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<span>Causes for war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pequot_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pequot_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pequot raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pequot_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mystic_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mystic_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Mystic massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mystic_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War's_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War's_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>War's end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War's_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_accounts_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_accounts_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical accounts and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_accounts_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pequot War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حرب البيكوات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب البيكوات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekot_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Pekot müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pekot müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пекуотска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пекуотска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequotsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Pequotská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pequotská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot-Krieg" title="Pequot-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pequot-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_pequot" title="Guerra pequot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra pequot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_des_Pequots" title="Guerre des Pequots – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre des Pequots" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%BF%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="피쿼트 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피쿼트 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pequot" title="Perang Pequot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Pequot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_pequot" title="Guerra pequot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra pequot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ピクォート戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピクォート戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequotkrigen" title="Pequotkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pequotkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_dij_Pequot" title="Guèra dij Pequot – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra dij Pequot" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_z_Pekotami" title="Wojna z Pekotami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna z Pekotami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пекотская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пекотская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pequot War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пеквотски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пеквотски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot-sota" title="Pequot-sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pequot-sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pequot War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pequot_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pequot_war.jpg/220px-Pequot_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pequot_war.jpg/330px-Pequot_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pequot_war.jpg/440px-Pequot_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="565" /></a></span><br />A 19th-century engraving depicting an incident in the Pequot War</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 1636 – September 1638</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pequot defeat and massacre</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hartford_(1638)" title="Treaty of Hartford (1638)">Treaty of Hartford (1638)</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequot people">Pequot tribe</a></li><li>Western <a href="/wiki/Niantic_people" title="Niantic people">Niantic people</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_England_blank_flag.svg/23px-New_England_blank_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_England_blank_flag.svg/35px-New_England_blank_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_England_blank_flag.svg/46px-New_England_blank_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohegan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohegan people">Mohegans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><b>Pequot</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Sassacus" title="Sassacus">Sassacus</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><b>Western Niantic</b>:<br />Sassious</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Massachusetts Bay</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Underhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain John Underhill">John Underhill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li></ul></div><b>Plymouth</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow" title="Edward Winslow">Edward Winslow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Standish" title="Myles Standish">Myles Standish</a></li></ul></div><b>Connecticut</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(c._1600%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mason (c. 1600–1672)">John Mason</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seeley" title="Robert Seeley">Robert Seeley</a></li></ul></div><b>Native allies</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Uncas" title="Uncas">Uncas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wequash_Cooke" title="Wequash Cooke">Wequash Cooke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miantonomoh" title="Miantonomoh">Miantonomoh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pequot_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pequot War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pequot_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pequot War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pequot_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pequot War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pequot_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pequot War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_massacre" title="Mystic massacre">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Swamp_Fight" title="Fairfield Swamp Fight">Fairfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Pequot War</b> was an armed conflict that took place in 1636 and ended in 1638 in New England, between the <a href="/wiki/Pequot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequot">Pequot</a> tribe and an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">colonists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> colonies and their allies from the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Mohegan</a> tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequot. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to colonists in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> or the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other survivors were dispersed as captives to the victorious tribes. </p><p>The result was the elimination of the Pequot tribe as a viable polity in southern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and the colonial authorities classified them as extinct. Survivors who remained in the area were absorbed into other local tribes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pequot and the <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Mohegan</a> people were at one time a single sociopolitical entity. Anthropologists and historians contend that they split into the two competing groups sometime before contact with the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> English colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest historians of the Pequot War speculated that the Pequot people migrated from the upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> Valley toward central and eastern Connecticut sometime around 1500. These claims are disputed by the evidence of modern archaeology and anthropology finds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1630s, the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> Valley was in turmoil. The Pequot aggressively extended their area of control at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a> to the east, the Connecticut River Valley <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Mohegan</a> to the west, and the Lenape Algonquian people of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> to the south. The tribes contended for political dominance and control of the European <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. A series of <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> over the course of the previous three decades had severely reduced the Indian populations,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was a power vacuum in the area as a result. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> from Western Europe were also striving to extend the reach of their trade into the North American interior to achieve dominance in the lush, fertile region. The colonies were new at the time, as the original settlements had been founded in the 1620s. By 1636, the Dutch had fortified their trading post, and the English had built a trading fort at <a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut" title="Old Saybrook, Connecticut">Saybrook</a>. English Puritans from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>, settled at the recently established river towns of <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor</a> (1632), <a href="/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut" title="Wethersfield, Connecticut">Wethersfield</a> (1633), <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a> (1635), and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> (1636). The Pilgrims had been allied with the Wampanoag since 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-stillregretit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillregretit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_for_war">Causes for war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes for war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png/250px-Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png/375px-Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png/500px-Lion_Gardiner_and_Pequot_War_by_Charles_Reinhart_1890.png 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gardiner" title="Lion Gardiner">Lion Gardiner</a> in the Pequot War from a <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Reinhart" title="Charles Stanley Reinhart">Charles Stanley Reinhart</a> drawing <i>circa</i> 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the early 1630s, a series of contributing factors increased the tensions between English colonists and the tribes of southeastern New England. Efforts to control fur trade access resulted in a series of escalating incidents and attacks that increased tensions on both sides. Political divisions widened between the Pequots and Mohegans as they aligned with different trade sources, the Mohegans with the English colonists and the Pequots with the Dutch colonists. The peace ended between the Dutch and Pequots when the Pequots assaulted a tribe of Indians who had tried to trade in the area of Hartford. Tensions grew as the Massachusetts Bay Colony became a stronghold for <a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">wampum</a> production, which the Narragansetts and Pequots had controlled until the mid-1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adding to the tensions, John Stone and seven of his crew were murdered in 1634 by the Niantics, western tributary clients of the Pequots.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone was from the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and had been banished from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> for malfeasance, including drunkenness, adultery, and piracy. He had abducted two Western Niantic men, forcing them to show him the way up the Connecticut River. Soon after, his crew and he were attacked and killed by a larger group of Western Niantics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial reactions in Boston varied from indifference to outright joy at Stone's death,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the colonial officials still felt compelled to protest the killing. According to the Pequots' later explanations, he was killed in reprisal for the Dutch murdering the principal Pequot <i>sachem</i> Tatobem, and they claimed to be unaware that Stone was English and not Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Contemporaneous accounts claim that the Pequots knew Stone to be English.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In the earlier incident, Tatobem had boarded a Dutch vessel to trade. Instead of conducting trade, the Dutch abducted him and demanded a substantial amount of ransom for his safe return. The Pequots quickly sent bushels of wampum to the Dutch, but received only Tatobem's dead body in return. But the colonial officials in Boston did not accept the Pequots' excuses that they had been unaware of Stone's nationality. Pequot <i>sachem</i> Sassacus sent the colonists some wampum to atone for the killing, but he refused the colonists' demands that the warriors responsible for Stone's death be turned over to them for trial and punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Colonial_Hurricane_of_1635" title="Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635">Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635</a> also placed a great deal of pressure on the harvests of that year, according to historian Katherine Grandjean, increasing competition for winter food supplies for several years afterwards throughout much of coastal Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. This, in turn, precipitated even greater tensions between the Pequots and English colonists, who were ill-prepared to face periods of famine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more proximate cause of the war was the killing of a trader named <a href="/wiki/John_Oldham_(colonist)" title="John Oldham (colonist)">John Oldham</a>, who was attacked on a voyage to <a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a> on July 20, 1636. Several of his crew and he were killed and his ship was looted by <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a>-allied Indians, who sought to discourage settlers from trading with their Pequot rivals. Oldham had a reputation as a troublemaker and had been exiled from Plymouth Colony shortly before the incident on Block Island.