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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Justice" title="Institute for Justice">Institute for Justice</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Institute of Justice</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/91px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/137px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/182px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the United States Department of Justice</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Institute_of_Justice_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/National_Institute_of_Justice_logo.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the National Institute of Justice</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Bureau/Office overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 21, 1968<span class="noprint">; 56 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1968-10-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">810 <a href="/wiki/7th_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="7th Street (Washington, D.C.)">7th Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest, Washington, D.C.">NW</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bureau/Office executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_La_Vigne" title="Nancy La Vigne">Nancy La Vigne</a>, Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nij.ojp.gov/">nij.ojp.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Institute of Justice</b> (<b>NIJ</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, development, and evaluation agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ). </p><p><b>NIJ</b>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a> (BJS), <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Assistance" title="Bureau of Justice Assistance">Bureau of Justice Assistance</a> (BJA), <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Juvenile_Justice_and_Delinquency_Prevention" title="Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention">Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention</a> (OJJDP), <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Victims_of_Crime" title="Office for Victims of Crime">Office for Victims of Crime</a> (OVC), and other program offices, comprise the DOJ's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs</a> (OJP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice was established on October 21, 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a>, as a component of the <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Assistance_Administration" title="Law Enforcement Assistance Administration">Law Enforcement Assistance Administration</a> (LEAA). In 1978, it was renamed as the National Institute of Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-policetech_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policetech-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some functions of the LEAA were absorbed by NIJ on December 27, 1979, with passage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_System_Improvement_Act_of_1979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 (page does not exist)">Justice System Improvement Act of 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act, which amended the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, also led to creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, the LEAA was succeeded by the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics (1982–1984) and then the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Justice_Programs" title="Office of Justice Programs">Office of Justice Programs</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NIJ was notable among <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_research_and_development_agencies" title="List of United States federal research and development agencies">U.S. governmental research organizations</a> because it is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> appointee of the president rather than by a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> or a member of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Appointment_Efficiency_and_Streamlining_Act_of_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011 (page does not exist)">Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011</a> removed the need for <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Senate confirmation</a> of the NIJ director.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> released a report on reforming the NIJ, and identified issues with its independence, budget, and scientific mission. While it considered making the NIJ separate from its current department, Office of Justice Programs, it recommended retaining the NIJ within the OJP but giving it increased independence and authority through clear qualifications for its director, control over its budget, and a statutory advisory board. It also recommended that the NIJ: (1) a focus on research rather than forensic capacity building activities,(2) increase funding for programs for graduate researchers, (3) increase transparency, and (4) do periodic self-assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_areas">Research areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG/220px-Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG/330px-Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG/440px-Police_Officer_with_balistic_shield.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>A police officer using a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_shield" title="Ballistic shield">ballistic shield</a> <b>NIJ</b> Level IIIA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">NIJ directors (and acting directors)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:45%;">Name </th> <th style="width:55%;">Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Siu" title="Ralph Siu">Ralph Siu</a> </td> <td>October 21, 1968–March 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Robert L. Emrich (acting) </td> <td>February 1969–May 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry S. Ruth Jr. </td> <td>May 1969–June 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irving Slott (acting) </td> <td>June 1970–September 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martin Danziger </td> <td>September 1971–August 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Scarr (acting) </td> <td>August 1973–October 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gerald Caplan </td> <td>October 1973 – 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blair Ewing (acting) </td> <td>1977–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harry Bratt (acting) </td> <td>1979–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>James Underwood (acting) </td> <td>1981–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>W. Robert Burkhart (acting) </td> <td>1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>James K. Stewart </td> <td>1982–1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_B_DeWitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B DeWitt">Charles B. DeWitt</a> </td> <td>1990–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michael J. Russell (acting) </td> <td>1993–1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carol V. Petrie (acting) </td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Travis" title="Jeremy Travis">Jeremy Travis</a> </td> <td>1994–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Julie