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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lombardy</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Lombardy" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Lombardy" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lombardy (disambiguation)">Lombardy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Lombardy<a href="#cite_note-pron-7">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Lombardia;<a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>: Lombardia)<a href="#cite_note-orth-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a> is an administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region of Italy</a> that covers 23,844 km2 (9,206 sq mi); it is located in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population. Lombardy is located between the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> mountain range and tributaries of the river <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, and includes <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, its capital, the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> in the country, and among the largest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lombardy</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Lombardia (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) Lombardia (<a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>)<a href="#cite_note-orth-1">[a]</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lombardy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lombardy"><img alt="Flag of Lombardy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lombardy" title="Flag of Lombardy">Flag</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombardy_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lombardy_in_Italy.svg/250px-Lombardy_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lombardy_in_Italy.svg/375px-Lombardy_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lombardy_in_Italy.svg/500px-Lombardy_in_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lombardy&params=45_35_N_9_55_E_type:city(10020838)_region:IT">45°35′N 9°55′E / 45.583°N 9.917°E / 45.583; 9.917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">President–council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lombardy#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Lombardy">Regional Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Fontana" title="Attilio Fontana">Attilio Fontana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">LN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Lombardy" title="Regional Council of Lombardy">Regional Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,844 km2 (9,206 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (1 January 2024)<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,020,838</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: Lombard Italian: lombardo (man), lombarda (woman) Lombard: lombard (man), lombarda (woman)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GDP-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€440 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€44,000 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 code">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IT-25</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.920<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-4">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Italian regions by Human Development Index">4th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Italy" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ITC</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.lombardia.it">www.regione.lombardia.it</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Its territory is divided into 1,502 <a href="/wiki/Comuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Comuni">comuni</a> (region with the largest number of comuni in the entire national territory<a href="#cite_note-comuni-14">[10]</a>), distributed in twelve administrative subdivisions (eleven <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Metropolitan City of Milan</a>). The region ranks first in Italy in terms of population, population density and number of local authorities, while it is fourth in terms of surface area, after <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tuttitalia-15">[11]</a> It is the second most populous <a href="/wiki/Region_(Europe)" title="Region (Europe)">region of the European Union</a> (EU),<a href="#cite_note-pop-16">[12]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_regions_by_GDP" title="List of European Union regions by GDP">second region of the European Union</a> by nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-3">[2]</a> Lombardy is the first<a href="#cite_note-first-17">[13]</a> region of Italy in terms of economic importance,<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost-18">[14]</a> contributing to approximately a fifth of the national <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP).<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Lombardy is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Motors_for_Europe" title="Four Motors for Europe">Four Motors for Europe</a>, an international economical organization whose other members are <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a> in France. Milan is the economic capital of Italy<a href="#cite_note-prologis-21">[17]</a> and is a global <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>. Of the fifty-eight <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in Italy, eleven are in Lombardy, tying it with <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> in northwest-central <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari" title="Antonio Stradivari">Antonio Stradivari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>; and popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a> originated in the area of modern-day Lombardy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Soils">2.1 Soils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hydrography">2.2 Hydrography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Alpine_passes">2.3 Alpine passes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna">2.4 Flora and fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Climate">2.5 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geology">2.6 Geology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pollution">2.7 Pollution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity">3.1 Prehistory and antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kingdom_of_the_Lombards">3.2 Kingdom of the Lombards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Communes_and_the_Empire">3.3 Communes and the Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Renaissance_duchies_of_Milan_and_Mantua">3.4 Renaissance duchies of Milan and Mantua</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Late-Middle_Ages,_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment">3.5 Late-Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Modern_era">3.6 Modern era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Contemporary_era">3.7 Contemporary era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Agriculture">4.1 Agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Aerospace_and_defence">4.2 Aerospace and defence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Automotive">4.3 Automotive</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Electronics">4.4 Electronics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Energy">4.5 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Fashion">4.6 Fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Furniture">4.7 Furniture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Tourism">4.8 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Unemployment">4.9 Unemployment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Population">5.1 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Religion">5.2 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Government_and_politics">6 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Government">6.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Politics">6.2 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">6.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Symbols">6.4 Symbols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Society">7 Society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Cuisine">7.1 Cuisine</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Typical_dishes_and_products">7.1.1 Typical dishes and products</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Wines">7.1.2 Wines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Languages">7.2 Languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Art_and_architecture">8.1 Art and architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#From_prehistory_to_the_classical_era">8.1.1 From prehistory to the classical era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#From_late_antiquity_to_the_modern_era">8.1.2 From late antiquity to the modern era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Contemporary_age">8.1.3 Contemporary age</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Historical_and_artistic_villages">8.2 Historical and artistic villages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Literature">8.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Main_sights">8.4 Main sights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Museums_and_art_galleries">8.5 Museums and art galleries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Music">8.6 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">8.7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Sport">9 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Traditions_and_folklore">10 Traditions and folklore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Transport">11 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Airports">11.1 Airports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Rail">11.2 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Roads">11.3 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Underground">11.4 Underground</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Navigation">11.5 Navigation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#Twinning_and_covenants">12 Twinning and covenants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Guide_books">16.1 Guide books</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(historical_region)" title="Lombardy (historical region)">Lombardy (historical region)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png/220px-Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="2200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png/220px-Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png/330px-Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png/440px-Map_of_Historical_Lombardy.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(historical_region)" title="Lombardy (historical region)">Historical Lombardy</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_(historical_region)" title="Lombardy (historical region)">name Lombardy</a> comes from Lombard, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> Longobardus, Langobardus ("a Lombard"), which derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> elements *langaz + *bardaz; equivalent to long beard. According to some scholars, the second element derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *bardǭ, *barduz ("axe"), related to German Barte.<a href="#cite_note-Partridge_2009-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> The name of the region derives from the name of the people of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> who arrived in Italy in 568 and made <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> their capital. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, "Lombardy" referred to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Regnum Langobardorum), which was ruled by the Germanic Lombard raiders who had controlled most of early Christian Italy since <a href="/wiki/Lombard_invasion_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard invasion of Italy">their invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Byzantine Italy</a> in CE 568 until the fall of Pavia on the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>, in CE 774 by the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> on the Pope's behalf. As such, "Lombardy" and "Italy" were almost interchangeable; by the mid-8th century, the Lombards ruled everywhere except the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal possessions around Rome</a>—roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>—<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> possessions in the south—southern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>; some coastal settlements including <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Sorrento</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>; their culture is foundational to <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> The term was also used until around 965 in the form Λογγοβαρδία (Longobardia) as the name for <a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">the territory</a> roughly covering modern Apulia, which the Byzantines had recovered from the Lombard <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lombardy" title="Geography of Lombardy">Geography of Lombardy</a></div> Lombardy has a surface area of 23,861 km2 (9,213 sq mi), and is the fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region of Italy</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tuttitalia-15">[11]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Canton_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Ticino">Canton Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Canton Grisons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to the north, and by the Italian regions of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> to the west. Lombardy's northern border is between the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> and the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>. To the east, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> separate Lombardy from the other Italian regions, as does the Po river in the south with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">province of Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a>. The western boundary is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> river, except <a href="/wiki/Lomellina" title="Lomellina">Lomellina</a>. Lombardy has three natural zones; mountains, hills and plains—the last being divided into Alta (high plains) and Bassa (low plains). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG/220px-Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG/220px-Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG/330px-Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG/440px-Passo_Manina_e_Coca.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Coca" title="Pizzo Coca">Pizzo Coca</a> is the highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_Alps" title="Bergamasque Alps">Orobic Alps</a> (3,050 m (10,010 ft)).</figcaption></figure> The surface area of Lombardy is divided almost equally between the plains (which represent approximately 47% of the territory) and the mountainous areas (which represent 41%). The remaining 12% of the region is hilly.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orography</a> of Lombardy is characterised by three distinct belts; a northern mountainous belt constituted by the Alpine relief, a central piedmont area of mostly alluvial pebbly soils, and the Lombard section of the <a href="/wiki/Padan_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Padan Plain">Padan Plain</a> in the south of the region. The main valleys are <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Trompia" title="Val Trompia">Val Trompia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_Sabbia" title="Valle Sabbia">Valle Sabbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Seriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Seriana">Val Seriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Brembana" title="Val Brembana">Val Brembana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valsassina" title="Valsassina">Valsassina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valassina" title="Valassina">Valassina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> The most important mountainous area is the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> zone, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Lepontine_Alps" title="Lepontine Alps">Lepontine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Alps" title="Rhaetian Alps">Rhaetian Alps</a> (4,020 m (13,190 ft)), which derive their name, respectively, from the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Raeti</a>, a population of <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> origin who took refuge in the Central Alps during the Celtic invasion of the Italian peninsula, and from the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurian</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a> settled in this area and then subjugated by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-.montagnadilombardia-29">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_Alps" title="Bergamasque Alps">Orobic Alps</a> (3,050 m (10,010 ft)) which derive their name from the <a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a>, population of Ligurian or perhaps Celtic origin,<a href="#cite_note-.montagnadilombardia-29">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ortler_Alps" title="Ortler Alps">Ortler Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adamello" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamello">Adamello</a> massif. It is followed by the Alpine foothills zone <a href="/wiki/Prealps" class="mw-redirect" title="Prealps">Prealps</a>, which are followed by hills that smooth the transition from the mountain to the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, the main peaks of which are the <a href="/wiki/Grigna" title="Grigna">Grigna</a> Group (2,410 m (7,910 ft)), <a href="/wiki/Resegone" class="mw-redirect" title="Resegone">Resegone</a> 1,875 m (6,152 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Presolana" title="Presolana">Presolana</a> (2,521 m (8,271 ft)).<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> The plains of Lombardy, which are formed by alluvial deposits, can be divided into the Alta—an upper, permeable ground zone in the north—and the Bassa, a lower zone dotted by the line of fontanili, spring waters rising from impermeable ground. Inconsistent with the three distinctions above is the small sub-region of <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a>, which is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> foothills beyond the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, <a href="#cite_note-oltresentieri-31">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lomellina" title="Lomellina">Lomellina</a>, area particularly renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Rice_paddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddies">rice paddies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:20160807-Pavia-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/190px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2654"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/190px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/285px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20160807-Pavia-002.jpg/380px-20160807-Pavia-002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Coperto" title="Ponte Coperto">Ponte Coperto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> river</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg/190px-Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg/190px-Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg/285px-Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg/380px-Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Grande" title="Naviglio Grande">Naviglio Grande</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaggiano" title="Gaggiano">Gaggiano</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_(14020554463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg/220px-Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg/220px-Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg/330px-Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg/440px-Sentiero_del_Viandante_DSC_6340_%2814020554463%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellagio,_Lombardy" title="Bellagio, Lombardy">Bellagio</a></figcaption></figure> The Po marks the southern border of the region for about 210 km (130 mi); its major tributaries are the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>, which rises in the Val Bedretto in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and joins the Po near Pavia,<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Olona" title="Olona">Olona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lambro" title="Lambro">Lambro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adda_(river)" title="Adda (river)">Adda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oglio" title="Oglio">Oglio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a>. The numerous lakes of Lombardy are all of glacial origin and are located in the northern highlands. From west to east, these are: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lugano" title="Lake Lugano">Lake Lugano</a> (both shared with Switzerland), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Iseo" title="Lake Iseo">Lake Iseo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Idro" title="Lake Idro">Lake Idro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> (the largest lake in Italy).<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> South of the Alps are a succession of low hills of <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">morainic</a> origin that were formed during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> and small, barely fertile plateaux with typical heaths and conifer woods. A minor mountainous area the <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a> lies in the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> range south of the Po.<a href="#cite_note-oltresentieri-31">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Navigli" title="Navigli">navigli</a> are a system of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> dating back as far as the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> The system consists of five canals: <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Grande" title="Naviglio Grande">Naviglio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Pavese" title="Naviglio Pavese">Naviglio Pavese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Martesana" title="Naviglio Martesana">Naviglio Martesana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_di_Paderno" title="Naviglio di Paderno">Naviglio di Paderno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_di_Bereguardo" title="Naviglio di Bereguardo">Naviglio di Bereguardo</a>. The first three were connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Martesana" title="Naviglio Martesana">Naviglio Martesana</a> was covered over at the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring, thus sounding the death knell for the north-eastern canals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpine_passes">Alpine passes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alpine passes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg/220px-Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="908"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg/220px-Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg/330px-Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg/440px-Spl%C3%BCgenpass_Nordseite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The northern side of the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a></figcaption></figure> The Lombard Alpine valleys are wider than those found, again in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>. Most of them are crossed by streams that descend towards the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, forming rivers which then flow into the Po on the hydrographic left. Thanks to the width of their valleys, the Lombard Alpine passes, although they are at a high altitude, are easily accessible. The most important international passes found in the Lombard Alps and which connect the region with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a> (2,118 m (6,949 ft)), the <a href="/wiki/Maloja_Pass" title="Maloja Pass">Maloja Pass</a> (1,815 m (5,955 ft)) and the <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Pass" title="Bernina Pass">Bernina Pass</a> (2,323 m (7,621 ft)), with the latter two which are located in Swiss territory. The most important national passes are the <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_Pass" title="Stelvio Pass">Stelvio Pass</a> (2,759 m (9,052 ft)) and the <a href="/wiki/Tonale_Pass" title="Tonale Pass">Tonale Pass</a> (1,883 m (6,178 ft)), which connect Lombardy with <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>. These Alpine passes are also of great importance from a historical point of view, given that they have always allowed easy communication between Lombardy and its bordering territories. It then resulted in constant commercial traffic, which contributed to the development of the region.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg/220px-Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1123"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg/220px-Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg/330px-Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg/440px-Aree_protette_della_Lombardia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The protected areas of Lombardy</figcaption></figure> The plains have been intensively cultivated for centuries, and little of the original environment remains. The most common trees are <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sycamore" title="Sycamore">sycamore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>. In the area of the foothills lakes, however, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larches</a> grow, as do varieties of subtropical flora such as <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azalea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a>. Numerous species of endemic flora in the Prealpine area include some species of <a href="/wiki/Saxifrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxifrage">saxifrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_insubricum" title="Allium insubricum">Lombardy garlic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-36">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundsel" title="Groundsel">groundsel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campanula_isophylla" title="Campanula isophylla">bellflowers</a>. The highlands are characterised by the typical vegetation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Alps">Italian Alps</a>. At and below about 1,100 m (3,600 ft), oaks or broadleaf trees grow; on the mountain slopes between 2,000 and 2,100 m (6,600 and 6,900 ft), beech trees grow at the lowest limits with conifer woods higher up. Shrubs such as <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendron</a>, dwarf pine and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> are native to the summit zone beyond 2,200 m (7,200 ft). Lombardy includes many protected areas. The most important is <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_National_Park" title="Stelvio National Park">Stelvio National Park</a>, established in 1935<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a>—the fourth largest Italian natural park, with typically alpine wildlife such as <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a>, foxes, <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Parco_naturale_lombardo_della_Valle_del_Ticino" title="Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino">Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino</a>, which was instituted in 1974 on the Lombard side of the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> to protect one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in northern Italy. There have also been efforts to protect the endangered <a href="/wiki/Italian_agile_frog" title="Italian agile frog">Italian agile frog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parco_naturale_lombardo_della_Valle_del_Ticino" title="Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino">Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Italian regional park</a> to be established<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> as well as the first European river park.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> In 2022 the two Parks were included by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Other parks in the region are the <a href="/wiki/Campo_dei_Fiori_di_Varese" title="Campo dei Fiori di Varese">Campo dei Fiori</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Vette_Park" title="Cinque Vette Park">Cinque Vette Park</a>, both of which are located in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Province of Varese</a>. The system of protected areas in Lombardy consists of one national park, 24 regional parks, 65 <a href="/wiki/Natural_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reserve">natural reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> and 30 <a href="/wiki/Natural_monument" title="Natural monument">natural monuments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> In total, protected areas cover more than 27% of the regional territory.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg/190px-Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg/190px-Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg/285px-Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg/380px-Castello_Di_San_Giorgio_Nella_Nebbia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fog at the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Legnano)" title="Visconti Castle (Legnano)">Visconti Castle of Legnano</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg/170px-051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg/170px-051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg/255px-051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg/340px-051210-Sal%C3%B2-Italy-Marius.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>. On Lake Garda, there is a "Mediterranean" microclimate which allows the cultivation of olive trees and the production of olive oil.</div></div></div></div></div> Lombardy has a wide array of climates due to variance in elevation, proximity to inland water basins, and large metropolitan areas. The climate is mainly <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfa), especially in the plains, though with significant variations to the Köppen model, especially in the normally long, damp, and cold winters. There is high seasonal temperature variation; in Milan, the average temperature is 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) in January and 24 °C (75 °F) in July. The plains are often subject to fog during the coldest months.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> In the Alpine foothills with <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfb), numerous lakes have a mitigating influence, allowing typically Mediterranean crops (olive, <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruit</a>) to grow. In the hills and mountains, the climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Dfb). In the valleys, it is relatively mild while it can be severely cold with copious snowfalls above 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Precipitation is more intense in the <a href="/wiki/Prealpi_Orobiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Prealpi Orobiche">Prealpine</a> zone, up to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59.1 to 78.7 in) annually, but is also abundant in the plains and alpine zones, with an average of 600 to 850 mm (23.6 to 33.5 in) annually. Average annual rainfall is 827 mm (32.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Lake Garda, thanks to its size and position, mitigates the climate of its coasts,<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> creating a "<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>" <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> which makes the cultivation of olive trees and the production of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> possible; the so-called "Lombard oil" is also produced in other Lombard lake areas.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg/220px-Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg/220px-Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg/330px-Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg/440px-Val_Brembana_-_Laghi_Gemelli.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Val_Brembana" title="Val Brembana">Val Brembana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origgio,_campi_e_boschi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG/220px-Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG/220px-Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG/330px-Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG/440px-Origgio%2C_campi_e_boschi.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Origgio" title="Origgio">Origgio</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Alto_Milanese" title="Alto Milanese">Alto Milanese</a>. In the background <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rosa">Mount Rosa</a></figcaption></figure> The geological structure of Lombardy derives from the <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> due to the collision between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> plates which generated the Alpine chain from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, on the other hand, is of more recent origin; formed by the deposit of detrital material on the continental shelf, coming from the erosion caused by surface waters, which accompanied the lifting of the Alpine chain, which rose to the west and north of the plain, and of the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> chain to the south, which filled the marine gulf existing in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> created by the uplift of the two mountain chains.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lombardy is one of the most-air-polluted areas of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Because of high levels of industrialisation and the lack of wind due to the region being enclosed between mountain ranges, air pollution remains a severe problem in Lombardy and northern Italy. In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA)<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> published images taken from its satellites that show a large stain composed of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> and fine particles above the Po Valley area. Lombardy is the geographic and economic centre of this area, with more than 10 million residents and the highest GRP per inhabitant of the country. Most of its major cities are located in the Po river basin, which crosses the region. The stain analysed by ESA is the main reason Po Valley air pollution levels are so high. Milan also has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, which are mainly produced by cars diesel and petrol engines. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Energy_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Energy Policy Institute (page does not exist)">Chicago Energy Policy Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> which has recently developed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Quality_Life_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Quality Life Index (page does not exist)">Air Quality Life Index</a> (AQLI), Po Valley air pollution reduces life expectancy by about six months. Air pollution in the Po Valley is connected to livestock and factories. The use of <a href="/wiki/NPK_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="NPK fertilizer">NPK fertilizers</a>, made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, along with manure emissions from intensive breeding and high levels of nitrogen dioxide released by diesel and petrol engines are all causes of pollution in the north of Italy. Lombardy also produces vast amounts of animal waste, a big contributor to pollution. Lombardy produces more than 40% of Italy's milk and over half of the Italian pig production is located in the Po Valley.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> According to research published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet_Planetary_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lancet Planetary Health">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> in January 2021, Brescia and Bergamo had the highest death rate from <a href="/wiki/Fine_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine particulate matter">fine particulate matter</a> (PM2.5) in Europe. The data show many cities in Lombardy and the Po Valley suffer the most serious impact of poor air quality in Europe, primarily the metropolitan area of Milan, which is 13th in terms of fine particulate impact, with an annual premature death rate of 3,967 – approximately 9% of the total. