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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(October 2009)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Emile Berliner</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Emile Berliner.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg/250px-Emile_Berliner.jpg" width="250" height="300" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg/375px-Emile_Berliner.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1851-05-20">May 20, 1851</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1851-05-20</span>)</span><br/> <span class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1929-08-03">August 3, 1929</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1929-08-04</span>)</span> (aged 78)<br/> <span class="deathplace"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Resting place</div> </th> <td class="label"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Nationality</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">Inventor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Known for</th> <td><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record" title="Gramophone record">Disc record</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a>, Telephone transmitter</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th> <td>Cora Adler (1862–1942), m. 1881</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Children</th> <td>7 children including <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berliner" title="Henry Berliner">Henry Berliner</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Berliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Berliner (page does not exist)">Oliver Berliner</a> (1887–1894)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Parent(s)</th> <td>Samuel and Sarah Fridman Berliner</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Awards</th> <td><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</small></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Emile Berliner</b> or <b>Emil Berliner</b> (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) was a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>-born <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">inventor</a>. He is best known for developing the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record" title="Gramophone record">disc record</a> <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a> (<i><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a></i> in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>). He founded the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">Berliner Gramophone</a> Company in 1895, The <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a> in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England" title="London, England" class="mw-redirect">London, England</a>, in 1897, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a> in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, in 1898 and <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone#Berliner_Gram-o-phone_Company_of_Canada" title="Berliner Gramophone">Berliner Gram-o-phone Company of Canada</a> in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1899 (chartered in 1904).</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_work"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and work</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Patents"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Patents</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_work">Life and work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Berliner was born in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, in 1851 into a Jewish merchant family. Though raised in a Jewish family, he later became an agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He completed an apprenticeship to become a merchant, as was family tradition. While his real hobby was invention, he worked as an accountant to make ends meet. To avoid being drafted for the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, Berliner migrated to the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> in 1870 with a friend of his father's, in whose shop he worked in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> He moved to New York and, living off temporary work, such as doing the paper route and cleaning bottles, he studied physics at night at the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Union_Institute" title="Cooper Union Institute" class="mw-redirect">Cooper Union Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> After some time working in a livery stable, he became interested in the new <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> technology of the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> and <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, and invented an improved telephone transmitter (one of the first type of <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>). The patent was acquired by the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell#Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Bell Telephone Company</a>, see <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a>. But on February 27, 1901 the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeal" title="United States Court of Appeal" class="mw-redirect">United States Court of Appeal</a> declared the patent void. Berliner subsequently moved to <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1877 and worked for Bell Telephone until 1883, when he returned to Washington and established himself as a private researcher. Emile Berliner became a United States citizen in 1881. Berliner also invented what was probably the first radial aircraft engine (1908), a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> (1919), and acoustical tiles (1920s).</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BerlinerDisc1897.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BerlinerDisc1897.jpg/220px-BerlinerDisc1897.jpg" width="220" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BerlinerDisc1897.jpg/330px-BerlinerDisc1897.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/BerlinerDisc1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="366"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BerlinerDisc1897.