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id="toc-Motivations_behind_the_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations_behind_the_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Motivations behind the insurgency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivations_behind_the_insurgency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motivations behind the insurgency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motivations_behind_the_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rigging_of_1987_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigging_of_1987_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rigging of 1987 Assembly elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigging_of_1987_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Human rights abuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISI's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISI's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 ISI's role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISI's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mujahideen_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mujahideen_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mujahideen influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mujahideen_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_pelting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_pelting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Stone pelting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_pelting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuses_by_militants_and_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuses_by_militants_and_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Human rights abuses by militants and army </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights_abuses_by_militants_and_army-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights abuses by militants and army subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuses_by_militants_and_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_insurgencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_insurgencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Notable insurgencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_insurgencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tactics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Insurgents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Militant groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Militant_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Militant groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Militant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_and_rehabilitation_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_and_rehabilitation_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Surrender and rehabilitation policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surrender_and_rehabilitation_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Surrender and rehabilitation policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Surrender_and_rehabilitation_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appeals_to_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeals_to_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Appeals to surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeals_to_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="التمرد في جامو وكشمير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التمرد في جامو وكشمير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstand_in_Kaschmir" title="Aufstand in Kaschmir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstand in Kaschmir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgencia_en_Jammu_y_Cachemira" title="Insurgencia en Jammu y Cachemira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insurgencia en Jammu y Cachemira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="شورش در جامو و کشمیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش در جامو و کشمیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_au_Jammu-et-Cachemire" title="Insurrection au Jammu-et-Cachemire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection au Jammu-et-Cachemire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EB%AC%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B6%84%EB%9E%80" title="잠무 카슈미르 분란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠무 카슈미르 분란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="जम्मू और कश्मीर में विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जम्मू और कश्मीर में विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜಮ್ಮು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಂಡಾಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಮ್ಮು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಂಡಾಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felkel%C3%A9s_Dzsammu_%C3%A9s_Kasm%C3%ADr_%C3%A1llamban" title="Felkelés Dzsammu és Kasmír államban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felkelés Dzsammu és Kasmír államban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जम्मू-काश्मीरमधील उग्रवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जम्मू-काश्मीरमधील उग्रवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keganasan_di_Kashmir" title="Keganasan di Kashmir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keganasan di Kashmir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_va_Kashmir_qo%E2%80%98zg%E2%80%98oloni" title="Jammu va Kashmir qo‘zg‘oloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jammu va Kashmir qo‘zg‘oloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4" title="ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਗਾਵਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਗਾਵਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurg%C3%AAncia_em_Jamu_e_Caxemira" title="Insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Insurgência em Jamu e Caxemira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Восстание в Джамму и Кашмире – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание в Джамму и Кашмире" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammun_ja_Kashmirin_konflikti" title="Jammun ja Kashmirin konflikti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jammun ja Kashmirin konflikti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="జమ్మూ కాశ్మీరులో ఉగ్రవాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జమ్మూ కాశ్మీరులో ఉగ్రవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fmir_%C4%B0syan%C4%B1" title="Keşmir İsyanı – Turkish" lang="tr" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing separatist militancy in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the localized insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir</a>. For the conflict between India and Pakistan over the larger region of Kashmir, see <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/300px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/450px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/600px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="4920" /></a> CIA map of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir region">Kashmir region</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> – present (35 years, 5 months, 1 week and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CRPF_Flag.svg/23px-CRPF_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CRPF_Flag.svg/35px-CRPF_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CRPF_Flag.svg/45px-CRPF_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Armed Police Force">Central Armed Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Police" title="Jammu and Kashmir Police">Jammu and Kashmir Police</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Political Parties: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/25px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/38px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/25px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/38px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir">Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir</a></li></ul> Armed groups: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg/23px-Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg/35px-Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg/45px-Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="709" /> <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/20px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/31px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/40px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Jihad_Council" title="United Jihad Council">United Jihad Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Anti-Fascist_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Anti-Fascist Front">People’s Anti-Fascist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:TRF_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TRF_logo.png/25px-TRF_logo.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TRF_logo.png/38px-TRF_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TRF_logo.png/50px-TRF_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="316" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_Front" title="The Resistance Front">The Resistance Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Shahada.png/23px-Green_Shahada.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Shahada.png/35px-Green_Shahada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Shahada.png/46px-Green_Shahada.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="319" /> <a href="/wiki/Dukhtaran-e-Millat" title="Dukhtaran-e-Millat">Dukhtaran-e-Millat</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /> <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/23px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/35px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Al-Badr_flag.svg/46px-Al-Badr_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="534" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Badr (India)">Al-Badr</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Umar-Mujahideen" title="Al-Umar-Mujahideen">Al-Umar-Mujahideen</a></li> <li>Other separatist Movements & <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgent</a> militant groups<a href="#cite_note-2011freedomhascome-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-margolis2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-bose2009-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-websters_unabridged-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-oed_insurgency-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica_insurgency-10">[10]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent">Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Ghazwat-ul-Hind" title="Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind">Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind</a></li></ul></li></ul> Supported by: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-DavisAzizian2007-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazi_Zutshi2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapur2017b-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/C5e2f596ddahgd.png/7px-C5e2f596ddahgd.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/C5e2f596ddahgd.png/12px-C5e2f596ddahgd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/C5e2f596ddahgd.png/15px-C5e2f596ddahgd.