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A couple in duel with a "symbol" in the middle depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>. The Rock Drawings in Valcamonica are the largest collections of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-unesco2-55">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> From archaeological findings of ceramics, arrows, axes, and carved stones, the area of current-day Lombardy has been settled at least since the second millennium BC. Well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">rock drawings</a> left by ancient <a href="/wiki/Camuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Camuni">Camuni</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valcamonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Valcamonica">Valcamonica</a> depicting animals, people, and symbols were made over 8,000 years before the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-adorno-56">[52]</a> based on about 300,000 records.<a href="#cite_note-archeointro-57">[53]</a> The many artefacts found in a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> demonstrate the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Golasecca" title="Golasecca">Golasecca</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture that prospered in western Lombardy between the ninth and the 4th centuries BC. In the following centuries, Lombardy was inhabited by different peoples; the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> and spread the use of writing. It was seat of the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a> starting from the 13th century BC, and later of the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>. From the 5th century BC, the area was invaded by more <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribes coming from north of the Alps. These people settled in several cities including Milan and extended their rule to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. Celtic development was halted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> expansion in the Po Valley from the 3d century BC. After centuries of struggle, at the end of the 2nd century B.C.,<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> the entirety of modern-day Lombardy became a Roman province called <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a>—"<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> on the inner side (with respect to Rome) of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>". The Roman culture and language overwhelmed the former civilisation in the following years, and Lombardy became one of the most-developed and richest areas of Italy with the construction of roads and the development of agriculture and trade. Important figures were born here, such as Pliny the Elder (in <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>) and Virgil (in Mantua). In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> the strategic role of Lombardy was emphasised by the move of the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (Milan). Here, in 313 AD, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> issued the famous <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> that gave freedom of confession to all religions within the Roman Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_the_Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Lombards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/330px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/440px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>For centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> was used in the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> During and after the fall of the Western Empire, Lombardy heavily suffered from destruction brought about by a series of invasions by tribal peoples. After 540, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> became the permanent capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>, the fixed site of the court and the royal treasury.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The last and most effective invasion was that of the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> or Longobards, whose nation migrated to the region from the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian basin">Carpathian basin</a> in fear of the conquering <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> in 568. The Lombards' long-lasting reign, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, gave the current name to the region. There was a close relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavarian</a> and Lombard nobility for many centuries. After the initial struggles, relationships between the Lombard people and the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> improved. The Lombard language and culture was integrated with the Latin culture, leaving evidence in many names, the legal code and laws. The Lombards became intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman population</a> owing to their relatively smaller number.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The end of Lombard rule came in 774, when the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pavia_(773%E2%80%93774)" title="Siege of Pavia (773–774)">conquered Pavia</a>, deposed <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> the last Lombard king, and annexed the <a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of Italy</a>—mostly northern and central present-day Italy—to his newly established <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned by the Pope on 25 December 800. The former Lombard dukes and nobles were replaced by other German vassals, prince-bishops and marquises. The entire northern part of the Italian peninsula continued to be called "Lombardy" and its population "Lombards" throughout the following centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communes_and_the_Empire">Communes and the Empire</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communes and the Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_michele_maggiore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/170px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/170px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/255px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/San_michele_maggiore.JPG/340px-San_michele_maggiore.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore, Pavia</a>, where almost all the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">kings of Italy</a> were crowned up to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> In the 10th century, Lombardy, although formally under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">kingdom of Italy</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> remained the capital until 1024.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Starting gradually in the late-11th century, Lombardy became divided into many small, autonomous city-states, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_communes" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval communes">medieval communes</a>. Also in the 11th century, the region's economy underwent a significant boom due to improved trading, sartorial manufacturing of silk and wool, and agricultural conditions; arms manufacturing for the purpose of defensive army development, by the German imperial divisions of Guelphs (Welfen) defending the Pope and Ghibellins (Wibellingen) defending the Emperor, became a significant factor. As in other areas of Italy, this led to a growing self-acknowledgement of the cities, whose increasing wealth made them able to defy the traditional feudal supreme power that was represented by the German emperors and their local legates. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png/220px-Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png/220px-Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png/330px-Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png/440px-Member_Cities_of_the_Lombard_Leagues.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Member cities of the first and second <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></figcaption></figure> This process peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries, when <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard Leagues</a> formed by allied cities of Lombardy, usually led by Milan, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">Legnano</a> but not his grandson <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cortenuova" title="Battle of Cortenuova">Battle of Cortenuova</a>. Although having the military purpose as preponderant, the Lombard League also had its own stable government, considered one of the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Subsequently, among the local city-states, a process of consolidation took place, and by the end of the 14th century, two <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signoria</a> emerged as rival <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemons</a> in Lombardy; <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Mantua</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_duchies_of_Milan_and_Mantua">Renaissance duchies of Milan and Mantua</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renaissance duchies of Milan and Mantua" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconti_XIV_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Visconti_XIV_century.svg/220px-Visconti_XIV_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Visconti_XIV_century.svg/220px-Visconti_XIV_century.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Visconti_XIV_century.svg/330px-Visconti_XIV_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Visconti_XIV_century.svg/440px-Visconti_XIV_century.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Viscontis'</a> dominions in the 14th century, before the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></figcaption></figure> In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> was one of the wealthiest states during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Milan and Mantua became centres of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, whose culture with people such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>, and works of art such as da Vinci's <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a> were highly regarded. The enterprising class of the communes extended its trade and banking activities well into northern Europe; the metonym "Lombard" designated a merchant or banker from northern Italy, for example <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street, London</a>. The name "Lombardy" came to denote the whole of northern Italy until the 15th century and sometimes later.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> From the 14th century onward, the instability created by the internal and external struggles ended in the creation of noble seigniories, the most significant of whom were the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Viscontis</a> (later <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforzas</a>) in Milan and of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzagas</a> in Mantua. This wealth, however, attracted the now-more-organised armies of national powers such as France and Austria, which waged a lengthy battle for Lombardy in the late 15th to early 16th centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late-Middle_Ages,_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment">Late-Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Late-Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1807KingdomItaly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/220px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/220px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/330px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1807KingdomItaly.jpg/440px-1807KingdomItaly.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1807, having Milan as its capital, with <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, shown in yellow</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, the Duchy of Milan became a possession of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> of Spain; the new rulers did little to improve the economy of Lombardy, instead imposing a growing series of taxes to support their lengthy series of European wars. The eastern part of modern-day Lombardy, including the cities <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, which had begun to extend its influence in the area from the 14th century onwards. Between the mid-15th century and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">battle of Marignano</a> in 1515, the northern part of east Lombardy from <a href="/wiki/Airolo" title="Airolo">Airolo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chiasso" title="Chiasso">Chiasso</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> valley came under possession of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague" title="1629–1631 Italian plague">Pestilences</a> like that of 1628–1630,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> described in his <a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">I Promessi Sposi</a>, and the general decline of Italy's economy in the 17th and 18th centuries halted further development of Lombardy. In 1706 the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> came to power, and introduced some economic and social measures that allowed a degree of recovery to occur. Austrian rule was interrupted in the late-18th century by the French; under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, Lombardy became the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, both of which were <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> of France's <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a>, with Milan as capital and Napoleon as head of state. During this period, Lombardy regained Valtellina from Switzerland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5giornatemilano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/5giornatemilano.jpg/220px-5giornatemilano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/5giornatemilano.jpg/220px-5giornatemilano.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/5giornatemilano.jpg/330px-5giornatemilano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/5giornatemilano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a>, 1848</figcaption></figure> The restoration of Austrian rule in 1815 as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> was characterised by a struggle with the new ideals introduced by the Napoleonic era. Lombardy was then an important centre of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a> in March 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a> in 1849, the <a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a> in Mantua in the years between 1851 and 1853. The annexation of Lombardy to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> occurred following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> in 1859, a war during which Lombardy was the main theatre of battle (battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montebello_(1859)" title="Battle of Montebello (1859)">Montebello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palestro" title="Battle of Palestro">Palestro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">San Fermo</a>). In 1861, with the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, Lombardy became part of the modern Italian state, except for the central-eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">province of Mantua</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">annexed in 1866</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Regarding the battle of Solferino, it was during this conflict that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> took the initiative to create the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. After the annexation of Mantua, Lombardy achieved its present-day territorial shape by adding the <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a>, formerly the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Novara" title="Province of Novara">Province of Novara</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Province of Pavia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/330px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/440px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> in Milan during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>, April 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano,_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg/220px-Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg/220px-Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg/330px-Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg/440px-Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skyscrapers and large buildings in the 1960s, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Direzionale_di_Milano" title="Centro Direzionale di Milano">Centro Direzionale di Milano</a>, iconographically represent the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Alpine front of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> crossed the eastern Lombardy Alpine side, and in the post-war period Milan was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Italian Fasces of Combat</a>. Milan then became the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> after its liberation from fascism during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, while the partisan resistance spread across the valleys and provinces. Following the historical borders, in 1948 the administrative region of Lombardy was prefigured as part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>. In the years of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>, Milan was one of the poles of the "industrial triangle" of northern Italy formed by the cities of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> had wide relevance in Lombardy, with the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing" title="Piazza Fontana bombing">Piazza Fontana bombing</a> in Milan in 1969 and the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing" title="Piazza della Loggia bombing">Piazza della Loggia bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> in 1974. In the 1980s, Milan became a symbol of the country's economic growth, and a symbol of the economic-financial rampantism of the so-called "Milano da bere", literally "Milan to be drunk",<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> while the Milanese socialist group of <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> was in the national government. The city of Milan, in the early 1990s, was the origin of the series of scandals known as Tangentopoli which emerged from the judicial investigations of the Milanese prosecutor's office known as <a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a>, which then spread to the rest of the country. In early 2020, Lombardy was severely affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy was one of the worst-affected countries</a> in Europe. Several towns were quarantined from 22 February after community transmission was documented in Lombardy and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> the previous day. The entirety of Lombardy was placed under lockdown on 8 March,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> followed by all of Italy the following day,<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> making Italy the first country to implement a nationwide lockdown in response to the epidemic, which the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) declared a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> on 11 March. The lockdown was extended twice, and the region toughened restrictions on 22 March, banning outdoor exercise and the use of vending machines,<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> but from the beginning of May, following a reported decrease in the number of active cases, restrictions were gradually relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_regions_by_GDP" title="List of European Union regions by GDP">List of European Union regions by GDP</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/220px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/220px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/330px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg/440px-Milan_skyline_skyscrapers_of_Porta_Nuova_business_district.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> is the economic capital of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-prologis-21">[17]</a> and is a global <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a> of the world.</figcaption></figure> Lombardy is the first<a href="#cite_note-first-17">[13]</a> region of Italy in terms of economic importance.<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost-18">[14]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">gross regional product</a> (GRP) of Lombardy was equal to over €366 billion and accounted for about 22% of Italy's total GDP. Lombardy's 2021 GRP was €36,500 per person, more than 25% higher than the national average of €25,729.<a href="#cite_note-Regional_Statistical_Yearbook_2014-76">[72]</a> Lombardy is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_regions_by_GDP" title="List of European Union regions by GDP">second region of the European Union</a> by nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-3">[2]</a> Lombardy's <a href="/wiki/Services_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Services sector">services sector</a> has grown since the 1980s, led by innovative activities in business services, credit and financial services. Lombardy also remains the main industrial area of Italy. Milan, its capital, is the economic capital of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-prologis-21">[17]</a> is a global <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> and is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design, fashion and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Lombardy has cultural and economic relationships with many foreign countries including <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Austria,<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Switzerland (especially the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a>),<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Canada (the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Province of Quebec</a>),<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Germany (the States of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>),<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">Province of Zuid-Holland</a>),<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> <div align="left" style="overflow: auto"> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> in Lombardy (2000–2018) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">GDP<a href="#cite_note-T5-100">[96]</a> (Euro)</td> <td>247.052</td> <td>259.431</td> <td>270.653</td> <td>279.450</td> <td>289.471</td> <td>297.600</td> <td>307.718</td> <td>320.844</td> <td>323.973</td> <td>310.952 </td> <td>346.797 </td> <td>354.342 </td> <td>348.665 </td> <td>349.008 </td> <td>350.025 </td> <td>357.200 </td> <td>375.270 </td> <td>385.133 </td> <td>390.461 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">GDP per capita<a href="#cite_note-T5-100">[96]</a> (Euro)</td> <td>27.488</td> <td>28.766</td> <td>29.837</td> <td>30.449</td> <td>31.060</td> <td>31.545</td> <td>32.356</td> <td>33.443</td> <td>33.425</td> <td>31.743 </td> <td>35.713 </td> <td>36.220 </td> <td>35.367 </td> <td>35.127 </td> <td>35.044 </td> <td>35.700 </td> <td>37.474 </td> <td>38.407 </td> <td>38.858 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg/220px-EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg/220px-EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg/330px-EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg/440px-EU_NUTS_2_Four_Motors_2016.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Motors_for_Europe" title="Four Motors for Europe">Four Motors for Europe</a> (in light blue) compared to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: Lombardy, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a> in France</figcaption></figure> Lombardy is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Motors_for_Europe" title="Four Motors for Europe">Four Motors for Europe</a>, an international economical organization whose other members are <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> The Lombardy region is also part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=EUSALP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EUSALP (page does not exist)">EUSALP</a>, which promotes innovation, sustainability, and economy in the Alpine regions of Austria, France, Liechtenstein, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Switzerland, and Slovenia,<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Alpine_States" title="Association of the Alpine States">ARGE ALP</a>, an economic forum of alpine regions of Austria, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Economical and cultural relationship are also strong with neighbouring Italian regions <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Trentino, and Veneto.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Furthermore, Lombardy is part of the economic heart of Europe and of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">Blue Banana</a>. Milan is, together with <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, one of the six European economic capitals.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The European Union has developed the Central Europe program in 2014–2020 to foster cooperation between Lombardy and other northern Italian regions and several countries in central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg/190px-Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="469"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg/190px-Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg/285px-Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg/380px-Fieramilano_Rho_Pero_improved_version.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fiera_Milano" title="Fiera Milano">Fiera Milano</a>, the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the world's fourth largest<a href="#cite_note-Fiera-120">[116]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg/210px-Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg/210px-Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="210" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg/315px-Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg/420px-Milan_Porta_Nuova_business_district_by_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The skyscrapers of <a href="/wiki/Porta_Nuova_(Milan)" title="Porta Nuova (Milan)">Porta Nuova business district</a> in Milan</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4832" data-file-height="3404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg/440px-Palazzo_mezzanotte_Milan_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mezzanotte" title="Palazzo Mezzanotte">Palazzo Mezzanotte</a> in Milan, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Italian stock exchange</a></figcaption></figure> The region can be broadly divided into three economic areas: Milan, where the services sector comprises 65.3% of employment; the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a>, Como, <a href="/wiki/Lecco" title="Lecco">Lecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Monza and Brianza</a>, Bergamo and Brescia, the latter having the highest value added in industry in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> where there is a highly industrialised economy and a rich agricultural sector; and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">Sondrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">Cremona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">Mantova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lodi" title="Province of Lodi">Lodi</a>, where there is consistent agricultural activity and an above-average development of the services sector. In the tertiary sector, the weight of trade and finance is significant. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Stock Exchange">Italian Stock Exchange</a> is based in Milan, one of the main European financial centres.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In the early 21st century, two new business districts, <a href="/wiki/Porta_Nuova_(Milan)" title="Porta Nuova (Milan)">Porta Nuova</a> and <a href="/wiki/CityLife_(Milan)" title="CityLife (Milan)">CityLife</a>, were built in Milan in the space of a decade, radically changing the skyline of the city. Banking, transport, communication and business services activities are also important. Milan is also a global hub for event management and trade fairs. <a href="/wiki/Fiera_Milano" title="Fiera Milano">Fiera Milano</a> operates the most important trade fair organiser in Italy and the world's fourth largest<a href="#cite_note-Fiera-120">[116]</a> exhibition hall in <a href="/wiki/Rho,_Lombardy" title="Rho, Lombardy">Rho</a>, were international exhibitions like <a href="/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Furniture Fair">Milan Furniture Fair</a>, <a href="/wiki/EICMA" title="EICMA">EICMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMO_(trade_show)" title="EMO (trade show)">EMO</a> take place on 400,000 square metres of exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Milan hosted the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">Universal Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan_International" title="Milan International">1906</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expo_2015" title="Expo 2015">2015</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lombardia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia (wine)">Lombardia (wine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG/220px-Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG/220px-Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG/330px-Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG/440px-Colline_moreniche_del_Lago_Garda.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cultivated fields in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mantua" title="Upper Mantua">Upper Mantua</a></figcaption></figure> The productivity of agriculture is enhanced by the use of fertilisers and the traditional abundance of water, which has been boosted since the Middle Ages by the construction of irrigation systems that were partly designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Lower plains are used for fodder crops, cereals (rice, wheat and maize) and sugar beet. Lombardy is one of the main European regions for rice production and together with Piedmont, produces 93% of Italian rice. Cultivation is concentrated in the provinces of Pavia (84,000 ha (210,000 acres), Milan (14,000 ha (35,000 acres)), Lodi 2,000 ha (4,900 acres) and Mantua (1,200 ha (3,000 acres)).<a href="#cite_note-Riso_italiano,_dove_si_coltiva-124">[120]</a> Produce of the higher plains includes cereals, vegetables, fruit trees and mulberries. Fruits and wine are produced in upland areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Prealpi_Orobiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Prealpi Orobiche">Prealps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> sectors in the north. Lombardy is a centre of animal breeding, which includes dairy cows (36%) and pigs (50%). The region's dairy industry produces 30% of Italian milk,<a href="#cite_note-milk-125">[121]</a> which is used to produce different types of cheese, totalling about 4,715,130 tonnes, 36% of Italian cheese production.<a href="#cite_note-milk-125">[121]</a> A variety of cured sausages is produced in Lombardy, like Salame Milano, Salame bergamasco, Salame mantovano, Salame di Varzi, Bastardei, Salam casalin, Salame Brianza, Salame pancettato. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grana Padano (granular cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Grana Padano (granular cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg/160px-Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg/160px-Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg" data-alt="Grana Padano (granular cheese)" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg/240px-Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg/320px-Grana_Padano_at_Eataly_in_Stockholm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grana_Padano" title="Grana Padano">Grana Padano</a> (granular cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascarpone (cream cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Mascarpone (cream cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg/180px-Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg/180px-Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg" data-alt="Mascarpone (cream cheese)" data-width="180" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg/270px-Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg/360px-Mascarpone_preparato_in_casa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mascarpone" title="Mascarpone">Mascarpone</a> (cream cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_(3323694182).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taleggio (semi-soft cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Taleggio (semi-soft cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg/180px-Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg/180px-Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg" data-alt="Taleggio (semi-soft cheese)" data-width="180" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg/270px-Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg/360px-Taleggio_vecchia_lavorazione_%283323694182%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taleggio_cheese" title="Taleggio cheese">Taleggio</a> (semi-soft cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgonzola_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gorgonzola (blue-veined cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Gorgonzola (blue-veined cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gorgonzola_1.jpg/113px-Gorgonzola_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gorgonzola_1.jpg/113px-Gorgonzola_1.jpg" data-alt="Gorgonzola (blue-veined cheese)" data-width="113" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gorgonzola_1.jpg/169px-Gorgonzola_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gorgonzola_1.jpg/226px-Gorgonzola_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola" title="Gorgonzola">Gorgonzola</a> (blue-veined cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitto_DOP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bitto (hard cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Bitto (hard cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bitto_DOP.jpg/180px-Bitto_DOP.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bitto_DOP.jpg/180px-Bitto_DOP.jpg" data-alt="Bitto (hard cheese)" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bitto_DOP.jpg/270px-Bitto_DOP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bitto_DOP.jpg/360px-Bitto_DOP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bitto" title="Bitto">Bitto</a> (hard cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provolone Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)"><noscript><img alt="Provolone Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg/80px-Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg/80px-Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg" data-alt="Provolone Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg/120px-Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg/160px-Provola_delle_Moddonie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Provolone" title="Provolone">Provolone</a> Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rice field near Pavia."><noscript><img alt="A rice field near Pavia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg/160px-Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg/160px-Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg" data-alt="A rice field near Pavia." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg/240px-Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg/320px-Campo_di_riso_presso_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rice field near <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salame_di_Varzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salame di Varzi"><noscript><img alt="Salame di Varzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salame_di_Varzi.jpg/160px-Salame_di_Varzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salame_di_Varzi.jpg/160px-Salame_di_Varzi.jpg" data-alt="Salame di Varzi" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salame_di_Varzi.jpg/240px-Salame_di_Varzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salame_di_Varzi.jpg/320px-Salame_di_Varzi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salame di <a href="/wiki/Varzi" title="Varzi">Varzi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salame_mantovano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salame mantovano"><noscript><img alt="Salame mantovano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Salame_mantovano.jpg/172px-Salame_mantovano.