of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Orta" title="Lake Orta">Orta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lugano" title="Lake Lugano">Lugano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Iseo" title="Lake Iseo">Iseo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Idro" title="Lake Idro">Idro</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/220px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/220px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/330px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/440px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Alpine lakes like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> are characterised by warmer <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a> than the surrounding areas<a href="#cite_note-in-lombardia-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of northern Italy is mainly <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfa), especially in the plains. Winter in northern Italy is normally long, relatively dry and rather cold.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In addition, there is a high seasonal temperature variation between summer and winter. In the mountains, the climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Dfb). In the valleys it is cold but usually with low humidity, while it can be severely cold above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), with copious snowfalls. The coastal areas of Liguria generally fit the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> profile. In the Alpine foothills, characterised by an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfb), numerous lakes exercise a mitigating influence, allowing the cultivation of typically Mediterranean crops (olives, <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruit</a>).<a href="#cite_note-in-lombardia-32">[32]</a> A peculiarity of the regional climate is the thick <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> that covers the plains between October and February, especially in the central Po Plain. The east coast, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Gulf of Trieste</a> is occasionally affected by the cold <a href="/wiki/Bora_(wind)" title="Bora (wind)">bora</a> winds in winter and spring.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg/220px-Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg/220px-Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg/330px-Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg/440px-Nebbia_sul_fiume_Secchia_a_Campogalliano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fog on the <a href="/wiki/Secchia" title="Secchia">Secchia River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>. Fog is a common occurrence in the Po Plain.</figcaption></figure> The coldest month is January: the <a href="/wiki/Po_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Po valley">Po valley</a>'s mean temperature is between −1 and 1 °C (30 and 34 °F). Winter morning lows can occasionally reach −30 to −20 °C (−22 to −4 °F) in the Alps and −14 to −8 °C (7 to 18 °F) in the Po valley, with records close to −30 °C (−22 °F) near Bologna during some of the coldest winters. Summer is usually more stable, although quite stormy near the Alps, with July temperatures in the range 22–24 °C (72–75 °F) near the Alps or by the sea, like in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, whereas in southern Po plain 24–25 °C (75–77 °F) can be reached, like in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. The number of days with lows below 0 °C (32 °F) is usually from 60 to 90 a year, with peaks of 100–110 days in the mainly rural zones.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the colder winters, the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Lagoon">Venice Lagoon</a> may freeze, and in the coldest ones even enough to walk on the ice sheet.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Precipitation is evenly distributed during the year, more abundant in spring and autumn at low altitudes and in summer at high elevations; it is more intense in the <a href="/wiki/Prealpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prealpine">Prealpine</a> zone, up to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 inches) annually, but is abundant also in the plains and Alpine zones, with an average of 600 to 850 mm (24 to 33 inches) annually. The total annual rainfall is on average 827 mm (32.6 inches).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Snow is quite common between early December and early March in cities like Turin, Milan and Bologna, but sometimes it appears in late November or late March and even April. Both the Alps and the Apennine can see up to 500–1,000 cm (200–390 inches) of snow in a year at 2,000 m (6,600 feet); on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_Alps_above_3000_m" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of the Alps above 3000 m">highest peaks of the Alps</a>, snow may fall even during mid-summer, and <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> are present.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Because of high industrialization and the lack of wind due to being closed between mountain ranges air pollution remains a severe problem in northern Italy. Even if smog levels have decreased dramatically since the 1970s and 1980s, in 2005 a team of researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a> reported that northern Italy was one of Europe's most polluted areas in terms of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> due to its climatic and geographic conditions, which cause the stagnation of pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg/220px-Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg/220px-Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg/330px-Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg/440px-Autostrada_presso_Torino.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Air pollution near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> published images took from their satellites. These images show a big stain, made of nitrogen dioxide and fine particles, situated above the Po Valley area, which incorporates the city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. Milan and Turin share high levels of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, which are mainly produced by cars diesel and petrol engines. The big stain analyzed by ESA is the main reason why Po Valley air pollution levels are so high it is considered nowadays the worst area in Europe for air quality. To shed light on how dangerous it is for humans to live in polluted environments, Chicago Energy Policy Institute<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> has recently developed the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), a system capable of analyzing air pollution worldwide. According to AQLI findings, Po Valley air pollution affects inhabitants so hard that it cuts off about half a year of their life expectancy. The main reasons why there's a big stain of air pollution over the Po Valley are strictly connected to livestock and factories. The so-called "NPK fertilizers", made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, along with manure emissions from intensive breeding and high levels of nitrogen dioxide released by diesel and petrol engines are all accountable for this disastrous air condition in northern Italy. The region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> produces also vast amounts of animal waste, a big contributor to pollution. It delivers more than 40 per cent of Italy's milk production, for example, while over half of the Italian pig production is located in the Po Valley.