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style="display:none">Decision-making framework</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_in_York.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/350px-Meeting_in_York.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/525px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/700px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Quaker business meeting in York, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Quaker business method</b> or <b>Quaker decision-making</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">group decision-making</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discernment_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Discernment in Christianity">discernment</a>, as well as of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, or 'members of the Religious Society of Friends', to organise their religious affairs. It is primarily carried out in <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_worship" title="Meeting for worship">meetings for worship</a> for business, which are regular gatherings where minutes are drafted, to record collective decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Note01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice is based upon the core Quaker belief that there is "that of God in every one"<sup id="cite_ref-fox1903_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fox1903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and therefore every person has unmediated opportunity to experience the will of God. Subsequently, the practice aims to collectively discern the will of God through silent reflection, inspired statements (vocal ministry) and a capturing of the resultant "sense of the meeting".<sup id="cite_ref-qis2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qis2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong spiritual basis marks the Quaker business method as a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> form of decision-making, in contrast to purely rational practices such as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>. Quakers describe their practice as one of "unity", in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">unanimity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morley1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morley1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although minor differences exist between how different Quaker organizations conduct their meetings for business, the practice has not fundamentally changed since its conception in the late-17th century, shortly after Quakerism began.<sup id="cite_ref-burrough1834_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrough1834-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secular practices of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> in activist movements<sup id="cite_ref-blunden2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blunden2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consent within <a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-boeke1945_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boeke1945-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were directly inspired by Quaker practice in the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers,_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg/350px-Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg/525px-Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg/700px-Spotprent_op_de_Engelse_Quakers%2C_ca._1656_Quaakers_vergadering_Fronti_Nulla_Fides_The_Quakers_Meeting_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5826" data-file-height="4676" /></a><figcaption>Satirical engraving of an English Quaker meeting around 1656</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quakers were one of the many <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting groups</a> that separated from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651). Their belief that every person has an equal and direct opportunity to experience the will of God put them at odds with the hierarchy of the established church. Numerous early Quakers individually interpreted the will of God to require acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, such as refusing to take oaths, going nude in public and refusing to take off their hats in the services of the Church of England. The growing resentment of the establishment towards the Quakers peaked when <a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a> re-enacted Christ entering Jerusalem in Bristol, 1656. He was charged with <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, mutilated and imprisoned; repression against other Quaker disobedience increased.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicanaylor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicanaylor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> and others concerned for the continuation of the Quakers came to the conclusion that although God is present in every person, and although God is without contradiction, the <i>interpretation</i> of God's will is influenced by the person interpreting. Thus he encouraged believers to meet together and <i>collectively</i> interpret the will of God, to corporately (i.e. as a unified body) "test" concerns and leadings. Such meetings were not to be 'rational discussions', but rather a collective investigation into God's will through the combination of personal experience.<sup id="cite_ref-blunden2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blunden2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hill1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaker_Meeting_House,_Claughton_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg/350px-Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg/525px-Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg/700px-Quaker_Meeting_House%2C_Claughton_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5067" data-file-height="3363" /></a><figcaption>Claughton Quaker House</figcaption></figure><p>Originally, both men's and women's meetings for church affairs were held separately. This was a radical delegation of responsibility for the time. By the end of the 19th century, men's and women's meetings were fully integrated, with <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_Sufferings" title="Meeting for Sufferings">Meeting for Sufferings</a> becoming integrated in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-strongrooms2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strongrooms2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the practice differs in detail between different Quaker organizations, the main aspects remain the same. The most regular Quaker meeting, <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting for Worship">meeting for worship</a>, does not use the practice. The practice is used in meetings where Quaker affairs are investigated and decided upon at all levels of hierarchy: local/preparative meetings, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">area/monthly meetings</a> and yearly meetings. Local meetings are always subordinate to their area meeting, and in turn their yearly meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 4.32