Samuels (acting) </td> <td>2000–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sarah V. Hart </td> <td>2001–2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glenn R. Schmitt (acting) </td> <td>2005 – June 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>David Hagy </td> <td>June 2007 – January 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kristina Rose (acting) </td> <td>January 2009 – June 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_H._Laub" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Laub">John H. Laub</a> </td> <td>July 22, 2010 – January 4, 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greg_Ridgeway" title="Greg Ridgeway">Greg Ridgeway</a> (acting) </td> <td>June 2013–June 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>William J. Sabol (acting) </td> <td>August 2014–February 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rodriguez_(criminologist)" title="Nancy Rodriguez (criminologist)">Nancy Rodriguez</a> </td> <td>February 9, 2015 – January 13, 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Howard Spivak (acting) </td> <td>January 21, 2017–July 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td>David Muhlhausen </td> <td>July 25, 2017 – January 20, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jennifer Scherer (acting) </td> <td>January 20, 2021 – May 9, 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_La_Vigne" title="Nancy La Vigne">Nancy La Vigne</a> </td> <td>May 9, 2022–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>NIJ is focused on advancing technology for criminal justice application including law enforcement and corrections, forensics, and judicial processes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a>, and related social science research. Much of this research is facilitated by providing grants to academic institutions, non-profit research organizations, and other entities, as well as collaborating with state and local governments. Areas of social science research include <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrections" title="Corrections">corrections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a>, as well as program <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2005ar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005ar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grants for technology development help facilitate research and development of technology and tools for criminal justice application, which is a need that the private sector is otherwise reluctant to meet. NIJ also supports development of voluntary equipment performance standards, as well as conducting compliance testing.<sup id="cite_ref-policetech_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policetech-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas of technology research and development include <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a>, communications <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, information technology, less-lethal technologies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Taser" title="Taser">tasers</a>), and officer safety including <a href="/wiki/Bullet-proof_vests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet-proof vests">bullet-proof vests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a> and analysis is a topic that includes both technology and social science (<a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>) aspects. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers, which are located throughout the United States, play a role in law enforcement technology development, testing, and dissemination.<sup id="cite_ref-2005ar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005ar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, NIJ developed the <a href="/wiki/National_Missing_and_Unidentified_Persons_System" title="National Missing and Unidentified Persons System">National Missing and Unidentified Persons System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_initiative">DNA initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: DNA initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major area of research and support is for <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensics</a> and the president's <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> initiative. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System">Combined DNA Index System</a> (CODIS) system as a central database of DNA profiles taken from offenders. In the late 1980s and 1990s, all of the states and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> required DNA samples to be collected from offenders in certain types of cases. The demand (casework) for <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> in public <a href="/wiki/Crime_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime laboratory">crime laboratories</a> increased 73% from 1997 to 2000, and by 2003, there was a backlog of 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> cases. In 2003, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> proposed the <i>Advancing Justice Through DNA Technology</i> initiative, which would include $1 billion over five years to reduce backlogs, develop and improve capacity of state and local law enforcement to use DNA analysis, support research and development to improve the technology, and additional training for those working in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_working_groups">Technical working groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical working groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Technical working groups (or TWGs) were created by the National Institute of Justice to create <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a> guides for state and local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guides were individually developed by a separate Technical Working Group tasked with a single topic. The groups were a <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> group of content-area experts from across the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The groups included urban and rural jurisdictions as well as Federal agencies representatives. Each participating member was experienced in the area of crime scene investigation and evidence collection in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> system from the standpoints of law enforcement, <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defense</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>. The Technical Working Groups were designed to be short term in duration to respond to a topic. Longer term groups exist under other organizations such as the FBI's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Working_Group_on_Digital_Evidence" title="Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence">Scientific Working Group (SWG's) on Digital Evidence</a>. </p><p>Technology Working Group topics have included:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">Biometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Armor">Body Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communications</a></li> <li>Community Corrections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> Forensics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Electronic Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">Explosive Device</a> Defeat</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">Forensics</a></li> <li>Geospatial Technologies</li> <li>Information-Led