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the weeks that followed, officials from Massachusetts Bay, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island Colony">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> assumed that the Narragansetts were the likely culprits. They knew that the Indians of Block Island were allies of the Eastern Niantics, who were allied with the Narragansetts, and they became suspicious of the Narragansetts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The murderers, meanwhile, escaped and were given sanctuary with the Pequots.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles">Battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg/240px-EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg/360px-EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg/480px-EndicottBlockIsland1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Engraving depicting Endecott's landing on <a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>News of Oldham's death became the subject of sermons in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In August, Governor Vane sent <a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a> to exact revenge on the Indians of <a href="/wiki/Block_Island,_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Block Island, Rhode Island">Block Island</a>. Endecott's party of roughly 90 men sailed to Block Island and attacked two apparently abandoned Niantic villages. Most of the Niantic escaped, while two of Endecott's men were injured. The English claimed to have killed 14, but later Narragansett reports claimed that only one Indian was killed on the island. The Massachusetts Bay militia burned the villages to the ground. They carried away crops that the Niantic had stored for winter and destroyed what they could not carry. Endecott went on to Fort Saybrook. </p><p>The English at Saybrook were not happy about the raid, but agreed that some of them would accompany Endecott as guides. Endecott sailed along the coast to a Pequot village, where he repeated the previous year's demand for those responsible for the death of Stone, and now also for those who murdered Oldham. After some discussion, Endecott concluded that the Pequots were stalling and attacked, but most escaped into the woods. Endecott had his forces burn down the village and crops before sailing home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pequot_raids">Pequot raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pequot raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath, the English of Connecticut Colony had to deal with the anger of the Pequots. The Pequots attempted to get their allies to join their cause, some 36 tributary villages, but were only partly effective. The Western Niantic (Nehantic) joined them, but the Eastern Niantic remained neutral. The traditional enemies of the Pequot, the Mohegan and the Narragansett, openly sided with the English. The Narragansetts had warred with and lost territory to the Pequots in 1622. Now, their friend <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a> urged the Narragansetts to side with the English against the Pequots. </p><p>Through the autumn and winter, Fort Saybrook was effectively besieged. People who ventured outside were killed. As spring arrived in 1637, the Pequots stepped up their raids on Connecticut towns. On April 23, <a href="/wiki/Wangunk" title="Wangunk">Wangunk</a> chief Sequin attacked Wethersfield with Pequot help. They killed six men and three women and a number of cattle and horses, and took two young girls captive. (They were daughters of William Swaine and were later ransomed by Dutch traders.)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, the towns lost about 30 settlers. </p><p>In May, leaders of Connecticut River towns met in Hartford, raised a militia, and placed Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(c._1600%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mason (c. 1600–1672)">John Mason</a> in command. Mason set out with 90 militia and 70 Mohegan warriors under Uncas; their orders were to directly attack the Pequot at their fort.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Fort Saybrook, Captain Mason was joined by John Underhill with another 20 men. Underhill and Mason then sailed from Fort Saybrook to Narragansett Bay, a tactic intended to mislead Pequot spies along the shoreline into thinking that the English were not intending an attack. After gaining the support of 200 Narragansetts, Mason and Underhill marched their forces with Uncas and <a href="/wiki/Wequash_Cooke" title="Wequash Cooke">Wequash Cooke</a> about 20 miles towards Mistick Fort (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mystic,_Connecticut" title="Mystic, Connecticut">Mystic</a>). They briefly camped at Porter's Rocks near the head of the Mystic River before mounting a surprise attack just before dawn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mystic_massacre">The Mystic massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Mystic massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mystic_massacre" title="Mystic massacre">Mystic massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png/220px-Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png/330px-Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png/440px-Mystic_Massacre_in_New_England_1638_Photo_Facsimile.png 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Engraving depicting the attack on the Pequot fort at Mystic, from John Underhill <i>Newes from America</i>, London, 1638</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mystic Massacre started in the predawn hours of May 26, 1637, when colonial forces led by Captains John Mason and John Underhill, along with their allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes, surrounded one of two main fortified Pequot villages at Mistick. Only 20 soldiers breached the palisade's gate and they were quickly overwhelmed, to the point that they used fire to create chaos and facilitate their escape. The ensuing conflagration trapped the majority of the Pequots; those who managed to escape the fire were slain by the soldiers and warriors who surrounded the fort. </p><p>Mason later declared that the attack against the Pequots was the act of a God who "laughed his Enemies and the Enemies of his People to scorn", making the Pequot fort "as a fiery Oven", and "thus did the Lord judge among the Heathen."