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<span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1688–1689:_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1688–1689:_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1688–1689: the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1688–1689:_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobite_political_and_strategic_objectives_1689–1690" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobite_political_and_strategic_objectives_1689–1690"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jacobite political and strategic objectives 1689–1690</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobite_political_and_strategic_objectives_1689–1690-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1690:_the_Boyne_and_Limerick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1690:_the_Boyne_and_Limerick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1690: the Boyne and Limerick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1690:_the_Boyne_and_Limerick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1691:_Athlone,_Aughrim_and_the_second_siege_of_Limerick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1691:_Athlone,_Aughrim_and_the_second_siege_of_Limerick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1691: Athlone, Aughrim and the second siege of Limerick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1691:_Athlone,_Aughrim_and_the_second_siege_of_Limerick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Limerick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Limerick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Treaty of Limerick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Limerick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Long-term effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الحرب الوليمية في أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الوليمية في أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Guillemita_d%27Irlanda" title="Guerra Guillemita d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Guillemita d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_dvou_kr%C3%A1l%C5%AF" title="Válka dvou králů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka dvou králů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelminske_Irlandskrige" title="Vilhelminske Irlandskrige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelminske Irlandskrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_der_zwei_K%C3%B6nige" title="Krieg der zwei Könige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krieg der zwei Könige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γουλιελμιτικός Πόλεμος στην Ιρλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιελμιτικός Πόλεμος στην Ιρλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Guillermita_de_Irlanda" title="Guerra Guillermita de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra Guillermita de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جنگ ویلیامیت در ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ویلیامیت در ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_an_D%C3%A1_R%C3%AD" title="Cogadh an Dá Rí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh an Dá Rí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Williamite_di_Irlandia" title="Perang Williamite di Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Williamite di Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_guglielmita" title="Guerra guglielmita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra guglielmita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="המלחמה הוויליאמית באירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הוויליאמית באירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Williamite_di_Ireland" title="Perang Williamite di Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Williamite di Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamitische_Oorlog_in_Ierland" title="Williamitische Oorlog in Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Williamitische Oorlog in Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ウィリアマイト戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアマイト戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmskrigen_i_Irland" title="Vilhelmskrigen i Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelmskrigen i Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_vilhelminske_krigen_i_Irland" title="Den vilhelminske krigen i Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den vilhelminske krigen i Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_irlandzka" title="Wojna irlandzka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna irlandzka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Guilhermina_na_Irlanda" title="Guerra Guilhermina na Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Guilhermina na Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Война двух королей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война двух королей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sota_Irlannissa_1689%E2%80%931691" title="Sota Irlannissa 1689–1691 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sota Irlannissa 1689–1691" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmska_kriget_p%C3%A5_Irland" title="Vilhelmska kriget på Irland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelmska kriget på Irland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Війна двох королів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна двох королів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E9%BB%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="愛爾蘭威廉黨人戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Williamite War in Ireland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/300px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/450px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/600px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="861" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of the Boyne between James II and William III, 11 July 1690</i>, <a href="/wiki/Huchtenburg" title="Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 March 1689 – 3 October 1691<br />(2 years, 6 months, and 3 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Williamite victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland"><img alt="Kingdom of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III/II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281689-1702%29_rev2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Frederick Schomberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/23px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/35px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/45px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Godert_de_Ginkell,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone">Godert de Ginkell</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII/II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel">Earl of Tyrconnell</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603%E2%80%931689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Dorrington" title="William Dorrington">William Dorrington</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_von_Rosen" title="Conrad von Rosen">Conrad von Rosen</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chalmot_de_Saint-Ruhe" title="Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe">Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(Ireland)" title="Army of the North (Ireland)">Army of the North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Danish_Auxiliary_Corps_in_the_Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Danish Auxiliary Corps in the Williamite War in Ireland">Danish Auxiliary Corps</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Irish Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 44,000<sup id="cite_ref-chandler_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 36,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997190_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997190-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–39,000<sup id="cite_ref-chandler_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandler-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000 killed or died of disease<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006398-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,293 killed or died of disease <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006398-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Williamite_war_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Williamite war in Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Williamite_War_in_Ireland1571" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Williamite War in Ireland</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bandon" title="Capture of Bandon">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_Dromore" title="Break of Dromore">Dromore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantry_Bay" title="Battle of Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler" title="Battle of Newtownbutler">Newtownbutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)" title="Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)">Carrickfergus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Newry" title="Raid on Newry">Newry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cavan" title="Battle of Cavan">Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone_(1690)" title="Siege of Athlone (1690)">1st Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Waterford" title="Capture of Waterford">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">1st Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cork" title="Siege of Cork">Cork and Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Athlone">2nd Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">2nd Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Williamite War in Ireland</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place from March 1689 to October 1691. Fought between <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> supporters of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> and those of his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, it resulted in a Williamite victory. It is generally viewed as a related conflict of the 1688 to 1697 <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>. </p><p>The November 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> James with his <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> and her husband William, who ruled as joint monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>. However, James retained considerable support in largely Catholic Ireland, where it was hoped he would address long-standing grievances on land ownership, religion, and civic rights. </p><p>The war began in March 1689 with a series of skirmishes between James's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Royal Army">Irish Army</a>, which had stayed loyal in 1688, and <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(Ireland)" title="Army of the North (Ireland)">Protestant militia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds20073–4,_48_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds20073–4,_48-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">siege of Derry</a>, where the Jacobites failed to regain control of one of the north's key towns.