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Salame_mantovano.jpg/172px-Salame_mantovano.jpg" data-alt="Salame mantovano" data-width="172" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Salame_mantovano.jpg/257px-Salame_mantovano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Salame_mantovano.jpg/343px-Salame_mantovano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salame <a href="/wiki/Mantova" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantova">mantovano</a></div> </li> </ul> Vineyards cover 26,951 ha (66,600 acres). The most important product is the sparkling wines <a href="/wiki/Franciacorta" title="Franciacorta">Franciacorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a>, which are produced using the same <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#Traditional_method" title="Sparkling wine production">traditional method</a> as <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, unlike other Italian sparkling wines, which use the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#Charmat_method" title="Sparkling wine production">charmat method</a>. Lombardy ranks 9 of 20 in the production of DOC and DOCG wines with 877,351 hl (19,299,024.00 imp gal; 23,177,161.43 US gal).<a href="#cite_note-Feder-126">[122]</a> Lombardy also produces still red, white and <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> wines made from a variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grapes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a> wines in the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Trebbiano_di_Lugana" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebbiano di Lugana">Trebbiano di Lugana</a> white wines produced with the Chiaretto-style rosé along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">wine region</a> currently has 15 <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">Denominazione di origine controllata</a> (DOC), 3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOCG_wines" title="List of Italian DOCG wines">Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita</a> (DOCG) and 13 <a href="/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Tipica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicazione Geografica Tipica">Indicazione Geografica Tipica</a> (IGT) designations.<a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pg_89-99-127">[123]</a> The region annually produces around one point four million hectolitres (30,795,694.76 imp gal; 36,984,087.33 US gal) of wine.<a href="#cite_note-italianwinecentral.com-128">[124]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franciacorta Rose"><noscript><img alt="Franciacorta Rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg/70px-Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg/70px-Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg" data-alt="Franciacorta Rose" data-width="70" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg/106px-Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg/141px-Calice_di_Franciacorta_ros%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Franciacorta Rose</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottle of Franciacorta"><noscript><img alt="Bottle of Franciacorta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG/83px-Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG/83px-Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG" data-alt="Bottle of Franciacorta" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG/124px-Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG/165px-Bottiglia_e_calice_di_franciacorta.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bottle of Franciacorta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciacorta_milledi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franciacorta Ferghettina"><noscript><img alt="Franciacorta Ferghettina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Franciacorta_milledi.jpg/62px-Franciacorta_milledi.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="3145"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 62px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Franciacorta_milledi.jpg/62px-Franciacorta_milledi.jpg" data-alt="Franciacorta Ferghettina" data-width="62" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Franciacorta_milledi.jpg/94px-Franciacorta_milledi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Franciacorta_milledi.jpg/125px-Franciacorta_milledi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Franciacorta Ferghettina</div> </li> </ul> Brescia is also the main production centre of Italian <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>. The world's largest sturgeon farm is located in <a href="/wiki/Calvisano" title="Calvisano">Calvisano</a>, about 30 km (19 mi) south of the city centre,<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> producing 25 tonnes of caviar annually, which is exported worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The main activity in <a href="/wiki/Canneto_sull%27Oglio" title="Canneto sull'Oglio">Canneto sull'Oglio</a> is the nursery production of broad-leaved plants, for which much land is dedicated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace_and_defence">Aerospace and defence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aerospace and defence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Italy is a major exporter of heavy helicopters (over 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)) with a market share of about 30%.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a> Helicopters Division (ex-<a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland" title="AgustaWestland">AgustaWestland</a>) is in Lombardy, and is responsible for about a third of the company's orders.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The region also has a plant of Leonardo Aircraft Division (ex-<a href="/wiki/Aermacchi" title="Aermacchi">Aermacchi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Leo-133">[129]</a> The main helicopter design, production and training facilities are located in <a href="/wiki/Samarate" title="Samarate">Cascina Costa di Samarate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vergiate" title="Vergiate">Vergiate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesto_Calende" title="Sesto Calende">Sesto Calende</a>. The company's aircraft division manufactures <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">military training aircraft</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venegono_Superiore" title="Venegono Superiore">Venegono Superiore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leo-133">[129]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_A109.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AgustaWestland AW109"><noscript><img alt="AgustaWestland AW109" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/RAF_A109.jpg/177px-RAF_A109.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="775"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 177px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/RAF_A109.jpg/177px-RAF_A109.jpg" data-alt="AgustaWestland AW109" data-width="177" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/RAF_A109.jpg/265px-RAF_A109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/RAF_A109.jpg/353px-RAF_A109.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">AgustaWestland AW109</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Agusta_Westland_AW_169_(solo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AgustaWestland AW169"><noscript><img alt="AgustaWestland AW169" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg/180px-Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1342"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg/180px-Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg" data-alt="AgustaWestland AW169" data-width="180" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg/270px-Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg/360px-Agusta_Westland_AW_169_%28solo%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169" title="AgustaWestland AW169">AgustaWestland AW169</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_(centered).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AgustaWestland AW189"><noscript><img alt="AgustaWestland AW189" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg/180px-AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2455"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg/180px-AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg" data-alt="AgustaWestland AW189" data-width="180" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg/270px-AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg/360px-AW189_-_Lydd_Airport_%28centered%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW189" title="AgustaWestland AW189">AgustaWestland AW189</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Helicopter_HH139,_Trident_Juncture_15_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AgustaWestland AW139"><noscript><img alt="AgustaWestland AW139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="AgustaWestland AW139" data-width="180" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Italian_Helicopter_HH139%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139" title="AgustaWestland AW139">AgustaWestland AW139</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M-345.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aermacchi M-345"><noscript><img alt="Aermacchi M-345" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M-345.jpg/180px-M-345.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M-345.jpg/180px-M-345.jpg" data-alt="Aermacchi M-345" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M-345.jpg/270px-M-345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/M-345.jpg/360px-M-345.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_M-345" title="Aermacchi M-345">Aermacchi M-345</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aermacchi_M-346_(code_MT55219)_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aermacchi M-346"><noscript><img alt="Aermacchi M-346" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg/180px-Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="1775"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg/180px-Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg" data-alt="Aermacchi M-346" data-width="180" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg/270px-Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg/360px-Aermacchi_M-346_%28code_MT55219%29_arrives_RIAT_Fairford_13July2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_M-346" class="mw-redirect" title="Aermacchi M-346">Aermacchi M-346</a></div> </li> </ul> The world's oldest firearms manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a>, is located in <a href="/wiki/Gardone_Val_Trompia" title="Gardone Val Trompia">Gardone Val Trompia</a>. Other firearms manufacturers in the region are <a href="/wiki/Tanfoglio" title="Tanfoglio">Tanfoglio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davide_Pedersoli" title="Davide Pedersoli">Pedersoli</a>. Ammunition is produced by <a href="/wiki/Fiocchi_Munizioni" title="Fiocchi Munizioni">Fiocchi</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/OTO_Melara" title="OTO Melara">OTO Melara</a>, now part of Leonardo Electronics Division in Brescia, produces small-calibre naval and airborne weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Leo-133">[129]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta_92FS_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beretta 92"><noscript><img alt="Beretta 92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beretta_92FS_left.jpg/180px-Beretta_92FS_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beretta_92FS_left.jpg/180px-Beretta_92FS_left.jpg" data-alt="Beretta 92" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beretta_92FS_left.jpg/270px-Beretta_92FS_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beretta_92FS_left.jpg/360px-Beretta_92FS_left.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beretta_92" title="Beretta 92">Beretta 92</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beretta ARX160"><noscript><img alt="Beretta ARX160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg/160px-Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="1709"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg/160px-Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg" data-alt="Beretta ARX160" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg/240px-Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg/320px-Beretta_AR_with_thermal_sight_and_grenade_launcher.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beretta_ARX160" title="Beretta ARX160">Beretta ARX160</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanfoglio Combat"><noscript><img alt="Tanfoglio Combat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG/173px-Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 173px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG/173px-Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG" data-alt="Tanfoglio Combat" data-width="173" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG/259px-Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG/345px-Tanfoglio_Combat.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tanfoglio Combat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="OTO Melara RSS Valour 76mm"><noscript><img alt="OTO Melara RSS Valour 76mm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG/180px-RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1884"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG/180px-RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG" data-alt="OTO Melara RSS Valour 76mm" data-width="180" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG/270px-RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG/360px-RSS_Valour_76mm_OTO_Melara.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">OTO Melara RSS Valour 76mm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_weapon_systems_light,_right_side,_OTO_Melara,_Madrid,_Spain,_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="OTO Melara Hitrole"><noscript><img alt="OTO Melara Hitrole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="OTO Melara Hitrole" data-width="112" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/223px-Remote_weapon_systems_light%2C_right_side%2C_OTO_Melara%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hitrole" title="Hitrole">OTO Melara Hitrole</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Automotive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is no longer any car production in Lombardy; the factories of mass-market manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innocenti" title="Innocenti">Innocenti</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> having been closed, abandoned or demolished. <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a> continues to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Light_truck" title="Light truck">light trucks</a> <a href="/wiki/Iveco_Daily" title="Iveco Daily">Daily</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suzzara" title="Suzzara">Suzzara</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> and makes <a href="/wiki/Iveco_EuroCargo" title="Iveco EuroCargo">EuroCargo</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium-duty_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-duty truck">lorries</a> in Brescia.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/SDF_Group" title="SDF Group">Same-Deutz Fahr</a> manufactures tractors under the brands <a href="/wiki/SAME_(Tractors)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAME (Tractors)">SAME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Treviglio" title="Treviglio">Treviglio</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BCS_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCS Group (page does not exist)">BCS Group</a> makes tractors in <a href="/wiki/Abbiategrasso" title="Abbiategrasso">Abbiategrasso</a>. The best-known automotive-parts suppliers are <a href="/wiki/Brembo" title="Brembo">Brembo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> (ceramic brake systems);<a href="#cite_note-as-139">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (tyres);<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magneti_Marelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneti Marelli">Magneti Marelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbetta,_Lombardy" title="Corbetta, Lombardy">Corbetta</a> (electronic systems, powertrain).<a href="#cite_note-Mar-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-as-139">[135]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iveco Daily VII.Generation"><noscript><img alt="Iveco Daily VII.Generation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg/180px-Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="1617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg/180px-Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg" data-alt="Iveco Daily VII.Generation" data-width="180" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg/270px-Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg/360px-Iveco_Daily_Autohaus_Muz_Glatten_Nissan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iveco_Daily" title="Iveco Daily">Iveco Daily</a> VII.Generation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iveco EuroCargo IV.Generation"><noscript><img alt="Iveco EuroCargo IV.Generation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg/104px-Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1441"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg/104px-Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg" data-alt="Iveco EuroCargo IV.Generation" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg/156px-Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg/208px-Iveco_Eurocargo_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iveco_EuroCargo" title="Iveco EuroCargo">Iveco EuroCargo</a> IV.Generation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Same_Iron_210.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Same Iron 210"><noscript><img alt="Same Iron 210" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Same_Iron_210.jpg/160px-Same_Iron_210.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Same_Iron_210.jpg/160px-Same_Iron_210.jpg" data-alt="Same Iron 210" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Same_Iron_210.jpg/240px-Same_Iron_210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Same_Iron_210.jpg/320px-Same_Iron_210.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/SAME_(tractors)" title="SAME (tractors)">Same Iron 210</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LamborghiniR6-150.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamborghini R6.150"><noscript><img alt="Lamborghini R6.150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LamborghiniR6-150.jpg/160px-LamborghiniR6-150.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LamborghiniR6-150.jpg/160px-LamborghiniR6-150.jpg" data-alt="Lamborghini R6.150" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LamborghiniR6-150.jpg/240px-LamborghiniR6-150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LamborghiniR6-150.jpg/320px-LamborghiniR6-150.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Trattori" title="Lamborghini Trattori">Lamborghini R6.150</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Valiant.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="BCS Valiant"><noscript><img alt="BCS Valiant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Valiant.JPG/160px-Valiant.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Valiant.JPG/160px-Valiant.JPG" data-alt="BCS Valiant" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Valiant.JPG/240px-Valiant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Valiant.JPG/320px-Valiant.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">BCS Valiant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="BCS Vivid"><noscript><img alt="BCS Vivid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vivid.JPG/179px-Vivid.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="519"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vivid.JPG/179px-Vivid.JPG" data-alt="BCS Vivid" data-width="179" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vivid.JPG/269px-Vivid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vivid.JPG/359px-Vivid.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">BCS Vivid</div> </li> </ul> Motorcycles from Lombardy: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moto Guzzi V85 TT (Piaggio)"><noscript><img alt="Moto Guzzi V85 TT (Piaggio)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg/165px-Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 165px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg/165px-Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg" data-alt="Moto Guzzi V85 TT (Piaggio)" data-width="165" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg/247px-Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg/330px-Moto_Guzzi_V85_Atacama_Gray.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moto_Guzzi" title="Moto Guzzi">Moto Guzzi</a> V85 TT (<a href="/wiki/Piaggio" title="Piaggio">Piaggio</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moto Guzzi V7 Classic (Piaggio)"><noscript><img alt="Moto Guzzi V7 Classic (Piaggio)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg/180px-Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg/180px-Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg" data-alt="Moto Guzzi V7 Classic (Piaggio)" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg/270px-Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg/360px-Paris_-_Salon_de_la_moto_2011_-_Moto_Guzzi_-_V7_-_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moto_Guzzi" title="Moto Guzzi">Moto Guzzi</a> V7 Classic (Piaggio)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="MV Agusta Turismo Veloce 800"><noscript><img alt="MV Agusta Turismo Veloce 800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg/160px-MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg/160px-MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg" data-alt="MV Agusta Turismo Veloce 800" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg/240px-MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg/320px-MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce_800_HMT_2015.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta_Turismo_Veloce" title="MV Agusta Turismo Veloce">MV Agusta Turismo Veloce</a> 800</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_(10760160763).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MV Agusta Brutale 1090"><noscript><img alt="MV Agusta Brutale 1090" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg/180px-MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg/180px-MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg" data-alt="MV Agusta Brutale 1090" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg/270px-MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg/360px-MV_Agusta_Brutale_1090_Special_Edition_%22Corse%22_%2810760160763%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta_Brutale_series" title="MV Agusta Brutale series">MV Agusta Brutale</a> 1090</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Electronics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The largest European semiconductor company <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a> employs 5,600 people at its plant in a suburb of Milan. Manufacturers of general-purpose integrated circuits (ICs) <a href="/wiki/Agrate_Brianza" title="Agrate Brianza">Agrate Brianza</a>, which employs 4,500, and <a href="/wiki/Cornaredo" title="Cornaredo">Cornaredo</a>, which employs 1,100, have R&D and production facilities.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/SAES_Getters" title="SAES Getters">SAES Getters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lainate" title="Lainate">Lainate</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getters</a>, alkaline metal dispensers, cathodes and materials for thermal management. Their products are used in various devices such as X-ray tubes, microwave tubes, solid-state lasers, electron sources, photomultipliers, radio-frequency amplification systems, night-vision devices, pressure sensors, gyroscopes for navigation systems and MEMS devices.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magneti_Marelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneti Marelli">Magneti Marelli</a> has headquarters and manufactures automotive electronics in <a href="/wiki/Corbetta,_Lombardy" title="Corbetta, Lombardy">Corbetta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mar-141">[137]</a> Leonardo Electronics Division in <a href="/wiki/Nerviano" title="Nerviano">Nerviano</a> designs and develops airborne radar and computers, space equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Leo-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy Hoover</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool</a> (brands: Whirlpool, Indesit, Ariston, Hot Point, Ignis) make home appliances in Lombardy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg/220px-La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg/220px-La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg/330px-La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg/440px-La_diga_di_Robbiate_.._Lecco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Semenza hydroelectric power station in <a href="/wiki/Robbiate" title="Robbiate">Robbiate</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">province of Lecco</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Adda_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda river">Adda river</a></figcaption></figure> In Lombardy, in 2015, electricity consumption per inhabitant amounted to 6,374 Wh. In the same year, gross energy production reached 41 GWh per 10,000 inhabitants and 26% of electricity consumption was covered by energy from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> There are 488 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> plants, 1,056 <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermoelectric</a> plants, 7 <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> plants and 94,202 <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">photovoltaic</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[142]</a> The length of power lines in the region in 2014 is 3,867.8 km (2,403.34 mi), of which 2,190.8 km (1,361.30 mi) are 220 kV and 1,677 km (1,042.04 mi) are 380 kV.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fashion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Milan" title="Fashion in Milan">Fashion in Milan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prada_milano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/220px-Prada_milano.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/220px-Prada_milano.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/330px-Prada_milano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Prada_milano.JPG/440px-Prada_milano.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> shop at <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></figcaption></figure> Milan is a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a> of the world. Lombardy has always been an important centre for silk and textile production, notably the cities of Pavia, <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>. Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world; the city has approximately 12,000 companies, 800 showrooms and 6,000 sales outlets; the city hosts the headquarters of global fashion houses. The best-known high-class shopping district is <a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero_della_moda" title="Quadrilatero della moda">Quadrilatero della moda</a>. In 2009, Milan was regarded as the world fashion capital, surpassing New York, Paris and London.<a href="#cite_note-languagemonitor.com-147">[143]</a> Most of the major Italian fashion brands, such as <a href="/wiki/Luxottica" title="Luxottica">Luxottica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino SpA">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a> are currently headquartered in Milan. Buttons are manufactured in the industrial districts of <a href="/wiki/Grumello_del_Monte" title="Grumello del Monte">Grumello del Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palosco" title="Palosco">Palosco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture">Furniture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Furniture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Furniture is manufactured in the industrial district around <a href="/wiki/Brianza" title="Brianza">Brianza</a>, which has an annual turnover of about €2 billion from 1,700 companies.<a href="#cite_note-brianza-149">[145]</a> The furniture factories, which have about 40,000 employees, are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Lissone" title="Lissone">Lissone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meda,_Lombardy" title="Meda, Lombardy">Meda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cant%C3%B9" title="Cantù">Cantù</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Comense" title="Mariano Comense">Mariano Comense</a>. This district has close relations with Milan's design industry. A number of large furniture exhibitions take place in Milan, including "Salone del Mobile Milano".<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Milan" title="Tourism in Milan">Tourism in Milan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="3065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg/330px-Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg/440px-Italy_-_Sirmione_-_Scaligero_Castle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scaligero_Castle_(Sirmione)" title="Scaligero Castle (Sirmione)">Scaligero Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sirmione" title="Sirmione">Sirmione</a> on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg/220px-Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg/220px-Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg/330px-Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg/440px-Mantova_-_Piazza_Sordello.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a></figcaption></figure> In the most dynamic and busiest of Italian regions it is not possible, on the basis of the figures, to distinguish tourists in the strict sense from those who travel for business.<a href="#cite_note-:A-151">[147]</a> In 2019, 40,482,939 arrivals were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Non-residents contributed to 51.8% of arrivals and 57.4% of presences.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Lombardy has a rich, diverse cultural heritage ranging from prehistory to the present day. Artefacts from the Roman period and the Renaissance can be found in museums and churches. Major tourist destinations in the region include (in order of arrivals as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit">[update]</a>):<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (4,527,889 arrivals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> (429,376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> (322,585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> (242,942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> (229,710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> (215,320)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iseo" title="Lake Iseo">Lake Iseo</a> (123,337)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a> (107,442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> (88,902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> (75,839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> (71,055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> (56,604)<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></li></ul> </div> Among the natural beauties, the pre-Alpine lakes on whose shores patrician villas, vegetable gardens, gardens, terraces and ancient villages alternate with dense clusters of second homes<a href="#cite_note-:A-151">[147]</a> must be ranked first. The coastal locations are connected by scheduled shipping routes. <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este_(Cernobbio)" title="Villa d'Este (Cernobbio)">Villa d'Este in Cernobbio</a> and other villas in the Como area host world-famous people: financial magnates, film stars, writers, heads of state, singers and stylists.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Other important tourist flows concern the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> valleys (in particular <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>)<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> and the numerous historical-artistic cities, rich in monuments and testimonies of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Among the most visited places are the <a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a> (336,981 visitors), <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">Last Supper</a> (330,071), the Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Sirmione" title="Sirmione">Sirmione</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grottoes_of_Catullus" title="Grottoes of Catullus">Grottoes of Catullus</a> (216,612), the <a href="/wiki/Scaligero_Castle_(Sirmione)" title="Scaligero Castle (Sirmione)">Scaligero Castle</a> (202,066), <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a> (approximately 200,000) and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Carlotta" title="Villa Carlotta">Villa Carlotta</a> (170,260).<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unemployment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The unemployment rate of Lombardy stood at 4.3% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In that year, regional unemployment was one of the lowest in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>unemployment rate (in %) </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>5.3% </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td>7.4% </td> <td>8.0% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>7.9% </td> <td>7.4% </td> <td>6.4% </td> <td>6.0% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombardia-Densita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lombardia-Densita.jpg/220px-Lombardia-Densita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lombardia-Densita.jpg/220px-Lombardia-Densita.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lombardia-Densita.jpg/330px-Lombardia-Densita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lombardia-Densita.jpg/440px-Lombardia-Densita.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population density in Lombardy (2020)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,160,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,529,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,730,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,314,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,889,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,186,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,596,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,836,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,566,154</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,406,152</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,543,387</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,891,652</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,856,074</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,032,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,704,151</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,943,004</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table> One-sixth of the Italian population, about 10 million people, live in Lombardy (16.2% of the national population; 2% of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> population). Lombardy is the second most populous <a href="/wiki/Region_(Europe)" title="Region (Europe)">region in the European Union</a> (EU).<a href="#cite_note-pop-16">[12]</a> The population is highly concentrated in the Milan metropolitan area (2,029 inh./km2) and the Alpine foothills that compose the southern section of the provinces <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Lecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Monza and Brianza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, (1,200 inh./km2). A lower average population density (250 inh./km2) is found in the <a href="/wiki/Padan_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Padan Plain">Po Valley</a> and the lower Brescia valleys; much lower densities (fewer than 60 inh./km2) inhabit the northern mountain areas and the southern <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a> subregion.<a href="#cite_note-Regional_Statistical_Yearbook_2014-76">[72]</a> The growth of the regional population was particularly sustained during the 1950s–1960s, due to a prolonged economic boom, high birth rates and strong migration inflows—especially from southern Italy. Since the 1980s, Lombardy has become the destination of a large number of international migrants. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 1,190,889 foreign-born people live in Lombardy, equal to 11.9% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG/220px-3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG/220px-3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG/330px-3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG/440px-3630MilanoArcivescovado.