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to a research, published in The Lancet Planetary Health<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> in January 2021, which estimates the death rate associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in 1,000 European cities, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> have the highest death rate from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Saronno" title="Saronno">Saronno</a> (Lombardy) are respectively in fourth and eighth place in the top ten of ten cities. <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> are also at the top of the European ranking – 3rd and 5th respectively – in terms of increased mortality from nitrogen dioxide, a gas that derives mainly from traffic and in particular from diesel vehicles, while <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> rank eleventh, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and twentythird respectively. The data show that many cities in the Po Valley suffer the most serious impact at the European level due to poor air quality, first of all, the metropolitan area of Milan, thirteenth in the ranking in terms of fine particulate impact, where any year 3967 premature deaths – approximately 9% of the total. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg/330px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="542" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 542px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg/330px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="542" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg/495px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg/660px-Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Languages and regional varieties in Italy</figcaption></figure> Northern Italy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic family of languages</a>, as opposed to the rest of the country where the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a> languages are spoken, and they include <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialect">Romagnol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, on the other hand, has different origins. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> group it into the Gallo-Italic branch.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_vec-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-glot1-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Devoto" title="Giacomo Devoto">Devoto</a>, Avolio and Ursini reject such classification,<a href="#cite_note-Devoto_1972_30-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avolio_2009_46-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it-48">[48]</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Tagliavini" class="extiw" title="it:Carlo Tagliavini">Tagliavini</a> places it in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Dalmatian">Italo-Dalmatian</a> branch of Romance.<a href="#cite_note-Tagliavini_1948-49">[49]</a> The Gallo-Italic languages also reach the north of the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pesaro_and_Urbino" title="Province of Pesaro and Urbino">province of Pesaro and Urbino</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Senigallia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ancona" title="Province of Ancona">province of Ancona</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (most of the province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa_and_Carrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Massa and Carrara">Massa-Carrara</a> and the northernmost areas of <a href="/wiki/Garfagnana" title="Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, but also some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence" title="Metropolitan City of Florence">Metropolitan City of Florence</a>), so these areas are considered linguistically part of northern Italy. In southern Italy Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in some <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a>).<a href="#cite_note-toso-50">[50]</a> Other Gallo-Romance languages spoken are Occitan, Arpitan spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_Valleys" title="Occitan Valleys">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a> valleys in western Piedmont, and the Rhaeto-Romance group which includes <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>. Non-Romance languages are also spoken: Germanic languages such as "standard" <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> communities in Piedmont and Valle d'Aosta, and <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">mocheno</a> in Veneto, Friuli and Trentino. Slavic languages are spoken in Friuli-Venezia Giulia: there are Slovenian minorities in the province of Trieste, in the eastern parts of those of Udine and Gorizia,<a href="#cite_note-leggextutti-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, where the main languages today are <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> but Italian is recognized as a minority language due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, mainly between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, an illustrious vulgar was in use, by the name of "Lombard-Venetian koiné". In medieval sources, it was simply called "written language" or Lombard, because the toponym "Lombardy" was then used to indicate the entire region of northern Italy. This literary koiné manifested itself with authors such as <a href="/wiki/Bonvesin_da_la_Riva" title="Bonvesin da la Riva">Bonvesin da la Riva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomino_da_Verona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomino da Verona (page does not exist)">Giacomino da Verona</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uguccione_da_Lodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uguccione da Lodi (page does not exist)">Uguccione da Lodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girardo_Patecchio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girardo Patecchio (page does not exist)">Girardo Patecchio</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4832" data-file-height="3404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/440px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mezzanotte" title="Palazzo Mezzanotte">Palazzo Mezzanotte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Italian stock exchange</a></figcaption></figure> Northern Italy is the most developed and productive area of the country, with one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDPs per capita</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It was the first part of Italy to become industrialised in the last half of the 19th century; the so-called industrial triangle was formed by the manufacturing centres of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, as well as the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Since then, the industrial core of the area has shifted eastward; the current industrial triangle consists of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>. A similar shift happened for GDP per capita, and the eastern regions (including Lombardy) have since become wealthier than <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. With a 2021 nominal GDP estimated at €1.0 trillion,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> northern Italy accounts for 56% of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italian economy</a>, despite having just 46% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Mangiameli-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,280,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,150,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,480,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,196,234</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">22,686,324</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,983,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,720,477</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,348,523</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,593,232</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">27,215,992</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,373,273</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2023, the population resident in northern Italy amounts to 27,497,280 inhabitants divided as follows:<a href="#cite_note-abitanti-54">[54]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a>: 15,909,857</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast Italy</a>: 11,587,423</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Inhabitants </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></td> <td align="right">122,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></td> <td align="right">4,445,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></td> <td align="right">1,194,146 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></td> <td align="right">1,506,438 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td> <td align="right">10,000,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/45px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></td> <td align="right">4,245,461 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></td> <td align="right">1,079,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td> <td align="right">4,846,163 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_populous_municipalities">Most populous municipalities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Most populous municipalities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/220px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/220px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/330px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/440px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turin_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/220px-Turin_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/220px-Turin_skyline.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/330px-Turin_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Turin_skyline.jpg/440px-Turin_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="2823"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Rosso_visto_da_Castelletto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg/220px-Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg/220px-Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg/330px-Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg/440px-Bologna_seen_from_Asinelli_tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></figcaption></figure> The most populous cities (with over 100,000 inhabitants) as of 31 July 2021,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> estimates were: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Region </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td> <td>1,395,484</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></td> <td>843,235</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/45px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></td> <td>554,277</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></td> <td>394,374</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></td> <td>257,490</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td> <td>254,505</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a></td> <td>207,485</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></td> <td>199,744</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></td> <td>196,941</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></td> <td>196,007</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a></td> <td>187,595</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></td> <td>169,010</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></td> <td>157,074</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></td> <td>148,320</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></td> <td>131,834</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a></td> <td>123,409</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></td> <td>120,336</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></td> <td>119,663</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a></td> <td>117,102</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a></td> <td>109,239</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></td> <td>108,010</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">22</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></td> <td>103,294</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a></td> <td>101,792</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/45px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Alpine_regions">Alpine regions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alpine regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino Alto-Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> are known as the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> regions of Italy, consisting of all of north Italy except for <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg/220px-Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7307" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg/220px-Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg/330px-Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg/440px-Canal_Grande_Chiesa_della_Salute_e_Dogana_dal_ponte_dell_Accademia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, ranked many times as the most beautiful city in the world<a href="#cite_note-auto3-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/220px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="3129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/220px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/330px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/440px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>, the largest church in the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a>—the larger <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">State of Vatican City</a>, a sovereign state—and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">third largest in the world</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_roots">Cultural roots</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural roots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The regions of northern Italy were exposed to different historical influences, which were due to the peoples and dominations that settled there, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>. Some of its woodlands and mountains are preserved