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="765" /> <a href="/wiki/D-Company" title="D-Company">D-Company</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_India_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – India Province">Islamic State Hind Province</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">ISJK</a><a href="#cite_note-Rediff.com-20">[20]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Total</a> ~ 343,000-700,000<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-theprint.in-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-24">[24]</a></li> <a href="#cite_note-Stimson-25">[25]</a> (Nov 2019, including soldier posted at international border (LoC)) <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>: 168,000<a href="#cite_note-theprint.in-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Forces" title="Central Armed Police Forces">CAPFs</a>: 160,000<a href="#cite_note-theprint.in-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Police" title="Jammu and Kashmir Police">Jammu and Kashmir Police</a>: (Unknown)</li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2000–2024: 3,590 Security Forces killed <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2000–2024: 13,321 militants killed 847 Surrendered 5,832 Arrested<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000+ civilian deaths<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-29">[29]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, also known as the Kashmir insurgency, is an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> militant insurgency against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian administration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kazi_Zutshi2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-slater_wapo_march_2019-30">[30]</a> a territory constituting the southwestern portion of the larger geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, which has been the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">territorial dispute</a> between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> since 1947.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-jammu-kashmir-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003-32">[32]</a> Jammu and Kashmir, long a breeding ground of separatist ambitions,<a href="#cite_note-editorial_board_nytimes_5_August_2019-33">[33]</a> has experienced the insurgency since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_ratcliffe_5_august_2019-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-slater_wapo_march_2019-30">[30]</a> Although the failure of Indian governance and democracy lay at the root of the initial disaffection, Pakistan played an important role in converting the latter into a fully-developed armed insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Kazi_Zutshi2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapur2017b-14">[14]</a> Some insurgent groups in Kashmir support complete independence, whereas others seek the region's accession to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapur2017b-14">[14]</a> More explicitly, the roots of the insurgency are tied to a dispute over local autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-ucdp.uu.se-36">[36]</a> Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s, and by 1988, many of the democratic reforms provided by the Indian government had been reversed and non-violent channels for expressing discontent were limited, which caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India.<a href="#cite_note-ucdp.uu.se-36">[36]</a> In 1987, a <a href="/wiki/1987_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">disputed election</a><a href="#cite_note-Elections_in_Kashmir-37">[37]</a> held in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">state of Jammu and Kashmir</a> created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">state's legislative assembly</a> members forming armed insurgent groups.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKashmir-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a> In July 1988, a series of demonstrations, strikes, and attacks on the Indian government effectively marked the beginning of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, which escalated into the most severe <a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India#Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Separatist movements of India">security issue in India</a> during the 1990s. Pakistan, with whom India has fought <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">three major wars</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kashmir">Muslim-majority region</a>, has officially claimed to be giving only its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2015-41">[41]</a> The Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> has been accused by both India and the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> of supporting and supplying arms as well as providing training to "<a href="/wiki/Mujahideen#Indian_subcontinent" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>" militants<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph.co.uk-43">[43]</a> in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Talib-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph.co.uk-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2015, a former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, admitted that the Pakistani state had supported and trained insurgent groups in Kashmir throughout the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Several new militant groups with radical <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> views emerged during this time and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement from that of plain separatism to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>. This occurred partly due to the influence of a large number of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> militants who began to enter the Indian-administered <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> through Pakistani-controlled territory across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2015-41">[41]</a> India has repeatedly called on Pakistan to end its alleged "<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">cross-border terrorism</a>" in the region.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2015-41">[41]</a> The conflict between militants and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian security forces</a> in Kashmir has led to a large number of casualties;<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> many civilians have also died as a result of being targeted by various armed militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> According to government data, around 41,000 people—consisting of 14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants—have died because of the insurgency as of March 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit">[update]</a>, with most deaths happening in the 1990s and early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-ht2017-49">[49]</a> Non-governmental organisations have claimed a higher death toll. The insurgency has also forced the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits">large-scale migration</a> of non-Muslim minority <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Hindus</a> out of the Kashmir Valley.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir</a> in August 2019, the Indian military has intensified its <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">counter-insurgency operations</a> in the region. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">History of Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir">List of terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–1982">1947–1982</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">First Kashmir War</a></div> After independence from colonial rule India and Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">were engaged in a war</a> over the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. At the end of the war India controlled the southern portion of the princely state.<a href="#cite_note-SumantraKashmir-51">[51]</a> While there were sporadic periods of violence there was no organised insurgency movement.<a href="#cite_note-SwamiSecret-52">[52]</a> During this period legislative elections in the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> were first held in 1951 and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>'s secular party stood unopposed. He was an instrumental member in the accession of the state to India.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> However, Sheikh Abdullah would fall in and out of favour with the central government and would often be dismissed only to be re-appointed later on.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This was a time of political instability and power struggle in Jammu and Kashmir, and it went through several periods of <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">president's rule</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Federal Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982–2004">1982–2004</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png/430px-Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png/645px-Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png/860px-Insurgency_Terror-related_Fatalities_of_Civilians_and_Security_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_from_1988_to_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="9875" data-file-height="5212" /></a><figcaption>The trend in total yearly civilian and security forces fatalities from insurgency-related violence over 25 years from 1988 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>'s death, his son <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a> took over as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a>. Farooq Abdullah eventually fell out of favour with the Central Government and the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, who had his government toppled with the help of his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammad_Shah" title="Ghulam Mohammad Shah">G. M. Shah</a>. GM Shah was the chief minister during the <a href="/wiki/1986_Anantnag_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Anantnag Riots">1986 Anantnag Riots</a> until he was removed and replaced by Farooq Abdullah.<a href="#cite_note-Tikoo-57">[57]</a> A year later, Abdullah reached an accord with the new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and announced an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> for the elections of 1987. The elections were allegedly rigged in favour of Abdullah.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKashmir-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a> Most commentators state that this led to the rise of an armed insurgency movement composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost the elections. Pakistan supplied these groups with logistical support, arms, recruits and training.<a href="#cite_note-HasanPakistan-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCKashmir-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArifShadow-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-KhanMilitants-60">[60]</a> In the second half of 1989 the alleged assassinations of the Indian spies and political collaborators by the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a> was intensified. Over six months more than a hundred officials were killed to paralyse government's administrative and intelligence apparatus. The daughter of then interior affairs minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed was kidnapped in December and four militants had to be released for her release. This event led to mass celebrations all over the valley. Farooq Abdullah resigned in January after the appointment of Jagmohan Malhotra as the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, J&K was placed under Governor's Rule under Article 92 of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir">state constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Under JKLF's leadership on 21–23 January large scale protests were organised in the Kashmir Valley. As a response to this largely explosive situation paramilitary units of BSF and CRPF were called. These units were used by the government to combat Maoist insurgency and the North-Eastern insurgency. The challenge to them in this situation was not posed by armed insurgents but by the stone pelters. Their inexperience caused at least 50 casualties in Gawkadal massacre. In this incident the underground militant movement was transformed into a mass struggle. To curb the situation AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) was imposed on Kashmir in September 1990 to suppress the insurgency by giving armed forces the powers to kill and arrest without warrant to maintain public order. During this time the dominant tactic involved killing of a prominent figure in a public gathering, such as <a href="/wiki/Wali_Mohammad_Itoo" title="Wali Mohammad Itoo">Wali Mohammad Itoo</a> in 1994, to push forces into action and the public prevented them from capturing these insurgents. This sprouting of sympathisers in Kashmir led to the hard-line approach of Indian army.