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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_Kinins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_Kinins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Effects of Kinins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_Kinins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Where_kinins_are_produced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Where_kinins_are_produced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Where kinins are produced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Where_kinins_are_produced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinin_Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinin_Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kinin Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinin_Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كاينين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاينين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinina" title="Cinina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinine" title="Kinine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinino" title="Kinino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kinino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کینین‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کینین‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinine" title="Kinine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kinine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinina" title="Cinina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="キニン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinina" title="Kinina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kinina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin_(peptid)" title="Kinin (peptid) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kinin (peptid)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin_(peptid)" title="Kinin (peptid) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinin (peptid)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kininer" title="Kininer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kininer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q421924#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>kinin</b> is any of various structurally related <a href="/wiki/Polypeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptides">polypeptides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kallidin" title="Kallidin">kallidin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are members of the <a href="/wiki/Autacoid" title="Autacoid">autacoid</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinins are peptides that are cleaved from kininogens by the process of kallikreins. Kallikreins activate kinins when stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a component of the <a href="/wiki/Kinin-kallikrein_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinin-kallikrein system">kinin-kallikrein system</a>. </p><p>Their precursors are <a href="/wiki/Kininogen" title="Kininogen">kininogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kininogens contain a 9-11 amino acid bradykinin sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">plant hormones</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Cytokinin" title="Cytokinin">cytokinins</a> were first called kinins, but the name was changed to avoid confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_Kinins">Effects of Kinins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effects of Kinins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kinin are short lived peptides that cause pain sensation, arteriolar dilation, increase vascular permeability and cause contractions in smooth muscle. Kinins transmit their effects through G protein- coupled receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kinin act on axons to block nervous impulses, which leads to distal muscle relaxation. Kinin are also potent nerve stimulators. which is mostly responsible for the sense of pain (and sometimes itching). Kinin increase vascular permeability by acting on vascular endothelial cells to cause cell contraction. Concomitantly they induce local expression of adhesive molecules. Together they increase leukocytes adhesion and extravasation. Kinin are rapidly inactivated by the proteases locally generated during the above-mentioned processes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They act locally to induce <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> and contraction of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinins function as mediators for inflammatory responses by triggering the immune system. They are also able to regulate cardiovascular and renal function through mediating the effects of ACE inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduced kinin activity can result in high blood pressure, sodium retention and the narrowing of blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspirin inhibits the activation of kallenogen by interfering with the formation of kallikrein <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> which is essential in the process of activation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Where_kinins_are_produced">Where kinins are produced</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Where kinins are produced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kinins are mostly produced at inflamed or injured tissue of the body and human body fluids. Kinin peptides (kallidin and bradykinin) are located in human blood and urine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinin_Receptors">Kinin Receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kinin Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of kinin receptors, B1 and B2. Both are G-protein coupled receptors in which B2 are expressed in various tissues and B1 are induced from inflammation, tissue injuries and stress.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quantity of B2 receptors in the human body, exceed B1 receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B1 and B2 receptors are essentially related as homologous genes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both have the same cellular signaling pathways but, the patterns of the signaling pathway are different in the intensity and duration. B2 signaling pathway last only for a short time whereas BR1 signaling pathway undergoes longer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kinin was initially discovered by J.E. Abelous and E. Bardier in 1909 when performing experiments utilizing human body fluids. Human body fluids such as urine was injected into dogs and it was observed that the urine caused a reduction in blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kinins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinins_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy7bjOUa2xwC&q=kinins"><i>Kinins</i></a>. De Gruyter. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025235-4"><bdi>978-3-11-025235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinins&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy7bjOUa2xwC%26q%3Dkinins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Kinins">Kinins</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2014" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jagdish N., ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7"><i>Recent Developments in the Regulation of Kinins</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-06683-7">10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06682-0"><bdi>978-3-319-06682-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38701984">38701984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Developments+in+the+Regulation+of+Kinins&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38701984%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-06683-7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-06682-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-06683-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?query=kinins&action=Search+OMD">Online Medical Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader2011" class="citation cs2">Bader, Michael (2011-01-16), Bader, Michael (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110252354.1">"1 Kinins: History and outlook"</a>, <i>Kinins</i>, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 1–6, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110252354.1">10.1515/9783110252354.