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enabled William to land an expeditionary force, which defeated the main Jacobite army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Boyne</a> in July 1690. James returned to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after the battle, while the Jacobites were decisively defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Aughrim</a> in 1691. The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> in October 1691. </p><p>One contemporary witness, <a href="/wiki/George_Story_(priest)" title="George Story (priest)">George Story</a>, calculated the war cost over 100,000 lives through sickness, famine, and in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006398-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a> were confined to Scotland and England, but the war was to have a lasting effect on the political and cultural landscape of Ireland, confirming British and Protestant rule over the country for over two centuries. While the Treaty of Limerick had offered a series of guarantees to Catholics, subsequent extension of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">Penal Laws</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, would further erode their civic rights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution in Scotland</a></div> <p>The war began in March 1689 when <a href="/wiki/James_II_and_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II and VII">James II and VII</a> landed in Ireland seeking to reverse the November 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, which had replaced him with his nephew <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a>. The conflict was part of the 1688 to 1697 <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a>, a coalition led by William as <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. Both Louis and William viewed Ireland as a subsidiary theatre, as did James, whose primary objective was to regain <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland was selected because some 75% of the population shared James' <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, with Protestants concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, where they comprised nearly 50% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200588–90_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200588–90-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also possessed a large Catholic army, built up by the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Earl of Tyrconnell</a> since 1687; although the majority were poorly equipped, unpaid recruits, James brought weapons and French regulars with him to provide training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005426_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005426-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the concessions demanded by Irish Catholics in return for their backing undermined <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> support in England and Scotland, which were overwhelmingly Protestant. This also applied to Ulster, without which James could not support the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">rising in Scotland</a>, invade England or prevent William bringing in troops and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983143–145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983143–145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their major demands included reversal of land confiscations which had reduced Catholic land ownership from 90% in 1600 to 22% by 1685. This was opposed both by Protestants and those members of the <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland#Old_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Irish Catholic elite</a> who benefitted from <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">previous settlements</a>, among them Tyrconnell and James himself. Another was the autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, an idea that clashed with Stuart ideology, which was strongly <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differing external and internal objectives undermined the Jacobite campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005106–108_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005106–108-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1688–1689:_the_North"><span id="1688.E2.80.931689:_the_North"></span>1688–1689: the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1688–1689: the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to November 1688, James was so confident Ireland would remain loyal that he ordered 2,500 troops, or around 40% of the Irish army, transferred to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds20073_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds20073-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deprived Tyrconnell of vital trained personnel, while their presence led to near mutiny in several of James' most reliable English units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1978196_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978196-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Irish rank and file were arrested after William's landing, and later sent to serve under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Austrian–Ottoman War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan200116_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan200116-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Williamite War in Ireland is located in Northern Ireland"><img alt="Williamite War in Ireland is located in Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="685" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.333%;left:79%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belfast"><img alt="Belfast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Belfast</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.333%;left:33%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Derry"><img alt="Derry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Derry</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68%;left:22.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Enniskillen"><img alt="Enniskillen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Enniskillen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.333%;left:83%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Carrickfergus"><img alt="Carrickfergus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Carrickfergus</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66%;left:71.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dromore"><img alt="Dromore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Dromore</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.667%;left:74.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lisburn"><img alt="Lisburn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Lisburn</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.333%;left:63%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dundalk"><img alt="Dundalk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Dundalk</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Northern_Ireland.png" title="File:Relief Map of Northern Ireland.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The 1688/1689 Campaign in the North; key locations (20th Century Map)</div></div></div> <p>Apparently shaken by the speed of James's fall, Tyrconnell opened negotiations with William, although this may have been a delaying tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199442–44_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199442–44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Talbot,_Countess_of_Tyrconnell" title="Frances Talbot, Countess of Tyrconnell">Frances Talbot</a>, was the elder sister of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Sarah Churchill</a>, whose husband <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a> was a key member of the English military conspiracy against James. One of those transferred to England in September was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(officer)" title="Richard Hamilton (officer)">Richard Hamilton</a>, an Irish Catholic professional soldier. Confined in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> after James' flight, in January William sent him to negotiate with Tyrconnell: once back in Ireland, however, he was widely thought to have convinced Tyrconnell to abandon negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds198716_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198716-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January, Tyrconnell issued warrants for the recruitment of another 40,000 levies, almost entirely Catholic and organised along standard regimental lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19426_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19426-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By spring 1689, the army theoretically had around 36,000 men, although experienced officers remained in short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189–190_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189–190-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paying, equipping and training this number was impossible and many were organised as <a href="/wiki/Rapparee" title="Rapparee">Rapparees or irregulars</a>, largely beyond Tyrconnell's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005426_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005426-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite assurances of protection, the easiest way to obtain supplies or money was to confiscate it from Protestants; many fled to the North or England, spreading "predictions of impending catastrophe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds20073_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds20073-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fears grew as areas outside the towns became increasingly lawless, exacerbated when <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> ordered Protestant militia to be disarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms1986169_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms1986169-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused an exodus from the countryside; the population of Derry grew from 2,500 in December to over 30,000 by April.