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> With JKLF at forefront large number of militant groups like Allah Tigers, People's League and Hizb-i-Islamia sprung up. Weapons were smuggled on a large scale from Pakistan. In Kashmir JKLF operated under the leadership of Ashfaq Majid Wani, Yasin Bhat, Hamid Shiekh and Javed Mir. To counter this growing pro-Pakistani sentiment in Kashmir, Indian media associated it exclusively with Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> JKLF used distinctly Islamic themes to mobilise crowds and justify their use of violence. They sought to establish an Islamic democratic state where the rights of minorities would be protected according to Quran and Sunna and economy would be organised on the principles of Islamic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Indian army has conducted various operations to control and eliminate insurgency in the region such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sarp_Vinash" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sarp Vinash">Operation Sarp Vinash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> in which a multi-battalion offensive was launched against militants from groups like <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)">al-Badr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> who had been constructing shelters in the <a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal</a> region of Jammu and Kashmir over several years.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The subsequent operations led to the death of over 60 militants<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and uncovered the largest network of militant hideouts in the history of insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir covering almost 100 square kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_changes">Cultural changes</h3></div> Cinema houses were banned by some militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Many militant organisations like Al baqr, People's league, Wahdat-e-Islam and Allah Tigers imposed restrictions like banning cigarettes, restrictions on Kashmiri girls.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">tone</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004–11">2004–11</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></div> Beginning in 2004 Pakistan began to end its support for insurgents in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> This happened because militant groups linked to Kashmir twice tried to assassinate <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistani President</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhanMilitants-60">[60]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir "terrorists",<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a> although it is unclear if Pakistan's intelligence agency, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a>, thought to be the agency aiding and controlling the insurgency<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColeObama-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-RediffKashmir-78">[78]</a> is following Pakistan's commitment to end support for the insurgency in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a> Despite the change in the nature of the insurgency from a phenomenon supported by external forces to a primarily domestic-driven movement<a href="#cite_note-SumantraKashmir-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomistStony-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomistPlace-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomistGrim-81">[81]</a> the Indian government has continued to send large numbers of troops to the Indian border.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistStony-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomistGrim-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCKillings-82">[82]</a> There have been widespread protests against the Indian army presence in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistStony-79">[79]</a> Once the most formidable face of Kashmir militancy, <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a> is slowly fading away as its remaining commanders and cadres are being taken out on a regular interval by security forces.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some minor incidents of grenade throwing and sniper firing at security forces notwithstanding, the situation is under control and more or less peaceful. A record number of tourists including Amarnath pilgrims visited Kashmir during 2012. On 3 August 2012, a top <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> militant commander, Abu Hanzulah involved in various attacks on civilians and security forces was killed in an encounter with security forces in a village in Kupwara district of north Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012–present">2012–present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–15 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Kashmir_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 Kashmir unrest">2016–17 Kashmir unrest</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> data quoted by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, at least 70 young Kashmiris joined the insurgency in 2014, army records showed, with most joining the terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, which was responsible for carrying out the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Two of the new recruits have doctorates and eight were post graduates, the army data showed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, despite a Pakistani ban on militant activity in Kashmir in 2006, its militants continue to attempt infiltration into Indian-administered Kashmir. These attempts were curtailed however when people living along the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> which divides Indian and Pakistani Kashmir started to hold public protests against the activities of the insurgent groups.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">violence</a> erupted in the aftermath of the killing of <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a> militant <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Wani" title="Burhan Wani">Burhan Wani</a> by security forces. Since then, militants belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> group carried out the <a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_Sunjuwan_attack" title="2018 Sunjuwan attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a>. In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">Pulwama attack</a> occurred, in which 40 <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">CRPF</a> personnel were killed by a Jaish-e-Mohammed suicide bomber. In August 2019, the special status of Jammu and Kashmir was <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">revoked</a>, following which the Indian Army intensified its counter-insurgency operations. In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Doda_district" title="Doda district">Doda district</a> was declared militancy free while <a href="/wiki/Tral" title="Tral">Tral</a> was declared free from Hizbul Mujahideen militants.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In July, a Kashmir police tweet from an official twitter handle said "no resident of #<a href="/wiki/Srinagar_district" title="Srinagar district">Srinagar district</a> in terrorist ranks now".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On 27 June 2021, a day after the successful completion of discussions between the Indian Prime Minister and Jammu and Kashmir political leaders, a drone based attack was reported at the technical area of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Airport" title="Jammu Airport">Jammu Airport</a> which is under the control of the IAF.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the first three months of 2022, there was a 100% increase in the number of Indian soldiers killed by Kashmiri militants compared to the same period in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations_behind_the_insurgency">Motivations behind the insurgency</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigging_of_1987_Assembly_elections">Rigging of 1987 Assembly elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1987_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election</a></div> Following the rise of Islamisation in the Kashmir valley, during the 1987 state elections, various Islamic anti-establishment groups including <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir">Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir</a> were organised under a single banner named <a href="/wiki/Muslim_United_Front" title="Muslim United Front">Muslim United Front</a> (MUF), that is largely current <a href="/wiki/Hurriyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyat">Hurriyat</a>. MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a>, work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> But the MUF won only four seats, even though it had polled 31% votes in the election. However, the elections were widely believed to be rigged, changing the course of politics in the state. The insurgency was sparked by the apparent rigging of <a href="/wiki/1987_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">state elections in 1987</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKashmir-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_abuses">Human rights abuses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> Indian troops entered the valley to quell the insurgency after it began.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some analysts have suggested that the number of Indian troops in Jammu and Kashmir is close to 600,000 although estimates vary and the government refuses to release official figures.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times-24">[24]</a> The troops have been accused and held accountable for several humanitarian abuses<a href="#cite_note-EconomistGrim-81">[81]</a> and have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">mass extrajudicial killings, torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict#Rape_by_Indian_forces_.28post-1988.29" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">rape and sexual abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKillings-82">[82]</a> Indian security forces have been implicated in many reports for <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforced disappearances">enforced disappearances</a> of thousands of Kashmiris whereas the security forces deny having their information and/or custody. This is often in association with torture or <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a>. Human right activists estimate the number of disappeared to be over eight thousand, last seen in government detention.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The disappeared are believed to be dumped in thousands of mass graves across Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission">State Human Rights Commission</a> inquiry in 2011, has confirmed there are thousands of bullet-ridden bodies buried in unmarked graves in Jammu and Kashmir. Of the 2730 bodies uncovered in 4 of the 14 districts, 574 bodies were identified as missing locals in contrast to the Indian governments insistence that all the graves belong to foreign militants.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Military forces in Jammu and Kashmir operate under impunity and emergency powers granted to them by the central government. These powers allow the military to curtail civil liberties, creating further support for the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-YardleyPower-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-AI_Press_Release_Feb_2012-108">[108]</a> The insurgents have also abused human rights, <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits">driving away</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> from the Kashmir Valley, an action that has been called <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a><a href="#cite_note-PalloneEthnic-109">[109]</a> The government's inability to protect the people from both its own troops and the insurgency has further eroded support for the government.