in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National Parks</a>; a major example is the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso_National_Park" title="Gran Paradiso National Park">Gran Paradiso National Park</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, which is the oldest national park in Italy. The first two <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">most visited</a> regions of Italy are <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, while the fourth and fifth are <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_sites,_sports_and_tourism">UNESCO sites, sports and tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UNESCO sites, sports and tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Northern Italy has many major tourist attractions, many of which are protected by UNESCO. Northern Italy is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Portofino" title="Portofino">Portofino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a>. There are many historic cities in this part of Italy: <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, the manufacturing capital of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the business and fashion capital of the country and the important port of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> are the most popular tourist destinations of the area. Other cities like <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> have a rich cultural heritage, which shares the region's visitors with beautiful landscapes such as the lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Garda</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Grottoes_of_Catullus" title="Grottoes of Catullus">Grottoes of Catullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardone_Riviera" title="Gardone Riviera">Gardone Riviera</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Como</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Bellagio,_Lombardy" title="Bellagio, Lombardy">Bellagio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varenna" title="Varenna">Varenna</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Maggiore</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Borromean_Islands" title="Borromean Islands">Borromean Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angera" title="Angera">Angera</a>). There are also important ski resorts like <a href="/wiki/Sestriere" title="Sestriere">Sestriere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courmayeur" title="Courmayeur">Courmayeur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breuil-Cervinia" title="Breuil-Cervinia">Breuil-Cervinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livigno" title="Livigno">Livigno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bormio" title="Bormio">Bormio</a>. This part of Italy also boasts several important tourist attractions, such as the canal-filled city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesena" title="Cesena">Cesena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. There are also several mountain ranges such as the Dolomites, the Carnic and Julian Alps and first-class ski resorts like <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a> and Madonna di Campiglio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian cuisine</a> consists of dishes from the culinary tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, a region of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which makes use of ingredients linked both to local production (such as <a href="/wiki/Preboggion" class="mw-redirect" title="Preboggion">preboggion</a>, a mixture of wild herbs), and to imports from areas with which, over the centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurians</a> have had frequent trade (such as <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_sardo" title="Pecorino sardo">pecorino sardo</a>, one of the ingredients of <a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">pesto</a>). <a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian cuisine</a>, from the city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> or more widely from the region of <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, has a centuries-long history and differs significantly from other cuisines of northern Italy (notably <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>), and of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> countries (notably <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), despite sharing some commonalities. Cuisine in Veneto may be divided into three main categories, based on geography: the coastal areas, the plains, and the mountains. Each one (especially the plains) can have many local cuisines, each city with its own dishes. <a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard cuisine</a> is the style of cooking in the northern Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. The historical events of its provinces and the diversity of its territories resulted in a varied culinary tradition. First courses in Lombard cuisine range from <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risottos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filled_pasta" title="Filled pasta">stuffed pasta</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a> or not), and a large choice of second-course meat or fish dishes, due to the many lakes and rivers of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The cuisine of the various Lombardy provinces can be united by the following traits: prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and stuffed pasta over dry pasta, both <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> for cooking, dishes cooked for a long time, as well as the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>-based preparations; to which is added the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, common to the whole northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> is especially known for its egg and filled pasta made with soft wheat flour. The <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> subregion is renowned for pasta dishes like <a href="/wiki/Cappelletti_(pasta)" title="Cappelletti (pasta)">cappelletti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garganelli" title="Garganelli">garganelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strozzapreti" title="Strozzapreti">strozzapreti</a>, sfoglia lorda, and tortelli alla lastra as well as cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Squacquerone" title="Squacquerone">squacquerone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piadina" class="mw-redirect" title="Piadina">piadina</a> snacks are also a specialty of the subregion. <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> are notable for pasta dishes like <a href="/wiki/Tortellini" title="Tortellini">tortellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortelloni" title="Tortelloni">tortelloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasagne_verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasagne verdi">lasagne</a>, gramigna, and <a href="/wiki/Tagliatelle" title="Tagliatelle">tagliatelle</a> which are found also in many other parts of the region in different declinations, while <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> is known for cappellacci di zucca, pumpkin-filled dumplings, and Piacenza for <a href="/wiki/Pisarei_e_fa%C5%9B%C3%B6" title="Pisarei e faśö">pisarei e faśö</a>, wheat <a href="/wiki/Gnocchi" title="Gnocchi">gnocchi</a> with beans and lard. The celebrated <a href="/wiki/Balsamic_vinegar" title="Balsamic vinegar">balsamic vinegar</a> is made only in the Emilian cities of <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a>, following legally binding traditional procedures.