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the estimated 500 Pequots in the fort, seven were taken prisoner and another seven escaped to the woods.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Narragansetts and Mohegans with Mason and Underhill's colonial militia were horrified by the actions and "manner of the Englishmen's fight… because it is too furious, and slays too many men."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Narragansetts attempted to leave and return home, but were cut off by the Pequots from the other village of Weinshauks and had to be rescued by Underhill's men—after which they reluctantly rejoined the colonists for protection and were used to carry the wounded, thereby freeing up more soldiers to fend off the numerous attacks along the withdrawal route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War's_end"><span id="War.27s_end"></span>War's end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War's end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of people and the village at Mistick Fort and losing even more warriors during the withdrawal pursuit broke the Pequot spirit, and they decided to abandon their villages and flee westward to seek refuge with the Mohawk tribe. Sassacus led roughly 400 warriors along the coast; when they crossed the Connecticut River, the Pequots killed three men whom they encountered near Fort Saybrook. </p><p>In mid-June, John Mason set out from Saybrook with 160 men and 40 Mohegan scouts led by Uncas. They caught up with the refugees at Sasqua, a <a href="/wiki/Mattabesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattabesic">Mattabesic</a> village near present-day <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield, Connecticut</a>. The colonists memorialized this event as the <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Swamp_Fight" title="Fairfield Swamp Fight">Fairfield Swamp Fight</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Swamp_Fight" title="Great Swamp Fight">Great Swamp Fight</a> during <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>). The English surrounded the swamp and allowed several hundred to surrender, mostly women and children, but Sassacus slipped out before dawn with perhaps 80 warriors, and continued west. </p><p>Sassacus and his followers had hoped to gain refuge among the Mohawk in present-day New York. However, the Mohawk instead murdered his bodyguard and him, afterwards sending his head and hands to Hartford (for reasons which were never made clear).<sup id="cite_ref-mith.umd.edu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mith.umd.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This essentially ended the Pequot War; colonial officials continued to call for hunting down what remained of the Pequots after war's end, but they granted asylum to any who went to live with the Narragansetts or Mohegans.<sup id="cite_ref-mith.umd.edu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mith.umd.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_(1743_copy).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png/220px-Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png/330px-Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png/440px-Treaty_of_Hartford_of_1638_%281743_copy%29.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>A 1743 copy of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hartford_(1638)" title="Treaty of Hartford (1638)">Treaty of Hartford of 1638</a>, which sought to eradicate the Pequot cultural identity by prohibiting the Pequots from returning to their lands, speaking their tribal language, or referring to themselves as Pequots.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In September, the Mohegans and Narragansetts met at the General Court of Connecticut and agreed on the disposition of the Pequot survivors. The agreement, known as the first <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hartford_(1638)" title="Treaty of Hartford (1638)">Treaty of Hartford</a>, was signed on September 21, 1638. About 200 Pequots survived the war; they finally gave up and submitted themselves under the authority of the <i>sachem</i> of the Mohegans or Narragansetts.<sup id="cite_ref-pequotwar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pequotwar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There were then given to Onkos, Sachem of <a href="/wiki/Mohegan" title="Mohegan">Monheag</a>, Eighty; to Myan Tonimo, Sachem of <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a>, Eighty; and to Nynigrett, Twenty, when he should satisfy for a Mare of Edward Pomroye's killed by his Men. The Pequots were then bound by Covenant, That none should inhabit their native Country, nor should any of them be called PEQUOTS any more, but Moheags and Narragansatts for ever.<sup id="cite_ref-pequotwar_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pequotwar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Other Pequots were enslaved and shipped to <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> or the West Indies, or were forced to become household slaves in English households in Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colonies essentially declared the Pequots extinct by prohibiting them from using the name any longer. </p><p>The colonists attributed their victory over the hostile Pequot tribe to an act of God: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let the whole Earth be filled with his glory! Thus the lord was pleased to smite our Enemies in the hinder Parts, and to give us their Land for an Inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-pequotwar_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pequotwar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This was the first instance wherein Algonquian peoples of southern New England encountered European-style warfare. After the Pequot War, no significant battles occurred between Indians and southern New England colonists for about 38 years. This long period of peace came to an end in 1675 with <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. According to historian Andrew Lipman, the Pequot War introduced the practice of colonists and Indians taking body parts as trophies of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipman.2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipman.2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honor and monetary reimbursement was given to those who brought back heads and scalps of Pequots.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunbar-Ortiz.2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunbar-Ortiz.2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_accounts_and_controversies">Historical accounts and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical accounts and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest accounts of the Pequot War were written within one year of the war. Later histories recounted events from a similar perspective, restating arguments first used by military leaders such as John Underhill and John Mason, as well as Puritans <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent historians and others have reviewed these accounts. In 2004, an artist and archaeologist (Jack Dempsey and David R. Wagner) teamed up to evaluate the sequence of events in the Pequot War. Their popular history took issue with events and whether John Mason and John Underhill wrote the accounts that appeared under their names.