Quotation: "Local meetings are at all times subordinate to their area meeting."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">4.32</span> </sup> Meetings for church affairs are also considered to be meetings for worship, meaning "they carry the same expectation that God’s guidance can be discerned if we are truly listening together and to each other".<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3.02">: 3.02 </span></sup> </p><p>Meetings for worship for business will usually be open to non-members, apart from confidential matters, such as discernment on membership. If someone is the topic of discernment, for example, they have been nominated for a role, they (and any immediate family members) will be asked to leave the room. This is to ensure everyone feels able to share without causing offense. <sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3.09, 4.32, 6.15">: 3.09, 4.32, 6.15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerk(s)_and_their_duties"><span id="Clerk.28s.29_and_their_duties"></span>Clerk(s) and their duties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clerk(s) and their duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk (Quaker)</a></div> <p>A necessary <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">role</a> in meetings is the clerk. The clerk is responsible for preparing the <a href="/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)" title="Agenda (meeting)">meeting agenda</a>, guiding the meeting, moderating if necessary and preparing minutes and epistles. The clerk, alongside any elders, is responsible for upholding the discipline of the meeting, sometimes referred to as right, or "Gospel", order. The clerk is entrusted as a "servant of the meeting" not to abuse their influence over the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 3.13
Quotation: "Remember that while you, as clerk, are the servant of the meeting, you do, by your very attitude and your arrangement of the agenda, set the pattern of worshipful listening which should characterise our meetings for church affairs."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3.13</span> </sup> </p><p>A clerk is appointed by the meeting after being nominated by a nominations committee. This is usually for a three year period that can only be renewed once (i.e. for a maximum term of six years).<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 3.23
Quotation: "Most appointments should be for either one or three years. It is generally undesirable for someone to hold an appointment for more than six years continuously although there may be exceptions."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3.23</span> </sup> The clerk role may be shared between 2 or more co-clerks. The clerk, or co-clerks may also have assistant clerks. If the clerk must leave for an item of business, a co-clerk or assistant clerk will fulfil the role instead.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Chapter 4">: Chapter 4 </span></sup> </p><p>A convenor may carry out the clerk's role in smaller committees. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaker_Meeting_Room,_Claughton_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg/350px-Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg/525px-Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg/700px-Quaker_Meeting_Room%2C_Claughton_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4866" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>A Quaker Meeting House in Claughton</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_process">The process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silence_and_speaking">Silence and speaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Silence and speaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meetings begin with a period of extended silence, referred to as waiting worship. Participants are expected to 'quiet themselves' and focus on 'the Inner Light'.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 3.02
Quotation: "We have a common purpose in seeking God’s will through waiting and listening"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3.02</span> </sup> The clerk then reads out the agenda in full, before introducing the first item. Those who are not members are expected to ask the clerk's permission to attend meeting for worship for business, which is almost always given. </p><p>Once an agenda item has been read out, the meeting silently reflects on the item, waiting for God's guidance. Individuals stand to speak if they feel moved to do so, this is called "vocal ministry". Speakers are expected to make statements which are personal (based on their own experience), independent (not in response to other statements) and succinct; many larger meetings ask people to speak only once per item. </p><p>Silence is also observed after every piece of ministry, to allow the meeting to consider the statements and return to a point of reflection. As such, dialogue does not occur in the normal sense. If necessary, the clerk <a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitates</a> by encouraging quieter individuals to speak, reminding ones that are speaking at length to conclude, or asking for additional silence.<sup id="cite_ref-qis2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qis2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minute_creation_and_drafting">Minute creation and drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minute creation and drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Clerk uses their judgement to decide when an item has been fully examined, typically when they observe a period of extended silence. They then proceed to write a <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minute</a> (written statement) which they believe discerns the 'spirit of the meeting' on that item, before reading it to the meeting. Some minutes may have been prepared in advance, especially for routine business, though these will be edited in accordance with any decision or vocal ministry in the meeting. During this initial drafting, Friends will be asked to "uphold" the clerk(s) in prayer, while maintaining the silence.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 3.07
Quotation: "We have a responsibility to uphold our clerks in prayer as they try to discern unity"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3.07</span> </sup> </p><p>Individuals may then "speak to the minute" as described as above, though no new material will be accepted. Instead, Friends suggest edits to the minute to ensure it aligns with the sense of the meeting, considers any ministry it accidentally omitted and its language is clear and correct. </p><p>After a period of editing, the clerk(s) will ask whether the minute is acceptable. The meeting must eventually "unite" on a minute for it to be accepted, otherwise it is postponed. "Unity in agreement" differs from <a href="/wiki/Unanimous" class="mw-redirect" title="Unanimous">unanimous</a> agreement, since people may agree as part of the meeting against their personal or rational interests: it may be expressed through silence, or a confirming statement, such as responding "hope so".<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 3.15
Quotation: "It is at the moment of accepting each minute that the united meeting allows you to record it as a minute of the meeting."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3.15</span> </sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concluding">Concluding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concluding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Epistle_(Quaker)" title="Epistle (Quaker)">epistle</a>, or letter, is often drafted at the end of yearly meeting sessions. This is addressed "To Friends everywhere," and aims to summarise the business process, and the decisions that the meeting has come to. This is agreed by the meeting in the same way as a minute. They are often read out at other yearly meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-qfp2013_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 6.06