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Palazzo Arcivescovile in Milan, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>The largest resident foreign-born groups on 31 December 2019<a href="#cite_note-Stranieri-165">[161]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Romania</td> <td>172,063 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Morocco</td> <td>91,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Albania</td> <td>87,859 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Egypt</td> <td>87,262 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  China</td> <td>67,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Philippines</td> <td>55,558 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Ukraine</td> <td>52,579 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  India</td> <td>46,321 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Peru</td> <td>41,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Pakistan</td> <td>40,221 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Ecuador</td> <td>34,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Senegal</td> <td>32,905 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Sri Lanka</td> <td>32,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Bangladesh</td> <td>22,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Moldova</td> <td>19,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Tunisia</td> <td>16,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Nigeria</td> <td>15,498 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Brazil</td> <td>14,392 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  El Salvador</td> <td>12,908 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Ghana</td> <td>10,307 </td></tr></tbody></table> The primary religion is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. Over the centuries, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> of Lombardy have given birth to ten <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">Pope John XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Pope Urban III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Pope Celestine IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Pope Gregory XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>. The structure of the Lombard Catholic dioceses is historical. Of the ten dioceses, eight date back to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Lombardy" title="Crema, Lombardy">Crema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a> were created in the 16th century to reflect political needs,<a href="#cite_note-166">[e]</a> and it does not appear that any diocesan seat was ever suppressed. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lugano" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lugano">diocese of Lugano</a> was created in the 19th century to separate the Swiss parishes which since ancient times had been dependent on the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. In Lombardy there are two main Catholic liturgical rites: the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> (used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milanese archdiocese</a>, but also used in the parishes of <a href="/wiki/Val_Taleggio" title="Val Taleggio">Val Taleggio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">province of Bergamo</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> The Milanese diocese, comprising approximately half of the faithful of the region, is the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">metropolitan see</a>, while the others are its <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">suffragans</a>. Significant religious minorities in Lombardy include <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox Christians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lombardy" title="Politics of Lombardy">Politics of Lombardy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg/170px-Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="3367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg/170px-Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg/255px-Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg/340px-Piazza_Gae_Aulenti_with_Palazzo_Lombardia_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Lombardia" title="Palazzo Lombardia">Palazzo Lombardia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy</figcaption></figure> Lombardy has a system of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> in which the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and of a pluriform <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is vested in the regional government (Giunta Regionale) and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Lombardy" title="Regional Council of Lombardy">Regional Council</a> (Consiglio Regionale). Like the other regions of Italy with ordinary statutes, the region has been provided for since 1948 by articles 114 and 115 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, but only with law no. 281 of 16 May 1970 having as its object "Financial measures for the implementation of the Regions with ordinary statute", with which the process of administrative decentralization envisaged by article 5 and article 118 of the Constitution was started, implemented its functions. The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the simul stabunt, simul cadent clause introduced in 1999 (literally they will stand together or they will fall together), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The Regional Cabinet (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is currently composed by 17 members: the President and 16 regional <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(Italy)" title="Assessor (Italy)">Assessors</a>, including a Vice President (Vice Presidente), while 4 under-secretaries (Sottosegretari) help the President but have no voting rights in the cabinet meetings.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg/300px-Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="2044"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg/300px-Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg/450px-Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg/600px-Piazza_Lombardia_della_Regione_Lombardia_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Internal view of Palazzo Lombardia</figcaption></figure> From 1945 to the early 1990s, the moderate <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democrats</a> maintained a large majority of the popular support and control of the most important cities and provinces from the end of the Second World War. The opposition <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> was a considerable presence only in southern Lombardy and in the working-class districts of Milan; their base, however, was increasingly eroded by the rival centrist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Pulite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Pulite">Mani Pulite</a> corruption scandal, which spread from Milan to the whole of Italy, almost completely erased the old political class.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> This, together with general disaffection for the central government, led to the sudden growth of the secessionist <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Northern League</a>. Since 2002, Lombardy has remained strongly conservative in six general elections. The regional capital Milan elected progressive <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Pisapia" title="Giuliano Pisapia">Giuliano Pisapia</a> at the 2011 municipal elections and the 2013 regional elections saw a narrow victory for the centre-right coalition.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> On 22 October 2017, a non-binding <a href="/wiki/Lombard_autonomy_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard autonomy referendum, 2017">autonomy referendum</a> took place in Lombardy. The turnout was 38.3%, of which 95.3% voted in favour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lombardy is divided into 1,502 <a href="/wiki/Comuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Comuni">comuni</a> (the region with the largest number of comuni in the entire national territory<a href="#cite_note-comuni-14">[10]</a>), distributed in twelve administrative subdivisions (eleven <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Metropolitan City of Milan</a>). The largest province is that of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Brescia</a>, the smallest that of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Monza and Brianza</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> also belongs to the region, a comune entirely surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss territory</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">province of Como</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Lombardy,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/350px-Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5930" data-file-height="5262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/350px-Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/525px-Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/700px-Map_of_region_of_Lombardy%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The provinces/metropolitan cities of Lombardy</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/Metropolitan city </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Density (inh./km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Province of Bergamo</a> </td> <td>2,723 km2 (1,051 sq mi) </td> <td>1,108,853 </td> <td>407.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Province of Brescia</a> </td> <td>4,784 km2 (1,847 sq mi) </td> <td>1,265,077 </td> <td>264.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">Province of Como</a> </td> <td>1,288 km2 (497 sq mi) </td> <td>599,905 </td> <td>465.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">Province of Cremona</a> </td> <td>1,772 km2 (684 sq mi) </td> <td>361,610 </td> <td>204.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Province of Lecco</a> </td> <td>816 km2 (315 sq mi) </td> <td>340,251 </td> <td>416.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lodi" title="Province of Lodi">Province of Lodi</a> </td> <td>782 km2 (302 sq mi) </td> <td>229,576 </td> <td>293.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantova" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Mantova">Province of Mantua</a> </td> <td>2,339 km2 (903 sq mi) </td> <td>414,919 </td> <td>177.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Metropolitan City of Milan</a> </td> <td>1,575 km2 (608 sq mi) </td> <td>3,259,835 </td> <td>2,029.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Province of Monza and Brianza</a> </td> <td>405 km2 (156 sq mi) </td> <td>864,557 </td> <td>2,134.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Province of Pavia</a> </td> <td>2,965 km2 (1,145 sq mi) </td> <td>548,722 </td> <td>185.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">Province of Sondrio</a> </td> <td>3,212 km2 (1,240 sq mi) </td> <td>182,086 </td> <td>56.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Province of Varese</a> </td> <td>1,211 km2 (468 sq mi) </td> <td>890,234 </td> <td>735.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="width:85%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Lombardy <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Istat-174">[169]</a> estimates for 31 December 2019</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milan"><noscript><img alt="Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg/120px-Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg/120px-Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg" data-alt="Milan" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg/180px-Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg/240px-Milano_piazza_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brescia"><noscript><img alt="Brescia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/120px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11607" data-file-height="6362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 66px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/120px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg" data-alt="Brescia" data-width="120" data-height="66" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/180px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/240px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,396,059</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">Cremona</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,672 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monza"><noscript><img alt="Monza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg/120px-Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4559" data-file-height="3186"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg/120px-Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg" data-alt="Monza" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg/180px-Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg/240px-Monza_Piazza_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bergamo"><noscript><img alt="Bergamo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg/120px-Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 89px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg/120px-Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg" data-alt="Bergamo" data-width="120" data-height="89" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg/180px-Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg/240px-Bergamo_Campanone_Blick_auf_die_Cattedrale_Sant%27Alessandro_in_Colonna_%26_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Brescia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">199,597</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_e_Brianza" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Monza e Brianza">Monza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,051</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">Legnano</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,178</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gallarate" title="Gallarate">Gallarate</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Varese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">Como</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,915</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rho,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho, Italy">Rho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,323 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Busto_Arsizio" title="Busto Arsizio">Busto Arsizio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Varese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,909</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">Mantua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sesto_San_Giovanni" title="Sesto San Giovanni">Sesto San Giovanni</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,841</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lecco" title="Lecco">Lecco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Lecco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,173 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese"> Varese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,645</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cologno_Monzese" title="Cologno Monzese">Cologno Monzese</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cinisello_Balsamo" title="Cinisello Balsamo">Cinisello Balsamo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,264</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paderno_Dugnano" title="Paderno Dugnano">Paderno Dugnano</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,467 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,334</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lissone" title="Lissone">Lissone</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_e_Brianza" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Monza e Brianza">Monza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,445 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lombardy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/330px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/440px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lombardy" title="Flag of Lombardy">flag of Lombardy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="739"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Rosa_camuna_R24_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Camunian_rose" title="Camunian rose">Camunian roses</a> depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a></figcaption></figure> The symbols of Lombardy are, pursuant to the region's statute of autonomy, the flag, the coat of arms, the banner and the celebration of 29 May.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> The official coat of arms of Lombardy consists of a <a href="/wiki/Camunian_rose" title="Camunian rose">Camunian rose</a>, an ancient solar symbol common to some proto-<a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> peoples, present in 94 of the approximately 140,000 <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a>. These engravings were made from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (approximately 8th-6th millennium BC) to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (1st millennium BC) by various ancient peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Camunni" title="Camunni">Camunni</a>. The engravings made by the latter, including the rose of the same name, were made during the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The Camunian rose on the region's coat of arms is made of <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, symbolizing light. In the background, the green colour represents the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>. Officially adopted together with the banner with regional law n. 85 of 12 June 1975,<a href="#cite_note-simboli-177">[172]</a> the coat of arms was introduced on the proposal of the then councilor for culture <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Fontana" title="Alessandro Fontana">Alessandro Fontana</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> and was designed in the same year by <a href="/wiki/Pino_Tovaglia" title="Pino Tovaglia">Pino Tovaglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Noorda" title="Bob Noorda">Bob Noorda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Sambonet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Sambonet (page does not exist)">Roberto Sambonet</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Sambonet" class="extiw" title="it:Roberto Sambonet">it</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Munari" title="Bruno Munari">Bruno Munari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-simboli2-180">[175]</a> The banner consists of a reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Carroccio" title="Carroccio">Carroccio</a>, a large four-wheeled chariot bearing the city insignia around which the militias of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval communes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> gathered and fought, whose autonomy it represented, and of the coat of arms of the region. The dimensions of the Lombardy banner are 3 m × 2 m (9.8 ft × 6.6 ft) and the ribbons and tie are in the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">national colours of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simboli2-180">[175]</a> Since 29 January 2019<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> the Lombardy region has adopted the coat of arms with the Camunian rose as its official flag, thus attesting to the established practice in public offices and events. The regional festival of Lombardy, which was established with regional law n. 15 of 26 November 2013,<a href="#cite_note-simboli-177">[172]</a> is celebrated on 29 May in memory of the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> over the imperial troops of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a>, an armed clash which took place on 29 May 1176 in the surroundings of the <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">city of the same name</a> which ended to the hegemonic plan of the German emperor over the medieval municipalities of northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> After the decisive defeat of Legnano, the emperor accepted a six-year armistice (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> truce"), until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Constance" title="Peace of Constance">Peace of Constance</a>, following which the medieval municipalities of northern Italy agreed to remain faithful to the Empire in exchange for full local jurisdiction over their territories.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassoeula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cassoeula.jpg/220px-Cassoeula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cassoeula.jpg/220px-Cassoeula.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cassoeula.jpg/330px-Cassoeula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cassoeula.jpg/440px-Cassoeula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A crockpot of <a href="/wiki/Cassoeula" title="Cassoeula">cassœula</a>. It is a typical dish of the popular tradition, a main dish of many Lombard <a href="/wiki/Sagra_(festival)" title="Sagra (festival)">sagre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg/220px-Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg/220px-Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg/330px-Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg/440px-Polenta_con_sopressa_e_funghi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a> porridge, one of the typical dishes of Lombardy, served with <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a> and mushrooms</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard cuisine</a> is the style of cooking in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italian</a> region of Lombardy. The historical events of its provinces and the diversity of its territories resulted in a varied culinary tradition. First courses in Lombard cuisine range from <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risottos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filled_pasta" title="Filled pasta">stuffed pasta</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a> or not), and a large choice of second-course meat or fish dishes, due to the many lakes and rivers of Lombardy.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> The cuisine of the various Lombardy provinces can be united by the following traits: prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and stuffed pasta over dry pasta, both <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> for cooking, dishes cooked for a long time, as well as the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>-based preparations; to which is added the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, common to the whole <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> Rice is popular in Lombardy; the region is the largest in Europe for rice production and in particular the province of Pavia, where over 84,000 ha (210,000 acres) are cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-Riso_italiano,_dove_si_coltiva-124">[120]</a> Rice is often used in soups and <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotti</a>, such as "risotto alla milanese", with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>. In Monza, a popular recipe adds pieces of sausages to the risotto, while in Pavia they eat Carthusian risotto, according to the legend created by the monks of the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa</a>, which is based on crayfish, carrots and onions. They also eat risotto with eye beans, a version with sausage and <a href="/wiki/Bonarda_Piemontese" title="Bonarda Piemontese">bonarda</a>, and risotto with <a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">common hops</a> (ürtis in Pavese dialect). <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a> is common throughout the region. Regional cheeses include <a href="/wiki/Robiola" title="Robiola">Robiola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crescenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescenza">Crescenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleggio_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taleggio (cheese)">Taleggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonzola (cheese)">Gorgonzola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grana_Padano" title="Grana Padano">Grana Padano</a>. Butter and cream are used. Single-pot dishes, which take little work to prepare, are popular. Common types of pasta include <a href="/wiki/Casoncelli" title="Casoncelli">Casoncelli</a> in Brescia and Bergamo and <a href="/wiki/Pizzoccheri" title="Pizzoccheri">Pizzoccheri</a> in Valtellina. In Mantua, festivals feature tortelli di zucca (<a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a> with pumpkin filling) accompanied by melted butter and followed by <a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">turkey</a> stuffed with chicken or other stewed meats.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> Among typical regional desserts is <a href="/wiki/Canzo#Cuisine" title="Canzo">Nocciolini di Canzo</a>—dry biscuits. Common in the whole <a href="/wiki/Insubria" title="Insubria">Insubria</a> area are <a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">bruscitti</a>, originating from <a href="/wiki/Alto_Milanese" title="Alto Milanese">Altomilanese</a>, which consist of a braised meat dish cut very thin and cooked in wine and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel seeds</a>, historically obtained by stripping leftover meat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typical_dishes_and_products">Typical dishes and products</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Typical dishes and products" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretti_di_Saronno" title="Amaretti di Saronno">Amaretti di Saronno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitto" title="Bitto">Bitto</a> cheese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">Bresaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">Bruscitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casoncelli" title="Casoncelli">Casoncelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassoeula" title="Cassoeula">Cassoeula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colomba_di_Pasqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomba di Pasqua">Colomba di Pasqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoletta" title="Cotoletta">Cotoletta</a> (cutlet) alla milanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola" title="Gorgonzola">Gorgonzola</a> cheese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grana_Padano" title="Grana Padano">Grana Padano</a> cheese</li> <li>Lo Spiedo Bresciano – spit roast of different cuts of meat with butter and sage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascarpone" title="Mascarpone">Mascarpone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostarda" title="Mostarda">Mostarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossobuco" title="Ossobuco">Ossobuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_agnolotti" title="Pavese agnolotti">Pavese agnolotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzoccheri" title="Pizzoccheri">Pizzoccheri</a> (tagliatelle of buckwheat and wheat, laced with butter, green vegetables, potatoes, sage and garlic, topped with <a href="/wiki/Valtellina_Casera" title="Valtellina Casera">Casera</a> cheese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a> (eaten also in its taragna variant in the Northern part of the region)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a> alla milanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Camuna" title="Rosa Camuna">Rosa Camuna</a> cheese</li> <li>Salame d'oca di <a href="/wiki/Mortara,_Lombardy" title="Mortara, Lombardy">Mortara</a> (goose salami)</li> <li>Salamella (<a href="/wiki/Sausages_in_Italian_cuisine" title="Sausages in Italian cuisine">sausage</a>, always served grilled)</li> <li>Sbrisolona cake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stracchino" title="Stracchino">Stracchino</a> cheese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taleggio_cheese" title="Taleggio cheese">Taleggio cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Torrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortelli" title="Tortelli">Tortelli</a> di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuppa_pavese" title="Zuppa pavese">Zuppa pavese</a></li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grana Padano DPO"><noscript><img alt="Grana Padano DPO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg/200px-Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg/200px-Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg" data-alt="Grana Padano DPO" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg/300px-Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg/400px-Grana_Padano_DOP_Riserva.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grana_Padano" title="Grana Padano">Grana Padano</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">DPO</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gorgonzola cheese takes its name from the homonymous town near Milan."><noscript><img alt="Gorgonzola cheese takes its name from the homonymous town near Milan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg/200px-A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6224" data-file-height="4672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg/200px-A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg" data-alt="Gorgonzola cheese takes its name from the homonymous town near Milan." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg/300px-A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg/400px-A_Gongonzola_from_Baci.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonzola (cheese)">Gorgonzola cheese</a> takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola,_Milan" title="Gorgonzola, Milan">homonymous town</a> near Milan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ossobuco with risotto alla milanese"><noscript><img alt="Ossobuco with risotto alla milanese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg/200px-Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg/200px-Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg" data-alt="Ossobuco with risotto alla milanese" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg/300px-Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg/400px-Redaktionsvortreffen_EuT_2_ossobuco_16.04.2011_22-59-12.2011_22-59-12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ossobuco" title="Ossobuco">Ossobuco</a> with <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a> alla milanese</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tortelli di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta) with butter and sage"><noscript><img alt="Tortelli di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta) with butter and sage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tortelli.jpg/200px-Tortelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tortelli.jpg/200px-Tortelli.jpg" data-alt="Tortelli di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta) with butter and sage" data-width="200" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tortelli.jpg/300px-Tortelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tortelli.jpg/400px-Tortelli.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tortelli" title="Tortelli">Tortelli</a> di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta) with butter and sage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panettone_vero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panettone cut over a Christmas plate"><noscript><img alt="Panettone cut over a Christmas plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Panettone_vero.jpg/200px-Panettone_vero.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Panettone_vero.jpg/200px-Panettone_vero.jpg" data-alt="Panettone cut over a Christmas plate" data-width="200" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Panettone_vero.jpg/300px-Panettone_vero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Panettone_vero.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a> cut over a Christmas plate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bresaola della Valtellina served with bread, olives and onions"><noscript><img alt="Bresaola della Valtellina served with bread, olives and onions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg/187px-Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg/187px-Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg" data-alt="Bresaola della Valtellina served with bread, olives and onions" data-width="187" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg/281px-Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg/374px-Bresaola-Valt-IGP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">Bresaola</a> della Valtellina served with bread, olives and onions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnolotti_pavesi_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A dish of dry Pavese agnolotti, a type of stuffed pasta, with a Pavese stew-based sauce"><noscript><img alt="A dish of dry Pavese agnolotti, a type of stuffed pasta, with a Pavese stew-based sauce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/200px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/200px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG" data-alt="A dish of dry Pavese agnolotti, a type of stuffed pasta, with a Pavese stew-based sauce" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/300px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG/400px-Agnolotti_pavesi_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dish of dry <a href="/wiki/Pavese_agnolotti" title="Pavese agnolotti">Pavese agnolotti</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_pasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed pasta">stuffed pasta</a>, with a Pavese <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>-based sauce</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casoncelli"><noscript><img alt="Casoncelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg/116px-Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="3269"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg/116px-Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg" data-alt="Casoncelli" data-width="116" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg/175px-Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg/232px-Casoncelli_in_una_grande_padella.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Casoncelli" title="Casoncelli">Casoncelli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_(Como)_-_08-11-2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polenta uncia"><noscript><img alt="Polenta uncia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG/200px-Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="2020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG/200px-Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG" data-alt="Polenta uncia" data-width="200" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG/300px-Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG/400px-Polenta_%22uncia%22_servita_al_rifugio_del_Monte_Palanzone_%22Rifugio_Riella%22_%28Como%29_-_08-11-2015.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a> uncia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pizzoccheri"><noscript><img alt="Pizzoccheri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg/200px-Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4104" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg/200px-Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg" data-alt="Pizzoccheri" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg/300px-Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg/400px-Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_059.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pizzoccheri" title="Pizzoccheri">Pizzoccheri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenta_e_bruscitti_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruscitti served with polenta porridge"><noscript><img alt="Bruscitti served with polenta porridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg/200px-Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg/200px-Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="Bruscitti served with polenta porridge" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg/300px-Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg/400px-Polenta_e_bruscitti_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">Bruscitti</a> served with <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> porridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colomba_pasquale,_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_(8564331585).