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025235-4"><bdi>978-3-11-025235-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kinins&rft.atitle=1+Kinins%3A+History+and+outlook&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110252354.1&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025235-4&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110252354.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaluszkaSpíchalKopečnýTarkowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Galuszka P, Spíchal L, Kopečný D, Tarkowski P, Frébortová J, Šebela M, Frébort I (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-M6NmLeGVD4C&pg=PA203">"Metabolism of plant hormones cytokinins and their function in signaling, cell differentiation and plant development"</a>. <i>Bioactive Natural Products (Part N)</i>. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Vol. 34. pp. 203–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1572-5995%2808%2980028-2">10.1016/S1572-5995(08)80028-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53180-3"><bdi>978-0-444-53180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metabolism+of+plant+hormones+cytokinins+and+their+function+in+signaling%2C+cell+differentiation+and+plant+development&rft.btitle=Bioactive+Natural+Products+%28Part+N%29&rft.series=Studies+in+Natural+Products+Chemistry&rft.pages=203-64&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1572-5995%2808%2980028-2&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53180-3&rft.aulast=Galuszka&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Sp%C3%ADchal%2C+Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Kope%C4%8Dn%C3%BD%2C+David&rft.au=Tarkowski%2C+Petr&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9bortov%C3%A1%2C+Jitka&rft.au=%C5%A0ebela%2C+Marek&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9bort%2C+Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-M6NmLeGVD4C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Textbook Immunology: a short course, 5th ed, Coico R, Sunshine G, Benjamini E.Wiley-Liss</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/five/000056477.htm">"Kinin"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhalebYangCarretero2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685708">"The kallikrein-kinin system as a regulator of cardiovascular and renal function"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Physiology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 971–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c100053">10.1002/cphy.c100053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470650714" title="Special:BookSources/9780470650714"><bdi>9780470650714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685708">4685708</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737209">23737209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+kallikrein-kinin+system+as+a+regulator+of+cardiovascular+and+renal+function&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=971-93&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4685708%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23737209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c100053&rft.isbn=9780470650714&rft.aulast=Rhaleb&rft.aufirst=NE&rft.au=Yang%2C+XP&rft.au=Carretero%2C+OA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4685708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanKladisJenningsDart2000" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan, Ann-Maree; Kladis, Athena; Jennings, Garry L.; Dart, Anthony M.; Esler, Murray; Campbell, Duncan J. 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Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>278</b> (4): R897–R904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.2000.278.4.r897">10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.r897</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6119">0363-6119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749777">10749777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Kinins+in+humans&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=R897-R904&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.issn=0363-6119&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10749777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.2000.278.4.r897&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Ann-Maree&rft.au=Kladis%2C+Athena&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Garry+L.&rft.au=Dart%2C+Anthony+M.&rft.au=Esler%2C+Murray&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Duncan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1152%252Fajpregu.2000.278.4.r897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoleyMoraisPesqueroBader2016" class="citation journal cs1">Soley, Bruna da Silva; Morais, Rafael Leite Tavares de; Pesquero, João Bosco; Bader, Michael; Otuki, Michel Fleith; Cabrini, Daniela Almeida (2016-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923181116300056">"Kinin receptors in skin wound healing"</a>. <i>Journal of Dermatological Science</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 95–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jdermsci.2016.01.007">10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-1811">0923-1811</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26817699">26817699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dermatological+Science&rft.atitle=Kinin+receptors+in+skin+wound+healing&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=2016-05-01&rft.issn=0923-1811&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26817699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jdermsci.2016.01.007&rft.aulast=Soley&rft.aufirst=Bruna+da+Silva&rft.au=Morais%2C+Rafael+Leite+Tavares+de&rft.au=Pesquero%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Bosco&rft.au=Bader%2C+Michael&rft.au=Otuki%2C+Michel+Fleith&rft.au=Cabrini%2C+Daniela+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0923181116300056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirolamiBoubyRicher-GiudicelliAlhenc-Gelas2021" class="citation journal cs1">Girolami, Jean-Pierre; Bouby, Nadine; Richer-Giudicelli, Christine; Alhenc-Gelas, Francois (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000381">"Kinins and Kinin Receptors in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases"</a>. <i>Pharmaceuticals</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fph14030240">10.3390/ph14030240</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1424-8247">1424-8247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000381">8000381</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800422">33800422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceuticals&rft.atitle=Kinins+and+Kinin+Receptors+in+Cardiovascular+and+Renal+Diseases&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=240&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8000381%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1424-8247&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33800422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fph14030240&rft.aulast=Girolami&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Bouby%2C+Nadine&rft.au=Richer-Giudicelli%2C+Christine&rft.au=Alhenc-Gelas%2C+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8000381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_CostaSiroisTannockChammas2014" class="citation journal cs1">da Costa, Patrícia L. N.; Sirois, Pierre; Tannock, Ian F.; Chammas, Roger (2014-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438351300829X">"The role of kinin receptors in cancer and therapeutic opportunities"</a>. <i>Cancer Letters</i>. <b>345</b> (1): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2013.12.009">10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3835">0304-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333733">24333733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Letters&rft.atitle=The+role+of+kinin+receptors+in+cancer+and+therapeutic+opportunities&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.issn=0304-3835&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24333733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.canlet.2013.12.009&rft.aulast=da+Costa&rft.aufirst=Patr%C3%ADcia+L.+N.&rft.au=Sirois%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Tannock%2C+Ian+F.