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doubts over the ability of Tyrconnell's regime to ensure law and order was not confined to Protestants; many Catholics also sought security abroad or in large towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992130_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992130-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James landed in <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> on 12 March, accompanied by French regulars under <a href="/wiki/Conrad_von_Rosen" title="Conrad von Rosen">Conrad von Rosen</a>, along with English, Scottish and Irish volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news sparked pro-Williamite demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, offset by a more cautious response elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rawdon" title="Arthur Rawdon">Arthur Rawdon</a>, who later organised the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(Ireland)" title="Army of the North (Ireland)">Army of the North</a>, had offered to fight for James against <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Monmouth</a> in 1685 and did not commit to William until March 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992127_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants were concentrated in Ulster and urban centres such as <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, which Tyrconnell sought to secure with Catholic units of the Irish army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19424–5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19424–5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic troops were refused entry to <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> on 7 December, although the Protestant town council simultaneously declared their "duty and loyalty to our sovereign lord, (James)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992131_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William viewed it as a French proxy invasion, best dealt with by attacking France and agreed to divert resources only because "abandoning" beleaguered Irish Protestants was politically unacceptable in England and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199443–45_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199443–45-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 March, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> approved funding for an Irish expeditionary force of 22,230 men, composed of new levies and European mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997193_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997193-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, Parliament agreed to join the Grand Alliance and become part of the wider Nine Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamilton had been appointed Jacobite commander in the North, and on 14 March he secured eastern Ulster by routing a Williamite militia at <a href="/wiki/Break_of_Dromore" title="Break of Dromore">Dromore</a>. On 11 April, <a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a> launched a Jacobite rising in Scotland; on 18th, James joined the siege of Derry and on 29th, the French landed another 1,500–3,000 Jacobites at <a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay" title="Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When reinforcements from England reached Derry in mid-April, governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lundy" title="Robert Lundy">Robert Lundy</a> advised them to return, claiming the city was indefensible. Their commanders, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Richards_(soldier)" title="Solomon Richards (soldier)">Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(officer)" title="John Cunningham (officer)">Cunningham</a>, were later dismissed by William for cowardice and Lundy fled the town in disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds198716_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198716-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg/180px-Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg/270px-Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg/360px-Adrian_van_der_Werff_Portrait_Friedrich_von_Schomberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4902" data-file-height="6072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Schomberg</a> (1615–1690), Williamite commander in Ireland; immensely experienced, he was a Marshal of France, England and Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jacobite focus on western Ulster, specifically Derry and Enniskillen, has been described as a strategic error. The eastern region was of greater significance, since it allowed mutual support between Irish and Scots Jacobites and, if it had been captured, resupply from England would have been made far more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan200118_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan200118-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid May, the Williamite position had improved; on 16th, government forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loup_Hill" title="Battle of Loup Hill">retained control</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>, cutting direct links between Scotland and Ireland. The main Jacobite army was stuck outside Derry, its French contingent proving more unpopular with their Irish colleagues than their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992131_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1992131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 June, four battalions of Williamite reinforcements under the tough and experienced <a href="/wiki/Percy_Kirke" title="Percy Kirke">Percy Kirke</a> arrived on the <a href="/wiki/River_Foyle" title="River Foyle">Foyle</a>, north of Derry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war in the North turned on three events in the last week of July. Dundee's victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Killiecrankie</a> on 27th was offset by his own death and heavy losses among his troops, ending the Scottish rising as a serious threat. On the 28th, Kirke's forces broke the Jacobite blockade with naval support and raised the siege of Derry; the besiegers fired the surrounding countryside and retreated south. On the 31st, a Jacobite attack on Enniskillen was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler" title="Battle of Newtownbutler">Newtownbutler</a>; over 1,500 men were killed and its leader <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy,_Viscount_Mountcashel" title="Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel">Mountcashel</a> captured. From a position of virtual domination, the Jacobites lost their hold on Ulster within a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007145_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 August, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Schomberg</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Lough" title="Belfast Lough">Belfast Lough</a> with the main Williamite army; by the end of the month, he had more than 20,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001202_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001202-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)" title="Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)">Carrickfergus fell</a> on 27 August; James insisted on holding <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a>, against the advice of his French advisors who wanted to retreat beyond the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon</a>. Tyrconnell was pessimistic about their chances but an opportunity for Schomberg to end the war by taking Dundalk was missed, largely due to a complete failure of logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001203_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001203-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland was a relatively poor country with a small population, obliging both armies to depend on external support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds200717_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds200717-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this ultimately proved a greater problem for the Jacobites, Schomberg's men lacked tents, coal, food and clothing, largely because his inexperienced commissary agent in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> could not charter enough ships. This was worsened by choosing a campsite on low, marshy ground, which autumn rains and lack of hygiene quickly turned into a stinking swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001204_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001204-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 6,000 men died from disease before Schomberg ordered a withdrawal into winter quarters in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997195_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997195-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspecting the abandoned camp, <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_(translator)" title="John Stevens (translator)">John Stevens</a>, an English Catholic serving with the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Grand_Prior%27s_Regiment" title="Lord Grand Prior's Regiment">Grand Prior's Regiment</a>, recorded that "a vast number of dead bodies was found there unburied, and not a few yet breathing but almost devoured with lice and other vermin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens96_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens96-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobite_political_and_strategic_objectives_1689–1690"><span id="Jacobite_political_and_strategic_objectives_1689.E2.80.931690"></span>Jacobite political and strategic objectives 1689–1690</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jacobite political and strategic objectives 1689–1690"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_(1640-1709)_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg/360px-Portrait_of_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_%281640-1709%29_by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>French envoy <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_(diplomat)" title="Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (diplomat)">d'Avaux</a>, whose relationship with the Irish was one of mutual mistrust and dislike</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jacobites were undermined by differing political and strategic objectives, reflected in the Irish Parliament that sat from May to July. Since no elections were held in Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Commons</a> was 70 members short and largely composed of Catholics; of these, a minority were members of the old Gaelic gentry or 'Old Irish', the majority being so-called '<a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a>' of Anglo-Norman descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199447_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199447-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Protestant peers and four Church of Ireland bishops sat in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Lords</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Dopping" title="Anthony Dopping">Anthony Dopping, Bishop of Meath</a> acting as leader of the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009489_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009489-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a>" by 19th century nationalist historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Charles Duffy</a>, in reality it was deeply divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199444_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199444-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For James, regaining England was his main objective, and concessions to his Irish supporters potentially weakened his position there. In the early stages of the war, Protestant Jacobite support was more significant than often appreciated and included many members of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart,_1st_Viscount_Mountjoy" title="William Stewart, 1st Viscount Mountjoy">Viscount Mountjoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005435_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005435-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opposition to Irish autonomy meant James made concessions with great