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colomba di Pasqua"><noscript><img alt="Colomba di Pasqua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/200px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/200px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg" data-alt="Colomba di Pasqua" data-width="200" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/300px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg/400px-Colomba_pasquale%2C_edizione_2013_-_ND0_4662_%288564331585%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Colomba_di_Pasqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomba di Pasqua">Colomba di Pasqua</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wines">Wines</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Wines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lombard_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard wine">Lombard wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbusco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Erbusco.jpg/220px-Erbusco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Erbusco.jpg/220px-Erbusco.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Erbusco.jpg/330px-Erbusco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Erbusco.jpg/440px-Erbusco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franciacorta" title="Franciacorta">Franciacorta</a> vineyard in <a href="/wiki/Erbusco" title="Erbusco">Erbusco</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_wine" title="Lombardy wine">Lombardy wine</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a> produced in Lombardy. The region is known particularly for its <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a> made in the <a href="/wiki/Franciacorta_DOCG" title="Franciacorta DOCG">Franciacorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese" title="Oltrepò Pavese">Oltrepò Pavese</a> areas. Lombardy also produces still red, white and <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> wines made from a variety of local and international <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grapes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a> wines in the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Verdicchio" title="Verdicchio">Trebbiano di Lugana</a> white wines produced with the Chiaretto style rosé along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">wine region</a> currently has 22 <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">denominazione di origine controllata</a> (DOC), 5 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOCG_wines" title="List of Italian DOCG wines">denominazione di origine controllata e garantita</a> (DOCG) and at least 13 <a href="/wiki/Indicazione_geografica_tipica" title="Indicazione geografica tipica">indicazione geografica tipica</a> (IGT) designations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Franciacorta</li> <li>Nebbiolo red</li> <li>Bellavista</li> <li>Santi</li> <li>Nino Negri</li> <li>Bonarda Lombardy</li> <li>Trebbiano di Lugana</li> <li>Inferno (Valtellina)</li> <li>Grumello (Valtellina)</li> <li>Sassella (Valtellina)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_Language_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/220px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1342"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/220px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/330px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lombard_Language_distribution.png/440px-Lombard_Language_distribution.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a> distribution in Europe:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Areas where Lombard is spoken</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages (<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>) and areas of linguistic transition (with <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Areas of influence of Lombard (Tridentine dialect)</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a> is widely used in Lombardy, in <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> with Italian. Lombard is a language<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italic">Gallo-Italic</a> group within the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substratum">linguistic substratum</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstratum">linguistic superstratum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[184]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_and_language_clusters" title="Dialect">cluster of homogeneous varieties</a> used by at least 3,500,000 native speakers in Lombardy and some areas of neighbouring regions, such as the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and the southern Switzerland cantons of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-189">[184]</a> The language is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> by Lombard immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Province of Bergamo</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> The Celtic <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substratum">linguistic substratum</a> of modern Lombard and the neighbouring languages of Northern Italy is self-evident and so the Lombard language is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic language</a> (from the ancient Roman name for the Celts, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>).<a href="#cite_note-auto2-192">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman domination</a> shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which was called <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> by the Romans, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the Lombard language have their origin in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> However, that influence was not homogeneous<a href="#cite_note-auto2-192">[187]</a> since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-192">[187]</a> The main varieties of the Lombard language are <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western Lombard</a> (spoken in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Como" title="Province of Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Lecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">Sondrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza" title="Province of Monza and Brianza">Monza and Brianza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lodi" title="Province of Lodi">Lodi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pavia" title="Province of Pavia">Pavia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a> (in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Brescia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crema, Italy">Cremasco</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mantua" title="Upper Mantua">Upper Mantua</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecco" title="Province of Lecco">Lecco</a> municipalities of Val San Martino), the Alpine Lombard (in <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grisons" title="Italian Grisons">Italian Grisons</a>, in the north of Lombardy and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and in some areas of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>) and the Southern Lombard, in transition with the <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian language</a> (in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">Cremona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">Mantua</a>); in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">province of Mantua</a> and in Casalasco (south-eastern area of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cremona" title="Province of Cremona">province of Cremona</a>) Emilian language is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> The Lombard language should not be confused with that of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> extinct since the Middle Ages. Lombard is considered a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> that is structurally separate from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Red Book on Endangered Languages. However, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> do not recognize Lombard speakers as a linguistic minority. Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Art and architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_prehistory_to_the_classical_era">From prehistory to the classical era</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: From prehistory to the classical era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg/220px-4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg/220px-4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg/330px-4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg/440px-4193_-_Milano_-_Ruderi_dell%27Arena_romana_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_14-July.2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Milan_amphitheatre" title="Milan amphitheatre">Milan amphitheatre</a>, which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan</figcaption></figure> The first artistic evidence in Lombardy dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period when, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>, the historical cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a> began, which continued and subsequently expanded in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> to end only in Roman and medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> The Camunian cycle is considered one of the most important testimonies of prehistory worldwide<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> and is therefore included in the list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Furthermore, further finds have been found of the presence of prehistoric populations in the Lombardy territory, also included in the world heritage of humanity with the serial site of the "<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a>", with several locations located in Lombardy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> left evidence scattered throughout the archaeological museums of the region, while the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> presence is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a>, the artistic evolution of the region veered towards the styles of the conquerors from the late republican period to the Roman imperial era: monumental remains of this historical era can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Brixia) and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_late_antiquity_to_the_modern_era">From late antiquity to the modern era</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: From late antiquity to the modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro,_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg/220px-Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg/220px-Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg/330px-Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg/440px-Sacello_di_san_vittore_in_ciel_d%27oro%2C_mosaici_del_450-500_dc_ca._01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Early Christian chapel located inside the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a> in Milan</figcaption></figure> In the late ancient period, the Lombardy territory acquired importance, with Milan being the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, and consequently, the artistic production also increased, of which evidence remains especially in sacred architecture with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a> churches, <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_churches_in_Milan" title="Early Christian churches in Milan">particularly in Milan</a>. The subsequent early medieval period, coeval with and following the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, will be of capital importance for the development of regional art: the stylistic features of barbarian art introduced by the new populations in fact brought a decisive contribution, merging with late ancient models (which are maintained with continuity) as well as thanks to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine influences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> for the creation of a truly Lombard art. In fact, upon leaving the early medieval period, we began to talk about artistic styles specific to Lombardy such as the <a href="/wiki/First_Romanesque" title="First Romanesque">Lombard Romanesque</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg/330px-Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg/440px-Lombardia_Como1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Abbondio" title="Basilica of Sant'Abbondio">Basilica of Sant'Abbondio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a></figcaption></figure> Noteworthy examples of the Lombard Romanesque style are the work of the <a href="/wiki/Comacine_masters" title="Comacine masters">Comacine masters</a>, in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">Basilica of San Michele Maggiore</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Abbondio" title="Basilica of Sant'Abbondio">Basilica of Sant'Abbondio</a>, in the Como area. The most important contribution between the 6th and 8th centuries came from the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> who, occupying a large part of Italy, established their capital in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> and made Lombardy the fulcrum of their kingdom bringing their art with them, of which there remain both significant testimonies (in particular in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, Pavia and <a href="/wiki/Castelseprio,_Lombardy" title="Castelseprio, Lombardy">Castelseprio</a>) and a substantial influence on subsequent artistic developments. In the Lombard area, the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a> period saw substantial artistic continuity with the previous Lombard period. The lower production of monumental buildings typical of these centuries is counterbalanced by numerous minor artefacts of great value, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Agilulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross of Agilulf (page does not exist)">Cross of Agilulf</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croce_di_Agilulfo" class="extiw" title="it:Croce di Agilulfo">it</a>], the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Desiderius" title="Cross of Desiderius">Cross of Desiderius</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Book_of_Theodelinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Book of Theodelinda (page does not exist)">Gospel Book of Theodelinda</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeliario_di_Teodolinda" class="extiw" title="it:Evangeliario di Teodolinda">it</a>]. Also in Lombardy are some of the greatest expressions of Lombard sculpture, such as the slab with peacock in the Museum of Santa Giulia in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Plutei_of_Theodota" title="Plutei of Theodota">Plutei of Theodota</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a>. The following centuries, as already mentioned, were characterized by artistic styles typical of Lombardy such as the Lombard Romanesque, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Lombard Gothic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombard Renaissance</a> and the Lombard <a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a>. Finally, we must not forget, especially during the Renaissance, the contributions and stimuli left in local art by some great Renaissance masters who worked in Milan at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a> court, such as <a href="/wiki/Filarete" title="Filarete">Filarete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and in Mantua at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzaga</a> court, like <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_age">Contemporary age</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Contemporary age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg/144px-Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 144px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg/144px-Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg" data-width="144" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg/216px-Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg/288px-Umberto_Boccioni_Forme_uniche_nella_continuit%C3%A0_dello_spazio_1913.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space" title="Unique Forms of Continuity in Space">Unique Forms of Continuity in Space</a>, example from 1949 exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Novecento" title="Museo del Novecento">Museo del Novecento</a> in Milan</figcaption></figure> In February 1910 the painters <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0" title="Carlo Carrà">Carlo Carrà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Balla" title="Giacomo Balla">Giacomo Balla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gino_Severini" title="Gino Severini">Gino Severini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a> signed the Manifesto dei pittori futuristi in Milan and in April of the same year the Manifesto tecnico della pittura futurista,,<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> which they contributed, together with others posters signed in other Italian cities, to found the artistic movement of <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>. Upon the death of Umberto Boccioni in 1916, Carrà and Severini found themselves in a phase of evolution towards <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubist</a> painting, consequently, the Milanese group disbanded, moving the headquarters of the movement from Milan to Rome, with the consequent birth of the "second Futurism". Lombardy was the birthplace of another important artistic movement of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento</a>, which was born in Milan at the end of 1922. It was started by a group of artists composed of <a href="/wiki/Mario_Sironi" title="Mario Sironi">Mario Sironi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Funi" title="Achille Funi">Achille Funi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Dudreville" title="Leonardo Dudreville">Leonardo Dudreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Bucci" title="Anselmo Bucci">Anselmo Bucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Malerba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Malerba">Emilio Malerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Marussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Marussig">Pietro Marussig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubaldo_Oppi" title="Ubaldo Oppi">Ubaldo Oppi</a> who, at the Pesaro Gallery in Milan, joined together in the new movement baptized Novecento by Bucci.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> These artists, who felt they were translators of the spirit of the 20th century, came from different experiences and artistic currents, but linked by a common sense of "return to order" in art after the avant-garde experiments especially of Futurism: in this sense this artistic movement also adopted the name of <a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">simplified Neoclassicism</a>. The Novecento movement also manifested itself in literature with <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Bontempelli" title="Massimo Bontempelli">Massimo Bontempelli</a> and above all in architecture with the famous architects <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Muzio" title="Giovanni Muzio">Giovanni Muzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_Ponti" class="mw-redirect" title="Giò Ponti">Giò Ponti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Mezzanotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Mezzanotte (page does not exist)">Paolo Mezzanotte</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Mezzanotte" class="extiw" title="it:Paolo Mezzanotte">it</a>] and others. Some of the works of the major Lombard artists of the 20th century are exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Novecento" title="Museo del Novecento">Museo del Novecento</a> in Milan.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_artistic_villages">Historical and artistic villages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Historical and artistic villages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipio_-_Gromo_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Municipio_-_Gromo_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gromo" title="Gromo">Gromo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_isola,_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers,_2016,_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg/220px-Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg/220px-Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg/330px-Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg/440px-Monte_isola%2C_durante_l%27installazione_floating_piers%2C_2016%2C_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Isola" title="Monte Isola">Monte Isola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clusone_-_panoramio_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/220px-Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/220px-Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/330px-Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/440px-Clusone_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clusone" title="Clusone">Clusone</a></figcaption></figure> Lombardy has many small and picturesque villages, 26 of them have been selected by <a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a> (English: The most beautiful villages of Italy),<a href="#cite_note-auto-205">[200]</a> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The Lombard villages that are members of the association I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages in Italy") are:<a href="#cite_note-auto-205">[200]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellano" title="Bellano">Bellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienno" title="Bienno">Bienno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Borgo Santa Caterina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassinetta_di_Lugagnano" title="Cassinetta di Lugagnano">Cassinetta di Lugagnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzambano" title="Monzambano">Castellaro Lagusello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandolara_Ravara" title="Scandolara Ravara">Castelponzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusone" title="Clusone">Clusone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerata_Cornello" title="Camerata Cornello">Cornello dei Tasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunago" title="Fortunago">Fortunago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardone_Riviera" title="Gardone Riviera">Gardone Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golferenzo" title="Golferenzo">Golferenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradella" title="Gradella">Gradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone" title="Curtatone">Grazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gromo" title="Gromo">Gromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovere" title="Lovere">Lovere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccagno_con_Pino_e_Veddasca" title="Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca">Maccagno Imperiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Isola" title="Monte Isola">Monte Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morimondo" title="Morimondo">Morimondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponesco" title="Pomponesco">Pomponesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benedetto_Po" title="San Benedetto Po">San Benedetto Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soncino,_Lombardy" title="Soncino, Lombardy">Soncino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremezzo" title="Tremezzo">Tremezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremosine_sul_Garda" title="Tremosine sul Garda">Tremosine sul Garda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzi" title="Varzi">Varzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavattarello" title="Zavattarello">Zavattarello</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard literature">Western Lombard literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg/130px-Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg/130px-Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg/195px-Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg/260px-Maggi_Carlo_Maria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Maggi" title="Carlo Maria Maggi">Carlo Maria Maggi</a></figcaption></figure> The first texts written in the vernacular <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a> date back to the 13th century. These are mainly works of a didactic-religious nature; an example is the Sermon Divin by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_da_Barsegap%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro da Barsegapè (page does not exist)">Pietro da Barsegapè</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_da_Barsegap%C3%A8" class="extiw" title="it:Pietro da Barsegapè">it</a>], which narrates the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a>. Very important is the contribution to Lombard literature of <a href="/wiki/Bonvesin_de_la_Riva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonvesin de la Riva">Bonvesin de la Riva</a>, who wrote, among other works, the <a href="/wiki/Liber_di_Tre_Scricciur" title="Liber di Tre Scricciur">Liber di Tre Scricciur</a>, the De magnalibus urbis Mediolani ("The Wonders of Milan"), and an <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a>, the De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam ("Fifty table courtesies").<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> From the 15th century, the prestige of literary <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars which had been used, although influenced by the Florentine vernacular, also in chancellor and administrative contexts.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Despite this, starting from this century, there began to be the first signs of a true Lombard literature, with literary compositions in the Lombard language both in the western part of the region and in the eastern one.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Porta.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carlo_Porta.png/130px-Carlo_Porta.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carlo_Porta.png/130px-Carlo_Porta.png" data-width="130" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carlo_Porta.png/195px-Carlo_Porta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carlo_Porta.png/260px-Carlo_Porta.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Porta" title="Carlo Porta">Carlo Porta</a></figcaption></figure> The 17th century also saw the emergence of the figure of the playwright <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Maggi" title="Carlo Maria Maggi">Carlo Maria Maggi</a>, who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of <a href="/wiki/Meneghino" title="Meneghino">Meneghino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Also in the 17th century, the first <a href="/wiki/Bosinada" title="Bosinada">bosinade</a> were born, occasional popular poems written on loose sheets of paper and posted in squares or read (or even sung) in public; they had great success and widespread diffusion until the first decades of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Milanese literature had a strong development in the 18th century: some important names emerged, including the famous poet <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>, who wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Porta" title="Carlo Porta">Carlo Porta</a>, recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, and also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him, some of the highest peaks of literary expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee, La guerra di pret e Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Milanese poetic production took on such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cherubini" title="Francesco Cherubini">Francesco Cherubini</a> published a four-volume <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of Lombard literature, which included texts written from the 17th century to his day.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Main sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/220px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="3129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/220px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/330px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/440px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Vatican City">State of Vatican City</a>, a sovereign state—and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest churches">third largest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-218">[213]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg/220px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="845"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg/220px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg/330px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg/440px-Monza_-_Villa_Reale_di_Monza_-_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Villa_of_Monza" title="Royal Villa of Monza">Royal Villa of Monza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg/220px-2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg/220px-2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg/330px-2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg/440px-2014-01-01-Pavia_Certosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Carrara_di_Belle_Arti_di_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo">Accademia Carrara</a>, Bergamo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Archaeological park of Castelseprio</a>, Castelseprio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Lorenzo_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Lorenzo (Milan)">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Ambrogio" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Eustorgio" title="Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio">Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(Italian_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellagio (Italian region)">Bellagio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brera_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Brera Gallery">Brera Gallery</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello Sforzesco">Castello Sforzesco</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cremona" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cremona">Duomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torrazzo_of_Cremona" title="Torrazzo of Cremona">Torrazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Milan">Cathedral of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">Cathedral of Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Como_Cathedral" title="Como Cathedral">Como Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Abbondio" title="Basilica of Sant'Abbondio">Basilica of Sant'Abbondio</a>, Como</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cathedral,_Brescia" title="New Cathedral, Brescia">Duomo Nuovo</a>, Brescia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo#Upper_city" title="Bergamo">The fortified Venetian walls</a>, Bergamo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iseo" title="Lake Iseo">Lake Iseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)#Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Roman and Longobard monuments in Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Villa_of_Monza" title="Royal Villa of Monza">Royal Villa of Monza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">San Michele Maggiore</a>, Pavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>, Pavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Pavia" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Pavia">Santa Maria del Carmine</a>, Pavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore,_Bergamo" title="Santa Maria Maggiore, Bergamo">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Colleoni" title="Cappella Colleoni">Cappella Colleoni</a>, Bergamo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro alla Scala">Teatro alla Scala</a>, Milan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempio_Civico_della_Beata_Vergine_Incoronata" title="Tempio Civico della Beata Vergine Incoronata">Tempio Civico della Beata Vergine Incoronata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Toeplitz_(Varese)" title="Villa Toeplitz (Varese)">Villa Toeplitz</a>, Varese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>, Pavia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_art_galleries">Museums and art galleries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Museums and art galleries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Lombardy" title="List of museums in Lombardy">List of museums in Lombardy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/220px-Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/220px-Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/330px-Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg/440px-Milan_-_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_de_Brera_-_Cour_int%C3%A9rieure.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg/220px-Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11323" data-file-height="8381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg/220px-Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg/330px-Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg/440px-Museo_di_Santa_Giulia_chiese_Santa_Giulia_San_Salvatore_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Giulia_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Giulia Museum">Santa Giulia Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castello_Sforzesco_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG/220px-Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG/220px-Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG/330px-Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG/440px-Castello_Sforzesco_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle of Pavia</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure> Lombardy has more than 300 museums in subjects such as ethnographic, historical, technical-scientific, artistic and naturalistic fields. Among the region's most famous museums are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Carrara" title="Accademia Carrara">Accademia Carrara</a> (Bergamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_Virgiliana_di_Scienze_Lettere_ed_Arti" title="Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti">Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana</a> (Mantua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_Furniture_%26_Wooden_Sculpture_Museum" title="Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum">Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Arts_Collection,_Milan" title="Applied Arts Collection, Milan">Applied Arts Collection</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Milan" title="Archaeological Museum, Milan">Archaeological Museum</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Museum_of_Crema" title="Civic Museum of Crema">Civic Museum of Crema</a> (Crema)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_(Milan)" title="Egyptian Museum (Milan)">Egyptian Museum</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallerie_di_Piazza_Scala" title="Gallerie di Piazza Scala">Gallerie di Piazza Scala</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia#Mille_Miglia_Museum" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> (Brescia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Milan" title="Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan">Modern Art Gallery</a> (Milan)</li> <li>Museum Sacred Art of the Nativity (<a href="/wiki/Gandino" title="Gandino">Gandino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Bagatti_Valsecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Bagatti Valsecchi">Museo Bagatti Valsecchi</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_Museum_of_Milan" title="Diocesan Museum of Milan">Museo Diocesano</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Diocesano_Adriano_Bernareggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Diocesano Adriano Bernareggi">Museo Diocesano Adriano Bernareggi</a> (Bergamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Musical_Instruments_(Milan)" title="Museum of Musical Instruments (Milan)">Museum of Musical Instruments</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moto_Guzzi_Museum" title="Moto Guzzi Museum">Museo del Motociclo Moto Guzzi</a> (Mandello al Lario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Novecento" title="Museo del Novecento">Museo del Novecento</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museo del Risorgimento</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_della_Scienza_e_della_Tecnologia_%22Leonardo_da_Vinci%22" class="mw-redirect" title='Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci"'>National Museum of Science and Technology "Leonardo da Vinci"</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Palazzo_d%27Arco" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo di Palazzo d'Arco">Museo di Palazzo d'Arco</a> (Mantua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Palazzo_Te" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo di Palazzo Te">Museo di Palazzo Te</a> (Mantua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Etnografico_Tiranese" title="Museo Etnografico Tiranese">Museo Etnografico Tiranese</a> (Tirano)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Giuseppe_Gianetti" title="Museum Giuseppe Gianetti">Museo Giuseppe Gianetti</a> (Saronno)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Poldi_Pezzoli" title="Museo Poldi Pezzoli">Museo Poldi Pezzoli</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Alfa_Romeo" title="Museo Alfa Romeo">Museo storico Alfa Romeo</a> (Arese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Teatrale_alla_Scala" title="Museo Teatrale alla Scala">Museo Teatrale alla Scala</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Milano" title="Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano">Natural History Museum of Milan</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Pavia" title="Natural History Museum, Pavia">Natural History Museum of Pavia</a> (Pavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padiglione_d%27Arte_Contemporanea" title="Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea">Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a> (Pavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Ambrosiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Ambrosiana">Pinacoteca Ambrosiana</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Villa_of_Monza" title="Royal Villa of Monza">Royal Villa of Monza</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Giulia_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Giulia Museum">Santa Giulia Museum</a> (Brescia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sforza_Castle_Pinacoteca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sforza Castle Pinacoteca">Sforza Castle Pinacoteca</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempio_Voltiano" title="Tempio Voltiano">Volta Temple</a> (Como)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Ancient_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Ancient Art">The Museum of Ancient Art</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triennale" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennale">Triennale</a> (Milan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum, University of Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Olmo" title="Villa Olmo">Villa Olmo</a> (Como)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lombardy" title="Music of Lombardy">Music of Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Milan" title="Music of Milan">Music of Milan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg/220px-Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg/220px-Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg/330px-Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Architettura_La_Scala_operahouse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Founded in 1778, <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> is the world's most famous opera house.