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors have been adopted as honorary members of the Lenape Pequots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most modern historians do not debate questions of the outcome of the battle or its chronology, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Cave" title="Alfred A. Cave">Alfred A. Cave</a>, a specialist in the ethnohistory of colonial America. However, Cave contends that Mason and Underhill's eyewitness accounts, as well as the contemporaneous histories of Mather and Hubbard, were more "polemical than substantive."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alden T. Vaughan writes that the Pequots were not "solely or even primarily responsible" for the war. "The Bay colony's gross escalation of violence… made all-out war unavoidable; until then, negotiation was at least conceivable."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2004, PBS aired the television documentary <i>Mystic Voices: The Story of the Pequot War</i>.</li> <li>The Mystic Massacre was featured in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/10_Days_that_Unexpectedly_Changed_America" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America">10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">History of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian massacres">Indian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Vincent" title="Philip Vincent">Philip Vincent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pequot_War_(book)" title="The Pequot War (book)">The Pequot War (book)</a></i> by Alfred Caves</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Winthrop, <i>Journal of John Winthrop</i>. ed. Dunn, Savage, Yeandle (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996), 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gardiner" title="Lion Gardiner">Lion Gardiner</a>, "Relation of the Pequot Warres", in <i>History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner</i> (Cleveland, 1897), p. 138; Ethel Boissevain, "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves", <i>Man in the Northwest</i> 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114; <a href="/wiki/Karen_O._Kupperman" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen O. Kupperman">Karen O. Kupperman</a>, <i>Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1993), p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Carrol Alton Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy", <i>Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin</i> 21 (1947): 26–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For archaeological investigations disproving Hubbard's theory of origin, see Irving Rouse, "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut", <i>Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin</i> 21 (1947): 25; Kevin McBride, "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984), pp. 126–28, 199–269; and the overall evidence on the question of Pequot origin in Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships", 26–33. For historical research, refer to Alfred A. Cave, "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Quarterly">New England Quarterly</a></i> 62 (1989): 27–44; and for linguistic research, see <a href="/wiki/Truman_D._Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman D. Michelson">Truman D. Michelson</a>, "Notes on <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian Language</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i> 1 (1917): 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Alfred W. Crosby, "Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America", <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>, 3rd Ser., vol. 33, no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 289–299; Arthur E. Spiero and Bruce E. Speiss, "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication", <i>Man in the Northeast</i> 35 (1987): 71–83; and Dean R. Snow and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics", <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory_(journal)" title="Ethnohistory (journal)">Ethnohistory</a></i> 35 (1988): 16–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stillregretit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stillregretit_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHedgpeth2021" class="citation news cs1">Hedgpeth, Dana (November 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/04/thanksgiving-anniversary-wampanoag-indians-pilgrims/">"This tribe helped the Pilgrims survive for their first Thanksgiving. They still regret it 400 years later"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=This+tribe+helped+the+Pilgrims+survive+for+their+first+Thanksgiving.+They+still+regret+it+400+years+later.&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Hedgpeth&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F11%2F04%2Fthanksgiving-anniversary-wampanoag-indians-pilgrims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_C._Tweedy2017" class="citation web cs1">Ann C. Tweedy (5 Oct 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/genealogy/from-beads-to-bounty-how-wampum-became-americas-first-currencyand-lost-its-power/">"From Beads to Bounty-How Wampum Became America's First Currency – And Lost Its Power"</a>. Indian Country Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209204027/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/genealogy/from-beads-to-bounty-how-wampum-became-americas-first-currencyand-lost-its-power/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Dec</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Beads+to+Bounty-How+Wampum+Became+America%27s+First+Currency+%E2%80%93+And+Lost+Its+Power&rft.pub=Indian+Country+Today&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.au=Ann+C.+Tweedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrymedianetwork.com%2Fhistory%2Fgenealogy%2Ffrom-beads-to-bounty-how-wampum-became-americas-first-currencyand-lost-its-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/1634-john-stone-lost-connecticut-fog-war/">"In 1634 John Stone is Lost in the Connecticut Fog of War"</a>. New England Historical Society. 2016-11-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152411/http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/1634-john-stone-lost-connecticut-fog-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Dec</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+1634+John+Stone+is+Lost+in+the+Connecticut+Fog+of+War&rft.pub=New+England+Historical+Society&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2F1634-john-stone-lost-connecticut-fog-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i>, pp. 72, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i> (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1996), pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=bradford_history.xml">"Of Plymouth Plantation | Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625211500/http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=bradford_history.