&rft.au=Chammas%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS030438351300829X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212005239/http://nic.sav.sk/logos/books/scientific/node31.html">The kinin-forming system at nic.sav.sk</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intercellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intercellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins_/_ligands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins / <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">Epidermal growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">Fibroblast growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">Nerve growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor">Platelet-derived growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">Transforming growth factor beta superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">Vascular endothelial growth factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ephrin" title="Ephrin">Ephrin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EFNA1" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA1">EFNA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNA2" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA2">EFNA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNA3" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA3">EFNA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNA4" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA4">EFNA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNA5" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA5">EFNA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNB1" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB1">EFNB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNB2" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB2">EFNB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFNB3" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB3">EFNB3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipokine" title="Adipokine">Adipokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signaling_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signaling protein">Agouti signaling protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti-related protein">Agouti-related protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiogenic_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiogenic protein">Angiogenic protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCN_intercellular_signaling_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="CCN intercellular signaling protein">CCN intercellular signaling protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine-rich_protein_61" class="mw-redirect" title="Cysteine-rich protein 61">Cysteine-rich protein 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_growth_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue growth factor">Connective tissue growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephroblastoma_overexpressed_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein">Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin" title="Endothelin">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDN1" class="mw-redirect" title="EDN1">EDN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDN2" class="mw-redirect" title="EDN2">EDN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDN3" class="mw-redirect" title="EDN3">EDN3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgehog protein">Hedgehog protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein" title="Parathyroid hormone-related protein">Parathyroid hormone-related protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphorin" title="Semaphorin">Semaphorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatomedin" title="Somatomedin">Somatomedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolloid-like_metalloproteinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolloid-like metalloproteinase">Tolloid-like metalloproteinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">Tumor necrosis factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnt_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnt protein">Wnt protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Extracellular_ligand_disorders" title="Template:Extracellular ligand disorders">extracellular ligand disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autacoids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autacoids" title="Template:Autacoids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autacoids" title="Template talk:Autacoids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autacoids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autacoids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autacoids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autacoid" title="Autacoid">Autacoids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kininogen" title="Kininogen">Kininogen</a> (<a href="/wiki/High-molecular-weight_kininogen" title="High-molecular-weight kininogen">HMWK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-molecular-weight_kininogen" title="Low-molecular-weight kininogen">LMWK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallidin" title="Kallidin">Kallidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides" title="Tachykinin peptides">Tachykinins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II" title="Urotensin-II">Urotensin-II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor" title="Platelet-activating factor">Platelet-activating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peptides:_neuropeptides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropeptides" title="Template talk:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peptides:_neuropeptides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">neuropeptides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones">hormones</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">Opioid peptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A1%E2%80%938" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynorphin A1–8">Dynorphin A<sub>1–8</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Neoendorphin">α-Neoendorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Neoendorphin">β-Neoendorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endorphin">α-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Endorphin">γ-Endorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidorphin" title="Amidorphin">Amidorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin" title="Hemorphin">Hemorphin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiorphin" title="Opiorphin">Opiorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> neuropeptides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides" title="Tachykinin peptides">Tachykinins</a>: mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_A" title="Neurokinin A">Neurokinin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_B" title="Neurokinin B">Neurokinin B</a></li></ul></dd> <dd>amphibian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassinin" title="Kassinin">Kassinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Neuromedins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B" title="Neuromedin B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_N" title="Neuromedin N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_S" title="Neuromedin S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U" title="Neuromedin U">U</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orexin-A" title="Orexin-A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexin B">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnosine" title="Carnosine">Carnosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sleep-inducing_peptide" title="Delta-sleep-inducing peptide">Delta-sleep-inducing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMRFamide" title="FMRFamide">FMRFamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin" title="Galanin">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin-like_peptide" title="Galanin-like peptide">Galanin-like peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide">Gastrin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide AF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF" title="Neuropeptide FF">Neuropeptide FF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_SF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide SF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide SF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_VF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide VF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide VF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S" title="Neuropeptide S">Neuropeptide S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysins" title="Neurophysins">Neurophysins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">Neurotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide">Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGF" title="VGF">VGF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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