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BasilPesto.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pesto, a Ligurian sauce"><noscript><img alt="Pesto, a Ligurian sauce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BasilPesto.JPG/381px-BasilPesto.JPG" decoding="async" width="254" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2175"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 254px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BasilPesto.JPG/381px-BasilPesto.JPG" data-alt="Pesto, a Ligurian sauce" data-width="254" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BasilPesto.JPG/571px-BasilPesto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BasilPesto.JPG/762px-BasilPesto.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">Pesto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> sauce</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parmesan cheese, originally from Emilia-Romagna"><noscript><img alt="Parmesan cheese, originally from Emilia-Romagna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg/487px-Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 325px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg/487px-Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg" data-alt="Parmesan cheese, originally from Emilia-Romagna" data-width="325" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg/731px-Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg/974px-Parmesan_Cheese_Parmigiano-Reggiano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan cheese</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenta_Trentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polenta"><noscript><img alt="Polenta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polenta_Trentina.jpg/400px-Polenta_Trentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polenta_Trentina.jpg/400px-Polenta_Trentina.jpg" data-alt="Polenta" data-width="267" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polenta_Trentina.jpg/600px-Polenta_Trentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polenta_Trentina.jpg/800px-Polenta_Trentina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lasagne"><noscript><img alt="Lasagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg/293px-Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 196px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg/293px-Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg" data-alt="Lasagne" data-width="196" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg/439px-Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg/585px-Lasagne_-_stonesoup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lasagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasagne">Lasagne</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_and_folklore">Legends and folklore</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legends and folklore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/220px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/220px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/330px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/440px-Carica_della_Compagnia_della_Morte_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Folkloristic reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Death" title="Company of Death">Company of Death</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> who is preparing to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">charge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Legnano" title="Palio di Legnano">Palio di Legnano</a> 2014.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythology" title="Myth">mythical</a> creature of the <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">southern central Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Badalisc is represented today as a creature with a big head covered with a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> skin, two small horns, a huge mouth and glowing eyes. According to legend the Badalisc lives in the woods around the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrista (page does not exist)">Andrista</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cevo" title="Cevo">Cevo</a>) and is supposed to annoy the community: each year it is captured during the period of <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> (5 & 6 January) and led on a rope into the village by musicians and masked characters, including il giovane ("the young man"), il vecchio ("the old man"), la vecchia ("the old woman") and the young signorina, who is "bait" for the animal's lust. There are also some old <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>, who beat drums, and bearded shepherds, and a <a href="/wiki/Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">hunchback</a> (un torvo gobetto) who has a "rustic duel" with the animal. Traditionally only men take part, although some are <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)#Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">dressed as women</a>. In medieval times women were prohibited from participating in the exhibition, or even seeing or hearing the Badalisc's Speech; if they did so they would be denied <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Communion</a> the following day. <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">legendary character</a> of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> on 29 May 1176.<a href="#cite_note-tre-66">[66]</a> In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> in the famous military battle with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Landriano" title="Guido da Landriano">Guido da Landriano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da <a href="/wiki/Giussano" title="Giussano">Giussano</a> never existed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with Albertus de Carathe (Alberto da <a href="/wiki/Carate_Brianza" title="Carate Brianza">Carate</a>) and Albertus Longus (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> on the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano" title="Basilica of San Simpliciano">church-hospital of San Sempliciano</a>. These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-tre-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dizionario-Biografico-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">National Institute of Statistics (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Italy" title="NUTS statistical regions of Italy">NUTS statistical regions of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_NUTS_level_1_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian NUTS level 1 regions">Italian NUTS level 1 regions</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian nationalism</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001120520/http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2014gen/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. www.demo.istat.it. 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Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+482&rft.pub=Webcitation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F99482l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagnoli2004" class="citation book cs1">Castagnoli, Adriana (2004). Culture politiche e territorio in Italia: 1945–2000. Milano: Angeli. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8846452337" title="Special:BookSources/978-8846452337"><bdi>978-8846452337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+politiche+e+territorio+in+Italia%3A+1945%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Angeli&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8846452337&rft.aulast=Castagnoli&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangiameli-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mangiameli_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangiameli_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangiameli2012" class="citation book cs1">Mangiameli, Stelio (2012). Il regionalismo italiano tra tradizioni unitarie e processi di federalismo. Milano: Giuffrè. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8814174131" title="Special:BookSources/978-8814174131"><bdi>978-8814174131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+regionalismo+italiano+tra+tradizioni+unitarie+e+processi+di+federalismo&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Giuffr%C3%A8&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8814174131&rft.aulast=Mangiameli&rft.aufirst=Stelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_Istat_Yearbook-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Istat_Yearbook_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Istat_Yearbook_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/storage/ASI/2022/ASI_2022.pdf">"Italy 2022 Statistical Yearbook"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics" title="Italian National Institute of Statistics">Italian National Institute of Statistics</a>. p. IX. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+2022+Statistical+Yearbook&rft.pages=IX&rft.pub=Italian+National+Institute+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fstorage%2FASI%2F2022%2FASI_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. 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Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816627264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816627264"><bdi>978-0816627264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisioning+Italy%3A+national+identity+and+global+culture&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0816627264&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Russo%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec">"Venetian"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fvec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">"Glottolog 4.2.1 – Venetian"</a>. glottolog.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.2.1+%E2%80%93+Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fvene1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. H. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522000630/https://books.google.it/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&dq=beyond+the+Rubicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5YrC6rbkAhUvDmMBHXZOCMAQ6AEIKTAA">Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815300-9"><bdi>978-0-19-815300-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon">the original</a> on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Rubicon%3A+Romans+and+Gauls+in+Republican+Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815300-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPj_FkEeVO4C%26q%3Dbeyond%2Bthe%2BRubicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRR-12"><a href="#cite_ref-DRR_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1866" class="citation book cs1">Long, George (1866). Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+of+the+Roman+republic%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storiadigitale.it/langobardia-minor/">"Langobardia minor"</a> (in Italian). 5 January 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langobardia+minor&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiadigitale.it%2Flangobardia-minor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Neri2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diana Neri (2012). "1.1 Il periodo villanoviano nell'Emilia occidentale". Gli etruschi tra VIII e VII secolo a.C. nel territorio di Castelfranco Emilia (MO) (in Italian). Firenze: All'Insegna del Giglio. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8878145337" title="Special:BookSources/978-8878145337"><bdi>978-8878145337</bdi></a>. <q>Il termine "Villanoviano" è entrato nella letteratura archeologica quando, a metà dell '800, il conte Gozzadini mise in luce le prime tombe ad incinerazione nella sua proprietà di Villanova di Castenaso, in località Caselle (BO). La cultura villanoviana coincide con il periodo più antico della civiltà etrusca, in particolare durante i secoli IX e VIII a.C. e i termini di Villanoviano I, II e III, utilizzati dagli archeologi per scandire le fasi evolutive, costituiscono partizioni convenzionali della prima età del Ferro</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1+Il+periodo+villanoviano+nell%27Emilia+occidentale&rft.btitle=Gli+etruschi+tra+VIII+e+VII+secolo+a.C.+nel+territorio+di+Castelfranco+Emilia+%28MO%29&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=All%27Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8878145337&rft.au=Diana+Neri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartolonivillanoviana_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2012). La cultura villanoviana. All'inizio della storia etrusca (in Italian). Roma: Carocci editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cultura+villanoviana.+All%27inizio+della+storia+etrusca&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Carocci+editore&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Torellibartoloni2000_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2000). "Le origini e la diffusione della cultura villanoviana". In Mario Torelli (ed.). Gi Etruschi (in Italian). Milano: Bompiani. pp. 53–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+origini+e+la+diffusione+della+cultura+villanoviana&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=53-71&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrystal2019" class="citation book cs1">Chrystal, Paul (2019). "How did it come to this". Rome: Republic into Empire: the civil wars of the first century BCE. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen and Sword">Pen and Sword</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526710093" title="Special:BookSources/9781526710093"><bdi>9781526710093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+did+it+come+to+this&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+Republic+into+Empire%3A+the+civil+wars+of+the+first+century+BCE&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781526710093&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lombardia/">"Etimologia del nome Lombardia sull'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a> (in Italian). 