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Plymouth+Plantation+%26%23124%3B+Early+Americas+Digital+Archive+%28EADA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmith.umd.edu%2Feada%2Fhtml%2Fdisplay.php%3Fdocs%3Dbradford_history.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span> p. 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grandjean, Katherine A. (2011). New World Tempests: Environment, Scarcity, and the Coming of the Pequot War. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bi-centenary+of+the+Burning+of+Providence+in+1676%3A+Defence+of+the+Rhode+Island+System+of+Treatment+of+the+Indians%2C+and+of+Civil+and+Religious+Liberty.+An+Address+Delivered+Before+the+Rhode+Island+Historical+Society&rft.place=Providence&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Providence+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1876-04-10&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Zachariah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QUTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dprovidence%2Bburned%2B1676%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526235827/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/nereligioushistory/bradford-plimoth/bradford-plymouthplantation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.gordon.edu%2Fhu%2Fbi%2Fted_hildebrandt%2Fnereligioushistory%2Fbradford-plimoth%2Fbradford-plymouthplantation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> p. 491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwater1902" class="citation book cs1">Atwater, Elias (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonyo00atwa_0"><i>History of the Colony of New Haven to Its Absorption Into Connecticut</i></a>. The Journal Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonyo00atwa_0/page/610">610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Colony+of+New+Haven+to+Its+Absorption+Into+Connecticut&rft.pages=610&rft.pub=The+Journal+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Atwater&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcolonyo00atwa_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriswold2012" class="citation book cs1">Griswold, Wick (2012). <i>A History of the Connecticut River</i>. The History Press. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Connecticut+River&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Griswold&rft.aufirst=Wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGames1999" class="citation book cs1">Games, Alison (1999). <i>Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World</i>. Harvard College. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+the+Origins+of+the+English+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Harvard+College&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Games&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pequotwar.org/about/">"The History of the Pequot War"</a>. pequotwar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026134814/http://pequotwar.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Pequot+War&rft.pub=pequotwar.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpequotwar.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mason's justification for burning the fort in <i>A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637</i> (Boston: S. Kneeland & T. Green, 1736), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/">Mason, John. <i>A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637</i> (Boston: S. Kneeland & T. Green, 1736), p. 10.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430075110/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/">Archived</a> 2009-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Bradford, <i>Of Plimoth Plantation, 1620–1647</i>, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Underhill, <i>Newes from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado</i> (London: I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, 1638), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mith.umd.edu-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mith.umd.edu_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mith.umd.edu_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=bradford_history.xml">"Of Plymouth Plantation | Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625211500/http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=bradford_history.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Plymouth+Plantation+%26%23124%3B+Early+Americas+Digital+Archive+%28EADA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmith.umd.edu%2Feada%2Fhtml%2Fdisplay.php%3Fdocs%3Dbradford_history.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span> p. 582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piecuch, Jim. "Hartford, Treaty of." <i>The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775</i>: <i>A Political, Social, and Military History</i>, edited by Spencer C. Tucker, et al., vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 375. <i>Gale eBooks</i>. Accessed 17 Aug. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pequotwar-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pequotwar_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pequotwar_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pequotwar_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1736" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, John (1736). Paul Royster (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/">"A Brief History of the Pequot War"</a>. <i>Electronic Texts in American Studies</i>. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430075110/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Texts+in+American+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Pequot+War&rft.date=1736&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fetas%2F42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Bradford and other contemporaries indicate that the Pequots who chose to were permitted to join with the Narragansett or Mohegan tribes—in the capacity of freemen, not as slaves. For first-hand accounts, see Lion Gardiner, "Relation of the Pequot Warres" in History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner (Cleveland, 1897), p. 138, and John Mason's account in the same volume.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For historical analyses of Pequot enslavement, see Michael L. Fickes, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'They Could Not Endure That Yoke': The Captivity of Pequot Women and Children after the War of 1637", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 73, no. 1. (March 2000), pp. 58–81; Ethel Boissevain, "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves", <i>Man in the Northwest</i> 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114; and Karen O. Kupperman, <i>Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipman.2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipman.2008_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Andrew (2008). "A Means to Knit Them Together: The Exchange of Body Parts in the Pequot War". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096768">25096768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Means+to+Knit+Them+Together%3A+The+Exchange+of+Body+Parts+in+the+Pequot+War&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25096768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunbar-Ortiz.2014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar-Ortiz.2014_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar-Ortiz2014" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014). <a href="/wiki/An_Indigenous_Peoples%27_History_of_the_United_States" title="An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States"><i>An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States</i></a>. Boston: Beacon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Indigenous+Peoples%27+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dunbar-Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Roxanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a 19th-century account that reflects Mason, Underhill, and the Mathers, see William Hubbard, <i>The History of the Indian Wars in New England</i> 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845), II:6–7. For narratives from the late 18th century, see Thomas Hutchinson, <i>The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay</i> (1793); Francis Parkman, <i>France and England in North America</i>, ed. David Levin (New York, NY: Viking Press, 1983): I:1084, in addition to Richard Hildreth, <i>The History of the United States of America</i> 6 vols (New York, 1856), I:237–42; and Howard Bradstreet, <i>The History of the War with the Pequots Retold</i> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1933) for the first half of the 20th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Dempsey_and_David_R._Wagner2004" class="citation book cs1">Jack Dempsey and David R. Wagner (2004). <i>Mystic Fiasco: How the Indians Won The Pequot War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystic+Fiasco%3A+How+the+Indians+Won+The+Pequot+War&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Jack+Dempsey+and+David+R.+Wagner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cave, <i>The Pequot War</i>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden T. Vaughan, "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637", in <i>Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 194.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradford, William. <i>Of Plimoth Plantation, 1620–1647</i>, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966).</li> <li>Gardiner, Lion. <i>Leift Lion Gardener his Relation of the Pequot Warres</i> (Boston: [First Printing] Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/38/">Online edition (1901)</a></li> <li>Hubbard, William. <i>The History of the Indian Wars in New England</i> 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845).</li> <li>Johnson, Edward. <i>Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England by Captain Edward Johnson of Woburn, Massachusetts Bay. With an historical introduction and an index by William Frederick Poole</i> (Andover, MA: W. F. Draper, [London: 1654] 1867).</li> <li>Mason, John. <i>A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637/Written by Major John Mason, a principal actor therein, as then chief captain and commander of Connecticut forces; With an introduction and some explanatory notes by the Reverend Mr. Thomas Prince</i> (Boston: Printed & sold by. S. Kneeland & T. Green in Queen Street, 1736).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/">Online edition</a></li> <li>Mather, Increase. <i>A Relation of the Troubles which have Hapned in New-England, by Reason of the Indians There, from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675</i> (New York: Arno Press, [1676] 1972).</li> <li>Orr, Charles ed., <i>History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner</i> (Cleveland, 1897).</li> <li>Underhill, John. <i>Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado. Also a discovery of these places, that as yet have very few or no inhabitants which would yeeld speciall accommodation to such as will plant there ... By Captaine Iohn Underhill, a commander in the warres there</i> (London: Printed by I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, and are to be sold at the signe of the Glove in Corne-hill neere the Royall Exchange, 1638). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/37/">Online edition</a></li> <li>Vincent, Philip. <i>A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England, between the English, and the Salvages: VVith the present state of things there</i> (London: Printed by M[armaduke] P[arsons] for Nathanael Butter, and Iohn Bellamie, 1637). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/35/">Online edition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, James T. <i>The Founding of New England</i> (Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1921).</li> <li>Apess, William. <i>A Son of the Forest (The Experience of William Apes, a Native of the Forest Comprising a Notice of the Pequod tribe of Indians), and other writings</i>, ed. Barry O'Connell (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, [1829] 1997).</li> <li>Bancroft, George. <i>A History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent</i>, 9 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1837–1866): I:402–404.</li> <li>Boissevain, Ethel. "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves", <i>Man in the Northwest</i> 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114.</li> <li>Bradstreet, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22847430"><i>The Story of the War with the Pequots, Retold</i></a> (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1933).</li> <li>Cave, Alfred A. "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", <i>New England Quarterly</i> 62 (1989): 27–44.</li> <li>_______. "Who Killed John Stone? A Note on the Origins of the Pequot War", <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>, 3rd Series, vol. 49, no. 3. (July 1992), pp. 509–521.</li> <li>______. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10915930"><i>The Pequot War</i></a> (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1996).</li> <li>Channing, Edward. <i>A History of the United States</i> (New York: Macmillan, 1912–1932).</li> <li>Cronon, William. <i>Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England</i> (New York: Hill and Wang, 1985).</li> <li>Crosby, Alfred W. "Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America", <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>, 3rd Series, vol. 33, no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 289–299.</li> <li>De Forest, John W. <i>History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest known Period to 1850</i> (Hartford, 1853).</li> <li>Dempsey, Jack, and David R. Wagner, <i>Mystic Fiasco: How the Indians Won The Pequot War</i>. 249 pp., 50 illustrations/photos, Annotated Chronology, Index. Scituate, Massachusetts: Digital Scanning, 2004. See also "Mystic Massacre"</li> <li>Drinnon, Richard, <i>Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).</li> <li>Fickes, Michael L. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'They Could Not Endure That Yoke': The Captivity of Pequot Women and Children after the War of 1637", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 73, no. 1. (March 2000), pp. 58–81.