reluctance and despite his own Catholicism, insisted on the rights of the established church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009490_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyMartinByrne2009490-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While personally loyal to James, Tyrconnell viewed his restoration as secondary to preservation of Catholic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton1991201_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton1991201-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few Catholics who benefited from the 1662 Land Settlement, he and other beneficiaries had no desire to make substantial changes to it. Led by the Earl of Limerick, this faction urged a compromise settlement with William in January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005436_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005436-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were opposed by the 'Old Irish', whose main demand was regaining estates confiscated from them after the 1652 <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199448_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199448-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, a significant proportion of the Irish Parliament preferred to negotiate, which meant avoiding combat to preserve the army and retain as much territory as possible. James himself viewed war in Ireland as a dead-end, and pointed out that the French provided only enough supplies to keep the conflict going, not win it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1816387_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1816387-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a former naval commander, he argued retaking England meant a cross-Channel invasion, and French suggestions of doing so via the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> were simply unrealistic. Since the French navy was unable to resupply their own forces in Ireland, it was unlikely they could control the Irish Sea long enough to land troops in the face of a hostile population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearsall1986113_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearsall1986113-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peripheral rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were a cost-effective way for France to divert British resources from Europe. This meant prolonging the war was more useful than winning it, although potentially devastating for the local populace, a dilemma that resurfaced in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">1745 Scottish Rising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2003133-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1689, the French envoy <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_(diplomat)" title="Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (diplomat)">d'Avaux</a> urged the Jacobites to withdraw beyond the Shannon, first destroying everything in between, including Dublin. Unsurprisingly, this suggestion was rejected, as the Irish were united in their dislike of the French in general and d'Avaux in particular. The feeling was mutual; when replaced in April 1690, d'Avaux told his successor <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nompar_de_Caumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Nompar de Caumont">Lauzun</a> the Irish were 'a poor-spirited and cowardly people, whose soldiers never fight and whose officers will never obey orders.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007197_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007197-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1690:_the_Boyne_and_Limerick">1690: the Boyne and Limerick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1690: the Boyne and Limerick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></div> <p>In April 1690, an additional 6,000 French regulars arrived, in exchange for a roughly equivalent number of Irish troops under Mountcashel, who were sent to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997201_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997201-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To retain as much territory as possible, the Jacobites held a line along the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a>, first destroying or removing crops and livestock to the north. This reduced the local population to utter misery; a French official recorded his horror at seeing people "eating grass like horses", or their corpses littering the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2008191_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2008191-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took over fifty years for the area around <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> to recover from this devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1992435_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1992435-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced by demands from his English government that he resolve the position in Ireland before taking the offensive in Flanders, William committed the majority of his available forces there and took personal command of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997195_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997195-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 June 1690, 300 ships arrived in Belfast Lough carrying nearly 31,000 men, a combination of Dutch, English and Danish regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997196_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997196-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament backed him with increased funding and the issues faced by Schomberg were remedied, transportation costs alone rising from £15,000 in 1689 to over £100,000 in 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001205_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001205-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacobites established defensive positions at <a href="/wiki/Oldbridge" title="Oldbridge">Oldbridge</a>, outside Drogheda on the south bank of the Boyne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997201_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997201-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> on 1 July, William crossed the river in several places, forcing them to retreat. The result itself was not decisive, with fewer than 2,000 dead on both sides, including Schomberg, but demoralised and weakened by desertion, the Jacobite army retreated to <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>. This allowed William to enter Dublin unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2005446_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005446-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere, victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Fleurus</a> on 1 July gave the French control of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>; on the same day as the Boyne, they defeated a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Beachy Head</a>, causing panic in England. As a former English naval commander, James recognised control of the Channel was a rare opportunity and returned to France to urge an immediate invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler200335_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler200335-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French failed to follow up their victory and by August, the Anglo-Dutch fleet had regained command of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999215_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999215-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tyrconnell had spent the winter of 1689 to 1690 urging Louis XIV to support a "descent on England" and avoid fighting on Irish soil. His requests were rejected; an invasion required enormous expenditure and Louis trusted neither James nor his English supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton1991202_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton1991202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there were sound strategic reasons for his hurried departure, which were backed by his senior commanders, James has gone down in Irish history as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Séamus an Chaca</i></span> or "James the beshitten/coward".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoylan1996234_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoylan1996234-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opportunity to end the war was missed when William overestimated the strength of his position. The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a> of 17 July excluded Jacobite officers and the Catholic landed class from a general pardon, encouraging them to continue fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007224_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007224-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(English_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Douglas (English Army officer)">James Douglas</a> and 7,500 men tried to break the Jacobite defensive line along the Shannon by taking <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone_(1690)" title="Siege of Athlone (1690)">Athlone</a>. However they lacked sufficient siege artillery and provisions and rumors had reached Douglas that <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield,_1st_Earl_of_Lucan" title="Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan">Patrick Sarsfield</a> was marching with 15,000 men to cut off their forces from retreat. Douglas decided to withdraw in the middle of the night and by alternate route to avoid meeting the Irish force.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/220px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/330px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg/440px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Boyne_(painting)" title="The Battle of the Boyne (painting)">The Boyne</a>; a narrow Williamite victory, in which Schomberg was killed (bottom right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Limerick, strategic key to the west of Ireland, became William's next objective, the Jacobites concentrating the bulk of their forces in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199447_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199447-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detachment under <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> and Kinsale but <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)" title="Siege of Limerick (1690)">Limerick repulsed a series of assaults</a>, inflicting heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199447–48_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199447–48-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalry raids led by Patrick Sarsfield destroyed William's artillery train and heavy rain prevented replacements. Faced by multiple threats in mainland Europe, William withdrew and left Ireland in late 1690, the Jacobites retaining large parts of western Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dutch general <a href="/wiki/Godert_de_Ginkell,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone">de Ginkell</a> assumed command, based at <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, with Douglas in Ulster and the Danes under <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Willem,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Neuenstadt" title="Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt">Württemberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>. Protestant administration was re-established in the counties held by Williamites, with arrests and confiscation of Jacobite estates, intended to reward William's supporters. Ginkel pointed out doing so in cash, not land, was cheaper than a month of war and urged more generous terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997205_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997205-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 July, a letter from James confirmed ships were on their way to evacuate the French brigade and any others who wanted to leave; he also released his Irish officers from their oaths, allowing them to seek a negotiated end to the war. Tyrconnell and the French troops sailed from <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> in early September; James's inexperienced illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick</a> was left in command, supported by a council of officers composed of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Maxwell_(Jacobite)" title="Thomas Maxwell (Jacobite)">Thomas Maxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Sheldon" title="Dominic Sheldon">Dominic Sheldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Jacobite)" title="John Hamilton (Jacobite)">John Hamilton</a> and Sarsfield.