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Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-2901-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-2901-2"><bdi>3-8290-2901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinaria+Italy&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbh&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-8290-2901-2&rft.aulast=Piras&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Medagliani%2C+Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demologia.it/brescia/feste/3cevo/basfest.htm">"Festa del Badalisc ad Andrista (località di Cevo)"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 3 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festa+del+Badalisc+ad+Andrista+%28localit%C3%A0+di+Cevo%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demologia.it%2Fbrescia%2Ffeste%2F3cevo%2Fbasfest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tre-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tre_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre_66-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-da-giussano/">Alberto da Giussano</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grillo, Paolo (2010). Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 157–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8"><bdi>978-88-420-9243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+1176.+Una+battaglia+per+la+libert%C3%A0&rft.pages=157-163&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-420-9243-8&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grillo, Paolo (2010). Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà (in Italian). Laterza. p. 157-153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8"><bdi>978-88-420-9243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+1176.+Una+battaglia+per+la+libert%C3%A0&rft.pages=157-153&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-420-9243-8&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dizionario-Biografico-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Dizionario-Biografico_69-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-da-giussano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">Alberto da Giussano</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&oldid=1253537718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&oldid=1253537718</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Italy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 14:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمال إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_septentrional" title="Italia septentrional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Italia septentrional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Італія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Італія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северна Италия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Италия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaitalien" title="Obaitalien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Obaitalien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_It%C3%A1lie" title="Severní Itálie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Itálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norditalien" title="Norditalien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norditalien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberitalien" title="Oberitalien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberitalien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Itaalia" title="Põhja-Itaalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_septentrional" title="Italia septentrional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Italia septentrional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Italio" title="Norda Italio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_Italia" title="Iparraldeko Italia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko Italia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایتالیای شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتالیای شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie_du_Nord" title="Italie du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italie du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%B6%81%EB%B6%80" title="이탈리아 북부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 북부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Italija" title="Sjeverna Italija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Italija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Utara" title="Italia Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Italia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_settentrionale" title="Italia settentrionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italia settentrionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="צפון איטליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Kaskazini" title="Italia Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Italia Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_septentrionalis" title="Italia septentrionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Italia septentrionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCit%C4%81lija" title="Ziemeļitālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļitālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk%C5%A1tutin%C4%97_Italija" title="Aukštutinė Italija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aukštutinė Italija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северна Италија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северна Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Itali%C3%AB" title="Noord-Italië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Italië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="北イタリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北イタリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Italia" title="Nord-Italia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شمالی اطالیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="Norte da Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norte da Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_de_Nord" title="Italia de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Italia de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северная Италия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Италия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_de_susu" title="Italia de susu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Italia de susu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_veriore" title="Italia veriore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Italia veriore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northern Italy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Italija" title="Sjeverna Italija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Italija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Italia" title="Pohjois-Italia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Italia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_%C4%B0talya" title="Kuzey İtalya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey İtalya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північна Італія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Італія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شمالی اطالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_%C3%9D" title="Bắc Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="İtalyay Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İtalyay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="北意大利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北意大利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 14:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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