</li> <li>Freeman, Michael. "Puritans and Pequots: The Question of Genocide", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 68, no. 2. (June 1995), pp. 278–293.</li> <li>Greene, Evarts P. <i>The Foundations of American Nationality</i> (New York: American Book Co., 1922).</li> <li>Hall, David. <i>Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990).</li> <li>Hauptman, Laurence M. "The Pequot War and Its Legacies", in <i>The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an Indian Nation</i>, ed. Laurence M. Hauptman and James D. Wherry (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 69.</li> <li>Hildreth, Richard. <i>The History of the United States of America</i> (New York: Harper & Bros., 1856–1860), I: 237–242.</li> <li>Hirsch, Adam J. "The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England", <i>Journal of American History</i>, vol. 74, no. 4. (March 1988), pp. 1187–1212.</li> <li>Holmes, Abiel. <i>The Annals of America: From the Discovery by Columbus in the Year 1492, to the Year 1826</i> (Cambridge: Hilliard and Brown, 1829).</li> <li>Howe, Daniel W. <i>The Puritan Republic of the Massachusetts Bay in New England</i> (Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill, 1899).</li> <li>Hutchinson, Thomas. <i>The History of the Colony of Massachuset's Bay, From the first settlement thereof in 1628</i> (London: Printed for M. Richardson ..., 1765).</li> <li>Jennings, Francis P. <i>The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest</i> (Chapel Hill: Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press, 1975).</li> <li>Karr, Ronald Dale. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Why Should You Be So Furious?': The Violence of the Pequot War", <i>Journal of American History</i>, vol. 85, no. 3. (December 1998), pp. 876–909.</li> <li>Katz, Steven T. "The Pequot War Reconsidered", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 64, no. 2. (June 1991), pp. 206–224.</li> <li>______. "Pequots and the Question of Genocide: A Reply to Michael Freeman", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 68, no. 4. (December 1995), pp. 641–649.</li> <li>Kupperman, Karen O. <i>Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640</i> (Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980).</li> <li>Lipman, Andrew, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'A meanes to knitt them togeather': The Exchange of Body Parts in the Pequot War", <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> Third Series, Vol. 65, No. 1 (2008): 3–28.</li> <li>Means, Carrol Alton, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy", <i>Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin</i> 21 (2947): 26–33.</li> <li>Macleod, William C., <i>The American Indian Frontier</i> (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1928).</li> <li>McBride, Kevin, "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1984).</li> <li>Michelson, Truman D., "Notes on Algonquian Language", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i> 1 (1917): 56–57.</li> <li>Oberg, Michael. <i>Uncas: First of the Mohegans</i> (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2003).</li> <li>Parkman, Francis. <i>France and England in North America</i>, ed. David Levin (New York: Viking Press, 1983): I:1084.</li> <li>Salisbury, Neal. <i>Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500–1643</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).</li> <li>Segal, Charles M. and David C. Stineback, eds. <i>Puritans, Indians, and Manifest Destiny</i> (New York: Putnam, 1977).</li> <li>Snow, Dean R., and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics", <i>Ethnohistory</i> 35 (1988): 16–38.</li> <li>Speck, Frank. "Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut: A Mohegan-Pequot Diary", <i>Annual Reports of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology</i> 43 (1928).</li> <li>Spiero, Arthur E., and Bruce E. Speiss, "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication", <i>Man in the Northeast</i> 35 (1987): 71–83</li> <li>Sylvester, Herbert M. <i>Indian Wars of New England</i>, 3 vols. (Boston: W. B. Clarke Co., 1910), 1:183–339.</li> <li>Trumbull, Benjamin. <i>A Complete History of Connecticut: Civil and Ecclesiastical, From the Emigration of its First Planters, from England, in the Year 1630, to the Year 1764; and to the close of the Indian Wars</i> (New Haven: Maltby, Goldsmith and Co. and Samuel Wadsworth, 1818).</li> <li>Vaughan, Alden T. "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637", <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 3rd Series, Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 256–269; also republished in <i>Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).</li> <li>______. <i>New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620–1675</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995, Reprint).</li> <li>Willison, George F. <i>Saints and Strangers, Being the Lives of the Pilgrim Fathers & their Families, with their Friends & Foes; & An Account of their Posthumous Wanderings in limbo, their Final Resurrection & Rise to Glory, & the Strange Pilgrimages of Plymouth Rock</i> (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945)</li> <li>Wilson, Woodrow. <i>A History of the American People</i>, 5 vols. (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624024526/http://bc.barnard.columbia.edu/~rmccaugh/earlyAC/readings/pequot/pequot.pdf">1736 version of John Mason's account</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228194959/http://bc.barnard.columbia.edu/~rmccaugh/earlyAC/pequottl.htm">"Pequot War timeline from Columbia University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bc.barnard.columbia.edu/~rmccaugh/earlyAC/pequottl.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pequot+War+timeline+from+Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbc.barnard.columbia.edu%2F~rmccaugh%2FearlyAC%2Fpequottl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APequot+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/peq.html">A summary of the Pequots and their history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901232149/http://ushistory.kerpal.net/pequot_war.html">A brief history of the Pequot War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialwarsct.org/1637_pequot_history.htm">Society of Colonial War's account</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203073904/http://www.capecodonline.com/special/tribeslink/worldsrejoined13.htm">Cape Cod Online:</a> Worlds Rejoined.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901162411/http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?sectionId=49&articleId=7d2710f3003000c">The Royal Gazette</a>: Bermudians (Mohegans) and Pequots Reconnect</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/35/">P. Vincent, <i>A True Relation of the Late Battell fought in New England</i> online edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/37/">John Underhill, <i>Newes from America</i> online edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/38/">Lion Gardener, <i>Relation of the Pequot Warres</i> online edition</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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