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tyrconnell hoped to obtain sufficient French support to extend the conflict and gain better terms, which he told Louis could be done with limited numbers of French troops. A negotiated peace also required him to reduce the influence of the pro-war party, led by Sarsfield, who was increasingly popular with the army. He told James the pro-war group wanted Irish autonomy or even independence, while he wished to see Ireland linked firmly to England; to do so, he needed arms, money and an 'experienced' French general to replace Sarsfield and Berwick.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1691:_Athlone,_Aughrim_and_the_second_siege_of_Limerick"><span id="1691:_Athlone.2C_Aughrim_and_the_second_siege_of_Limerick"></span>1691: Athlone, Aughrim and the second siege of Limerick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1691: Athlone, Aughrim and the second siege of Limerick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick (1691)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Godard_van_Reede_(1644-1703)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg/180px-Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg/270px-Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg/360px-Godard_van_Reede_%281644-1703%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="3477" /></a><figcaption>Dutch general Ginkell; he advocated a cautious approach and attempted to end Jacobite resistance by offering a revised peace settlement.</figcaption></figure> <p>By late 1690, divisions between the Jacobite "Peace Party" and "War Party" had widened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton200427_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton200427-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who supported Tyrconnell's efforts to negotiate with William included senior officers Thomas Maxwell and John Hamilton, in addition to political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nugent,_1st_Baron_Nugent_of_Riverston" title="Thomas Nugent, 1st Baron Nugent of Riverston">Lord Riverston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Daly_(judge)" title="Denis Daly (judge)">Denis Daly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2016221_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2016221-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarsfield's "War Party" argued William could still be defeated; while once characterised as representing the 'Old Irish' interest, its leaders included the English officer <a href="/wiki/William_Dorrington" title="William Dorrington">Dorrington</a> and 'Old English' <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Purcell_of_Loughmoe" title="Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe">Purcell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luttrell_(Jacobite_commander)" title="Henry Luttrell (Jacobite commander)">Luttrell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2016221_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2016221-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by William's failure to take Limerick and looking to reduce Tyrconnell's influence, Sarsfield's faction appealed directly to Louis XIV requesting that Tyrconnell and Berwick were removed from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton200428_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton200428-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also asked for substantial French military aid, although this was unlikely as the French regime saw Flanders, the Rhine, and Italy as greater strategic priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzechi199447_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199447-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton200427_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton200427-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginkell had finally obtained William's permission to offer the Jacobites moderate terms of surrender, including a guarantee of religious toleration,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007293_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007293-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when in December the "Peace Party" made moves to accept, Sarsfield demanded that Berwick have Hamilton, Riverston and Daly arrested. Berwick complied, although likely with the tacit approval of Tyrconnell, who returned from France to try to regain control by offering Sarsfield concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayton200427_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayton200427-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deeply alarmed by the rift between his Irish supporters, James was persuaded to request further military support directly from Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis dispatched general <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chalmot_de_Saint-Ruhe" title="Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe">Charles Chalmot, Marquis de Saint-Ruhe</a>, to replace Berwick as commander of the Irish Army, with secret instructions to assess the situation and help Louis make a decision on whether to send additional military aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint-Ruhe, accompanied by lieutenant-generals <a href="/wiki/Philibert-Emmanuel_de_Froulay,_chevalier_de_Tess%C3%A9" title="Philibert-Emmanuel de Froulay, chevalier de Tessé">de Tessé</a> and d'Usson, arrived at Limerick on 9 May; they brought sufficient arms, corn and meal to sustain the army until the autumn, but no troops or money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007295_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007295-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late spring, concerned that a French convoy could land further reinforcements at Galway or Limerick, Ginkell began making preparations to enter the field as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007304_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007304-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During May, both sides began assembling their forces for a summer campaign, the Jacobites at Limerick and the Williamites at <a href="/wiki/Mullingar" title="Mullingar">Mullingar</a>, while low-level skirmishing continued. </p><p>On 16 June, Ginkell's cavalry began reconnoitring from <a href="/wiki/Ballymore,_County_Westmeath" title="Ballymore, County Westmeath">Ballymore</a> towards Athlone. Saint-Ruhe had initially strung out his forces behind the line of the Shannon, but by 19 June he realised Athlone was the target and began concentrating his troops west of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginkell breached the Jacobite lines of defence and took Athlone on 30 June after a short but <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Athlone">bloody siege</a>, taking Maxwell prisoner; Saint-Ruhe failed in his attempts to relieve the garrison and fell back to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athlone was seen as a significant victory for William's forces, as it was believed that Saint-Ruhe's army would probably collapse if the Shannon was crossed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lords Justice in Dublin issued a proclamation offering generous terms for Jacobites who surrendered, including a free pardon, restoration of forfeited estates, and the offer of similar or higher rank and pay if they wished to join William's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007331_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007331-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacobite command fell apart in mutual recriminations: Sarsfield's faction accused Maxwell, a follower of Tyrconnell, of treachery, while Saint-Ruhe's subordinate d'Usson sided with Tyrconnell, who appointed him governor of Galway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary sketch of Aughrim, viewed from the Williamite lines, by Jan Wyk</figcaption></figure> <p>Unaware of the location of Saint-Ruhe's main army and assuming he was outnumbered, on 10 July Ginkell continued a cautious advance through <a href="/wiki/Ballinasloe" title="Ballinasloe">Ballinasloe</a> down the main Limerick and Galway road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007332_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007332-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint-Ruhe's initial plan, endorsed by Tyrconnell, had been to fall back on Limerick and force the Williamites into another year of campaigning, but wishing to redeem his errors at Athlone he appears to have instead decided to force a decisive battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginkell, with 20,000 men, found his way blocked by Saint-Ruhe's similarly sized army at <a href="/wiki/Aughrim,_County_Galway" title="Aughrim, County Galway">Aughrim</a> on the early morning of 12 July. Despite a brave and tenacious defence by the inexperienced Irish infantry, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a> would see Saint-Ruhe dead, many senior Jacobite officers captured or killed, and the Jacobite army shattered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D'Usson succeeded as overall commander: he surrendered Galway on 21 July, on advantageous terms. Following Aughrim the remnants of Saint-Ruhe's army retreated to the mountains before regrouping under Sarsfield's command at Limerick, where the defences were still in the process of being repaired: many of the Jacobite infantry regiments were seriously depleted, although some stragglers arrived later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtagh195311_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtagh195311-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyrconnell, who had been sick for some time, died at Limerick shortly afterwards, depriving the Jacobites of their main negotiator. Sarsfield and