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<li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_armor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_armor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Horse armor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_armor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gunpowder era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_non-metallic_armor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_non-metallic_armor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern non-metallic armor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_non-metallic_armor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern non-metallic armor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_non-metallic_armor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceramic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ceramic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protected areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Torso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Limbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ballistic_testing_V50_and_V0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballistic_testing_V50_and_V0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ballistic testing V50 and V0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballistic_testing_V50_and_V0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cunniff_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cunniff_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cunniff analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cunniff_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Body armor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9_(%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="درع (بذلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درع (بذلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zireh" title="Zireh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zireh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Браня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Броня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Броня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklop" title="Oklop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oklop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houarnwisk" title="Houarnwisk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houarnwisk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura" title="Armadura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armadura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbroj" title="Zbroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zbroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustning" title="Rustning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rustning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCstung_(Schutzkleidung)" title="Rüstung (Schutzkleidung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rüstung (Schutzkleidung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura_(combate)" title="Armadura (combate) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Armadura (combate)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma%C4%B5o" title="Armaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura_(jantzia)" title="Armadura (jantzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armadura (jantzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armure_(%C3%A9quipement)" title="Armure (équipement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armure (équipement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armachd" title="Armachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Armachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura" title="Armadura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Armadura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86" title="Лувц – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Лувц" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%91%EC%98%B7" title="갑옷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갑옷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Ասպազենք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպազենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklop" title="Oklop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oklop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirah" title="Zirah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zirah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkl%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Herklæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herklæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armatura" title="Armatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3" title="שריון גוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שריון גוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9A" title="ಕವಚ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕವಚ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აბჯარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბჯარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirx" title="Zirx – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zirx" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arvai" title="Šarvai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šarvai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nc%C3%A9l" title="Páncél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Páncél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4" title="चिलखत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिलखत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baju_zirah" title="Baju zirah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baju zirah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnas" title="Harnas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harnas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="नहाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नहाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%A7" title="鎧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鎧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura" title="Armadura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armadura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbroja" title="Zbroja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zbroja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadura" title="Armadura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armadura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armatura_e_trupit" title="Armatura e trupit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Armatura e trupit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_armour" title="Body armour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Body armour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklep" title="Oklep – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oklep" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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armor worn on the body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat uniform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">military uniform</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the beverage, see <a href="/wiki/Bodyarmor_SuperDrink" title="Bodyarmor SuperDrink">Bodyarmor SuperDrink</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMTV_front_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IMTV_front_cropped.png/220px-IMTV_front_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IMTV_front_cropped.png/330px-IMTV_front_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IMTV_front_cropped.png/440px-IMTV_front_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest#Improved_Modular_Tactical_Vest" title="Modular Tactical Vest">Improved Modular Tactical Vest</a> fielded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Body armor</b>, <b>personal armor</b> (also spelled <i>armour</i>), <b>armored suit</b> (<i>armoured</i>) or <b>coat of armor</b>, among others, is <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">a person's body</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protective_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective clothing">protective clothing</a> or close-fitting hands-free <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a> designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks. Historically used to protect <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, today it is also used by various types of <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> (<a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a> in particular), private <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a>, and occasionally ordinary citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are two main types: regular non-plated body armor for moderate to substantial protection, and hard-plate reinforced body armor for maximum protection, such as used by <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_warrior_in_armor._(10797305704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg/170px-Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg/255px-Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg/340px-Japanese_warrior_in_armor._%2810797305704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Japanese warrior in armor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/170px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/255px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/340px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Mycenaean</a> armor, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Many factors have affected the development of personal armor throughout human history. Significant factors in the development of armor include the economic and technological necessities of armor production. For instance full <a href="/wiki/Plate_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate armor">plate armor</a> first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">trip hammers</a> made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At times the development of armor has run parallel to the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armorers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first record of body armor in history was found on the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of Vultures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">ancient Sumer</a> in today's south <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known Western armor is the <a href="/wiki/Dendra_panoply" title="Dendra panoply">Dendra panoply</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Era</a> around 1400 BC. <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail</a>, also referred to as chainmail, is made of interlocking iron rings, which may be riveted or welded shut. It is believed to have been invented by <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> people in Europe about 500 BC: most cultures that used mail used the Celtic word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">byrnne</i></span> or a variant, suggesting the Celts as the originators.