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin-219">[214]</a></figcaption></figure> Each of Lombardy's 12 provinces has its own musical traditions. Bergamo is famous for being the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> and home of the Teatro Donizetti; Brescia hosts the 1709 Teatro Grande; Cremona is regarded as the origin of the violin and is home to several of the most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthiers</a>;<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> and Mantua was one of the founding and most important cities in 16th- and 17th-century opera and classical music. Other cities such as Lecco, Lodi, Varese and Pavia (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_Fraschini" title="Teatro Fraschini">Teatro Fraschini</a>) also have rich musical traditions, but Milan is the centre of the Lombard musical scene. It was the workplace of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, one of the most famous and influential 19th-century opera composers. The province has acclaimed theatres, such as the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_Teatro_(Milan)" title="Piccolo Teatro (Milan)">Piccolo Teatro</a> and the Teatro Arcimboldi; however, the most famous is the 1778 <a href="/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro alla Scala">Teatro alla Scala</a> (popularly La Scala), the world's most famous opera house.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin-219">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="711"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Scena_di_caccia_al_cervo_-_Seradina_R_12_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deer hunting scene depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_(1452-1519)_-_The_Last_Supper_(1495-1498).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5076" data-file-height="2645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_%281452-1519%29_-_The_Last_Supper_%281495-1498%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Sta._Maria_delle_Grazie" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie">Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie</a>, Milan, Italy (1499), by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG/220px-BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG/220px-BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG/330px-BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG/440px-BG_MuraVenete_08.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Fortified City of Bergamo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg/220px-Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg/220px-Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg/330px-Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg/440px-Tempio_Capitolino_Piazza_del_Foro_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brescia#UNESCO_World_Heritage_monuments" title="Brescia">Remains of Roman forum</a> in Brescia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg/220px-Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2223"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg/220px-Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg/330px-Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg/440px-Sacro_Monte_di_Varese-120-Kapelle_10-O_vos_omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Monte_di_Varese" title="Sacro Monte di Varese">Sacro Monte di Varese</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG/220px-Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG/220px-Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG/330px-Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG/440px-Sabbioneta_Palazzo_Ducale_02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a>, a town and <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Mantua" title="Province of Mantua">province of Mantua</a></figcaption></figure> There are ten <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage sites</a> wholly or partially located in Lombardy.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> Some of these comprise several individual objects in different locations. One of the entries has been listed as natural heritage and the others are cultural heritage sites. At <a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a> on the border with Swiss canton Ticino just south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lugano" title="Lake Lugano">Lake Lugano</a>, a wide range of marine <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> fossils have been found. During the Triassic period, 245–230 million years ago, the area was a shallow tropical lagoon. Fossils include reptiles, fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and insects.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a> date to between 8000 BC and 1000 BC, covering prehistoric periods from the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, and constitute the largest collections of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-unesco2-55">[51]</a> The collection was recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1979 and was Italy's first recognized World Heritage Site. UNESCO has formally recognized more than 140,000 figures and symbols,<a href="#cite_note-unesco2-55">[51]</a> but new discoveries have increased the number of catalogued incisions to between 200,000<a href="#cite_note-adorno-56">[52]</a> and 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> The petroglyphs are spread on all surfaces of the valley, but concentrated in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Darfo_Boario_Terme" title="Darfo Boario Terme">Darfo Boario Terme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Ponte" title="Capo di Ponte">Capo di Ponte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadro" title="Nadro">Nadro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimbergo" title="Cimbergo">Cimbergo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paspardo" title="Paspardo">Paspardo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a> are a series of prehistoric pile dwelling (or <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt house</a>) settlements in and around the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> built from about 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. In 2011, 111 sites located variously in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (56), <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (19), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (18), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (11), <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (5) and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (2) were added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO3-224">[219]</a> In Slovenia, these were the first World Heritage Sites to be listed for their cultural value.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Excavations conducted at some of the sites have yielded evidence regarding prehistoric life and the way communities interacted with their environment during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Ages</a> in Alpine Europe. These settlements are a unique group of exceptionally well-preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which constitute one of the most important sources for the study of early agrarian societies in the region.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO3-224">[219]</a> Another multi-centred site, <a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> consists of seven locations across mainland Italy which illustrate the history of the Lombard period. Two of the sites are in modern-day Lombardy: the fortifications (the castrum and the <a href="/wiki/Torba_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Torba Tower">Torba Tower</a>), and the church of Santa Maria foris portas ("outside the gates") has Byzantinesque frescoes at <a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Salvatore,_Brescia" title="San Salvatore, Brescia">monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia</a> at Brescia. The UNESCO site at Brescia also includes the <a href="/wiki/Brescia#UNESCO_World_Heritage_monuments" title="Brescia">remains of its Roman forum</a>, the best-preserved in northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> The Church and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Convent of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie</a> in Milan with "<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper">The Last Supper</a>" by Leonardo da Vinci represent architectural and painting styles of the 15th-century Renaissance period.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> The towns Mantua and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a> are also listed as a combined World Heritage site relating to this period, here focussing more on town-planning aspects of the time than on architectural detail. While Mantua was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th centuries, according to Renaissance principles, Sabbioneta was planned as a new town in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy">Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy</a> are a group of nine sites in northwest Italy, two of which are in Lombardy. The concept of holy mountains can be found elsewhere in Europe. These sites were created as centres of pilgrimage by placing chapels in the natural landscape and were loosely modelled on the topography of Jerusalem. In Lombardy, Sacro Monte del Rosario di Varese and Sacro Monte della Beata Vergine del Soccorso, which were built in the early-to mid-17th century, mark the architectural transition from the late Renaissance to the Baroque style.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a> is a historic settlement and an outstanding example of the 19th and early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">"company towns"</a> built in Europe and North America by enlightened industrialists to meet the workers' needs. The site is still intact and is partly used for industrial purposes, although changing economic and social conditions now threaten its survival.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Since 1995 it has been on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a> represent two approaches of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period town planning. Mantua (pictured), originating in Roman times and preserving structures from the 11th century, was renovated in the 15th and 16th centuries. On the other hand, Sabbioneta was founded in the second half of the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Vespasiano_I_Gonzaga" title="Vespasiano I Gonzaga">Vespasiano I Gonzaga</a> and built with a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, according to the period's vision of an ideal city.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina Railway">Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes</a> is mostly located in the Swiss canton <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, but extends over the border into <a href="/wiki/Tirano" title="Tirano">Tirano</a>. The site is listed because of the complex railway engineering (tunnels, viaducts and avalanche galleries) necessary to take the narrow-gauge railway across the main chain of the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The two railway lines were opened in several stages between 1904 and 1910.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_the_16th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar</a> is a transnational system of fortifications that were built by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">mainland domains</a> (Stato da Terra) and its territories stretching along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast (<a href="/wiki/Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato da Mar">Stato da Mar</a>). This site includes the fortified city <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg/220px-Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg/220px-Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg/330px-Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg/440px-Stadio_Meazza_2021_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Siro" title="San Siro">San Siro Stadium</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/AC_Milan" title="AC Milan">AC Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter Milan</a>, has a capacity of 80,000. It is Italy's biggest stadium.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza,_April_22,_2018_SkySat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="1805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite view of the <a href="/wiki/Monza_Circuit" title="Monza Circuit">Monza Circuit</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg/220px-Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg/220px-Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg/330px-Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg/440px-Forum_Assago_Parquet_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediolanum Forum">Mediolanum Forum</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Milano" title="Olimpia Milano">Olimpia Milano</a></figcaption></figure> The most popular sport in Lombardy is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. Lombardy has some of the most-successful men's football teams in the country. In the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_A" title="2023–24 Serie A">2023–2024 Serie A</a> season, Lombardy hosts 4 out of 20 teams: <a href="/wiki/A.C._Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Milan">A.C. Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter Milan</a> (both based in Milan) and <a href="/wiki/Atalanta_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Atalanta B.C.">Atalanta</a> (based in Bergamo); <a href="/wiki/A.C._Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Monza">Monza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Other big teams of the region are <a href="/wiki/Brescia_Calcio" title="Brescia Calcio">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como_1907" title="Como 1907">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912" title="Calcio Lecco 1912">Lecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feralpisal%C3%B2" title="Feralpisalò">Feralpisalò</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cremonese" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Cremonese">Cremonese</a> playing in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_B" title="2023–24 Serie B">2023–2024 Serie B</a>;<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.C._AlbinoLeffe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.C. AlbinoLeffe">AlbinoLeffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919" title="Aurora Pro Patria 1919">Pro Patria</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.C._Renate" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Renate">A.C. Renate</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Lumezzane" title="FC Lumezzane">Lumezzane</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.S._Giana_Erminio" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Giana Erminio">Giana Erminio</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.S.D._Pro_Sesto" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S.D. Pro Sesto">Pro Sesto</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Pergolettese_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Pergolettese 1932">Pergolettese</a> playing in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_C" title="2023–24 Serie C">2023–2024 Serie C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Milan, along with <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, is one of only two cities in Europe that is home to two <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">European Cup/Champions League</a> winning teams: <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> football clubs <a href="/wiki/AC_Milan" title="AC Milan">AC Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter</a>. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams have also won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup" title="FIFA Club World Cup">FIFA Club World Cup</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)" title="Intercontinental Cup (football)">Intercontinental Cup</a>). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups. Both teams play at the <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/San_Siro" title="San Siro">San Siro</a>, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of over 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-size-239">[234]</a> The Meazza Stadium has hosted four <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals" title="List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals">European Cup/Champions League finals</a>, most recently in <a href="/wiki/2016_UEFA_Champions_League_final" title="2016 UEFA Champions League final">2016</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid" title="Atlético Madrid">Atlético Madrid</a> 5–3 in a <a href="/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)" title="Penalty shoot-out (association football)">penalty shoot-out</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olimpia_Milano" title="Olimpia Milano">Olimpia Milano</a> (based in Milan) is the most successful men's basketball team in Italy. In the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_LBA_season" title="2023–24 LBA season">2023-24 LBA season</a> 4 teams out of 16 are from Lombardy (Olimpia Milano, <a href="/wiki/Pallacanestro_Brescia" title="Pallacanestro Brescia">Pallacanestro Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese" title="Pallacanestro Varese">Pallacanestro Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerino_Vanoli_Basket" title="Guerino Vanoli Basket">Guerino Vanoli Basket</a>).<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> Olimpia Milano have won 27 <a href="/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="Lega Basket Serie A">Italian League</a> championships, six <a href="/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Cup" title="Italian Basketball Cup">Italian National Cups</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Supercup" title="Italian Basketball Supercup">Italian Super Cup</a>, three <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague" title="EuroLeague">European Champions Cups</a>, one <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup" title="FIBA Intercontinental Cup">FIBA Intercontinental Cup</a>, three <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Saporta_Cup" title="FIBA Saporta Cup">FIBA Saporta Cups</a>, two <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup" title="FIBA Korać Cup">FIBA Korać Cups</a> and many junior titles. The team play at the <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediolanum Forum">Mediolanum Forum</a>, with a capacity of 12,700, where it has been hosted the final of the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Euroleague" title="2013–14 Euroleague">2013–14 Euroleague</a>. In some cases, the team also plays at the <a href="/wiki/PalaDesio" title="PalaDesio">PalaDesio</a>, with a capacity of 6,700. Milan is also home to Italy's oldest <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team: <a href="/wiki/Rhinos_Milano" title="Rhinos Milano">Rhinos Milano</a>, who have won five <a href="/wiki/Italian_Super_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Super Bowl">Italian Super Bowls</a>. The team plays at the <a href="/wiki/Velodromo_Vigorelli" title="Velodromo Vigorelli">Velodromo Vigorelli</a>, with a capacity of 8,000. Another American football team that uses the same venue is the <a href="/wiki/Milano_Seamen" title="Milano Seamen">Seamen Milano</a>, who will join the professional <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a> in 2023. <a href="/wiki/Bergamo_Lions" title="Bergamo Lions">Bergamo Lions</a> have won Italian Super Bowls more than any other team 12 times. They won the <a href="/wiki/Eurobowl" title="Eurobowl">Eurobowl</a> in 2000, 2001 and 2002, while losing to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Vikings" title="Vienna Vikings">Vienna Vikings</a> in the finals of 2004 and 2005 Eurobowl. <a href="/wiki/Legnano_Frogs" title="Legnano Frogs">Legnano Frogs</a> were <a href="/wiki/European_Football_League" title="European Football League">European Football League</a> champions in 1989 (with two participations in the <a href="/wiki/Eurobowl" title="Eurobowl">Eurobowl</a> final) and won six <a href="/wiki/Italian_Football_League" title="Italian Football League">Italian Football League</a> titles (with 11 participations in the Italian Super Bowl). Milan will host the <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Winter Olympics</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a>, a famous annual bicycle race, usually ends in Milan.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amatori_Rugby_Milano" title="Amatori Rugby Milano">Amatori Rugby Milano</a>, the most decorated rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927. Alpine skiing is also important for the region; the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup" title="FIS Alpine Ski World Cup">FIS Alpine Ski World Cup</a> holds an annual race in <a href="/wiki/Bormio" title="Bormio">Bormio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monza_Circuit" title="Monza Circuit">Monza Circuit</a>, located near Milan, hosts the Formula One <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grand_Prix" title="Italian Grand Prix">Italian Grand Prix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> The circuit is located inside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Villa_of_Monza" title="Royal Villa of Monza">Royal Villa of Monza</a> park. It is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">car racing</a> circuits. The capacity for the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> races is currently over 113,000. It has hosted a Formula One race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980. Milan will host the <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Paralympics" title="2026 Winter Paralympics">Paralympic</a> games for the first time in 2026, together with <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Traditions_and_folklore">Traditions and folklore</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Traditions and folklore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG/220px-Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG/220px-Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG/330px-Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG/440px-Carnevale_di_Bagolino_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Typical masks of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagolino_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagolino Carnival (page does not exist)">Bagolino Carnival</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnevale_di_Bagolino" class="extiw" title="it:Carnevale di Bagolino">it</a>], in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a></figcaption></figure> There are numerous traditional festivals and meetings in Lombardy: cities and towns offer calendars full of events, some of which have ancient origins. The <a href="/wiki/Oh_bej!_Oh_bej!" title="Oh bej! Oh bej!">Oh bej! Oh bej!</a> is held in Milan on 7 and 8 December each year and commemorates the appointment of Saint <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> as bishop of the city. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrosian_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrosian Carnival (page does not exist)">Ambrosian Carnival</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnevale_Ambrosiano" class="extiw" title="it:Carnevale Ambrosiano">it</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Carnevale Ambrosiano) is celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan</a> and in the territories of some of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. It lasts until the first Saturday of Lent.<a href="#cite_note-AA.VV-249">[244]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagolino_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagolino Carnival (page does not exist)">Bagolino Carnival</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnevale_di_Bagolino" class="extiw" title="it:Carnevale di Bagolino">it</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Carnevale di Bagolino), of very ancient tradition, is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Bagolino" title="Bagolino">Bagolino</a>, an ancient village that retains its medieval architectural characteristics and located in the Caffaro Valley, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/220px-Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/220px-Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/330px-Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG/440px-Corsa_ippica_-_Palio_di_Legnano_2014.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The horse race of the <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Legnano" title="Palio di Legnano">Palio di Legnano</a> 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Legnano" title="Palio di Legnano">Palio di Legnano</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">the city of the same name</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Metropolitan City of Milan</a>, on the last Sunday of May. It is the historical re-enactment which celebrates the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> over the emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> on 29 May 1176. The event includes a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_pageant" title="Medieval pageant">medieval pageant</a> through the streets of the city and finally a <a href="/wiki/Horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse race">horse race</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Contrade_of_Legnano" title="Contrade of Legnano">eight contrade</a> in which Legnano is divided. The historical re-enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Pontida" title="Oath of Pontida">oath of Pontida</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Pontida" title="Pontida">Pontida</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">province of Bergamo</a>, on 7 March and commemorates the legendary oath of the Lombard League which should have been the prelude to the victorious war of the Lombard municipalities against Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-AA.VV-249">[244]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Airports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg/220px-Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7835" data-file-height="5226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg/220px-Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg/330px-Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg/440px-Milan_malpensa_terminal_airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The intercontinental <a href="/wiki/Spoke%E2%80%93hub_distribution_paradigm" title="Spoke–hub distribution paradigm">hub</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Malpensa_Airport" title="Milan Malpensa Airport">Milan Malpensa Airport</a> is 9th in the world and 6th in Europe for the number of countries served with direct scheduled flights.<a href="#cite_note-Ceresa-251">[246]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminal_Linate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_Linate.jpg/220px-Terminal_Linate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_Linate.jpg/220px-Terminal_Linate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_Linate.jpg/330px-Terminal_Linate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_Linate.jpg/440px-Terminal_Linate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan_Linate_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Linate Airport">Milan Linate Airport</a> is the 8th airport in Italy for passenger traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Linate-252">[247]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg/220px-Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8029" data-file-height="5355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg/220px-Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg/330px-Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg/440px-Bergamo_airport_terminal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Departures area of the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Bergamo_Airport" title="Milan Bergamo Airport">Milan Bergamo Airport</a>. It is one of <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>'s three main operating bases, along with <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ryanair-253">[248]</a></figcaption></figure> The airport service in Lombardy is made up of 4 main airports and represents the most important airport system in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> In the surroundings of Milan there are three airports dedicated to normal civilian traffic (Milan Malpensa Airport and Milan Linate Airport, managed by SEA, and Milan Bergamo Airport by SACBO). Overall, the Milan airport system handles traffic of over 51.4 million passengers and around 700,000 tons of goods every year and is the first in Italy in terms of passenger volume and cargo volume (the second Italian airport system is Rome with 44.4 million passengers in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> The Milan Malpensa Airport, with over 700 thousand tons, confirms the national leadership, processing 70% of the country's air cargo.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> <ul><li>The intercontinental <a href="/wiki/Spoke%E2%80%93hub_distribution_paradigm" title="Spoke–hub distribution paradigm">hub</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Malpensa_Airport" title="Milan Malpensa Airport">Milan Malpensa Airport</a> (MXP) is Italy's second-busiest airport, after <a href="/wiki/Rome_Fiumicino_Airport" title="Rome Fiumicino Airport">Rome Fiumicino Airport</a>, with 24.1 million passengers served in 2023 and Italy's busiest for freight and cargo, handling about 700,000 tons of international freight in 2022. Malpensa Airport is the largest <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, serving Lombardy, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, as well as the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Canton of Ticino</a>. The airport is located 49 kilometres (30 mi) northwest of Milan,<a href="#cite_note-AIP-257">[252]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Varese" title="Province of Varese">province of Varese</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> river dividing Lombardy and Piedmont. Malpensa airport is 9th in the world and 6th in Europe for the number of countries served with direct scheduled flights <a href="#cite_note-Ceresa-251">[246]</a> It is connected to Milan by the <a href="/wiki/Malpensa_Express" title="Malpensa Express">Malpensa Express</a> railway service and by various bus lines.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> The airport is located inside the <a href="/wiki/Parco_naturale_lombardo_della_Valle_del_Ticino" title="Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino">Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> included by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Linate_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Linate Airport">Milan Linate Airport</a> (LIN) is Milan's city airport, less than 8 km (5.0 mi) from central Milan, and is mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Linate Airport is hub of <a href="/wiki/ITA_Airways" title="ITA Airways">ITA Airways</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Rome_Fiumicino_Airport" title="Rome Fiumicino Airport">Rome Fiumicino Airport</a> and is connected to the centre of Milan via the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_4" title="Milan Metro Line 4">M4 blue metro line</a>. It served 8.6 million passengers in 2023 ranking as the 8th airport in Italy for passenger traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Linate-252">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Bergamo_Airport" title="Milan Bergamo Airport">Milan Bergamo Airport</a> (BGY) is mainly used for low-cost, charter and cargo flights.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> The airport is located in <a href="/wiki/Orio_al_Serio" title="Orio al Serio">Orio al Serio</a>, 3.7 km (2.3 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and 45 km (28 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. It is one of <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>'s three main operating bases, along with <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ryanair-253">[248]</a> A bus service operated by ATB connects to the airport, about 10 minutes from the <a href="/wiki/Bergamo_railway_station" title="Bergamo railway station">Bergamo railway station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> It served 14.7 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brescia_Airport" title="Brescia Airport">Brescia Airport</a> (VBS) is mainly used for postal and cargo flights, but also welcomes scheduled national and international flights for passengers.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Brescia Airport is the main sorting base for <a href="/wiki/Poste_Italiane" title="Poste Italiane">Poste Italiane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a>: <a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poste_Air_Cargo" title="Poste Air Cargo">Poste Air Cargo</a> postal and cargo flights depart and arrive every night.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> The airport also benefits from an intensification of freight traffic, thanks to a partnership agreement signed between the Poste Italiane and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> Since November 2018, the airport has also become one of the main bases for cargo flights of the international courier <a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a></li></ul> Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Bresso_Airfield" title="Bresso Airfield">Bresso Airfield</a> is a <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airport, operated by Aero Club Milano.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Since 1960 the airport mostly serves as a general aviation airfield for flying club activity, touristic flights and air taxi.