the Jacobites' main army surrendered at Limerick in October after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">short siege</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treaty of Limerick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Now the senior Jacobite commander, Sarsfield signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a> with Ginkel on 3 October 1691. It promised freedom of worship for Catholics, and legal protection for any Jacobites willing to swear an oath of loyalty to William and Mary, although the estates of those killed prior to the treaty were still liable to forfeiture. It also agreed to Sarsfield's demand that those still serving in the Jacobite army could leave for France. Popularly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Flight of the Wild Geese</a>", the process began almost immediately and was completed by December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern estimates suggest that around 19,000 soldiers and rapparees departed: women and children brought the figure to slightly over 20,000, or about one per cent of Ireland's population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the soldiers allegedly had to be forced on board the ships when they learned they would be joining the French army. Most were unable to bring or contact their families, and many appear to have deserted en route from Limerick to Cork, the point of departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Carrick_Gow_(1848-1920)_-_A_Lost_Cause,_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/220px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/330px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg/440px-Andrew_Carrick_Gow_%281848-1920%29_-_A_Lost_Cause%2C_Flight_of_King_James_II_after_the_Battle_of_the_Boyne_-_N01530_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lost_Cause" title="A Lost Cause">A Lost Cause</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carrick_Gow" title="Andrew Carrick Gow">Andrew Carrick Gow</a>. James II departed into exile in France and was followed by many of his Jacobite supporters over the next few years as the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Wild Geese" were initially formed into James II's army in exile. After James's death, they were merged into France's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)" title="Irish Brigade (France)">Irish Brigade</a>, which had been set up in 1689 using the 6,000 troops accompanying Mountcashel. Disbanded Jacobites still presented a considerable risk to security in Ireland and despite resistance from the English and Irish parliaments, William continued to encourage them to join his own army; by the end of 1693 a further 3,650 former Jacobites had joined William's forces fighting on the Continent. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sydney,_1st_Earl_of_Romney" title="Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney">Viscount Sidney</a> eventually restricted enlistment to "known Protestants", upon which the last remnants of the Jacobite army still in Ireland were sent home with a financial inducement to keep the peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interim the English legislature, possibly acting under pressure from Irish Protestant refugees in London, passed a 1691 Act "for the Abrogating the Oath of Supremacy in Ireland and Appointing other Oaths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required anyone taking the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a>, such as when practising law, as a physician, or when taking a seat in the Irish Parliament, to deny <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>; it effectively barred all Catholics, although included a clause exempting beneficiaries of the articles of Limerick in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many Protestants were initially outraged by their perception that the treaty had left the Jacobites "immune to the penalties of defeat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the administration chose to forbid searches for Jacobite arms and horses in order to prevent the settling of private scores was taken as evidence of pro-Catholic bias,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was even rumoured that the Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Porter_(Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland)" title="Charles Porter (Lord Chancellor of Ireland)">Sir Charles Porter</a> was a "secret Jacobite".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing fears over Catholics' potential support of a French invasion and the appointment in 1695 of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Capell,_1st_Baron_Capell_of_Tewkesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury">Capell</a> as Lord Deputy saw a change of attitude. The same year, the Irish Parliament passed the Disarming Act, forbidding Catholics other than the Limerick and Galway 'articlemen' to own a weapon or a horse worth more than £5.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200921_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200921-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second 1695 bill, designed to deter Irish Catholics "from their foreign correspondency and dependency" and aimed particularly at the country's "English ancient families", restrained Catholics from educating their children abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199644_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199644-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic gentry saw such actions as a serious breach of faith, summed up by the phrase <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cuimhnigí Luimneach agus feall na Sassanaigh</i></span> ("remember Limerick and Saxon perfidy") supposedly used in later years by the exiles of the Irish Brigade. However, despite later extension of the penal laws, the 'articlemen' of Limerick, Galway, Drogheda and other garrisons subject to Williamite articles of surrender generally stayed exempt for the remainder of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200934–35_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200934–35-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Long-term effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Williamite War in Ireland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22">"Williamite War in Ireland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Williamite+War+in+Ireland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Williamite victory in the war in Ireland had two main long-term results. The first was that it ensured James II would not regain his thrones in England, Ireland and Scotland by military means. The second was that it ensured closer British and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> dominance over Ireland. Until the nineteenth century, Ireland was ruled by what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>", the mostly Protestant ruling class. The majority Irish Catholic community and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> community were systematically excluded from power, which was based on land ownership. </p><p>For over a century after the war, Irish Catholics maintained a sentimental attachment to the Jacobite cause, portraying James and the Stuarts as the rightful monarchs who would have given a just settlement to Ireland, including self-government, restoration of confiscated lands and tolerance for Catholicism. Thousands of Irish soldiers left the country to serve the Stuart monarchs in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(French)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Brigade (French)">French</a> armies. Until 1766, France and the Papacy remained committed to restoring the Stuarts to their British Kingdoms. At least one composite Irish battalion (500 men) drawn from Irish soldiers in the French service, fought on the Jacobite side in the Scottish Jacobite uprisings up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a> in 1746. </p><p>The war also began the penetration of the Irish Protestant gentry into the British army's officer corps; by the 1770s, Irish Protestants made up about one third of the officer corps as a whole, a number hugely disproportionate to their population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997216,_218_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997216,_218-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Should the Duke of Wellington be included as a notable Anglo-Irish commander in the British army? (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Protestants portrayed the Williamite victory as a triumph for religious and civil liberty. Triumphant murals of King William still controversially <a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland#Unionist" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">adorn gable walls in Ulster</a>, and the defeat of the Catholics in the Williamite war is still commemorated by Protestant <a href="/wiki/Unionist_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist (Ireland)">Unionists</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Order</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth of July">Twelfth of July</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">Jacobite rising of 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Ireland_1536-1691" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691">Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_1691-1801" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland 1691-1801">Ireland 1691-1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Auxiliary_Corps_in_the_Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Danish Auxiliary Corps in the Williamite War in Ireland">Danish Auxiliary Corps in the Williamite War in Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Cogadh an Dá Rí</i>, or "War of the two kings" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire19902_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire19902-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chandler-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chandler_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chandler_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler (2003), <i>Marlborough as Military Commander</i>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997190-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997190_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997">Bartlett & Jeffery 1997</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006398-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManning2006">Manning 2006</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire19902-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire19902_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaguire1990">Maguire 1990</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds20073–4,_48-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds20073–4,_48_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, pp. 3–4, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeane1993" class="citation journal cs1">Deane, Seamus (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25007608">"The Siege of Derry"</a>. <i>Grand Street</i> (44): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25007608">10.2307/25007608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-5496">0734-5496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007608">25007608</a>.