<a href="#cite_note-HRW99-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused security forces of exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Powers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Special Powers Act">Armed Forces Special Powers Act</a> (AFSPA) that enables them to "hold prisoners without trial". The group argues that the law, which allows security to detain individuals for as many as two years "without presenting charges, violating prisoners' human rights".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Army sources maintain that "any move to revoke AFSPA in Jammu and Kashmir would be detrimental to the security of the Valley and would provide a boost to the terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Indian Army Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">General V. K. Singh</a> rejected the accusations that the action was not taken in the cases of human rights violations by Army personnel. On 24 October 2010, he has said that 104 Army personnel had been punished in Jammu and Kashmir in this regard, including 39 officers. He also said that 95% of the allegations of human rights abuses against Indian Army were proved to be false, of which he remarked, had apparently been made with the "ulterior motive of maligning the armed forces".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, according to Human Rights Watch, the military courts in India, in general, were proved to be incompetent to deal with cases of serious human rights abuses and were responsible in covering up evidence and protecting the involved officers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Amnesty International in its report in 2015, titled "Denied"-Failures in Accountability in Jammu and Kashmir, says, "...with respect to investigations, an inquiry that is conducted by the same authority accused of the crime raises serious questions about the independence and impartiality of those proceedings", adding that according to the international law, an independent authority that is not involved in the alleged violations has to investigate such crimes.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> These human rights violations are said to have contributed to the rise of resistance in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISI's_role">ISI's role</h3></div> The Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> has encouraged and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgency<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColeObama-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-RediffKashmir-78">[78]</a> due to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.<a href="#cite_note-SumantraKashmir-51">[51]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistan President</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)</a>, in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)</a> sponsors and oversees separatist militant groups in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost1-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes.com1-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff1-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress1-122">[122]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people".<a href="#cite_note-DawnSept2019-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puri-124">[124]</a> Most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab province</a> of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Puri-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mujahideen_influence">Mujahideen influence</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, Mujahideen militants, under the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a> with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, slowly infiltrated <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> with the goal of spreading a radical <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist ideology</a> to wage <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against India in the region.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKashmir-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> The majority of the people of Jammu and Kashmir practise <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Indian-American journalist <a href="/wiki/Asra_Nomani" title="Asra Nomani">Asra Nomani</a> states that while India itself is a secular state, Muslims are politically, culturally and economically marginalised when compared to Hindus in India as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-NomaniMuslims-125">[125]</a> The government's <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">decision</a> to transfer 99 acres of forest land near the <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath Temple</a> in Kashmir division to a Hindu organisation (for setting up temporary shelters and facilities for Hindu pilgrims) solidified this feeling and led to one of the largest protest rallies in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-ThottamValley-126">[126]</a> <a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_motivations">Other motivations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychological">Psychological</h4></div> Psychologist Waheeda Khan, explaining the rebellious nature of the Kashmiris, says that because of the tense situations in the valley from the 1990s, the generation gap between parents and young generations has increased. Young generations tend to blame their parents for failing to do anything about the political situation. So they start experimenting with their own aggressive ways to show their curbed feelings and would go against any authority. A prominent psychiatrist of the valley, Margoob, described that children/teenagers are much more vulnerable to passionate actions and reactions, since the young minds are yet to completely develop psychological mechanisms. When they assume that they are "pushed against the wall", they get controlled by the emotions without bothering about the consequences. Also young people easily identify themselves with the "group" rather than with their individual identities. It leads to psychological distress which causes antisocial behaviour and aggressive attitude. Often, this situation gets worsened by the availability of weapons and people becoming familiar to violence after having exposed to conflict for so long. Waheeda Khan remarks, the major concern is that generations of children who are experiencing long-term violence in their lives, may reach adulthood perceiving that violence is a fair means of solving ethnic, religious, or political differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeda_Khan,_Conflict_in_Kashmir201590,_91-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic">Economic</h4></div> High unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in Kashmir are also said to have intensified the struggle.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_pelting">Stone pelting</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stone_Pelting_in_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Pelting in Kashmir">Stone Pelting in Kashmir</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 unrest</a>, the turmoil took on a new dimension when people, particularly young people of the Kashmir valley began pelting stones on security forces to express their aggression and protest for the loss of freedom. In turn they get attacked by the armed personnel with pellets, rubber bullets, sling shots and tear gas shells. This leads to eye-injuries and several other kind of injuries to many people. Security forces also face injuries, and sometimes get beaten up during these events. According to Waheeda Khan, most of the 'stone-pelters' are school and college going students. Large number of these people get arrested during these events for allegedly resorting to stone pelting, after which some of them are also tortured. According to political activist Mannan Bukhari, Kashmiris made stone, an easily accessible and defenseless weapon, their weapon of choice for protest.<a href="#cite_note-:0A-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bukhari-2015-133">[133]</a> Kashmiri senior journalist Parvaiz Bukhari remarked:<a href="#cite_note-Bukhari-2015-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><blockquote>The summer of 2010 witnessed a convulsion in the world's most militarized zone, the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir, an unprecedented and deadly civil unrest that is beginning to change a few things on the ground. [...] Little known and relatively anonymous resistance activists emerged, organizing an unarmed agitation more fierce than the armed rebellion against Indian rule two decades earlier. And apparently aware of the post 9/11 world, young Kashmiris, children of the conflict, made stones and rocks a weapon of choice against government armed forces, side-stepping the tag of a terrorist movement linked with Pakistan. The unrest represents a conscious transition to an unarmed mass movement, one that poses a moral challenge to New Delhi's military domination over the region.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_abuses_by_militants_and_army">Human rights abuses by militants and army</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Kashmir_conflict#Rape_by_militants" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape in Kashmir conflict">Rape in Kashmir conflict § Rape by militants</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus">Ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus</a></div> Islamic separatist militants are accused of violence against the Kashmir populace.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On the other hand, the Indian army has also allegedly committed serious crimes like using pellet guns, torture, murder and rape, though many such incidents were subject to legal proceedings. The militants have kidnapped and killed many civil servants and suspected informers. Tens of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits have been forced to emigrate as a result of continued violence by the majority. Estimates of the displaced vary from 170,000 to 700,000. Thousands of Kashmiri Pandits had to move to <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> because of targeted attacks by Islamic radical organizations.<a href="#cite_note-kps-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_insurgencies">Notable insurgencies</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li>July and August 1989 – Three CRPF personnel and politician Mohd. Yusuf Halwai of NC/F were killed.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_kidnapping_of_Rubaiya_Sayeed" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed">1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed</a> daughter of the then Home Minister of India Mufti Sayeed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawkadal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawkadal massacre">Gawkadal massacre</a>- <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a> opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protestors, killing 50.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopore massacre">Sopore massacre</a>- Killing of 55 Kashmiri civilians by Border security force(<a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">BSF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijbehara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijbehara massacre">Bijbehara massacre</a>- Massacre of 51 protestors by BSF.