Quotation: "The agenda may comprise... epistles received from other yearly meetings"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">6.06</span> </sup> </p><p>The remaining items are dealt with in the same way until finished or the meeting runs out of time. Some meetings, usually yearly meetings, last multiple days. In these, the agenda is split across multiple sessions, with the meeting adjourned during breaks. </p><p>Meetings are concluded with another period of extended silence, during which the clerk/co-clerks signs the minute "in and on behalf of" the meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice has been adapted for non-Quakers multiple times in the 21st century. Although there is debate on the viability of transferring the practice without the underlying belief systems<sup id="cite_ref-muers2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muers2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kauffman2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kauffman2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, the variance of belief between Quakers, including the existence of <a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a>, suggests some flexibility. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png/350px-Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png/525px-Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png/700px-Influences_and_History_of_Sociocracy_3.0.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Quaker meeting practice attributed as major milestone in Sociocracy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sociocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kees_Boeke" title="Kees Boeke">Cornelius 'Kees' Boeke</a> was a Dutch Quaker who founded a <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap</a> based on Quaker principles in 1926. It used a secularized version of Quaker decision-making in which the students would also participate in the running of the school. This went on to be developed by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Endenburg" title="Gerard Endenburg">Gerard Endenburg</a> (one of Boeke's students) in the late 1960s to become known as <i>Consent</i> within contemporary <a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boeke1945_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boeke1945-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_Strike_for_Peace">Women Strike for Peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women Strike for Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Garst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Garst (page does not exist)">Eleanor Garst</a> was greatly influenced by Quakerism when her husband received unasked-for support from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvanian</a> Quakers of the <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_League" title="War Resisters League">War Resisters League</a> for resisting conscription into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>. Eleanor is accredited with introducing Quaker-style meeting practices to the founding meeting of <a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-king2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swerdlow1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swerdlow1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It caught on, and in time became referred to as <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus</a>, with the emphasis on silence eventually being abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Yearly meeting">Yearly meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk (Quaker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)">Book of Discipline (Quaker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meetings for worship for business are alternately known as meetings for worship with attention to business, meetings for worship with a concern for business and meetings for church affairs. The forms differ based on preference, not substantive differences in practice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_business_method&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fox1903-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fox1903_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFox1903" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/georgefoxsjourn00nicogoog#page/n245"><i>George Fox's Journal</i></a>. University of Michigan. London, Isbister and company, limited. pp. 215–216. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"This is the word of the Lord God to you all ... be patterns, be examples in all your countries, places, islands, nations, wherever you come ... then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world, answering that of God in every one</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Fox%27s+Journal&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=London%2C+Isbister+and+company%2C+limited&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeorgefoxsjourn00nicogoog%23page%2Fn245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qis2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qis2007_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qis2007_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakerscotland.org/businessmeetings">"Quaker Business Meetings"</a>. <i>Quakers in Scotland</i>. 2007-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quakers+in+Scotland&rft.atitle=Quaker+Business+Meetings&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerscotland.org%2Fbusinessmeetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morley1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morley1993_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1993" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Barry (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/beyond-consensus-salvaging-sense-of-the-meeting"><i>Beyond Consensus: Salvaging Sense of the Meeting</i></a>. Pendle Hill. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87574-307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87574-307-3"><bdi>978-0-87574-307-3</bdi></a>. <q>Through consensus we decide it; through sense of the meeting we turn it over, allowing it to be decided. "Reaching consensus is a secular process," says a Friend. "In sense of the meeting God gets a voice."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Consensus%3A+Salvaging+Sense+of+the+Meeting&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pendle+Hill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87574-307-3&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyond-consensus-salvaging-sense-of-the-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burrough1834-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burrough1834_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrough1834" class="citation journal cs1">Burrough, Edward (1834). Howard, Luke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWQtAAAAYAAJ">"A Testimony concerning the beginning of the work of the Lord... [1662]"</a>. <i>The Yorkshireman, A Religious and Literary Journal by a Friend</i>. <b>2</b> (XXVI). London, Longman and co., Paternoster Row: 137–138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>And to determine of things by a general mutual concord, in assenting together as one man, in the spirit of truth and equity, and by the authority thereof, in this way and spirit all things are to be amongst you, and without perverseness in any self-separation, in discord and partiality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yorkshireman%2C+A+Religious+and+Literary+Journal+by+a+Friend&rft.atitle=A+Testimony+concerning+the+beginning+of+the+work+of+the+Lord...