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans widely adopted mail as the <a href="/wiki/Lorica_hamata" title="Lorica hamata">lorica hamata</a>, although they also made use of <a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">lorica segmentata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorica_squamata" title="Lorica squamata">lorica squamata</a>. While no non-metallic armor is known to have survived, it was likely to have been commonplace due to its lower cost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_armour" title="Chinese armour">Eastern armor</a> has a long history, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Ancient China</a>. In East Asian history laminated armor such as <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">lamellar</a>, and styles similar to the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">coat of plates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">brigandine</a> were commonly used. Later <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirasses</a> and plates were also used. In pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armor was made out of rhinoceros. The use of iron plate armor on the Korean peninsula was developed during the <a href="/wiki/Gaya_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya Confederacy">Gaya Confederacy</a> of 42 CE - 562 CE. The iron was mined and refined in the area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae">Gimhae</a> (Gyeongsangnam Province, South Korea). Using both vertical and triangular plate designs, the plate armor sets consisted of 27 or more individual 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick curved plates, which were secured together by nail or hinge. The recovered sets include accessories such as iron arm guards, neck guards, leg guards, and horse armor/bits. The use of these armor types disappeared from use on the Korean Peninsula after the fall of the Gaya Confederacy to the Silla Dynasty, during the three kingdoms era <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> in 562 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg/170px-Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg/255px-Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg/340px-Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Plated_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Plated mail">plated mail</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a>, well-known armor types include the <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberk</a> of the early medieval age, and the full steel <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate harness</a> worn by later <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, and a few key components (breast and back plates) by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I (1914–1915). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Japanese armor</a> known today as <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> armor appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. (794－1185) These early samurai armors are called the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">ō-yoroi</a> and </i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">dō-maru</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-o-yoroi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o-yoroi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plate">Plate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate armour</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Components_of_medieval_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Components of medieval armour">Components of medieval armour</a></div> <p>Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. By the late 13th century, the knees were capped, and two circular discs, called <a href="/wiki/Besagew" title="Besagew">besagews</a> were fitted to protect the underarms. </p><p>A variety of methods for improving the protection provided by mail were used as armorers seemingly experimented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hardened leather and <a href="/wiki/Splint_armour" title="Splint armour">splinted</a> construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">coat of plates</a> was developed, an armor made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat. </p><p>Early plate in Italy, and elsewhere in the 13th to 15th centuries were made of iron. Iron armor could be <a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">carburized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">case hardened</a> to give a surface of harder steel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003740–741_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003740–741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plate armor became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required much less labor and labor had become much more expensive after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger blooms. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate, such as the armpit, crook of the elbow and groin. Another advantage of plate was that a lance rest could be fitted to the breast plate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200355_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/170px-Maratha_Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/255px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/340px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Signature <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> helmet with curved back, side view</figcaption></figure> <p>The small skull cap evolved into a bigger true helmet, the <a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">bascinet</a>, as it was lengthened downward to protect the back of the neck and the sides of the head. Additionally, several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century to replace the <a href="/wiki/Great_helm" title="Great helm">great helm</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sallet" title="Sallet">sallet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbute" title="Barbute">barbute</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Armet" title="Armet">armet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_helm" class="mw-redirect" title="Close helm">close helm</a>. </p><p>Probably the most recognized style of armor in the world became the <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armor</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, but continuing to the early 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in all European countries. </p><p>By about 1400, the full harness of plate armor had been developed in armories of Lombardy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200353_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200353-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armor. </p><p>In the early 15th century, small "<a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a>" first began to be used, in the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>, in combination with <a href="/wiki/Wagenburg_(wagon_fort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagenburg (wagon fort)">Wagenburg</a> tactics, allowing infantry to defeat armored knights on the battlefield. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a> were made more powerful to pierce armor, and the development of the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Pike_square" title="Pike square">Pike square</a> formation also created substantial problems for heavy cavalry. Rather than dooming the use of body armor, the threat of small firearms intensified the use and further refinement of plate armor. There was a 150-year period in which better and more metallurgically advanced steel armor was being used, precisely because of the danger posed by the gun. Hence, guns and cavalry in plate armor were "threat and remedy" together on the battlefield for almost 400 years. By the 15th-century, Italian armor plates were almost always made of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200366_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200366-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern Germany armorers began to harden their steel armor only in the late 15th century. They would continue to harden their steel for the next century because they <a href="/wiki/Quench" class="mw-redirect" title="Quench">quenched</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">tempered</a> their product which allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Fire-gilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-gilding">fire-gilding</a> to be combined with tempering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003331_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003331-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of the metal used in armor deteriorated as armies became bigger and armor was made thicker, necessitating breeding of larger cavalry horses. If during the 14th and 15th centuries armor seldom weighed more than 15 kg (33 lb), then by the late 16th century it weighed 25 kg (55 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003916_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003916-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing weight and thickness of late 16th-century armor therefore gave substantial resistance. </p><p>In the early years of <a href="/wiki/Pistols" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistols">pistols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arquebuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebuses">arquebuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloading" title="Muzzleloading">muzzleloading</a> firearms were fired at a relatively low velocity (usually below 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s)). The full suits of <a href="/wiki/Plate_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate armor">plate armor</a>, or only <a href="/wiki/Breast_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast plate">breast plates</a> could actually stop bullets fired from a modest distance. The front breast plates were, in fact, commonly shot as a test. The impact point would often be encircled with engraving to point it out. This was called the "proof". Armor often also bore an insignia of the maker, especially if it was of good quality. Crossbow bolts or quarrels, if still used, would seldom penetrate good plate, nor would any bullet unless fired from close range. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg/220px-Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg/330px-Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg/440px-Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance/Early Modern suits of armor appropriate for heavy cavalry</figcaption></figure> <p>In effect, rather than making plate armor obsolete, the use of firearms stimulated the development of plate armor into its later stages. For most of that period, it allowed horsemen to fight while being the targets of defending arquebusiers without being easily killed. Full suits of armor were actually worn by generals and princely commanders until the 1710s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horse_armor">Horse armor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Horse armor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The horse was afforded protection from cavalry and infantry weapons by steel plate <a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">barding</a>. This gave the horse protection and enhanced the visual impression of a mounted knight. Late in the era, elaborate barding was used as parade armor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_era">Gunpowder era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gunpowder era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detaille_-_Lieutenant_of_cuirassiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Detaille_-_Lieutenant_of_cuirassiers.jpg/170px-Detaille_-_Lieutenant_of_cuirassiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Detaille_-_Lieutenant_of_cuirassiers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassier</a> of the 19th century (Drawing by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Detaille" title="Édouard Detaille">Édouard Detaille</a>, 1885)</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weapons greatly improved from the 16th century onward, it became cheaper and more effective to have groups of unarmored infantry with early guns than to have expensive knights mounted on horseback, which was the primary cause for armor to be largely discarded. Most <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> units discarded their armor, though some heavy cavalry units continued to use it, such as German <a href="/wiki/Reiter" title="Reiter">reiters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_hussars" title="Polish hussars">Polish hussars</a>, and French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_use">Late modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest#History" title="Bulletproof vest">Bulletproof vest § History</a></div> <p>Metal armor remained in limited use long after its general obsolescence. Soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865) bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected it for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely—some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their weight on long marches as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q30161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>World War I personal armor, including a steel cap for wearing under an ordnance cap, French splinter goggles with vision is through thin slits, and a steel dagger gauntlet</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, thousands of the French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a> rode out to engage the German cavalry who likewise used helmets and armor. By that period, the shiny armor plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic-style helmets. Their armor was meant to protect only against <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>. The cavalry had to beware of <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, like the infantry soldiers, who at least had a <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench</a> to give them some protection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a> assault troops of the Italian army wore body armor in 1916 and 1917.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the war the Germans had made some 400,000 <i>Sappenpanzer</i> suits. Too heavy and restrictive for infantry, most were worn by spotters, sentries, machine gunners, and other troops who stayed in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_non-metallic_armor">Modern non-metallic armor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern non-metallic armor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soldiers use metal or ceramic plates in their <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">bullet resistant vests</a>, providing additional protection from <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> bullets. Metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from <a href="/wiki/Combat_knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat knives">combat knives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knife_bayonet" title="Knife bayonet">knife bayonets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">Chain mail</a> armored gloves continue to be used by butchers and abattoir workers to prevent cuts and wounds while cutting up carcasses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramic">Ceramic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ceramic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">Boron carbide</a> is used in hard plate armor<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capable of defeating rifle and armor piercing ammunition. The ceramic material is typically structured with a <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> layer on one side and a <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> spall shield on the other, optimizing ballistic resistance against different projectile threats, including various calibers of shells and bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">Boron carbide</a> ceramics were first used in the 1960s in designing <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletproof vests">bulletproof vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> floor and pilot seats of gunships.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in armor plates like the <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Protective_Insert" title="Small Arms Protective Insert">SAPI</a> series,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today in most civilian accessible body armors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other materials include <a href="/wiki/Boron_suboxide" title="Boron suboxide">boron suboxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are used for varying reasons from protecting from tungsten carbide penetrators, to improved weight to area ratios. Ceramic body armor is made up of a hard and rigid ceramic strike face bonded to a ductile fiber composite backing layer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projectile is shattered, turned, or eroded as it impacts the ceramic strike face, and much of its kinetic energy is consumed as it interacts with the ceramic layer; the fiber composite backing layer absorbs residual kinetic energy and catches bullet and ceramic debris (<a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a>). This allows such armor to defeat armor-piercing 5.56×45mm, 7.62×51mm, and 7.62x39mm bullets, among others, with little or no felt blunt trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end ceramic armor plates typically utilize <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a> fiber composite backing layers, whereas budget plates will utilize <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibers">Fibers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Body_armor" title="Special:EditPage/Body armor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>DuPont <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> is well known as a component of some bullet resistant vests and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask" title="Ballistic face mask">bullet resistant face masks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT helmet and vest</a> used by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a key component, as do their replacements. Civilian applications include Kevlar reinforced clothing for motorcycle riders to protect against abrasion injuries. Kevlar in non-woven long strand form is used inside an outer protective cover to form chaps that loggers use while operating a chainsaw. If the moving chain contacts and tears through the outer cover, the long fibers of Kevlar tangle, clog, and stop the chain from moving as they get drawn into the workings of the drive mechanism of the saw. Kevlar is used also in emergency services protection gear if it involves high heat, <i>e.g.</i>, tackling a fire, and Kevlar such as vests for police officers, security, and <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a>. The latest Kevlar material that DuPont has developed is Kevlar XP. In comparison with "normal" Kevlar, Kevlar XP is more lightweight and more comfortable to wear, as its quilt stitch is not required for the ballistic package. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a> is similar to Kevlar. They both belong to the aramid family of synthetic fibers. The only difference is that Twaron was first developed by Akzo in the 1970s. Twaron was first commercially produced in 1986. Now, Twaron is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Teijin_Aramid" title="Teijin Aramid">Teijin Aramid</a>. Like Kevlar, Twaron is a strong, synthetic fiber. It is also heat resistant and has many applications. It can be used in the production of several materials that include the military, construction, automotive, aerospace, and even sports market sectors. Among the examples of Twaron-made materials are body armor, helmets, ballistic vests, speaker woofers, drumheads, tires, turbo hoses, wire ropes, and cables. </p><p>Another fiber used to manufacture a bullet-resistant vest is Dyneema <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a>. Originated in the Netherlands, Dyneema has an extremely high strength-to-weight ratio (a 1 mm (0.039 in) diameter rope of Dyneema can bear up to a 240 kg (530 lb) load), is light enough (low density) that it can float on water, and has high energy absorption characteristics. Since the introduction of the Dyneema Force Multiplier Technology in 2013, many body armor manufacturers have switched to Dyneema for their high-end armor solutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_personal_protective_equipment_by_body_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of personal protective equipment by body area">List of personal protective equipment by body area</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shield">Shield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg/220px-Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg/330px-Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg/440px-Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An American <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officer</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Riot_control#Equipment" title="Riot control">riot gear</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Riot_shield" title="Riot shield">riot shield</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user, and it can also be used offensively as a bludgeoning weapon. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st centuries, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic shields">ballistic shields</a> are used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist action, <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage rescue</a>, and siege-breaching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">combat helmet</a> is among the oldest forms of <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>, and is known to have been worn in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> around 1700 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyrians">Assyrians</a> around 900 BC, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and up to the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> in many societies after about AD 950.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, and low-velocity <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketry</a>. Some late medieval helmets, like the <a href="/wiki/Bascinet#Great_bascinet" title="Bascinet">great bascinet</a>, rested on the shoulders and prevented the wearer from turning his head, greatly restricting mobility. During the 18th and 19th centuries, helmets were not widely used in warfare; instead, many armies used unarmored hats that offered no protection against blade or bullet. The arrival of World War I, with its trench warfare and wide use of artillery, led to mass adoption of metal helmets once again, this time with a shape that offered mobility, a low profile, and compatibility with gas masks. Today's militaries often use high-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a>, which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most popular ballistic helmet models are the PASGT and the MICH. The <a href="/wiki/Modular_Integrated_Communications_Helmet" title="Modular Integrated Communications Helmet">Modular Integrated Communications Helmet</a> (MICH) type helmet has a slightly smaller coverage at the sides which allows tactical headsets and other communication equipment. The MICH model has standard pad suspension and four-point chinstrap. The Personal Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) helmet has been in use since 1983 and has slowly been replaced by the MICH helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_face_mask" title="Ballistic face mask">ballistic face mask</a> is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of kevlar or other bullet-resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">NIJ</a> Level IIIA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torso">Torso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Torso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">Cuirass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_071211-N-9623R-010_Seabees_attached_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_(NMCB)_17%27s_Convoy_Security_Element_(CSE)_stand_ready_to_defend._The_CSE_team_is_tasked_with_the_safe_movement_of_convoys_to_and_from_their_miss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_Navy_071211-N-9623R-010_Seabees_attached_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_17%27s_Convoy_Security_Element_%28CSE%29_stand_ready_to_defend._The_CSE_team_is_tasked_with_the_safe_movement_of_convoys_to_and_from_their_miss.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_Navy_071211-N-9623R-010_Seabees_attached_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_17%27s_Convoy_Security_Element_%28CSE%29_stand_ready_to_defend._The_CSE_team_is_tasked_with_the_safe_movement_of_convoys_to_and_from_their_miss.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_Navy_071211-N-9623R-010_Seabees_attached_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_Battalion_%28NMCB%29_17%27s_Convoy_Security_Element_%28CSE%29_stand_ready_to_defend._The_CSE_team_is_tasked_with_the_safe_movement_of_convoys_to_and_from_their_miss.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sailors in 2007 wearing <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Helmet" title="Lightweight Helmet">Lightweight Helmets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest" title="Modular Tactical Vest">Modular Tactical Vests</a> equipped with neck and groin armor</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic vest">ballistic vest</a> helps absorb the impact from <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a>-fired <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a> from explosions, and is worn on the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. Soft vests are made from many layers of woven or laminated fibers and can be capable of protecting the wearer from small caliber <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a> projectiles, and small fragments from explosives, such as <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a>. </p><p>Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> rounds, and metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>. Soft vests are commonly worn by <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> forces, private citizens and private <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a>, whereas hard-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams. </p><p>A modern equivalent may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">combat helmet</a>. Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and explosive ordnance disposal technicians wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs">Limbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Limbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval armor often offered protection for all of the <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>, including metal boots for the lower legs, gauntlets for the hands and wrists, and greaves for the legs. Today, protection of limbs from bombs is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Bombsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombsuit">bombsuit</a>. Most modern soldiers sacrifice limb protection for mobility, since armor thick enough to stop bullets would greatly inhibit movement of the arms and legs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_standards">Performance standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Performance standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" title="List of body armor performance standards">List of body armor performance standards</a></div> <p>Due to the various different types of projectiles, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "<a href="/wiki/Bulletproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletproof">bulletproof</a>" because this suggests that it will protect against any and all projectiles. Instead, the term <b>bullet resistant</b> is generally preferred. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standards</a> are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and armor testing must reflect the threats found locally. </p><p>While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the NIJ, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Home_Office_Scientific_Development_Branch" title="Home Office Scientific Development Branch">Home Office Scientific Development Branch</a> (HOSDB—formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) standards are also used by a number of other countries and organizations. These "model" standards are usually adapted by other countries by following the same basic test methodologies, while changing the specific ammunition tested. NIJ Standard-0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation):<sup id="cite_ref-NIJ_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 or 2019, NIJ was expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard-0101.07.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard-0101.06. The current system of using Roman numerals (II, IIIA, III, and IV) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch. HG (Hand Gun) is for soft armor and RF (Rifle) is for hard armor. Another important change is that the test-round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing. For example, for NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA the .44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s) for conditioned armor and at 436 m/s (1,430 ft/s) for new armor. For the NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same. </p><p>In January 2012, the NIJ introduced <a href="/wiki/BA_9000" title="BA 9000">BA 9000</a>, body armor quality management system requirements as a quality standard not unlike <a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a> (and much of the standards were based on ISO 9001). </p><p>In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB standards, other important standards include: the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">German Police</a>'s Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Draft <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> prEN ISO 14876,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> (UL Standard 752).