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_kidnapping_of_western_tourists_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Jammu and Kashmir">1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Jammu and Kashmir</a> – Six foreign trekkers from Anantnag district were kidnapped by Al Faran. One was beheaded later, one escaped, and the other four remain missing, presumably killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sangrampora_massacre" title="1997 Sangrampora massacre">1997 Sangrampora massacre</a> – On 22 March 1997, seven Kashmiri Pandits were killed in Sangrampora village in the <a href="/wiki/Budgam" title="Budgam">Budgam</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-Sangrampora-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandhama_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandhama massacre">Wandhama massacre</a> – In January 1998, 24 <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> living in the village of Wandhama were massacred by Pakistani militants. According to the testimony of one of the survivors, the militants dressed themselves as officers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, entered their houses and then started firing blindly. The incident was significant because it coincided with former US president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s visit to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> highlighted the massacre to prove Pakistan-supported militancy in Kashmir .<a href="#cite_note-Wandhama-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Prankote_massacre" title="1998 Prankote massacre">1998 Prankote massacre</a> – 26 Hindu villagers of Udhampur district were killed by militants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Champanari_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Champanari massacre">1998 Champanari massacre</a> – 25 Hindu villagers killed on 19 June 1998 by Islamic militants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a> – 30 Hindu pilgrims massacred by militants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittisinghpura_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittisinghpura massacre">Chittisinghpura massacre</a> – 36 Sikhs massacred by LeT militants though some allegations on Indian security forces exist too. (unclear)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_terrorist_attack_on_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 terrorist attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly">2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly bombing</a> – On 1 October 2001, a bombing at the Legislative Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> killed 38.<a href="#cite_note-Dugger-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Raghunath_temple_attacks" title="2002 Raghunath temple attacks">2002 Raghunath temple attacks</a> – An attack occurred on 30 March 2002 when two suicide bombers attacked the temple. Eleven persons including three security forces personnel were killed and 20 were injured. In second attack, the fidayeen suicide squad attacked the temple second time on 24 November 2002 when two suicide bombers stormed the temple and killed fourteen devotees and injured 45 others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Qasim_Nagar_massacre" title="2002 Qasim Nagar massacre">2002 Qasim Nagar massacre</a> – On 13 July 2002, armed militants believed to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a> threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing 27 and injuring many more.<a href="#cite_note-hrw03-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nadimarg_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nadimarg Massacre">2003 Nadimarg Massacre</a> – 24 Hindus killed in Nadimarg, Kashmir on 23 March 2003 by <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> militants.</li> <li>20 July 2005 <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> bombing – A car bomb exploded near an armoured <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> vehicle in the famous Church Lane area in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> killing 4 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> personnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Militant group <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a>, claimed responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-church-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Budshah Chowk attack – A militant attack on 29 July 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Srinagar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar (city)">Srinigar</a>'s city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed 2 and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.<a href="#cite_note-Bud-146">[146]</a></li> <li>Assassination of Ghulam Nabi Lone – On 18 October 2005, suspected Kashmiri militants killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. Militant group called Al Mansurin claimed responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-147">[147]</a> Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Lone.<a href="#cite_note-hrw03-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Doda_massacre" title="2006 Doda massacre">2006 Doda massacre</a> – On 3 May 2006, militants massacred 35 Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Doda_district" title="Doda district">Doda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udhampur" title="Udhampur">Udhampur</a> districts in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>On 12 June 2006, one person was killed and 31 were wounded when militants hurled three grenades on Vaishnodevi shrine-bound buses at the general bus stand.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kashmir_Valley_attacks" title="2014 Kashmir Valley attacks">2014 Kashmir Valley attacks</a> – There were four attacks on 5 December 2014 on army, police and civilians resulted in 21 deaths and several injured. Their motive was to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/2014_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">ongoing assembly elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu14-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a> – Four armed militants sneaked into an army camp and lobbed grenades onto tents causing massive fire culminating in the death of 19 military personnel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sunjuwan_attack" title="2018 Sunjuwan attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a> - On 10 February 2018, Jaish-e-Mohammad militants attacked Sunjuwan Army Camp in Jammu and Kashmir. 6 Indian army soldiers, 4 militants, 1 civilian died and 11 were injured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a> - On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammad militants attacked a convoy of CRPF men, killing 46 personnel and injuring 20.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> The Indian government has increasingly relied on military presence to control the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistGrim-81">[81]</a> The military has allegedly committed human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-HRW96-151">[151]</a> The government would often dissolve assemblies, arrest elected politicians and impose president's rule. The government also rigged elections in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-AltafElections-40">[40]</a> In recent times there have been signs that the government is taking local elections more seriously.<a href="#cite_note-RamaDilemma-152">[152]</a> The government has also funneled development aid to Kashmir and Kashmir has now become the biggest per capita receiver of Federal aid.<a href="#cite_note-SangThink-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> The Pakistani central government originally supported, trained and armed the insurgency in Kashmir,<a href="#cite_note-firstpost1-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes.com1-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff1-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress1-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> sometimes known as "ultras" (extremists),<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-156">[156]</a> however after groups linked to the Kashmiri insurgency twice attempted to assassinate president Pervez Musharraf, Musharraf decided to end support for such groups.<a href="#cite_note-KhanMilitants-60">[60]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a> But the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> hasn't followed the lead of the government and has continued its support for insurgent groups in Kashmir<a href="#cite_note-StephensJob-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColeObama-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-RediffKashmir-78">[78]</a> In 2008, 541 people died due to insurgency, The Economist called it the lowest in two decades. The report cited a reduction in the support for militants by Pakistan and war fatigue among the Kashmiris as the reasons for the reduction in casualty figures.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistGrim-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgents">Insurgents</h3></div> After around 2000, the insurgency became far less violent and has instead taken on the form of protests and marches.<a href="#cite_note-ThottamValley-126">[126]</a> Certain groups have also chosen to lay down their arms and look for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-GuptaKashmir-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3></div> The different insurgent groups have different aims in Kashmir. Some want complete independence from both India and Pakistan, others want unification with Pakistan and still others just want greater autonomy from the Indian government.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFuture-158">[158]</a> A 2010 survey found that 43% of the people in J&K and 44% of the people in <a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu and Kashmir">AJK</a> would favour complete independence from both India and Pakistan, with support for the independence movement unevenly distributed across the region.<a href="#cite_note-CHSurvey-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militant_groups">Militant groups</h2></div> Over the last two years, the militant group, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a> has split into two factions: Al Mansurin and Al Nasirin. Another new group reported to have emerged is the "Save Kashmir Movement". <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Ansar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Toiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar-e-Toiba">Lashkar-e-Toiba</a> are believed to be operating from <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muridke" title="Muridke">Muridke</a>, Pakistan respectively. <a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Other less well known groups are the Freedom Force and Farzandan-e-Milat. A smaller group, <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Badr (India)">Al-Badr</a>, has been active in Kashmir for many years and is still believed to be functioning. <a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a>, an organisation that uses moderate means to press for the rights of the Kashmiris, is often considered as the mediator between New Delhi and insurgent groups. <a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</h3></div> It is unclear if <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> has a presence in Jammu and Kashmir. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> suggested that they were active<a href="#cite_note-AbbasQaeda-163">[163]</a> and in 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> hunted for <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-SmithSAS-164">[164]</a> Al Qaeda claims that it has established a base in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-IHTKashmir-165">[165]</a> However, there has been no evidence for any of these assertions.<a href="#cite_note-AbbasQaeda-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithSAS-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHTKashmir-165">[165]</a> The Indian army also claims that there is no evidence of Al Qaeda presence in Jammu and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-HinduQaeda-166">[166]</a> Al Qaeda has established bases in Pakistani administered Kashmir and some, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> have suggested that they have helped to plan attacks in India.