Policing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> Corrections</li> <li>Less-Lethal Technologies</li> <li>Modeling and Simulation</li> <li>Officer Safety and Protective Technologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal Protection Equipment</a></li> <li>Pursuit Management</li> <li>School Safety</li> <li>Sensors and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> Detection</li></ol></div> <p>During the several years of their existence they developed numerous guides including the following: </p> <ul><li>Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement (pdf, 60 pages)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published June 2004</li> <li>Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator (pdf, 72 pages)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published November 1999</li> <li>Fire and Arson Scene Evidence: A Guide for Public Safety Personnel (pdf, 73 pages)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published June 2000</li> <li>Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation (pdf, 64 pages)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published July 2000</li> <li>Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders (pdf, 93 pages)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Edition published July 2001; second edition published 2008<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Assistance_Administration" title="Law Enforcement Assistance Administration">Law Enforcement Assistance Administration</a> (LEAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Criminal_Justice_Reference_Service" title="National Criminal Justice Reference Service">National Criminal Justice Reference Service</a> (NCJRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_and_Corrections_Technology_Center" title="National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center">National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center</a> (NLECTC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Justice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/compendium-national-institute-law-enforcement-and-criminal-justice">"Compendium of National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Pamphlets"</a>. <i>www.ojp.gov</i>. Office of Justice Programs<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Academies Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/yea.txt">"25 Years of Criminal Justice Research"</a>. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. December 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Role+in+Criminal+Justice+and+Crime+Research%3A+Joint+Hearings+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Crime+of+the+Committee+on+the+Judiciary%2C+and+the+Subcommittee+on+Domestic+and+International+Scientific+Planning%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Cooperation+of+the+Committee+on+Science+and+Technology%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-fifth+Congress%2C+First+Session+...&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.au=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+the+Judiciary+Subcommittee+on+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO6gnAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522robert%2Bemrich%2522%2B%2522National%2BInstitute%2Bof%2BLaw%2BEnforcement%2Band%2BCriminal%2BJustice%2522%2B1969%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council2010" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/12929/chapter/4"><i>Strengthening the National Institute of Justice</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+the+National+Institute+of+Justice&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780309162944&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F12929%2Fchapter%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005ar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2005ar_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2005ar_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/213267.pdf">"2005 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advancing+Justice+Through+DNA+Technology&rft.pub=White+House+%2F+U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.prenhall.com%2Fwps%2Fmedia%2Fobjects%2F13023%2F13335893%2Fdownloadables%2FDNA%2520initiative.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Justice,_United_States_Department_of_Justice2024" class="citation journal cs1">National Institute of Justice, United States Department of Justice (12 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nij.gov/about/Pages/welcome.aspx">"About NIJ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+NIJ&rft.date=2024-12-12&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Justice%2C+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nij.gov%2Fabout%2FPages%2Fwelcome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ2021" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nij.gov/topics/technology/pages/working-groups.aspx">"Current Technology Working Groups"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Current+Technology+Working+Groups&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.au=NIJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnij.gov%2Ftopics%2Ftechnology%2Fpages%2Fworking-groups.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ_Technical_Working_Group" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ Technical Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/200160.pdf">"Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crime+Scene+Investigation%3A+A+Reference+for+Law+Enforcement&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F200160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ_Technical_Working_Group" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ Technical Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/167568.pdf">"Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Death+Investigation%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Scene+Investigator&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles%2F167568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ_Technical_Working_Group" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ Technical Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181584.pdf">"Fire and Arson Scene Evidence: A Guide for Public Safety Personnel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fire+and+Arson+Scene+Evidence%3A+A+Guide+for+Public+Safety+Personnel&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F181584.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ_Technical_Working_Group" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ Technical Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181869.pdf">"Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guide+for+Explosion+and+Bombing+Scene+Investigation&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F181869.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+Crime+Scene+Investigation%3A+A+Guide+for+First+Responders&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F187736.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIJ_Technical_Working_Group" class="citation journal cs1">NIJ Technical Working Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/219941.pdf">"Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electronic+Crime+Scene+Investigation%3A+A+Guide+for+First+Responders&rft.au=NIJ+Technical+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F219941.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Institute+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a 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