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. The "backface signature" or transmitted impact energy is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based <a href="/wiki/Modelling_clay" title="Modelling clay">modelling clay</a>. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured.<sup id="cite_ref-NIJ_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare. Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common. In general the British, German and other European standards allow 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) of backface signature, while the US-NIJ standards allow for 44 mm (1.7 in), which can potentially cause internal injury.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allowable backface signature for this has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration-resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities. </p><p>In general a vest's textile material temporarily degrades when wet. Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_molecular_weight_polyethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a> but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known. Vests that will be tested after ISO-type water immersion tend to have heat-sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ-type water spray methods tend to have water-resistant enclosures. </p><p>From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballistic_testing_V50_and_V0">Ballistic testing V50 and V0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ballistic testing V50 and V0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of a bullet at impact. Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero penetration velocity (V0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few. </p><p>Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If, for example, the V0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real V0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the V0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical. </p><p>Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the V0 value. The more shots made the lower the V0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a V0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of V0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".) </p><p>V0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called V50. This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standards<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define a commonly used procedure for this test. The goal is to get three shots that penetrate and a second group of three shots that are stopped by the armor all within a specified velocity range. It is possible, and desirable, to have a penetration velocity lower than a stop velocity. These three stops and three penetrations can then be used to calculate a V50 velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice this measurement of V50 often requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the V0 and V50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then V50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in V0. For vest manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both V0 and V50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making V50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cunniff_analysis">Cunniff analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cunniff analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using dimensionless analysis, Cuniff<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived at a relation connecting the V<sub>50</sub> and the system parameters for textile-based body armors. Under the assumption that the energy of impact is dissipated in breaking the yarn, it was shown that </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{50}=(U^{*})^{1/3}f\left({\frac {A_{d}}{A_{p}}}\right).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>50</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{50}=(U^{*})^{1/3}f\left({\frac {A_{d}}{A_{p}}}\right).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e582efe9a9605e4904e8f182dea595bdb1f79292" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.525ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{50}=(U^{*})^{1/3}f\left({\frac {A_{d}}{A_{p}}}\right).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Here, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U^{*}={\frac {\sigma \epsilon }{2\rho }}{\sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U^{*}={\frac {\sigma \epsilon }{2\rho }}{\sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6167cf2b4c7a3bcf65d13fd97be5a5635887248" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:14.13ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U^{*}={\frac {\sigma \epsilon }{2\rho }}{\sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho }}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ,\epsilon ,\rho ,E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ,\epsilon ,\rho ,E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a18d384a037d633710fa7a70c522f325143b4fa3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.353ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ,\epsilon ,\rho ,E}"></span> are the failure stress, failure strain, density and elastic modulus of the yarn</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{d}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{d}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e4c67aa7c46d8276c9805b1036cd4c2e9887d0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.835ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{d}}"></span> is the mass per unit area of the armor</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1ea46c20042fba4142a87ecd1f7c29776a6ce46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.802ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{p}}"></span> is the mass per unit area of the projectile</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_testing">Military testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the greatest threat to soldiers. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed and the most common shape is a Right Circular Cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often includes 2-grain (0.13 g), 4-grain (0.26 g), 16-grain (1.0 g), and 64-grain (4.1 g) mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions. </p><p>The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) to 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at speeds of over 3,330 ft/s (1,010 m/s), implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mass × velocity<sup>2</sup>, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb blast under 4 gr (0.26 g) have a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design. </p><p>The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (1.1 lb/sq ft). In contrast to deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The 2 gr (0.13 g) FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small, fast-moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets. </p><p>By the 2010s, the development of body armor had been stymied in regards to weight, in that designers had trouble increasing the protective capability of body armor while still maintaining or decreasing its weight.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Medieval_Combat_Federation" title="International Medieval Combat Federation">International Medieval Combat Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Armor">Liquid Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Risk_Modular_tactical_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="High Risk Modular tactical vest">High Risk Modular tactical vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osprey_body_armour" title="Osprey body armour">Osprey body armor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPykeCostelloStewart2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pyke, Andrew J.; Costello, Joseph T.; Stewart, Ian B. (2015-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76274/1/Accepted_pre_print_manuscript.pdf">"Heat strain evaluation of overt and covert body armour in a hot and humid environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Ergonomics</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apergo.2014.08.016">10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-9126">1872-9126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25479969">25479969</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727134802/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76274/1/Accepted_pre_print_manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Ergonomics&rft.atitle=Heat+strain+evaluation+of+overt+and+covert+body+armour+in+a+hot+and+humid+environment&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.issn=1872-9126&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25479969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apergo.2014.08.016&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Costello%2C+Joseph+T.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Ian+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F76274%2F1%2FAccepted_pre_print_manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielMetz1991" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard A.; Metz, Karen S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sAftYT6dsIC&q=oldest+%22armor%22+stele+vultures&pg=PA51"><i>From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27645-3"><bdi>978-0-313-27645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sumer+to+Rome%3A+The+Military+Capabilities+of+Ancient+Armies&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27645-3&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Metz%2C+Karen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sAftYT6dsIC%26q%3Doldest%2B%2522armor%2522%2Bstele%2Bvultures%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2007" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&q=oldest+%22armor%22+stele+vultures&pg=PA78"><i>The Ancient World</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33348-4&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHscIwvtkq2UC%26q%3Doldest%2B%2522armor%2522%2Bstele%2Bvultures%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhman" class="citation news cs1">Ehman, Amy Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005314/http://theringlord.com/images/NUVO%20FYI_Design.pdf">"Ancient Celts generally get credit for being the first to weave metal rings into a sleek protective garment. Roman legions are said to have adopted chain mail from their adversaries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NUVO</i>. Vancouver. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theringlord.com/images/NUVO%20FYI_Design.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUVO&rft.atitle=Ancient+Celts+generally+get+credit+for+being+the+first+to+weave+metal+rings+into+a+sleek+protective+garment.+Roman+legions+are+said+to+have+adopted+chain+mail+from+their+adversaries.&rft.aulast=Ehman&rft.aufirst=Amy+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheringlord.com%2Fimages%2FNUVO%2520FYI_Design.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730021423/http://people.stfx.ca/mnewton/westernciv7celts.pdf">"Celtic military technology was taken over by and incorporated into the Roman Army, particularly chain mail, the iron-clad wheel, two-wheeled chariot, and "battlebowler" style of helmet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>StFX Humanities Colloquium Lecture</i>. Antigonish. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.stfx.ca/mnewton/westernciv7celts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StFX+Humanities+Colloquium+Lecture&rft.atitle=Celtic+military+technology+was+taken+over+by+and+incorporated+into+the+Roman+Army%2C+particularly+chain+mail%2C+the+iron-clad+wheel%2C+two-wheeled+chariot%2C+and+%22battlebowler%22+style+of+helmet.&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.stfx.ca%2Fmnewton%2Fwesternciv7celts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_James_(archaeologist)" title="Simon James (archaeologist)">Simon James</a>, <i>The World of the Celts</i> (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993) p. 75-9, 114 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27998-4">978-0-500-27998-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korean Archaeological Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o-yoroi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o-yoroi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607115832/https://costume.iz2.or.jp/column/489.html">式正の鎧・大鎧</a> Costume Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003740–741-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003740–741_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, pp. 740–741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200355-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200355_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200353-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200353_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200366-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200366_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003331-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003331_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003916-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003916_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memorial-verdun.fr/en/museumcollections/visiting-the-museum/iconic-objects/sappenpanzer">"Sappenpanzer"</a>. <i>Mémorial de Verdun</i>. 2015-11-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150455/http://memorial-verdun.fr/en/museumcollections/visiting-the-museum/iconic-objects/sappenpanzer">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Beye 1950 MIDWEST RESEARCH INST KANSAS CITY MO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, W., Collins, C., and Kindred, F., A Mathematical Model for Predicting Residual Velocities of Fragments After Perforating Helmets, Ballistic Research Laboratories Technical Note no. 1705, October 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109102812/https://www.soc.mil/ARSOF_History/articles/19oct_body_armor_page_1.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"This Vest May Save Your Life!": U.S. Army Body Armor from World War II to Present"</a>. 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Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12498-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12498-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49386331">49386331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knight+and+the+Blast+Furnace%3A+A+History+of+the+Metallurgy+of+Armour+in+the+Middle+Ages+%26+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=History+of+Warfare+Volume+12&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49386331&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12498-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_armor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsyndicate.com/tag.php?id=51">Museum Syndicate: Armor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016011425/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/tag.php?id=51">Archived</a> 2011-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2016" class="citation web cs1">James, Nathan (January 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43544.pdf">"Body Armor for Law Enforcement Officers: In Brief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flexing+in+the+line+of+fire%3A+Lightweight%2C+flexible+body+armor+for+the+future+force&rft.pub=Air+Force+Research+Laboratory&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Novobilski&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticleDisplay%2Ftabid%2F223%2FArticle%2F974036%2Fflexing-in-the-line-of-fire-lightweight-flexible-body-armor-for-the-future-force.aspx%3Fsource%3DGovD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Kelly David (2 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/air-force-cadet-creates-bulletproof-breakthrough">"Air Force cadet creates bulletproof breakthrough"</a>. Fox News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+cadet+creates+bulletproof+breakthrough&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Kelly+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fair-force-cadet-creates-bulletproof-breakthrough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+armor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_armour" title="Template:Types of armour"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_armour" title="Template talk:Types of armour"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_armour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of armour"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armour_types13688" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">Armour</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Body armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">Barding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historical armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linothorax" title="Linothorax">Linothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">Gambeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_coat" title="Buff coat">Buff coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">Lorica segmentata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manica_(armguard)" title="Manica (armguard)">Manica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_hamata" title="Lorica hamata">Lorica hamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_plumata" title="Lorica plumata">Lorica plumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_squamata" title="Lorica squamata">Lorica squamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">Scale armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">Chain mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">Hauberk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_armour" title="Transitional armour">Transitional armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">Mail and plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">Coat of plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">Brigandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_plate" title="Jack of plate">Jack of plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splint_armour" title="Splint armour">Splint armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_armour" title="Mirror armour">Mirror armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klivanion" title="Klivanion">Klivanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">Breastplate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">Cuirass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">Muscle cuirass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munition_armour" title="Munition armour">Munition armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_armour" title="Greenwich armour">Greenwich armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almain_rivet" title="Almain rivet">Almain rivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasten-brust_armour" title="Kasten-brust armour">Kasten-brust armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_armour" title="White armour">White armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_plate_armour" title="Gothic plate armour">Gothic plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_armour" title="Maximilian armour">Maximilian armour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(armor)" title="Lame (armor)">Lame (armor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuta_(Japanese_armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karuta (Japanese armour)">Karuta (Japanese armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)" title="Kikko (Japanese armour)">Kikko (Japanese armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)">Kusari (Japanese mail armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">Ō-yoroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">Dō-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)" title="Haramaki (armour)">Haramaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)" title="Tatami (Japanese armour)">Tatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">Boiled leather (cuir