<a href="#cite_note-HinduQaeda-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-DawnQaeda-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmuckerQaeda-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> According to government data, around 41,000 people—consisting of 14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants—have died because of the insurgency as of March 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit">[update]</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu region</a>. The overwhelming majority of these deaths happened in the 1990s and early 2000s, and there has been a steady decline in violence and sharp drop in the number of deaths 2004 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-ht2017-49">[49]</a> A 2006 report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> claimed that at least 20,000 civilians had died in the conflict by then.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The territory witnessed about 69,820 militancy-related incidents till March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-ht2017-49">[49]</a> Among the militants killed between 1989 and 2002, about 3,000 were from outside Jammu and Kashmir (mostly from Pakistan and some Afghans). Indian forces engaged in counter insurgency operations captured around 40,000 firearms, 150,000 explosive devices, and over 6 million rounds of assorted ammunition during this period.<a href="#cite_note-sbose-170">[170]</a> Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society posits a figure of 70,000 deaths, most of them civilians.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The pro-Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Hurriyat_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyat Conference">Huriyat group</a> has claimed a higher death toll of 80,000 including civilians, security forces and militants.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The districts with the most incidents of killing were <a href="/wiki/Kupwara_district" title="Kupwara district">Kupwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baramulla_district" title="Baramulla district">Baramulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonch_district,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonch district, India">Poonch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doda_district" title="Doda district">Doda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anantnag_district" title="Anantnag district">Anantnag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulwama_district" title="Pulwama district">Pulwama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-satp2022-173">[173]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Casualties every year in the Jammu and Kahmir insurgency (since 2007)<a href="#cite_note-satp2022-173">[173]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Incidents of Killing </th> <th>Civilians </th> <th>Security Forces </th> <th>Militants </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>427 </td> <td>127 </td> <td>119 </td> <td>498 </td> <td>744 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>261 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>85 </td> <td>382 </td> <td>538 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>208 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>247 </td> <td>373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>189 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>258 </td> <td>361 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>119 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>117 </td> <td>181 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>172 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>114 </td> <td>189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>86 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>115 </td> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>88 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>83 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>206 </td> <td>86 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>271 </td> <td>452 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>135 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>283 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>140 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>232 </td> <td>321 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>153 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>193 </td> <td>274 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>151 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>193 </td> <td>253 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_and_rehabilitation_policy">Surrender and rehabilitation policy</h2></div> Surrendering in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> has been institutionalized over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Kakar-2017-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malik-2020-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The 1990s saw some surrender policies, while in the 2000s, there was a policy for militants belonging to Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir and another for Pakistan administered territory.<a href="#cite_note-Kakar-2017-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malik-2020-175">[175]</a> The first surrender policy for militants in Kashmir was launched on 15 August 1995. It was a copy of the policies already there for <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">Naxalites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeals_to_surrender">Appeals to surrender</h3></div> Appeals to surrender are made by security forces to militants at encounter sites as well.<a href="#cite_note-Ashiq-2021-178">[178]</a> Some attempts are successful,<a href="#cite_note-Ashiq-2021-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> while others are not.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Mothers and other family members have made videos urging their child turned militant to surrender to the security forces. Sometimes the family member is brought to the encounter site and urged to talk to their children through loudspeakers to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kakar-2017-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Terror_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Terror Attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir">List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_(Kashmir)" title="Ikhwan (Kashmir)">Ikhwan (Kashmir)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/story/224631.html">"DeM cadres lead women congregations across Kashmir"</a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674028555" title="Special:BookSources/9780674028555"><bdi>9780674028555</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104115/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&q=Kashmir+intifada&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Roots+of+Conflict%2C+Paths+to+Peace&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674028555&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ACMe9WBdNAC%26q%3DKashmir%2Bintifada%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-websters_unabridged-8"><a href="#cite_ref-websters_unabridged_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/insurgency">"insurgency" (noun)</a>, Merriam-Webster Unabridged, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131116/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Funabridged%2Finsurgency">archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2020, retrieved 27 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22insurgency%22+%28noun%29&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Unabridged&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funabridged.merriam-webster.com%2Funabridged%2Finsurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically : a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency" (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-oed_insurgency-9"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_insurgency_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid">insurgency, n</a>, Oxford English Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131120/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid">archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2020, retrieved 27 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=insurgency%2C+n&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F97279%3FredirectedFrom%3Dinsurgency%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_insurgency-10"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_insurgency_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency">Insurgency</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127191403/https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency">archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019, retrieved 27 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgency&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Finsurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country." (subscription required)" </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/twice-in-a-week-al-qaeda-in-indian-subcontinent-releases-new-video-named-kashmir-is-ours-4313042.html">"Al Qaeda In the Indian Subcontinent Released Video Titled 'Kashmir is our' Al Qaeda again target india"</a>. 12 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119065551/https://www.news18.com/news/india/twice-in-a-week-al-qaeda-in-indian-subcontinent-releases-new-video-named-kashmir-is-ours-4313042.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Qaeda+In+the+Indian+Subcontinent+Released+Video+Titled+%27Kashmir+is+our%27+Al+Qaeda+again+target+india&rft.date=2021-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Ftwice-in-a-week-al-qaeda-in-indian-subcontinent-releases-new-video-named-kashmir-is-ours-4313042.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisAzizian2007-12"><a href="#cite_ref-DavisAzizian2007_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Van_Wie_DavisRouben_Azizian2007" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Van Wie Davis; Rouben Azizian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s4jAQAAIAAJ">Islam, Oil, and Geopolitics: Central Asia After September 11</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4128-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-4128-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104112/https://books.google.com/books?id=7s4jAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2021. <q>The trouble was that elements of Pakistan ' s government were involved with Islamist extremists . They had protected and supported not only the Taliban but also insurgents crossing the Line of Control into Indian - held Kashmir</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Oil%2C+and+Geopolitics%3A+Central+Asia+After+September+11&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4128-3&rft.au=Elizabeth+Van+Wie+Davis&rft.au=Rouben+Azizian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s4jAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazi_Zutshi2017-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kazi_Zutshi2017_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazi_Zutshi2017_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazi_Zutshi2017_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazi2017" class="citation cs2">Kazi, Seema (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">"Law, Gender and Governance in Kashmir"</a>, in Chitralekha Zutshi (ed.), Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 150–171, 153, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-22612-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-22612-7"><bdi>978-1-108-22612-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104237/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023, retrieved 27 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Gender+and+Governance+in+Kashmir&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+Representation&rft.pages=150-171%2C+153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-22612-7&rft.aulast=Kazi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPFKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur2017b-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur2017b_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur2017b_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur2017b_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2017" class="citation cs2">Kapur, S. Paul (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhYBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 84–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976852-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976852-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104112/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhYBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023, retrieved 27 November 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+as+Grand+Strategy%3A+Islamist+Militancy%2C+National+Security%2C+and+the+Pakistani+State&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976852-3&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhYBDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2007" class="citation book cs1">Swami, Praveen (2007). India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40459-4"><bdi>978-0-415-40459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+Secret+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40459-4&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html">"Al Qaeda thriving in Kashmir in support of Pakistani intelligence against india reports Al Qaeda camps in azad kashmir Pakistan"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 2 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112160316/https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021. 