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> 1897 Berliner Gramophone record</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1886 Berliner began experimenting with methods of <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording" title="Sound recording" class="mw-redirect">sound recording</a>. He was granted his first <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for what he called the "<a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">Gramophone</a>" in 1887. The patent described recording sound using horizontal <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> of a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> as it traced a line on a rotating <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> surface coated with an unresisting opaque material such as <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampblack" title="Lampblack" class="mw-redirect">lampblack</a>, subsequently fixed with <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> and used to <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoengraving" title="Photoengraving">photoengrave</a> a corresponding groove into the surface of a metal playback cylinder. In practice, Berliner opted for the disc format, which made the photoengraving step much less difficult and offered the prospect of making multiple copies of the result by some simpler process such as <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotype" title="Electrotype" class="mw-redirect">electrotyping</a>, molding or stamping. In 1888 Berliner was using a more direct recording method, in which the stylus traced a line through a very thin coating of wax on a zinc disc, which was then etched in acid to convert the line of bared metal into a playable groove.</p> <p>By 1890 a Berliner licensee in Germany was manufacturing a toy Gramophone and five-inch hard rubber discs (stamped-out replicas of etched zinc master discs), but because key US patents were still pending they were sold only in Europe. Berliner meant his Gramophone to be more than a mere toy, and in 1895 he persuaded a group of businessmen to invest $25,000, with which he started the US <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">Berliner Gramophone Company</a>. He began marketing seven-inch records and a more substantial Gramophone, which was, however, still hand-propelled like the smaller toy machine.</p> <p>The difficulty in using early hand-driven Gramophones was getting the turntable to rotate at an acceptably steady speed while playing a disc. Engineer <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_R._Johnson" title="Eldridge R. Johnson">Eldridge R. Johnson</a>, the owner of a small machine shop in Camden, New Jersey, assisted Berliner in developing a suitable low-cost wind-up spring motor for the Gramophone and became Berliner's manufacturer. Berliner gave Frank Seaman the exclusive sales rights in the US, but after disagreements Seaman began selling his own version of the Gramophone, as well as unauthorized copies of Berliner's records, and Berliner was legally barred from selling his own products. The US Berliner Gramophone Company shut down in mid-1900 and Berliner moved to Canada. Following various legal maneuvers, the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> was officially founded by Eldridge Johnson in 1901 and the trade name "Gramophone" was completely and permanently abandoned in the US, although its use continued elsewhere. The Berliner Gramophone Co. of Canada was chartered on 8 April 1904 and reorganized as the Berliner Gramophone Co. in 1909.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/220px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/330px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/440px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2750"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Berliner with an experimental disc and Gramophone he exhibited in 1888</div> </div> </div> <p>Berliner's other inventions include a new type of <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> for mass-production of cloth; an acoustic tile; and an early version of the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. According to a July 1, 1909, report in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, a helicopter built by Berliner and J. Newton Williams of <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut" title="Derby, Connecticut">Derby, Connecticut</a>, had lifted its operator (Williams) "from the ground on three occasions" at Berliner's laboratory in the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Brightwood</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C.</p> <p>In fact between 1907 and 1926, Berliner dedicated himself to improving the technologies of vertical flight through the development of a light-weight rotary engine, which he improved upon throughout the 1910s and 1920s. With R.S. Moore, also a Scientist and Inventor, as his chief assistant, Berliner obtained automobile engines from the Adams Company in Dubuque Iowa, manufacturer of the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams-Farwell" title="Adams-Farwell">Adams-Farwell</a> automobile. This car used <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cooled" title="Air cooled" class="mw-redirect">air cooled</a> three or five cylinder <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engines</a> which were developed in-house by <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Oliver_Farwell" title="Fay Oliver Farwell">Fay Oliver Farwell</a> (1859–1935). Berliner and Farwell adapted them for use in perfecting “machines” produced for vertical flight. His realizations allowed him to move away from the heavy in-line engines to lighter rotary models, which led to the invention of a 6-hp rotary engine for the improvement of vertical flight. It was these experiments that led to the formal creation of the Gyro Motor Company in 1909. And it was the creation the 6-hp rotary engine that initiated the use of rotary engines in aviation. The <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyro_Motor_Company" title="Gyro Motor Company">Gyro Motor Company</a> manufactured these and other improved versions of the Gyro Engine between 1909 and roughly 1926. The building used for these operations exists at 774 Girard Street, NW, Washington DC, where its principal facade is in the Fairmont-Girard alleyway.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/220px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg" width="220" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/330px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg/440px-Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1182"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adams-Farwell_Gyro_Motor_Rotary_5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Adams-Farwell <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engine</a> redesigned for use in a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocopter" title="Gyrocopter" class="mw-redirect">gyrocopter</a> (1909)</div> </div> </div> <p>By 1910, continuing to advance vertical flight, Berliner experimented with the use of a vertically mounted tail rotor to counteract torque on his single main rotor design. And it was this configuration that led to the mechanical development of practical helicopters of the 1940s. When the Gyro Motor Company opened, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Heath" title="Spencer Heath">Spencer Heath</a> (1876–1963), a mechanical engineer (among other things), became the manager. Heath was connected with the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Propeller_Company" title="American Propeller Company" class="mw-redirect">American Propeller Company</a>, also a manufacturer of aeronautical related mechanisms and products in Baltimore, Maryland. Both R.S. Moore, Designer and Engineer, and Joseph Sanders (1877–1944), inventor, engineer, and manufacturer, were involved in the original operations of the company. Berliner was president of the newly founded Gyro Motor Company and much of his time was spent dealing with business operations. which merged to become <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_Aircraft" title="Berliner-Joyce Aircraft" class="mw-redirect">Berliner-Joyce Aircraft</a></p> <p>On July 16, 1922, Berliner and his son, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berliner" title="Henry Berliner">Henry</a>, demonstrated a working helicopter for the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. Henry became disillusioned with helicopters in 1925, and in 1926 founded the Berliner Aircraft Company,<sup id="cite_ref-nasmberl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmberl-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> which merged to become <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner-Joyce_Aircraft" title="Berliner-Joyce Aircraft" class="mw-redirect">Berliner-Joyce Aircraft</a> in 1929.