bouilli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Bullet-resistant_armour2185" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">Bullet-resistant armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_plate" title="Ballistic plate">Ballistic plate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic plate">Ceramic plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doron_plate" title="Doron plate">Doron plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel plate">Steel plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ballistic fabrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Flex" title="Gold Flex">Gold Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar_KM2" title="Kevlar KM2">Kevlar KM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE/HPPE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectra_Shield" title="Spectra Shield">Spectra Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Armor_systems778" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Armor systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">Armour of the Kelly gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Body_Shield" title="Brewster Body Shield">Brewster Body Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bib" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Bib">Steel Bib</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Body_Armor" title="Ranger Body Armor">Ranger Body Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interceptor_Body_Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interceptor Body Armor">IBA/OTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Skin" title="Dragon Skin">Dragon Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Integrated_Releasable_Armor_System" title="Combat Integrated Releasable Armor System">CIRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Spectrum_Battle_Equipment_Amphibious_Assault_Vest" title="Full Spectrum Battle Equipment Amphibious Assault Vest">FSBE AAV QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Risk_Modular_tactical_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="High Risk Modular tactical vest">HRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Outer_Tactical_Vest" title="Improved Outer Tactical Vest">IOTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest" title="Modular Tactical Vest">MTV/IMTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRU-70" title="PRU-70">PRU-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osprey_body_armour" title="Osprey body armour">Osprey body armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System" title="Soldier Plate Carrier System">SPCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Plate_Carrier" title="Scalable Plate Carrier">SPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Scalable_Vest" title="Modular Scalable Vest">MSV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" title="List of body armor performance standards">Body armor performance standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BA_9000" title="BA 9000">BA 9000</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">Flak jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot gear">Riot gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_suit" title="Bomb suit">Bomb suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_vest" title="Stab vest">Stab vest</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components" title="List of medieval armour components">Medieval</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fictional armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mail" title="Banded mail">Banded mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_armour" title="Ring armour">Ring armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton#Fictional_depictions" title="Powered exoskeleton">Power armor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Helmets94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helmets" title="Template:Helmets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets" title="Template talk:Helmets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Helmets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Helmets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Helmets94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual<br />historical<br />helmets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Agighiol" title="Helmet of Agighiol">Agighiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agris_Helmet" title="Agris Helmet">Agris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet" title="Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broe_helmet" title="Broe helmet">Broe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_helmet" title="Canterbury helmet">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania#Helmet_of_Ciumeşti" title="Celts in Transylvania">Ciumeşti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">Coppergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Co%C8%9Bofene%C8%99ti" title="Helmet of Coțofenești">Coțofenești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Sallet" title="Coventry Sallet">Coventry Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby_Garrett_Helmet" title="Crosby Garrett Helmet">Crosby Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa_helmet" title="Emesa helmet">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevninge_helmet_fragment" title="Gevninge helmet fragment">Gevninge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guisborough_Helmet" title="Guisborough Helmet">Guisborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallaton_Helmet" title="Hallaton Helmet">Hallaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellvi_helmet_eyebrow" title="Hellvi helmet eyebrow">Hellvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet_of_Henry_VIII" title="Horned helmet of Henry VIII">Henry VIII's Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head" title="Horncastle boar's head">Horncastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Iron_Gates" title="Helmet of Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokrume_helmet_fragment" title="Lokrume helmet fragment">Lokrume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyrick_Helmet" title="Meyrick Helmet">Meyrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemiya_Helmet" title="Nemiya Helmet">Nemiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newstead_Helmet" title="Newstead Helmet">Newstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_Helmet" title="Nijmegen Helmet">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Peretu" title="Helmet of Peretu">Peretu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet" title="Pioneer Helmet">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribchester_Helmet" title="Ribchester Helmet">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorwell_helmet" title="Shorwell helmet">Shorwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjele_helmet_fragment" title="Tjele helmet fragment">Tjele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veks%C3%B8_helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Veksø helmets">Veksø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet" title="Waterloo Helmet">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witcham_Gravel_helmet" title="Witcham Gravel helmet">Witcham Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Combat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_helmet" title="Attic helmet">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">Boar's tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet" title="Chalcidian helmet">Chalcidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolus_helmet" title="Coolus helmet">Coolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galea_(helmet)" title="Galea (helmet)">Galea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_helmet" title="Imperial helmet">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegelhelm" title="Kegelhelm">Kegelhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konos" title="Konos">Konos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_ridge_helmet" title="Late Roman ridge helmet">Late Roman ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Montefortino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmarjet" title="Shmarjet">Shmarjet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armet" title="Armet">Armet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventail" title="Aventail">Aventail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbute" title="Barbute">Barbute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">Bascinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgonet" title="Burgonet">Burgonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervelliere" title="Cervelliere">Cervelliere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_helmet" title="Close helmet">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_helmet" title="Enclosed helmet">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_buffe" title="Falling buffe">Falling buffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog-mouth_helm" title="Frog-mouth helm">Frog-mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet" title="Germanic boar helmet">Germanic boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_helm" title="Great helm">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet#Hounskull" title="Bascinet">Hounskull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingasa">Jingasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapu" title="Katapu">Katapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_hat" title="Kettle hat">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulah_khud" title="Kulah khud">Kulah khud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellenhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellenhelm">Lamellenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster-tailed_pot_helmet" title="Lobster-tailed pot helmet">Lobster-tailed pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Mempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morion_(helmet)" title="Morion (helmet)">Morion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseki" title="Paseki">Paseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallet" title="Sallet">Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrete_(helmet)" title="Secrete (helmet)">Secrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangenhelm" title="Spangenhelm">Spangenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takula_tofao" title="Takula tofao">Takula tofao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban_helmet" title="Turban helmet">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour#Helmet" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarleton_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarleton helmet">Tarleton helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1914–1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_M36_helmet" title="Bulgarian M36 helmet">M36 (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_M32_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian M32 helmet">M32 (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1923_helmet_(Denmark)" title="M1923 helmet (Denmark)">M1923 (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_M1934/39_helmet" title="Greek M1934/39 helmet">M1934/39 (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_Steel_Airborne_Troop" title="Helmet Steel Airborne Troop">Helmet Steel Airborne Troop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M33_helmet" title="M33 helmet">M33 (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M42_Duperite_helmet" title="M42 Duperite helmet">M42 Duperite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_helmet" title="M1 helmet">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1C_helmet" title="M1C helmet">M1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker_helmet" title="Talker helmet">Mark II and Mark 4 "talker"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_III_helmet" title="Mk III helmet">Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_M34" title="Netherlands M34">Netherlands M34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._31" title="Hełm wz. 31">Hełm wz. 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_M1940_helmet" title="Portuguese M1940 helmet">M1940 (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_helmet" title="RAC helmet">RAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-36" title="SSh-36">SSh-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-39_and_SSh-40" title="SSh-39 and SSh-40">SSh-39 and SSh-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1921_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1921 helmet (Spain)">M1921 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1926 helmet (Spain)">M1926 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1934_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1934 helmet (Spain)">M1934 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1942_Modelo_Z" title="M1942 Modelo Z">M1942 Modelo Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSK_90_helmet" title="SSK 90 helmet">SSK 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Sweden)" title="M1926 helmet (Sweden)">M1926 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1937_helmet_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="M1937 helmet (Sweden)">M1937 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Eplattenier_helmet" title="L'Eplattenier helmet">L'Eplattenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1918_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss M1918 Helmet">M1918 (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army">Type 92 Tetsubo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet" title="Bangtan Helmet">Bangtan Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CABAL_II" title="CABAL II">CABAL II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Vz._53_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet">Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GK80" title="GK80">GK80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_M70" title="Hungarian M70">Hungarian M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_M73_helmet" title="Romanian M73 helmet">Romanian M73 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C2%BA_44_E.T.A._de_Paracaidista" class="mw-redirect" title="Mº 44 E.T.A. de Paracaidista">Mº 44 E.T.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._50" title="Hełm wz. 50">Hełm wz. 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._63" title="Hełm wz. 63">Hełm wz. 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._67" title="Hełm wz. 67">Hełm wz. 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M63_helmet" title="M63 helmet">M63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M76_paratrooper_helmet" title="M76 paratrooper helmet">M76 Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_IV_helmet" title="Mk IV helmet">Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_6_helmet" title="Mk 6 helmet">Mk 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1951_helmet" title="Modèle 1951 helmet">Modèle 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1978_helmet" title="Modèle 1978 helmet">Modèle 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC-1" title="MPC-1">MPC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-201" title="OR-201">OR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratrooper_helmet" title="Paratrooper helmet">Paratrooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-60" title="SSh-60">SSh-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-68" title="SSh-68">SSh-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1971_Helmet" title="Swiss M1971 Helmet">Swiss M71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_66_helmet" title="Type 66 helmet">Type 66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CG634" title="CG634">CG634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefechtshelm_M92" title="Gefechtshelm M92">M92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOLFO" title="GOLFO">GOLFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_M90_helmet" title="Iraqi M90 helmet">M90 (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK_96_helmet" title="JK 96 helmet">JK 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M87_kevlar_helmet" title="M87 kevlar helmet">M87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._93" title="Hełm wz. 93">Hełm wz. 93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2000" title="Hełm wz. 2000">Hełm wz. 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(helmet)" title="Sfera (helmet)">Sfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECTRA_helmet" title="SPECTRA helmet">SPECTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B7_helmet" title="6B7 helmet">6B7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_Helmet" title="A2 Helmet">A2 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Helmet" title="Advanced Combat Helmet">Advanced Combat Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BK-3_helmet" title="BK-3 helmet">BK-3 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QGF-03" title="QGF-03">QGF-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(Australia)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia)">ECH (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(United_States)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (United States)">ECH (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Assault_Shell_Technology_helmet" title="Future Assault Shell Technology helmet">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B47_helmet" title="6B47 helmet">6B47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2005" title="Hełm wz. 2005">Hełm wz. 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Head_Protection_System" title="Integrated Head Protection System">IHPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-B2000" title="KH-B2000">KH-B2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Helmet" title="Lightweight Helmet">Lightweight Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Integrated_Communications_Helmet" title="Modular Integrated Communications Helmet">MICH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_7_helmet" title="Mk 7 helmet">Mk 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Athletic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batting_helmet" title="Batting helmet">Batting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolflo" title="Coolflo">Coolflo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">Boxing / Martial Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_helmet" title="Cricket helmet">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_helmet" title="Equestrian helmet">Equestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">Gridiron football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeshield" title="Eyeshield">Eyeshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_helmets" title="Revolution helmets">Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_helmet" title="Hockey helmet">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_helmet" title="Lacrosse helmet">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">Motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_helmet" title="Racing helmet">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_cap" title="Scrum cap">Scrum cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_helmet" title="Ski helmet">Ski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter%27s_helmet" title="Firefighter's helmet">Firefighter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">Hard hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_protection_helmet" title="Riot protection helmet">Riot protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding_helmet" title="Welding helmet">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_helmet" title="Flight helmet">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_cover" title="Helmet cover">Helmet cover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)" title="Mitznefet (Israeli military)">Mitznefet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Heraldic use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet" title="Horned helmet">Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahiole" title="Mahiole">Mahiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fiber_helmet" title="American fiber helmet">American fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuckerman_helmet" title="Zuckerman helmet">Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portal</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Armour" title="Category:Armour">Category:Armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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