+%5B1662%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=XXVI&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Burrough&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWQtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blunden2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blunden2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blunden2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunden2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Blunden" title="Andy Blunden">Blunden, Andy</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/998-the-origins-of-collective-decision-making"><i>The Origins of Collective Decision Making</i></a> (1 ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-804-1"><bdi>978-1-60846-804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Collective+Decision+Making&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-804-1&rft.aulast=Blunden&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haymarketbooks.org%2Fbooks%2F998-the-origins-of-collective-decision-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boeke1945-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boeke1945_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeke1945_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeke1945" class="citation web cs1">Boeke, Kees (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldteacher.faithweb.com/sociocracy.htm">"Sociocracy: Democracy as It Might Be"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-02</span></span>. <q>When I began to hold these talkovers, I was aware that I was using the procedure of the Quaker business meeting, and I saw in the distance, as it were, the great problem of the government of humanity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociocracy%3A+Democracy+as+It+Might+Be&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Boeke&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldteacher.faithweb.com%2Fsociocracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicanaylor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannicanaylor_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Nayler">"James Nayler"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=James+Nayler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJames-Nayler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1991" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (1991). <i>The world turned upside down : radical ideas during the English Revolution</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013732-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013732-7"><bdi>0-14-013732-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26371856">26371856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+turned+upside+down+%3A+radical+ideas+during+the+English+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26371856&rft.isbn=0-14-013732-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strongrooms2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strongrooms2019_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quakerstrongrooms.org/2019/06/18/respected-friend-women-and-equality-in-the-society-of-friends/">"Respected Friend? Women and equality in the Society of Friends"</a>. <i>Library of the Society of Friends</i>. 2019-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+the+Society+of+Friends&rft.atitle=Respected+Friend%3F+Women+and+equality+in+the+Society+of+Friends&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquakerstrongrooms.org%2F2019%2F06%2F18%2Frespected-friend-women-and-equality-in-the-society-of-friends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qfp2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qfp2013_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qfp.quaker.org.uk"><i>Quaker faith & practice: the book of Christian discipline of the Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain</i></a>. Library of the Society of Friends (London Yearly Meeting) (5th ed.). 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907123-54-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907123-54-2"><bdi>978-1-907123-54-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869000016">869000016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+faith+%26+practice%3A+the+book+of+Christian+discipline+of+the+Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain.&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869000016&rft.isbn=978-1-907123-54-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqfp.quaker.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muers2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muers2019_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuersBurton2019" class="citation journal cs1">Muers, Rachel; Burton, Nicholas (2019-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40926-018-0095-0">"Can We Take the Religion out of Religious Decision-Making? The Case of Quaker Business Method"</a>. <i>Philosophy of Management</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 363–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40926-018-0095-0">10.1007/s40926-018-0095-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1a5965df-6da7-4d41-b478-68bf292b589a">20.500.11820/1a5965df-6da7-4d41-b478-68bf292b589a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-9597">2052-9597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150072787">150072787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Management&rft.atitle=Can+We+Take+the+Religion+out+of+Religious+Decision-Making%3F+The+Case+of+Quaker+Business+Method&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-374&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F1a5965df-6da7-4d41-b478-68bf292b589a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150072787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2052-9597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40926-018-0095-0&rft.aulast=Muers&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Burton%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40926-018-0095-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kauffman2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kauffman2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman2015" class="citation web cs1">Kauffman, L.A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/consensus-occupy-wall-street-general-assembly/">"The Theology of Consensus"</a>. <i>jacobinmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=The+Theology+of+Consensus&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fconsensus-occupy-wall-street-general-assembly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king2011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maryking.info/?p=920">"Mary E. King » The short and the long of creating democracy"</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+E.+King+%C2%BB+The+short+and+the+long+of+creating+democracy&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaryking.info%2F%3Fp%3D920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swerdlow1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swerdlow1993_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwerdlow1993" class="citation book cs1">Swerdlow, Amy (1993-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fmW0IBOEOcC"><i>Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78636-0"><bdi>978-0-226-78636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Strike+for+Peace%3A+Traditional+Motherhood+and+Radical+Politics+in+the+1960s&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-78636-0&rft.aulast=Swerdlow&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fmW0IBOEOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker+business+method" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Quakers" title="Template:Quakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quakers" title="Template talk:Quakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quakers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quakers" title="List of Quakers">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li> <li><a 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