</p> <p>Berliner, who suffered a nervous breakdown in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-tr1921_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr1921-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> was also active in advocating improvements in public health and <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.</p> <p>Berliner was awarded the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> in 1897, and later the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> in 1913 and the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> in 1929.</p> <p>Emile Berliner died of a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> at the age of 78 and is buried in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a> in Washington, D.C., alongside his wife and a son.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmileBerliner.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/220px-EmileBerliner.jpg" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/330px-EmileBerliner.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/440px-EmileBerliner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="617"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmileBerliner.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Emile Berliner with a <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veiled</a> woman</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><i>Conclusions</i>, 1902, Kaufman Publishing Co.</li> <li><i>The Milk Question and Mortality Among Children Here and in Germany: An Observation</i>, 1904, The Society for Prevention of Sickness</li> <li><i>Some Neglected Essentials in the Fight against Consumption</i>, 1907, The Society for Prevention of Sickness</li> <li><i>A Study Towards the Solution of Industrial Problems in the New Zionist Commonwealth</i>, 1919, N. Peters</li> <li><i>Muddy Jim and other rhymes: 12 illustrated health jingles for children</i>, 1919, Jim Publication Company.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Patents">Patents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner-marker.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/220px-Berliner-marker.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/330px-Berliner-marker.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/440px-Berliner-marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="628"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner-marker.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marker for the Berliner family in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a>, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </div> </div> <p><i>Patent images in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF" class="mw-redirect">TIFF</a> format</i></p> <ul> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US199141">U.S. Patent 199,141</a></span> <i>Telephone</i> (induction coils), filed October 1877, issued January 1878</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US222652">U.S. Patent 222,652</a></span> <i>Telephone</i> (carbon diaphragm microphone), filed August 1879, issued December 1879</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US224573">U.S. Patent 224,573</a></span> <i>Microphone</i> (loose carbon rod), filed September 1879, issued February 1880</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US225790">U.S. Patent 225,790</a></span> <i>Microphone</i> (spring carbon rod), filed Nov 1879, issued March 1880</li> <li>UK Patent 15232 filed November 8, 1887</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US372786">U.S. Patent 372,786</a></span> <i>Gramophone</i> (horizontal recording), original filed May 1887, refiled September 1887, issued November 8, 1887</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US382790">U.S. Patent 382,790</a></span> <i>Process of Producing Records of Sound</i> (recorded on a thin wax coating over metal or glass surface, subsequently chemically etched), filed March 1888, issued May 1888</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US463569">U.S. Patent 463,569</a></span> <i>Combined Telegraph and Telephone</i> (microphone), filed June 1877, issued November 1891</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US548623">U.S. Patent 548,623</a></span> <i>Sound Record and Method of Making Same</i> (duplicate copies of flat, <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> disks by <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>), filed March 1893, issued October 1895</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.google.com/patents/US564586">U.S. Patent 564,586</a></span> <i>Gramophone</i> (recorded on underside of flat, transparent disk), filed November 7, 1887, issued July 1896</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Wile, Frederic William (1974). <i>Emile Berliner Maker of the Microphone</i>. Ayer Company + isbn = 0-405-06062-9.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.aulast=Wile%2C+Frederic+William&rft.au=Wile%2C+Frederic+William&rft.btitle=Emile+Berliner+Maker+of+the+Microphone&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ayer+Company+%2B+isbn+%3D+0-405-06062-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation journal">Harvey, Wells F. (October 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://books.google.com/books?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA673">"Dr. Berliner, Master Inventor"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Work" title="World's Work" class="mw-redirect">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i> <b>XXIV</b>: 673–675<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.atitle=Dr.+Berliner%2C+Master+Inventor&rft.aufirst=Wells+F.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Wells+F.