</cite><span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007293-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007293_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007279_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007295-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007295_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007304-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007304_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007316_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007326–327_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007331-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007331_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2007332-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2007332_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2007">Childs 2007</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoherty1995_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoherty1995">Doherty 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtagh195311-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtagh195311_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurtagh1953">Murtagh 1953</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManning2006">Manning 2006</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1996">McGrath 1996</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200920_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2009">Kinsella 2009</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997238_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997">Bartlett & Jeffery 1997</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200921-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200921_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2009">Kinsella 2009</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199644-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199644_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1996">McGrath 1996</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200934–35-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsella200934–35_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2009">Kinsella 2009</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997216,_218-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997216,_218_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997">Bartlett & Jeffery 1997</a>, pp. 216, 218.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamite_War_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1997). <i>A Military History of Ireland</i>. Cambridge UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Brendan (2016). <i>And so began the Irish Nation: Nationality, National Consciousness and Nationalism in Pre-modern Ireland</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472442567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472442567"><bdi>978-1472442567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+so+began+the+Irish+Nation%3A+Nationality%2C+National+Consciousness+and+Nationalism+in+Pre-modern+Ireland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1472442567&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2003" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (2003). <i>Marlborough as Military Commander</i>. Spellmount Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-195-1"><bdi>978-1-86227-195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlborough+as+Military+Commander&rft.pub=Spellmount+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-195-1&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Childs_(historian)" title="John Childs (historian)">Childs, John</a> (2007). <i>The Williamite Wars in Ireland 1688 – 1691</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-573-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-573-4"><bdi>978-1-85285-573-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Williamite+Wars+in+Ireland+1688+%E2%80%93+1691&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-573-4&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1987" class="citation book cs1">Childs, John (1987). <i>The British Army of William III, 1689–1702</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719019876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719019876"><bdi>978-0719019876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+of+William+III%2C+1689%E2%80%931702&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0719019876&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1816" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, JS (1816). <i>The Life of James the Second, King of England, Collected Out of Memoirs Writ of His Own Hand, Vol. 2 of 2</i> (2017 ed.). Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0265170588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0265170588"><bdi>978-0265170588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+James+the+Second%2C+King+of+England%2C+Collected+Out+of+Memoirs+Writ+of+His+Own+Hand%2C+Vol.+2+of+2&rft.edition=2017&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1816&rft.isbn=978-0265170588&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2008" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S.J. (2008). <i>Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630–1800</i>. Oxford UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Kingdom%3A+Ireland+1630%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1995" class="citation journal cs1">Doherty, Richard (Autumn 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/the-battle-of-aughrim/">"The Battle of Aughrim"</a>. <i>Early Modern History (1500–1700)</i>. <b>3</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Modern+History+%281500%E2%80%931700%29&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Aughrim&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fthe-battle-of-aughrim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gillespie, Raymond (1992). "The Irish Protestants and James II, 1688–90". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (110): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400010671">10.1017/S0021121400010671</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30008314">30008314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163524916">163524916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Protestants+and+James+II%2C+1688%E2%80%9390&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163524916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30008314%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400010671&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2005). <i>Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720</i> (2007 ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141016528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141016528"><bdi>978-0141016528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0141016528&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-McCoy1942" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes-McCoy, G. A. (1942). "The Battle of Aughrim". <i>Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society</i>. <b>20</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Galway+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Aughrim&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Hayes-McCoy&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayton2004" class="citation book cs1">Hayton, David (2004). <i>Ruling Ireland, 1685–1742: Politics, Politicians and Parties</i>. Boydell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+Ireland%2C+1685%E2%80%931742%3A+Politics%2C+Politicians+and+Parties&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hayton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayton1991" class="citation book cs1">Hayton, D. W. (1991). Israel, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Williamite Revolution in Ireland 1688–1691 in The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact</i> (2008 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521390750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521390750"><bdi>978-0521390750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Williamite+Revolution+in+Ireland+1688%E2%80%931691+in+The+Anglo-Dutch+Moment%3A+Essays+on+the+Glorious+Revolution+and+Its+World+Impact&rft.edition=2008&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521390750&rft.aulast=Hayton&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsella, Eoin (2009). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004117433" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004117433"><bdi>978-9004117433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Resistance%3A+War+in+Seventeenth-Century+Ireland&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004117433&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Padraig (2003). <i>Battle of the Boyne 1690</i>. 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"The Jacobite Ascendancy and Williamite Revolution and Confiscations in County Louth 1684–1701". <i>Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b> (22): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27729726">10.2307/27729726</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729726">27729726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+County+Louth+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Jacobite+Ascendancy+and+Williamite+Revolution+and+Confiscations+in+County+Louth+1684%E2%80%931701&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27729726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27729726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall1986" class="citation journal cs1">Pearsall, AWH (1986). "The Royal Navy and trade protection 1688–1714". <i>Renaissance and Modern Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14735788609366499">10.1080/14735788609366499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+and+Modern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+trade+protection+1688%E2%80%931714&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14735788609366499&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=AWH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1969" class="citation book cs1">Simms, J.G (1969). <i>Jacobite Ireland</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-553-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-553-0"><bdi>978-1-85182-553-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobite+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-553-0&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=J.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1986" class="citation book cs1">Simms, JG (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpoliticsinire0000simm"><i>War and Politics in Ireland, 1649-1730</i></a></span>. Continnuum-3PL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907628729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907628729"><bdi>978-0907628729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Politics+in+Ireland%2C+1649-1730&rft.pub=Continnuum-3PL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0907628729&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpoliticsinire0000simm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1, Scottish Special). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644534">10.1086/644534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144730991">144730991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+Stuart+Unionism&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2C+Scottish+Special&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144730991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celt.ucc.ie//published/E680002-001.html"><i>The journal of John Stevens, containing a brief account of the war in Ireland, 1689–1691</i></a>. University College, Cork.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journal+of+John+Stevens%2C+containing+a+brief+account+of+the+war+in+Ireland%2C+1689%E2%80%931691&rft.pub=University+College%2C+Cork&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelt.ucc.ie%2F%2Fpublished%2FE680002-001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechi1994" class="citation book cs1">Szechi, Daniel (1994). <i>The Jacobites: Britain and Europe 1688–1788</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719037740" title="Special:BookSources/9780719037740"><bdi>9780719037740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites%3A+Britain+and+Europe+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780719037740&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWauchope1992" class="citation book cs1">Wauchope, Piers (1992). <i>Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War</i>. Dublin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2476-2"><bdi>978-0-7165-2476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrick+Sarsfield+and+the+Williamite+War&rft.place=Dublin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7165-2476-2&rft.aulast=Wauchope&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1903" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Philip (1903). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Studies in Irish History, 1649-1775/Ireland under James II."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_in_Irish_History,_1649-1775/Ireland_under_James_II.">"Ireland under James II." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_O%27Brien" title="Richard Barry O'Brien">O'Brien, R. Barry</a> (ed.). <i>Studies in Irish History, 1649–1775</i>. Dublin: Browne and Nolan. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ireland+under+James+II.&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Irish+History%2C+1649%E2%80%931775&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Browne+and+Nolan&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormsley2015" class="citation book cs1">Wormsley, David (2015). <i>James II: The Last Catholic King</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141977065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141977065"><bdi>978-0141977065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II%3A+The+Last+Catholic+King&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0141977065&rft.aulast=Wormsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Doron (2003). <i>The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1749–1759</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403912916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403912916"><bdi>978-1403912916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobite+Movement+in+Scotland+and+in+Exile%2C+1749%E2%80%931759&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403912916&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliamite+War+in+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacobitism977" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacobitism" title="Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacobitism" title="Template talk:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacobitism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacobitism977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #f7f7f7;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Highland_Companies" title="Independent Highland Companies">Independent Highland Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">The Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III", The Young Pretender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophie, Electress of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_consorts" title="Jacobite consorts">Jacobite consorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">First rising<br />(1689)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Williamite War in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">Viscount Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Ewen Cameron of Lochiel">Sir Ewen Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sarsfield">Patrick Sarsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackay_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Mackay (general)">General Hugh Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkeld" title="Battle of Dunkeld">Battle of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Massacre of Glencoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Finglas" title="Declaration of Finglas">Declaration of Finglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)" title="Siege of Limerick (1691)">Siege of Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick" title="Treaty of Limerick">Treaty of Limerick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">The Fifteen<br />(1715)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_uprising_in_Cornwall_of_1715" title="Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715">…in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">…in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_MacGregor" title="Rob Roy MacGregor">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Lord Lovat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Munro,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet">Baronet Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1715)" title="Siege of Inverness (1715)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheriffmuir" title="Battle of Sheriffmuir">Battle of Sheriffmuir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1719" title="Jacobite rising of 1719">The Nineteen<br />(1719)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_10th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_Marquess_of_Tullibardine" title="William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine">Marquess of Tullibardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wightman_(general)" title="Joseph Wightman (general)">General Joseph Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Eilean_Donan_Castle" title="Capture of Eilean Donan Castle">Capture of Eilean Donan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Shiel" title="Battle of Glen Shiel">Battle of Glen Shiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coille_Bhan" title="Battle of Coille Bhan">Battle of Coille Bhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">The Forty-Five<br />(1745)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Murray (general)">Lord George Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">Battle of Prestonpans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(December_1745)" title="Siege of Carlisle (December 1745)">Siege of Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_Muir" title="Battle of Falkirk Muir">Battle of Falkirk Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Inverness_(1746)" title="Siege of Inverness (1746)">Siege of Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abortive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1708)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">1759</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Personal standard of Charles Edward Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/200px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/300px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg/400px-Flag_of_Prince_Charles_Edward_Stuart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><br />a Jacobite banner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences<br />and later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act 1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clan_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clan Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Clan Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 (page does not exist)">Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarming_Act_1715" title="Disarming Act 1715">Disarming Act 1715</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disarming_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disarming Act 1725 (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Act_1717" title="Indemnity Act 1717">Indemnity Act 1717</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Forty-Five</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurors_(Scotland)_Act_1745" title="Jurors (Scotland) Act 1745">Jurors Act 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Proscription_1746" title="Act of Proscription 1746">Act of Proscription 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_(Scotland)_Act_1747" title="Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747">Sheriffs Act 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Outlawries_(Scotland)_Act_1748" title="Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748">Treason Outlawries Act 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitors_Transported_Act_1746" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors Transported Act 1746">Traitors Transported Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_military_roads_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old military roads of Scotland">Old military roads of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">Jacobite succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">"James III and VIII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">"Charles III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">"Henry IX and I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">"Charles IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">"Mary II"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">"Francis I"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">"Mary III"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">"Robert I and IV"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz, Duke of Bavaria">"Francis II"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Max,_Duke_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria">Max</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Liechtenstein" title="Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein">Sophie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Wenzel_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein">Joseph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Ireland716" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland716" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/24px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Ireland" title="Category:Early modern history of Ireland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_British_Empire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject British Empire">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox582" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2320981#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/112826157X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068009">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560538605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Immigration to the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> 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