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Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashmir+has+lost+its+cinema+halls+but+not+its+love+for+the+movies&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Freel%2F824328%2Fkashmir-has-lost-its-cinema-halls-but-not-its-love-for-the-movies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkin2017" class="citation book cs1">Benkin, Richard L. (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUB4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">What Is Moderate Islam?</a>. 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Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=No+Hizbul+militant+in+south+Kashmir%27s+Tral+now%2C+first+time+since+1989%3A+Police&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fno-hizbul-militant-in-south-kashmirs-tral-now-first-time-since-1989-police%2Farticleshow%2F76649954.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-resident-of-srinagar-in-terrorist-ranks-after-killing-of-top-let-commander-kashmir-igp-6524514/">"No resident of Srinagar in terrorist ranks after killing of top LeT commander: Kashmir IGP"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Srinagar+district+is+now+terror-free%3A+Police&rft.date=2020-07-26&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=M.+Saleem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fsrinagar-district-is-now-terror-free-police%2Farticleshow%2F77186638.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/nc-terms-drone-attack-inside-jammu-airport-as-terrorism-by-rogue-state-pakistan-1.5786856">"NC terms drone attack inside Jammu airport as terrorism by rogue state Pakistan"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=NC+terms+drone+attack+inside+Jammu+airport+as+terrorism+by+rogue+state+Pakistan&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fnc-terms-drone-attack-inside-jammu-airport-as-terrorism-by-rogue-state-pakistan-1.5786856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/jammu-kashmir-100-more-jawans-killed-in-encounters-58-more-injured-in-2022-5030965.html">"10 Jawans Killed This Year in J&K as Terrorists Ramp Up Grenade, Hit-&-Run Attacks on Security Forces"</a>. News18. 22 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422130341/https://www.news18.com/news/india/jammu-kashmir-100-more-jawans-killed-in-encounters-58-more-injured-in-2022-5030965.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022. 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Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=US+exposes+ISI+subversion+of+Kashmir+issue%3B+FBI+arrests+US-based+lobbyist&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.aulast=Rajghatta&rft.aufirst=Chidanand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2FUS-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist%2Farticleshow%2F9294830.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff1-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rediff1_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediff1_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2011" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Himani (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm">"ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015010/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017. 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Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=ISI+funneled+millions+to+influence+US+policy+on+Kashmir%3A+FBI&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.au=Agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fisi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi%2F819859%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DawnSept2019-123"><a href="#cite_ref-DawnSept2019_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914">"'Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham"</a>. DAWN.COM. 18 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523151227/https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=%27Historic+day%27%3A+PM+Imran+inaugurates+24%2F7+border+crossing+at+Torkham&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1505914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri2019" class="citation news cs1">Puri, Luv (27 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece">"The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119102300/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+many+faces+of+Pakistani+Punjab%27s+militancy&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Luv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fthe-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy%2Farticle30090521.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NomaniMuslims-125"><a href="#cite_ref-NomaniMuslims_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomani2008" class="citation news cs1">Nomani, Asra Q. (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/la-oe-nomani1-2008dec01-story.html">"Muslims -- India's new 'untouchables'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111942/http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-nomani1-2008dec01-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Muslims+--+India%27s+new+%27untouchables%27&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Asra+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fla-oe-nomani1-2008dec01-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThottamValley-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThottamValley_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThottamValley_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThottam2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Thottam, Jyoti (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html">"Valley of Tears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124194816/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Valley+of+Tears&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.aulast=Thottam&rft.aufirst=Jyoti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowhar_Geelani" class="citation web cs1">Gowhar Geelani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyo.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-afspa-hizbul-mujahideen-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-ghar-wapsi-jihad-hindutva/story/1/5698.html">"Five reasons behind radicalisation in Kashmir"</a>. www.dailyo.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309014546/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-afspa-hizbul-mujahideen-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-ghar-wapsi-jihad-hindutva/story/1/5698.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailyo.in&rft.atitle=Five+reasons+behind+radicalisation+in+Kashmir&rft.au=Gowhar+Geelani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyo.in%2Fpolitics%2Fjammu-and-kashmir-afspa-hizbul-mujahideen-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-ghar-wapsi-jihad-hindutva%2Fstory%2F1%2F5698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeda_Khan,_Conflict_in_Kashmir201590,_91-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeda_Khan,_Conflict_in_Kashmir201590,_91_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaheeda_Khan,_Conflict_in_Kashmir2015">Waheeda Khan, Conflict in Kashmir 2015</a>, p. 90, 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40008876">"Indian award for Kashmir 'human shield' officer"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523075335/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40008876">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017. <q>High unemployment and complaints of heavy-handed tactics by security forces battling street protesters and fighting insurgents have aggravated the problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indian+award+for+Kashmir+%27human+shield%27+officer&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-40008876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unemployment-a-reason-for-surge-in-jk-violence/articleshow/51849148.cms">"Unemployment a reason for surge in J&K violence?"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unemployment-a-reason-for-surge-in-jk-violence/articleshow/51849148.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Unemployment+a+reason+for+surge+in+J%26K+violence%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Funemployment-a-reason-for-surge-in-jk-violence%2Farticleshow%2F51849148.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathy" class="citation news cs1">Parthasarathy, Malini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece">"Understanding Kashmir's stone pelters"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429233249/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2017. <q>The protesters on the streets...(are) frustrated at the lack of employment and economic opportunities. It is not hard to see where the frustration of the educated Kashmiri youth comes from. On the one hand, they are told that they are Indian citizens but they are shut out of the narrative of India as an emerging economic power. With mobile phones and internet communication being restricted, their sense of participation in the larger Indian discourse is sharply reduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Understanding+Kashmir%27s+stone+pelters&rft.aulast=Parthasarathy&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Flead%2FUnderstanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters%2Farticle16120870.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0A-132"><a href="#cite_ref-:0A_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaheeda_Khan,_Conflict_in_Kashmir2015">Waheeda Khan, Conflict in Kashmir 2015</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bukhari-2015-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bukhari-2015_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bukhari-2015_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukhari2015" class="citation book cs1">Bukhari, Mannan (28 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43ZJCgAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+stone+pelting&pg=PT44">Kashmir - Scars of Pellet Gun: The Brutal Face of Suppression</a>. Partridge Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482850062" title="Special:BookSources/9781482850062"><bdi>9781482850062</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420104718/https://books.google.com/books?id=43ZJCgAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+stone+pelting&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+-+Scars+of+Pellet+Gun%3A+The+Brutal+Face+of+Suppression&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=9781482850062&rft.aulast=Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Mannan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43ZJCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkashmir%2Bstone%2Bpelting%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashmirlife.net/summers-of-unrest-challenging-india-1089/">"Summers of Unrest Challenging India"</a>. www.kashmirlife.net. 20 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061809/http://kashmirlife.net/summers-of-unrest-challenging-india-1089/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kashmirlife.net&rft.atitle=Summers+of+Unrest+Challenging+India&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashmirlife.net%2Fsummers-of-unrest-challenging-india-1089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4698705.stm">"Four killed in Kashmir bomb blast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825041916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4698705.