&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.date=October+1912&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4pgvOJ2Xx8C%26pg%3DPA673&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=673-675&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=XXIV" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp027-1_berliner.htm">Emile Berliner – An Unheralded Genius Part I – The Early Years: Fact Paper 27-I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp027-2_berliner.htm">Emile Berliner – An Unheralded Genius Part II – The Later Years: Fact Paper 27-II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp002_phone.htm">The Telephone – Fact Paper 2</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Concerning Emile Berliner, The Jew TO BE a Jew may mean one of several identities. For example, the Jew, Emile Berliner, the late inventor, called himself agnostic." B'nai B'rith, <i>The National Jewish monthly: Volume 43; Volume 43</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1899, Berliner wrote a book, Conclusions, that speaks of his agnostic ideas on religion and philosophy." Seymour Brody, <i>Jewish heroes & heroines of America: 151 true stories of Jewish American heroism</i> (2003), page 119.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.netzwelt.de/news/86810-emil-berliner-google-wuerdigt-schallplatten-erfinder.html">"Emil Berliner: Google würdigt den Schallplatten-Erfinder – NETZWELT"</a>. Netzwelt.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.btitle=Emil+Berliner%3A+Google+w%C3%BCrdigt+den+Schallplatten-Erfinder+%E2%80%93+NETZWELT&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netzwelt.de%2Fnews%2F86810-emil-berliner-google-wuerdigt-schallplatten-erfinder.html&rft.pub=Netzwelt.de&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/emil-berliners-160-geburtstag-google-doodle-fuer-den-erfinder-der-schallplatte-1687091.html">"Emil Berliners 160. Geburtstag: Google Doodle für den Erfinder der Schallplatte – Kultur"</a>. Stern.De. 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.btitle=Emil+Berliners+160.+Geburtstag%3A+Google+Doodle+f%C3%BCr+den+Erfinder+der+Schallplatte+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fkultur%2Fmusik%2Femil-berliners-160-geburtstag-google-doodle-fuer-den-erfinder-der-schallplatte-1687091.html&rft.pub=Stern.De&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nasmberl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasmberl_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19240006000">"Berliner Helicopter, Model 1924"</a>. National Air and Space Museum. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.btitle=Berliner+Helicopter%2C+Model+1924&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasm.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fartifact.cfm%3Fid%3DA19240006000&rft.pub=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-tr1921-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr1921_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">"In the Public Eye". <i>Technology review</i> (MIT) <b>23</b>: 60–1. January 1921.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner&rft.atitle=In+the+Public+Eye&rft.date=January+1921&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+review&rft.pages=60-1&rft.pub=MIT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=23" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1900 <i><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i> article <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Berliner,_Emile" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Berliner, Emile">Berliner, Emile</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emile_Berliner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlhome.html">Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry</a> at the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> including audio archive and family tree</li> <li>Emile Berliner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlsp.html">Inventor of the Gramophone</a> (Library of Congress)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.audioannals.com/berlinere.htm">Berliner timeline</a> and patent list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/berliner.htm">The Berliner helicopters</a> at the <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.pgparks.com/places/historic/cpam/inside.html">Berliner helicopter at College Park, Maryland</a></li> <li>Berliner in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/13.html">Inventor's Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://home.att.net/~Berliner-Ultrasonics/berlemil.html">Illustrated Berliner page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://fi.edu/case_files/berliner/">Contents of Berliner's case file</a> at The Franklin Institute contains evidence and correspondence with Berliner regarding the award of his 1929 Franklin Medal for acoustic engineering and development of the gramophone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.berliner.montreal.museum/">Musée des ondes Emile Berliner</a> in <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" title="Montreal, Quebec" class="mw-redirect">Montreal, Quebec</a> contains over 30,000 recordings and other artifacts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/http://www.emil-berliner-studios.com/en/chronik1.html">Website Emil Berliner Studios in Berlin, Germany</a> – The History of the Record by Peter K. Burkowitz (the other side)</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Canary Islands" class="mw-redirect">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ceuta" title="Telecommunications in Ceuta" class="mw-redirect">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Melilla" title="Telecommunications in Melilla" class="mw-redirect">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madeira" title="Telecommunications in Madeira" class="mw-redirect">Madeira</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" 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<tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>German / American inventor of the gramophone and disc for record player</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>May 20, 1851</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td>Hanover</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>August 3, 1929</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Washington, D. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Берлинер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="امیل برلینر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Berliner" title="Émile Berliner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="אמיל ברלינר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C4%ABls_Berliners" title="Emīls Berliners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Berliner" title="Émile Berliner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="エミール・ベルリナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1" title="امیل برلنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Берлинер, Эмиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Берлинер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еміль Берлінер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="爱米尔·贝利纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 7 February 2015, at 01:02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401124750/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. 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