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> It also hosts a base of the state helicopter emergency service Elisoccorso.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghedi_Air_Base" title="Ghedi Air Base">Ghedi Air Base</a> is a base of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghedi" title="Ghedi">Ghedi</a>, about 15 km (9.3 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/6%C2%BA_Stormo" class="mw-redirect" title="6º Stormo">6º Stormo</a> of the Italian Air Force with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=102%C2%BA_Gruppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="102º Gruppo (page does not exist)">102º Gruppo</a> (Papero), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=154%C2%BA_Gruppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="154º Gruppo (page does not exist)">154º Gruppo</a> (Diavoli Rossi) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=155%C2%BA_Gruppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="155º Gruppo (page does not exist)">155º Gruppo</a> (Le linci) equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado IDS</a>. It is one of six active air bases in five European countries with <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> in underground <a href="/wiki/Weapon_Storage_Security_System_(WS3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon Storage Security System (WS3)">WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System</a> inside aircraft shelters.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> and as of 2019 housed more than 40 nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg/220px-Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg/220px-Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg/330px-Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg/440px-Milan_CentralStation_016_4294.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station" title="Milano Centrale railway station">Milano Centrale railway station</a> is the second railway station in Italy for passenger flow<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> and the largest railway station in Europe by volume.<a href="#cite_note-unitremilano-277">[272]</a></figcaption></figure> The Lombardy railway network has 428 stations and extends for approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi).<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> The network is mainly managed by <a href="/wiki/Rete_Ferroviaria_Italiana" title="Rete Ferroviaria Italiana">RFI</a>; 320 km (200 mi) of railway lines are under concession to <a href="/wiki/Ferrovienord" title="Ferrovienord">Ferrovienord</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>-<a href="/wiki/Suzzara" title="Suzzara">Suzzara</a> and Suzzara-<a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> lines, although partially falling within Lombardy (55 km (34 mi) and 11 stations), are under concession to <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_Emilia_Romagna" title="Ferrovie Emilia Romagna">Ferrovie Emilia Romagna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> The national and international railway service is mainly ensured by <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> and to a lesser extent by <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a>. The regional territory has three <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed lines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Milan_high-speed_railway" title="Turin–Milan high-speed railway">Turin–Milan high-speed railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Bologna_high-speed_railway" title="Milan–Bologna high-speed railway">Milan–Bologna high-speed railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Verona_high-speed_railway" title="Milan–Verona high-speed railway">Milan–Verona high-speed railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> Milan is the core of Lombardy's regional train network. The regional service is the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Trenord" title="Trenord">Trenord</a>, a company founded on 3 May 2011 and jointly owned by the <a href="/wiki/Ferrovie_Nord_Milano" title="Ferrovie Nord Milano">Ferrovie Nord Milano</a> and Trenitalia, which operates on both the RFI and Ferrovie Nord Milano networks, which have the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Passerby_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Passerby Railway">Milan Passerby railway</a> as their main interconnection hub.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia_Tper" title="Trenitalia Tper">Trenitalia Tper</a> company operates on the FER network. <a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station" title="Milano Centrale railway station">Milano Centrale railway station</a>, with 110 million passengers per year, is the largest and <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_railway_stations_in_Europe" title="List of busiest railway stations in Europe">eighth busiest railway station in Europe</a> and the second busiest in Italy after <a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma Termini">Roma Termini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grandistazioni-283">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milano_Cadorna_railway_station" title="Milano Cadorna railway station">Milano Cadorna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milano_Porta_Garibaldi_railway_station" title="Milano Porta Garibaldi railway station">Milano Porta Garibaldi</a> stations are respectively the seventh and the eleventh busiest stations in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-grandistazioni-283">[278]</a> Milano Centrale railway station is the largest railway station in Europe by volume.<a href="#cite_note-unitremilano-277">[272]</a> As of May 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milan_suburban_railway_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan suburban railway service">Milan suburban railway service</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Trenord" title="Trenord">Trenord</a>, comprises 11 <a href="/wiki/S-train" class="mw-redirect" title="S-train">S lines</a> connecting the metropolitan area with the city centre, with possible transfers to all the metro lines. Most S lines run through the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Passerby_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Passerby Railway">Milan Passerby railway</a>, commonly referred to as "il Passante" and served by double-decker trains every 4/8 minutes in the central underground section.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A8-A26_Besnate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/220px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/220px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/330px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A8-A26_Besnate.jpg/440px-A8-A26_Besnate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a> ("Lakes Motorway"; now parts of the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">Autostrada A8</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">Autostrada A9</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Besnate" title="Besnate">Besnate</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> built in the world<a href="#cite_note-independent-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-286">[281]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">motorway</a> network in Lombardy extends for 700 km (430 mi) to which approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) of <a href="/wiki/State_highways_(Italy)" title="State highways (Italy)">state highways</a> are added.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A4_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A4 (Italy)">A4 motorway</a> crosses the entire regional territory for 155 km (96 mi) from east to west, connecting the cities of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. It is characterized by particularly intense traffic throughout the year and is flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A35" title="Autostrada A35">BreBeMi</a>, which connects Brescia to the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A58" title="Autostrada A58">Milan external east ring road</a> of Milan passing through <a href="/wiki/Treviglio" title="Treviglio">Treviglio</a>, rather than Bergamo.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> The Milan <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> system is the largest in Italy, 74.4 km (46.2 mi) long in total and is made up of three ring roads: <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A50" title="Autostrada A50">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A51" title="Autostrada A51">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A52" title="Autostrada A52">North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A1_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A1 (Italy)">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A7_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A7 (Italy)">A7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A35" title="Autostrada A35">A35</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">A8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">A9</a> connect Lombardy with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a> ("Lakes Motorway"), connecting <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, and now parts of the A8 and A9 motorways, was devised by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Puricelli" title="Piero Puricelli">Piero Puricelli</a> and was inaugurated in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-286">[281]</a> It is the first <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> built in the world.<a href="#cite_note-independent-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-286">[281]</a> In the region there are also the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A21_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A21 (Italy)">A21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A22_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A22 (Italy)">A22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A36" title="Autostrada A36">A36</a> motorways, the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A53_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A53 (Italy)">A53</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A54" title="Autostrada A54">A54</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> ring roads, the <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> ring road system, the <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> south ring road, the Brescia west ring road, the <a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a> ring road system and the of <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> ring road (<a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A59" title="Autostrada A59">A59</a>).<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground">Underground</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Underground" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/220px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/220px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/330px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg/440px-M4_San_Babila_appena_inaugurata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan Metro</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the eighth in the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a></figcaption></figure> The cities of Milan and Brescia have <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground</a> systems. Milan has the most extensive metro network in Italy, with 5 lines in operation (<a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_1" title="Milan Metro Line 1">M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_2" title="Milan Metro Line 2">M2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_3" title="Milan Metro Line 3">M3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_4" title="Milan Metro Line 4">M4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro_Line_5" title="Milan Metro Line 5">M5</a>). <a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan Metro</a> has a daily ridership of 1.15 million,<a href="#cite_note-rep3sep-293">[288]</a> the largest in Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Azienda_Trasporti_Milanesi" title="Azienda Trasporti Milanesi">Azienda Trasporti Milanesi</a>. The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Albini" title="Franco Albini">Franco Albini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franca_Helg" title="Franca Helg">Franca Helg</a>, and the signs, designed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Noorda" title="Bob Noorda">Bob Noorda</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Compasso_d%27Oro" title="Compasso d'Oro">Compasso d'Oro</a> award in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> it is the seventh largest network in terms of kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metro </th> <th>Lines </th> <th>Stations </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan_Metro" title="Milan Metro">Milan Metro</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>113 </td> <td>101 km (63 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brescia_Metro" title="Brescia Metro">Brescia Metro</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>13.7 km (8.5 mi) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Navigation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG/220px-Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG/220px-Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG/330px-Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG/440px-Lago_Maggiore_Traghetto.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Car ferry across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Verbania" title="Verbania">Verbania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Laveno" class="mw-redirect" title="Laveno">Laveno</a> (Lombardy). In the background <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> mountain chain and Verbania</figcaption></figure> Even though it is not surrounded by the sea, the region has a naval system that develops on the lakes, along the rivers and <a href="/wiki/Navigli" title="Navigli">Navigli</a>. The most important waterway system in Lombardy is part of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>-<a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> one which allows navigation from <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Po_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Po river">Po river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> In this waterway system, the most important ports in Lombardy are those of <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> Navigation on the lakes has a predominantly tourist function and takes place regularly on scheduled routes. The scheduled shipping routes cover 460 km (290 mi) and are frequented by over 10 million travellers annually.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> The connections are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Gestione_Governativa_Navigazione_Laghi" title="Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi">Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Twinning_and_covenants">Twinning and covenants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Twinning and covenants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg.png" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lombard_autonomy_referendum" title="2017 Lombard autonomy referendum">2017 Lombard autonomy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European regions by GDP">List of European regions by GDP</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-orth-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orth_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orth_1-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Milanese_orthography" title="Classical Milanese orthography">Classical Milanese orthography</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern</a> orthographies, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriver_Lombard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriver Lombard (page does not exist)">Scriver Lombard</a> [<a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriver_Lombard" class="extiw" title="lmo:Scriver Lombard">lmo</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda (page does not exist)">Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda</a> [<a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeuva_Ortografia_Lombarda" class="extiw" title="lmo:Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda">lmo</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> and Modern <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard">Western</a> orthographies use the spelling Lumbardia.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> Other Eastern orthographies use the spelling Lombardéa.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pron-7"><a href="#cite_ref-pron_7-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɒmbərdi, ˈlʌm-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LOM-bər-dee, LUM-</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[lombarˈdiːa]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Western Lombard: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[lũbarˈdiːa]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Eastern Lombard: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[lombarˈdi.a, -ˈde.a]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Lumbardia. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Lombardy" title="Crema, Lombardy">Crema</a> belonged to the part of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> conquered for more than a century by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Vigevano" title="Vigevano">Vigevano</a> reunified an area formerly from <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a> which over the centuries had been fragmented due to the powerful influence of nearby <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Planetary Health. 5 (3): e121–e134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2820%2930272-2">10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30272-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F53387">10230/53387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482109">33482109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231687871">231687871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Planetary+Health&rft.atitle=Premature+mortality+due+to+air+pollution+in+European+cities%3A+a+health+impact+assessment&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e121-e134&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F53387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231687871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33482109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2820%2930272-2&rft.aulast=Khomenko&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cirach%2C+M.&rft.au=Pereira-Barboza%2C+E.&rft.au=Mueller%2C+N.&rft.au=Barrera-G%C3%B3mez%2C+J.&rft.au=Rojas-Rueda%2C+D.&rft.au=De+Hoogh%2C+K.&rft.au=Hoek%2C+G.&rft.au=Nieuwenhuijsen%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS2542-5196%252820%252930272-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco2-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco2_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco2_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco2_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94">"Rock Drawings in Valcamonica - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Drawings+in+Valcamonica+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adorno-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adorno_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adorno_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adorno, Piero (1992). "Mesolitico e Neolitico". L'arte italiana (in Italian). Vol. 1. Firenze: D'Anna. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mesolitico+e+Neolitico&rft.btitle=L%27arte+italiana&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=D%27Anna&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-archeointro-57"><a href="#cite_ref-archeointro_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeocamuni.it/arte_rupestre.html">"Introduzione all'arte rupestre della Valcamonica"</a>. Archeocamuni.it (in Italian). Retrieved 11 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archeocamuni.it&rft.atitle=Introduzione+all%27arte+rupestre+della+Valcamonica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeocamuni.it%2Farte_rupestre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagles2006" class="citation book cs1">Fagles, Robert (2006). The Aeneid. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03803-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03803-2"><bdi>0-670-03803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeneid&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-670-03803-2&rft.aulast=Fagles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucchini2013" class="citation book cs1">Lucchini, Daniele (2013). Rise and fall of a capital. The history of Mantua in the words of who wrote about it. Finisterrae. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-78388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-291-78388-9"><bdi>978-1-291-78388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+fall+of+a+capital.+The+history+of+Mantua+in+the+words+of+who+wrote+about+it&rft.pub=Finisterrae&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-291-78388-9&rft.aulast=Lucchini&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capiate.org/SitoEN/comata.htm">"The Gallia Comata"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gallia+Comata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capiate.org%2FSitoEN%2Fcomata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monasteriimperialipavia.it/pavia-citta-regia/?lang=en">"Pavia Royal town"</a>. Monasteri Imperiali Pavia (in Italian). Retrieved 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monasteri+Imperiali+Pavia&rft.atitle=Pavia+Royal+town&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monasteriimperialipavia.it%2Fpavia-citta-regia%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#Pellegrini">Pellegrini</a>: "L'Italia settentrionale nei secoli del tardo impero ed in quelli successivi sino al 1000 (forse anche dopo) risulta strettamente collegata con la Gallia sul piano politico e linguistico; si può parlare senza tema di errore di un'ampia 'Galloromania' che include non soltanto la Rezia ma anche la Cisalpina con buona parte del Veneto." [Northern Italy in the centuries of the Late Empire and in the following ones up to 1000 (maybe even later) is closely connected with Gaul on a political and linguistic level; one can speak without fear of error of a broad 'Galloromania' which includes not only Rhaetia but also the Cisalpine with a good part of Veneto.] </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciamo_Hay2013" class="citation web cs1">Maciamo Hay (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/italian_dna.shtml">"Genetic History of the Italians"</a>. Eupedia. 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Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITALICO%2C+REGNO+in+%22Enciclopedia+Italiana%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fregno-italico_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lega-lombarda_(Federiciana)/">"Lega Lombarda"</a> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>. 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Venice: Giouan Maria Bonelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descrittione+di+tutta+Italia+di+F.+Leandro+Alberti+bolognese%2C+nella+quale+si+contiene+il+sito+di+essa%2C+l%27origine+%26+le+signorie+delle+citt%C3%A0+%26+de+i+castelli...&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Giouan+Maria+Bonelli&rft.date=1553&rft.aulast=Alberti&rft.aufirst=Leandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiadimilano.it/Personaggi/Milanesi%20illustri/mora.htm">"Storia di Milano - Gian Giacomo Mora"</a>. Storiadimilano.it (in Italian). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/cultura/200804articoli/31497girata.asp">the original</a> on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27uomo+che+invent%C3%B2+la+Milano+da+bere&rft.pub=Lastampa.It&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fredazione%2FcmsSezioni%2Fcultura%2F200804articoli%2F31497girata.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/08/italy-announces-quarantine-affecting-quarter-of-population.html">"Italy announces quarantine affecting quarter of population"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turismo+-+Annuario+Statistico+Regionale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asr-lombardia.it%2FASR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503201033/http://www.asr-lombardia.it/RSY/tourism/flows-of-tourists/lombardia-and-provinces/tables/12193/">"RSY Lombardia-Arrivals and nights spent by guests in accommodation establishments, by type of resort and by type of establishment. Total accommodation establishments. Part III Tourist resort. Year 2013"</a>. Asr-lombardia.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asr-lombardia.it/RSY/tourism/flows-of-tourists/lombardia-and-provinces/tables/12193/">the original</a> on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asr-lombardia.it&rft.atitle=RSY+Lombardia-Arrivals+and+nights+spent+by+guests+in+accommodation+establishments%2C+by+type+of+resort+and+by+type+of+establishment.+Total+accommodation+establishments.+Part+III+Tourist+resort.+Year+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asr-lombardia.it%2FRSY%2Ftourism%2Fflows-of-tourists%2Flombardia-and-provinces%2Ftables%2F12193%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171520/https://www.asr-lombardia.it/asrlomb/it/442arrivi-e-presenze-di-clienti-italiani-e-stranieri-nel-complesso-degli-esercizi-ricettivi-italia">"Arrivi e presenze di clienti italiani e stranieri nel complesso degli esercizi ricettivi. - Italia, Lombardia e province lombarde 2021"</a>. Istat (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asr-lombardia.it/asrlomb/it/442arrivi-e-presenze-di-clienti-italiani-e-stranieri-nel-complesso-degli-esercizi-ricettivi-italia">the original</a> on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istat&rft.atitle=Arrivi+e+presenze+di+clienti+italiani+e+stranieri+nel+complesso+degli+esercizi+ricettivi.+-+Italia%2C+Lombardia+e+province+lombarde+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asr-lombardia.it%2Fasrlomb%2Fit%2F442arrivi-e-presenze-di-clienti-italiani-e-stranieri-nel-complesso-degli-esercizi-ricettivi-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Traveller, alla scoperta dei luoghi più belli del mondo, Lago di Como (in Italian). Milano: Condé Nast. 2004. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveller%2C+alla+scoperta+dei+luoghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+del+mondo%2C+Lago+di+Como&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9+Nast&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montagnalombardia.com/">"Turismo montano in Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turismo+in+Lombardia%3A+citt%C3%A0+d%27arte+e+siti+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italia.it%2Fit%2Fscopri-litalia%2Flombardia.html%23box_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2012 (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-511-1599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-511-1599-9"><bdi>978-88-511-1599-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+Atlante+De+Agostini+2012&rft.place=Novara&rft.pub=Istituto+Geografico+De+Agostini&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-511-1599-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrico_Venni" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Enrico Venni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milano.corriere.it/milano/notizie/cronaca/13_gennaio_23/certosa-pavia-addio-ingresso-gratuito-ticket-biglietto-ingresso-pagamento-2113668369778.shtml">"Capolavoro Certosa:«Pagare il biglietto per conservarne lo splendore»"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capolavoro+Certosa%3A%C2%ABPagare+il+biglietto+per+conservarne+lo+splendore%C2%BB&rft.au=Enrico+Venni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilano.corriere.it%2Fmilano%2Fnotizie%2Fcronaca%2F13_gennaio_23%2Fcertosa-pavia-addio-ingresso-gratuito-ticket-biglietto-ingresso-pagamento-2113668369778.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Angelini2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francesco Angelini (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laprovinciadicomo.it/stories/Homepage/139716_villa_carlotta_tra_i_dieci_parchi_pi_belli_ditalia/">"Villa Carlotta tra i dieci parchi più belli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villa+Carlotta+tra+i+dieci+parchi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.au=Francesco+Angelini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprovinciadicomo.it%2Fstories%2FHomepage%2F139716_villa_carlotta_tra_i_dieci_parchi_pi_belli_ditalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unioncamerelombardia.it/media/tutte-le-notizie/dettaglio-notizia/accelera-loccupazione-in-lombardia-nel-primo-trimestre-2023">"Accelera l'occupazione in Lombardia nel primo trimestre"</a>. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accelera+l%27occupazione+in+Lombardia+nel+primo+trimestre&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unioncamerelombardia.it%2Fmedia%2Ftutte-le-notizie%2Fdettaglio-notizia%2Faccelera-loccupazione-in-lombardia-nel-primo-trimestre-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=de&pcode=tgs00010&plugin=1">"Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region"</a>. Eurostat. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/web/crl/AttivitaConsiliari/LavoriCommissioni/CommissioneStatuto/documenti">the original</a> on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concisglio+regionale+della+Lombardia+%E2%80%93+Stututo+dell%27autonomia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it%2Fweb%2Fcrl%2FAttivitaConsiliari%2FLavoriCommissioni%2FCommissioneStatuto%2Fdocumenti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/_s.155/606/.cmd/ad/.ar/sa.link/.c/502/.ce/628/.p/408?PC_408_linkQuery=pagename=PortaleLombardia%2FGenDoc%2FPL_GenDoc_light,c=GenDoc,cid=1043797879469,dir_gen=off,fronte=off,ottica=off#628">"Lombardy Region – Regional Cabinet"</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lombardy+Region+%E2%80%93+Regional+Cabinet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.lombardia.it%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F_s.155%2F606%2F.cmd%2Fad%2F.ar%2Fsa.link%2F.c%2F502%2F.ce%2F628%2F.p%2F408%3FPC_408_linkQuery%3Dpagename%3DPortaleLombardia%252FGenDoc%252FPL_GenDoc_light%2Cc%3DGenDoc%2Ccid%3D1043797879469%2Cdir_gen%3Doff%2Cfronte%3Doff%2Cottica%3Doff%23628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2022/02/18/tangentopoli-cause-conseguenze/">"Tangentopoli trent'anni dopo"</a> (in Italian). 18 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tangentopoli+trent%27anni+dopo&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpost.it%2F2022%2F02%2F18%2Ftangentopoli-cause-conseguenze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/wps/wcm/connect/4e4f04c2-cfe9-4ecf-87ce-039887cbb399/dossier_elezioni_regionali_2013_Lombardia.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-4e4f04c2-cfe9-4ecf-87ce-039887cbb399-mwJYt2I">"Elezioni regionali del 24 e 25 febbraio 2013"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elezioni+regionali+del+24+e+25+febbraio+2013&rft.pages=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2F4e4f04c2-cfe9-4ecf-87ce-039887cbb399%2Fdossier_elezioni_regionali_2013_Lombardia.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26CACHEID%3DROOTWORKSPACE-4e4f04c2-cfe9-4ecf-87ce-039887cbb399-mwJYt2I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istat-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Istat_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/20-comuni/popolazione/">"Comuni lombardi per popolazione"</a>. tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Istat. Retrieved 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tuttitalia.it&rft.atitle=Comuni+lombardi+per+popolazione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Flombardia%2F20-comuni%2Fpopolazione%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normelombardia.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/normelombardia/Accessibile/main.aspx?iddoc=lrst2008051400001&view=showdoc">"Legge Regionale Statutaria nº1 del 30 agosto 2008 - Statuto d'autonomia della Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+Statutaria+n%C2%BA1+del+30+agosto+2008+-+Statuto+d%27autonomia+della+Lombardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnormelombardia.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it%2Fnormelombardia%2FAccessibile%2Fmain.aspx%3Fiddoc%3Dlrst2008051400001%26view%3Dshowdoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032518/http://www.vallecamonicaunesco.it/museo.php">"Il Museo Nazionale della Preistoria della Valle Camonica"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vallecamonicaunesco.it/museo.php">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Museo+Nazionale+della+Preistoria+della+Valle+Camonica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vallecamonicaunesco.it%2Fmuseo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-simboli-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simboli_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simboli_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/HP/DettaglioRedazionale/istituzione/regione/red-simboli-ricorrenze-rec">"Simboli e ricorrenze istituzionali - Regione Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simboli+e+ricorrenze+istituzionali+-+Regione+Lombardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.lombardia.it%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fistituzionale%2FHP%2FDettaglioRedazionale%2Fistituzione%2Fregione%2Fred-simboli-ricorrenze-rec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Spatola" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giuseppe Spatola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130221122/http://www.bresciaoggi.it/territori/citt%C3%A0/la-rosa-camuna-in-regione-la-impose-sandro-fontana-1.7083180">"La Rosa Camuna? In Regione la «impose» Sandro Fontana"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bresciaoggi.it/territori/citt%C3%A0/la-rosa-camuna-in-regione-la-impose-sandro-fontana-1.7083180">the original</a> on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Rosa+Camuna%3F+In+Regione+la+%C2%ABimpose%C2%BB+Sandro+Fontana&rft.au=Giuseppe+Spatola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%2Fterritori%2Fcitt%25C3%25A0%2Fla-rosa-camuna-in-regione-la-impose-sandro-fontana-1.7083180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFioravanti1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fioravanti, Giorgio (1993). Il dizionario del grafico (in Italian). Bologna: Zanichelli. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-08-14116-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-08-14116-0"><bdi>88-08-14116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+dizionario+del+grafico&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=88-08-14116-0&rft.aulast=Fioravanti&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-simboli2-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simboli2_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simboli2_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085807/http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=Redazionale_P&childpagename=Regione%2FDetail&cid=1213273768697&packedargs=NoSlotForSitePlan%3Dtrue%26menu-to-render%3D1213273365569&pagename=RGNWrapper">"Stemma della Regione Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=Redazionale_P&childpagename=Regione%2FDetail&cid=1213273768697&packedargs=NoSlotForSitePlan%3Dtrue%26menu-to-render%3D1213273365569&pagename=RGNWrapper">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stemma+della+Regione+Lombardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.lombardia.it%2Fcs%2FSatellite%3Fc%3DRedazionale_P%26childpagename%3DRegione%252FDetail%26cid%3D1213273768697%26packedargs%3DNoSlotForSitePlan%253Dtrue%2526menu-to-render%253D1213273365569%26pagename%3DRGNWrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/lombardia/notizie/2019/01/29/lombardia-ce-legge-per-la-bandiera_e03a224c-d010-4d67-8d44-760a8d142880.html">"Lombardia: c'è legge per la bandiera"</a> (in Italian). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lombardia%3A+c%27%C3%A8+legge+per+la+bandiera&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Flombardia%2Fnotizie%2F2019%2F01%2F29%2Flombardia-ce-legge-per-la-bandiera_e03a224c-d010-4d67-8d44-760a8d142880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilgiorno.it/politica/bandiera-regione-lombardia-1.4414990">"Rosa camuna bianca su fondo verde, la Regione Lombardia adotta la bandiera ufficiale"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosa+camuna+bianca+su+fondo+verde%2C+la+Regione+Lombardia+adotta+la+bandiera+ufficiale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilgiorno.it%2Fpolitica%2Fbandiera-regione-lombardia-1.4414990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/costanza_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)//">COSTANZA</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'IlarioGianazzaMarinoni1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">D'Ilario, Giorgio; Gianazza, Egidio; <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Marinoni" title="Augusto Marinoni">Marinoni, Augusto</a> (1976). Legnano e la battaglia (in Italian). Edizioni Landoni. p. 155. SBN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11256757">IT\ICCU\LO1\1256757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+e+la+battaglia&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Edizioni+Landoni&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=D%27Ilario&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Gianazza%2C+Egidio&rft.au=Marinoni%2C+Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Guaiti2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniela Guaiti (2010). Lombardia. La grande cucina regionale italiana (in Italian). Verona: Gribaudo. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8879068383" title="Special:BookSources/978-8879068383"><bdi>978-8879068383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lombardia&rft.place=Verona&rft.series=La+grande+cucina+regionale+italiana&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Gribaudo&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8879068383&rft.au=Daniela+Guaiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005143956/https://www.buonalombardia.regione.lombardia.it/shared/ccurl/433/68/Nuovo%20Codice%20Cucina%20Lombarda.pdf/">"Per un codice della cucina lombarda"</a> (in Italian). Regione Lombardia. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buonalombardia.regione.lombardia.it/shared/ccurl/433/68/Nuovo%20Codice%20Cucina%20Lombarda.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per+un+codice+della+cucina+lombarda&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Regione+Lombardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buonalombardia.regione.lombardia.it%2Fshared%2Fccurl%2F433%2F68%2FNuovo%2520Codice%2520Cucina%2520Lombarda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirasMedagliani2000" class="citation book cs1">Piras, Claudia; Medagliani, Eugenio (2000). Culinaria Italy. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-2901-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-2901-2"><bdi>3-8290-2901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinaria+Italy&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbh&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-8290-2901-2&rft.aulast=Piras&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Medagliani%2C+Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=LMO">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO"</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024. <q>Identifier: LMO / Name: Lombard / Status: Active / Code set: 639-3 / Scope: Individual / Type: Living</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+LMO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3DLMO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSoria2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mary C.; Soria, Claudia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&q=lombard+cluster+of+homogeneous&pg=PA130">"Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy"</a>. Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316352410" title="Special:BookSources/9781316352410"><bdi>9781316352410</bdi></a>. <q>Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont, and in Switzerland. Mutual intelligibility between speakers of Lombard and monolingual Italian speakers has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now mostly used in informal domains. According to Ethnologue, Piedmontese and Lombard are spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers, respectively. These are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially nor systematically taught in school</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+effect+of+official+recognition+on+the+vitality+of+endangered+languages%3A+a+case+of+study+from+Italy&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Planning+for+Endangered+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781316352410&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft.au=Soria%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-ZBCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlombard%2Bcluster%2Bof%2Bhomogeneous%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Botuver%C3%A1" title="Botuverá">Botuverá</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between <a href="/wiki/Treviglio" title="Treviglio">Treviglio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Lombardy" title="Crema, Lombardy">Crema</a>. A thesis of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> about Brasilian Bergamasque: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfadini" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonfadini, Giovanni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/">"Dialetti lombardi"</a> [Lombard dialects]. <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft.atitle=Dialetti+lombardi&rft.aulast=Bonfadini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fdialetti-lombardi_%2528Enciclopedia-dell%2527Italiano%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnoletto1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente (in Italian). p. 120. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.sbn.it/bid/CFI0249761">IT\ICCU\CFI\0249761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Giorgio+su+Legnano+-+storia%2C+societ%C3%A0%2C+ambiente&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Agnoletto&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ilario2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003). Dizionario legnanese (in Italian). Artigianservice. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.sbn.it/bid/MIL0625963">IT\ICCU\MIL\0625963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+legnanese&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Artigianservice&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=D%27Ilario&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive.org/stream/saggiosuidialet02biongoog#page/n8/mode/1up">"Saggi sui dialetti Gallo-Italici"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saggi+sui+dialetti+Gallo-Italici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fsaggiosuidialet02biongoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php/lingua-lombarda-lato.html">"Lingua lombarda"</a> [Lombard language]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingua+Lombarda&rft.atitle=Lingua+lombarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingualombarda.it%2Findex.php%2Flingua-lombarda-lato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeocamuni.it/ciclo_camuno.html">"Il ciclo istoriativo camuno: una tradizione millenaria"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+ciclo+istoriativo+camuno%3A+una+tradizione+millenaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeocamuni.it%2Fciclo_camuno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94">"Rock Drawings in Valcamonica"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Drawings+in+Valcamonica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1363">"Sites palafittiques préhistoriques autour des Alpes"</a> (in French). Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sites+palafittiques+pr%C3%A9historiques+autour+des+Alpes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Ffr%2Flist%2F1363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parcoarcheologicoforcello.it">"Parco Archeologico Forcello"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parco+Archeologico+Forcello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parcoarcheologicoforcello.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rossi, Marco (2005). Disegno storico dell'arte lombarda (in Italian). Vita e Pensiero. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-343-1212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-343-1212-4"><bdi>978-88-343-1212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disegno+storico+dell%27arte+lombarda&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Vita+e+Pensiero&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-343-1212-4&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santagiulia.info/museo_di_santa_giulia/periodo_longobardo/index.htm">"Il periodo longobardo al Museo di Santa Giulia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+periodo+longobardo+al+Museo+di+Santa+Giulia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santagiulia.info%2Fmuseo_di_santa_giulia%2Fperiodo_longobardo%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrudi_GambilloFiori1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drudi Gambillo, Maria; Fiori, Teresa (1958). Archivi del futurismo (in Italian). Edizioni De Luca. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archivi+del+futurismo&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Edizioni+De+Luca&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Drudi+Gambillo&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Fiori%2C+Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> [ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/novecento_res-109c24a0-8bb2-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)//">NOVECENTO</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodelnovecento.org/it/collezione">"In Collezione"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 28 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Collezione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelnovecento.org%2Fit%2Fcollezione&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/lombardia/">"Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). 9 January 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lombardia&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborghipiubelliditalia.it%2Flombardia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/">"Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria"</a> (in Italian). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia.+Le+14+novit%C3%A0+2023%2C+dal+Trentino+alla+Calabria&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fviaggi%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Fnews%2Fborghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/">"I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Borghi+pi%C3%B9+belli+d%27Italia%2C+la+guida+online+ai+piccoli+centri+dell%27Italia+nascosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fborghipiubelliditalia.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206012104/http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm">"Opere di Bonvesin de la Riva"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opere+di+Bonvesin+de+la+Riva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicitaliani.it%2Findex139.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brown, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html">"Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398)"</a> (in Italian). Prato: Archivio Datini. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimonianze+Di+Una+Precoce+Toscanizzazione+Nelle+Lettere+Commerciali+del+Mercante+Milanese+Francesco+Tanso+%28%3F-1398%29&rft.place=Prato&rft.pub=Archivio+Datini&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-437059133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller1999" class="citation book cs1">Haller, Hermann (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106">The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4424-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-4424-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Italy%3A+The+Literary+Canon+in+Dialect&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4424-2&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_F4C4AXtLFIC%26dq%3DGiovanni%2BBressani%2BGaleazzo%2Bdagli%2BOrzi%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-paolo-lomazzo_(Dizionario-Biografico)//">LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAA.VV.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/AA.VV." class="mw-redirect" title="AA.VV.">AA.VV.</a> (2002). Maschere italiane (in Italian). Edizioni Demetra. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8844026066" title="Special:BookSources/978-8844026066"><bdi>978-8844026066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maschere+italiane&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Edizioni+Demetra&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8844026066&rft.au=AA.VV.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html">"Bosinada"</a> (in Italian). 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bosinada&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapere.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fbosinada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html">"Letteratura milanese - Il '700"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letteratura+milanese+-+Il+%27700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org%2Flinguastoria%2F7001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse">"Sistema bibliotecario e documentale"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sistema+bibliotecario+e+documentale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.unicatt.it%2Fsearch~S13%2Aita%3F%2FcFONDO%2BSilvio%2BCipriani-E-75%2Fcfondo%2Bsilvio%2Bcipriani%2Be%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B75%2F-3%2C-1%2C%2CE%2Fbrowse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-porta//">Pòrta, Carlo</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-cherubini//">Cherubini, Francesco</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-218"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_218-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest church buildings in the world">List of largest church buildings in the world</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2007" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Clive (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172">Opera</a> (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124182-6"><bdi>978-0-06-124182-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-124182-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopera0000grif%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itinerarieluoghi.it/museo-del-violino-cremona/">"Cremona e la tradizione liutaia: visita al museo del violino"</a> (in Italian). 25 October 2023. 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Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1090">"Monte San Giorgio"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Monte+San+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeocamuni.it/arte_rupestre.html">"Introduzione all'arte rupestre della Valcamonica"</a> [Introduction to the rock art of Valcamonica] (in Italian). Archeocamuni.it. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduzione+all%27arte+rupestre+della+Valcamonica&rft.pub=Archeocamuni.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeocamuni.it%2Farte_rupestre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO3-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO3_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO3_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/">"Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Embassy+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Pile-dwellings+in+the+Ljubljansko+Barje+on+UNESCO+List&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.embassy.si%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fdkp_51_vwa%2Fnewsletter%2Foctober_2011%2FEmbassy_s_Newsletter__2011_-_14_-_10_finale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030220341/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html">"Italia langobardorum, la rete dei siti Longobardi italiani iscritta nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dell'UNESCO"</a> [Italia langobardorum, the network of the Italian Longobards sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List]. Beniculturali.it (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beniculturali.it&rft.atitle=Italia+langobardorum%2C+la+rete+dei+siti+Longobardi+italiani+iscritta+nella+Lista+del+Patrimonio+Mondiale+dell%27UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fexport%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FComunicati%2Fvisualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1318.pdf">"THE LONGOBARDS IN ITALY. PLACES OF THE POWER (568–774 A.D.). NOMINATION FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Sacri+Monti+of+Piedmont+and+Lombardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/730-summary.pdf">"UNESCO Reference 730"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autostrada+A50+-+Tangenziale+Ovest+Milano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flombardia.portale-infrastrutture.it%2Finfrastruttura.php%3Fid%3D954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lombardia.portale-infrastrutture.it/infrastrutture.php">"Infrastrutture Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrastrutture+Lombardia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flombardia.portale-infrastrutture.it%2Finfrastrutture.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milanocittastato.it/trasporti/effetto-m4-la-metro-di-milano-entra-nella-top-europea/?fbclid=IwY2xjawF3U1dleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHXSpIbaPnyiu6v7H7zI_mDyWgUrPadrCjN6GDzfUhPP2dI-Mfj4jLYBecw_aem__7hUFLg35ygwuZipXbL1Vg#goog_rewarded">"Effetto M4: la metro di Milano entra nella top europea"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effetto+M4%3A+la+metro+di+Milano+entra+nella+top+europea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milanocittastato.it%2Ftrasporti%2Feffetto-m4-la-metro-di-milano-entra-nella-top-europea%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwY2xjawF3U1dleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHXSpIbaPnyiu6v7H7zI_mDyWgUrPadrCjN6GDzfUhPP2dI-Mfj4jLYBecw_aem__7hUFLg35ygwuZipXbL1Vg%23goog_rewarded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rep3sep-293"><a href="#cite_ref-rep3sep_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/09/03/news/metro-65775461/">"Atm, un piano da 524 milioni per 500mila passeggeri un più"</a>. la Repubblica (in Italian). 3 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512011933/https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/09/03/news/metro-65775461/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Atm%2C+un+piano+da+524+milioni+per+500mila+passeggeri+un+pi%C3%B9&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilano.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2013%2F09%2F03%2Fnews%2Fmetro-65775461%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110050252/http://www.metromilano50.com/compasso-oro/">"Compasso d'oro 1964 alla Metropolitana di Milano - Motivazione e foto storiche della premiazione"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metromilano50.com/compasso-oro/">the original</a> on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compasso+d%27oro+1964+alla+Metropolitana+di+Milano+-+Motivazione+e+foto+storiche+della+premiazione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metromilano50.com%2Fcompasso-oro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metropolitana-milano.it/">"Metropolitana Milano - Scopri la metropolitana di Milano"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitana+Milano+-+Scopri+la+metropolitana+di+Milano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitana-milano.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013235930/http://www.metropolitanamilanese.it/pub/page/it/MM/metropolitane_milano">"Metropolitana di Milano"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitanamilanese.it/pub/page/it/MM/metropolitane_milano?contentId=613">the original</a> on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitana+di+Milano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitanamilanese.it%2Fpub%2Fpage%2Fit%2FMM%2Fmetropolitane_milano%3FcontentId%3D613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121126225440/http://www.bresciainfrastrutture.it/?page_id=20">"Lunghezza della Metropolitana di Brescia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bresciainfrastrutture.it/?page_id=20">the original</a> on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunghezza+della+Metropolitana+di+Brescia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciainfrastrutture.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127101322/http://www.bresciainfrastrutture.it/?page_id=37">"Stazioni della Metropolitana di Brescia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bresciainfrastrutture.it/?page_id=37">the original</a> on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stazioni+della+Metropolitana+di+Brescia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciainfrastrutture.it%2F%3Fpage_id%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navigaresulpo.it/">"Navigare sul Po"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navigare+sul+Po&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navigaresulpo.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307223107/http://www.alot.it/nina-net/index.php/it/network/i-principali-porti/70-porto-di-cremona">"Porto di Cremona"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alot.it/nina-net/index.php/it/network/i-principali-porti/70-porto-di-cremona">the original</a> on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porto+di+Cremona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alot.it%2Fnina-net%2Findex.php%2Fit%2Fnetwork%2Fi-principali-porti%2F70-porto-di-cremona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307223116/http://www.alot.it/nina-net/index.php/it/network/i-principali-porti/71-porto-di-mantova-valdaro">"Porto di Mantova"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alot.it/nina-net/index.php/it/network/i-principali-porti/71-porto-di-mantova-valdaro">the original</a> on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porto+di+Mantova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alot.it%2Fnina-net%2Findex.php%2Fit%2Fnetwork%2Fi-principali-porti%2F71-porto-di-mantova-valdaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauticadadiporto.netfirms.com/assonautica/article_114.shtml">"Assonautica, dati sulla navigazione interna in Lombardia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 2 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assonautica%2C+dati+sulla+navigazione+interna+in+Lombardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnauticadadiporto.netfirms.com%2Fassonautica%2Farticle_114.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li>Cochrane, Eric. Historians and historiography in the Italian Renaissance (U of Chicago Press, 1981).</li> <li>Conca Messina, Silvia A., and Catia Brilli. "Agriculture and nobility in Lombardy. Land, management and innovation (1815–1861)". Business History (2019): 1-25.</li> <li>de Klerck, Bram. The Brothers Campi: Images and Devotion. Religious Painting in Sixteenth-Century Lombardy (Amsterdam UP. 1999).</li> <li>Di Tullio, Matteo. "Cooperating in time of crisis: war, commons, and inequality in Renaissance Lombardy." Economic History Review 71.1 (2018): 82–105.</li> <li>Di Tullio, Matteo. The wealth of communities: war, resources and cooperation in Renaissance Lombardy (Ashgate, 2014).</li> <li>Gamberini, Andrea. The Clash of Legitimacies: The State-Building Process in Late Medieval Lombardy (2018)</li> <li>Greenfield, Kent Roberts. Economics and liberalism in the Risorgimento: a study of nationalism in Lombardy, 1814–1848 (1934).</li> <li>Klang, Daniel M. "Cesare Beccaria and the clash between jurisprudence and political economy in eighteenth-century Lombardy." Canadian journal of history 23.3 (1988): 305–336.</li> <li>Klang, Daniel M. "The problem of lease farming in eighteenth-century Piedmont and Lombardy." Agricultural history 76.3 (2002): 578–603. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3744731">3744731</a>.</li> <li>Klang, Daniel M. Tax reform in eighteenth century Lombardy (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taxreformineight0000klan">online</a></li> <li>Messina, Silvia A. Conca. Cotton Enterprises: Networks and Strategies: Lombardy in the Industrial Revolution, 1815–1860 (2018).</li> <li>Pyle, Cynthia Munro. Milan and Lombardy in the Renaissance: Essays in cultural history (1997).</li> <li>Sella, Domenico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisiscontinuity0000sell">Crisis and continuity: the economy of Spanish Lombardy in the seventeenth century</a> (1979)</li> <li>Soresina, Marco. "Images of Lombardy in historiography." Modern Italy 16.1 (2011): 67–85.</li> <li>Storrs, Christopher. <ul><li>"The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II (1665–1700) (Part I)". War in History Vol. 4, No. 4 (November 1997): 371–397. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26004503">26004503</a></li> <li>"The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II (1665–1700) (Part II)". War in History Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1998): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26004536">26004536</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pellegrini" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1993). "Il cisalpino e il retoromanzo" [Cisalpine and Rhaeto-Romance]. Italia settentrionale: Crocevia di idiomi romanzi. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi di Trento, 21-23 ottobre 1993 (in Italian). Emanuele Banfi, Giovanni Bonfadini, Patrizia Cordin, Maria Iliescu. De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italia+settentrionale%3A+Crocevia+di+idiomi+romanzi.+Atti+del+convegno+internazionale+di+studi+di+Trento%2C+21-23+ottobre+1993&rft.atitle=Il+cisalpino+e+il+retoromanzo&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Pellegrini&rft.aufirst=Giovan+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALombardy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guide_books">Guide books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Guide books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Daverio, Philippe. Lombardy: 127 Destinations For Discovering Art, History, and Beauty (2016) guide book.</li> <li>Macadam, Alta, and Annabel Barber. Blue Guide Lombardy, Milan & the Italian Lakes (2020).</li> <li>Williams, Egerton R. Jr. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lombardtownsini00willgoog">Lombard Towns in Italy; Or, The Cities of Ancient Lombardy</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in-lombardia.com/">Official tourism website of Lombardy</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Lombardy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&oldid=1257270510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&oldid=1257270510</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 02:17 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardye" title="Lombardye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lombardye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardei" title="Lombardei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lombardei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8E%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሎምባርዲያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሎምባርዲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbeardaland" title="Langbeardaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Langbeardaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لومبارديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لومبارديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%ADa" title="Lombardía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lombardía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%ADa" title="Lombardía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lombardía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لومباردیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لومباردیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লোম্বারদিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোম্বারদিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ламбардыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ламбардыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лямбардыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лямбардыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lombardy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ломбардия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ломбардия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llombardia" title="Llombardia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llombardia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ломбарди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ломбарди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie" title="Lombardie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbardia" title="Lumbardia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lumbardia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiet" title="Lombardiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lombardiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardei" title="Lombardei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lombardei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λομβαρδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λομβαρδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunbard%C3%AE" title="Lunbardî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lunbardî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%ADa" title="Lombardía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lombardía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardio" title="Lombardio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lombardio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لمباردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لمباردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie" title="Lombardie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardije" title="Lombardije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lombardije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie" title="Lombardie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lombaird" title="An Lombaird – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Lombaird" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%ADa" title="Lombardía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lombardía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="롬바르디아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬바르디아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լոմբարդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոմբարդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ломбарди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ломбарди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbar%C3%B0aland" title="Langbarðaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Langbarðaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="לומברדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לומברדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lombardy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლომბარდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლომბარდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardi%C3%B4" title="Lombardiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lombardiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ломбардия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ломбардия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardi" title="Lombardi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lombardi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbardia" title="Lumbardia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lumbardia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardia" title="Langobardia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Langobardia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%AFa" title="Lombardïa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lombardïa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardije" title="Lombardije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lombardije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ломбардија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ломбардија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लोंबार्दिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोंबार्दिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლომბარდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლომბარდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لومبارديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لومبارديا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لمباردی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لمباردی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lombardy" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Ломбард муж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ломбард муж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardije" title="Lombardije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lombardije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="ロンバルディア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンバルディア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummard%C3%ACa" title="Lummardìa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lummardìa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ломбарди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ломбарди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardei" title="Lombardei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lombardei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਲੋਂਬਾਰਦੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਂਬਾਰਦੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81" title="لومباردیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لومباردیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie" title="Lombardie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%C3%ACa" title="Lombardìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lombardìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ломбардия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ломбардия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lombardy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummard%C3%ACa" title="Lummardìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lummardìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lombardy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsko" title="Lombardsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lombardsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لۆمباردیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆمباردیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ломбардија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ломбардија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lombardija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiet" title="Lombardiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lombardiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="லோம்பார்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லோம்பார்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardie" title="Lombardie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ломбардия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ломбардия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แคว้นลอมบาร์เดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นลอมบาร์เดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ломбардія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ломбардія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81" title="لومباردیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لومباردیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لومبارد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لومبارد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81onbardia" title="Łonbardia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łonbardia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardeye" title="Lombardeye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lombardeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伦巴第大区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦巴第大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="倫巴第大區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫巴第大區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya" title="Lombardiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lombardiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伦巴第大区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦巴第大区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 02:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz8dh","wgBackendResponseTime":471,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.969","walltime":"4.521","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25141,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":643985,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24551,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1082978,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3613.349 1 -total"," 51.70% 1868.195 2 Template:Reflist"," 37.11% 1340.970 244 Template:Cite_web"," 13.67% 493.846 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 11.69% 422.222 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.58% 165.465 29 Template:Cite_book"," 3.45% 124.537 2 Template:Native_name"," 2.93% 105.876 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.67% 96.551 1 Template:Lombardy"," 2.57% 92.993 1 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