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2016. 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Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Just+2%25+of+people+in+J%26K+want+to+join+Pak%3A+Survey&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FJust-2-of-people-in-JK-want-to-join-Pak-Survey%2Farticleshow%2F5982710.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/shocked-by-elimination-let-calls-emergency-meet/articleshow/109323995.cms">"Shocked by Amir Sarfaraz's killing, LeT calls emergency meet"</a>. The Times of India. 16 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. 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The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019144747/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2-trapped-militants-surrender-one-injured-shifted-at-pulwama-encounter-site/article33701358.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. 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The Economic Times. 6 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016142911/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/j-k-surrendered-militant-urged-companions-to-surrender-they-refused-and-killed/videoshow/82429458.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=J-K%3A+Surrendered+militant+urged+companions+to+surrender%2C+they+refused+and+get+killed+in+encounter&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fj-k-surrendered-militant-urged-companions-to-surrender-they-refused-and-killed%2Fvideoshow%2F82429458.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslah2021" class="citation web cs1">Islah, Mufti (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/kashmir-shopian-encounter-child-appeal-surrender-militant-holed-up-death-3562604.html">"'Missing You': A Kashmiri Child's Plea to Holed up Militant Father Fails, Body Found after Encounter"</a>. News18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019193812/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kashmir-shopian-encounter-child-appeal-surrender-militant-holed-up-death-3562604.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=%27Missing+You%27%3A+A+Kashmiri+Child%27s+Plea+to+Holed+up+Militant+Father+Fails%2C+Body+Found+after+Encounter&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Islah&rft.aufirst=Mufti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fkashmir-shopian-encounter-child-appeal-surrender-militant-holed-up-death-3562604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2021" class="citation web cs1">Masood, Bashaarat (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/four-let-militants-killed-in-encounter-with-security-forces-in-j-ks-shopian-7240080/">"Four militants killed; ignored pleas from family: police"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Four+militants+killed%3B+ignored+pleas+from+family%3A+police&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Bashaarat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Ffour-let-militants-killed-in-encounter-with-security-forces-in-j-ks-shopian-7240080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Alexander (2002). "A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001". 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kashmir_separatist_movement" title="Template:Kashmir separatist movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kashmir_separatist_movement" title="Template talk:Kashmir separatist movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir_separatist_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir separatist movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kashmir_separatist_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> separatist movement</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Muslim_Conference" title="All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference">All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan_National_Front" title="Balawaristan National Front">Balawaristan National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Democratic_Freedom_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party">Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Democratic_Liberation_Party" title="Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party">Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kashmir_People%27s_National_Party" title="United Kashmir People's National Party">United Kashmir People's National Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militant organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Anti-Fascist_Front" title="People's Anti-Fascist Front">People's Anti-Fascist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_Front" title="The Resistance Front">The Resistance Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">Separatists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(Gilgit-Baltistan_activist)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (Gilgit-Baltistan activist)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Guru" title="Afzal Guru">Afzal Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan_(JKLF)" title="Amanullah Khan (JKLF)">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiq_Hussain_Faktoo" title="Ashiq Hussain Faktoo">Ashiq Hussain Faktoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiya_Andrabi" title="Asiya Andrabi">Asiya Andrabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Thakur" title="Ayub Thakur">Ayub Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Sehrai" title="Ashraf Sehrai">Ashraf Sehrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Wani" title="Burhan Wani">Burhan Wani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Ahmed_Dar" title="Farooq Ahmed Dar">Farooq Ahmed Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Muhammad_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Muhammad Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gada" title="Hamid Gada">Hamid Gada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_Qureshi" title="Hashim Qureshi">Hashim Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbool_Bhat" title="Maqbool Bhat">Maqbool Bhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masood_Azhar" title="Masood Azhar">Masood Azhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarat_Alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masarat Alam">Masarat Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwaiz_Umar_Farooq" title="Mirwaiz Umar Farooq">Mirwaiz Umar Farooq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abbas_Ansari" title="Mohammad Abbas Ansari">Mohammad Abbas Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahsan_Dar" title="Muhammad Ahsan Dar">Muhammad Ahsan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyaz_Naikoo" title="Riyaz Naikoo">Riyaz Naikoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Arif_Shahid" title="Sardar Arif Shahid">Sardar Arif Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeed_Salahudeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayeed Salahudeen">Sayeed Salahudeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Aziz" title="Sheikh Abdul Aziz">Sheikh Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Shah_Geelani" title="Syed Ali Shah Geelani">Syed Ali Shah Geelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Malik" title="Yasin Malik">Yasin Malik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jammu and Kashmir">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir war">Kashmir war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir insurgency">Kashmir insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Gilgit_massacre" title="1988 Gilgit massacre">1988 Gilgit massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">Amarnath land transfer controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopore massacre">Sopore massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kashmir_lockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Kashmir lockdown">2019 Kashmir lockdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Mass graves of Jammu and Kashmir">Mass graves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OHCHR_reports_on_Kashmir" title="OHCHR reports on Kashmir">OHCHR reports on Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_ground_worker" title="Over ground worker">Over Ground Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pelting_in_Kashmir" title="Stone pelting in Kashmir">Stone pelting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High Commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indo-Pakistani Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration:_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">Category:India–Pakistan relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_India" title="Template:Military of India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_India" title="Template talk:Military of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/18px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/27px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/36px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Serving generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Serving marshals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministry and committees/councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Department of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Department of Defence Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands">Integrated Theatre Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Army Training Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></li> <li>Ranks and insignia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army ranks and insignia of India">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of India">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard#Rank_insignia" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Ranks" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India#Ranks_and_insignia" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and Decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation Cactus-Lilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">Operation Parakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Sino-Indian border skirmish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">Doklam standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation Raahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation Devi Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Indo-Myanmar border strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Operation Polo (Hyderabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Operation Vijay (Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LOC surgical strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factory Board">Ordnance Factory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">List of equipment of the Indian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women in the Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Armed Forces Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">Indian Armed Forces rank flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_military_bands" title="Indian military bands">Indian military bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(India)" title="National War Memorial (India)">National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Jawan_Jyoti" title="Amar Jawan Jyoti">Amar Jawan Jyoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_India" title="Category:Military of India">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Army" title="Category:Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Navy" title="Category:Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Air_Force" title="Category:Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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