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</button> <ul id="toc-University_education:_1870s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trinity_College_Dublin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity_College_Dublin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Trinity College Dublin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity_College_Dublin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magdalen_College,_Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magdalen_College,_Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Magdalen College, Oxford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magdalen_College,_Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apprenticeship_of_an_aesthete:_1880s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apprenticeship_of_an_aesthete:_1880s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Apprenticeship of an aesthete: 1880s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apprenticeship_of_an_aesthete:_1880s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Apprenticeship of an aesthete: 1880s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Apprenticeship_of_an_aesthete:_1880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debut_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debut_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Debut in society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debut_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America:_1882" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America:_1882"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 North America: 1882 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America:_1882-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_life_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_life_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 London life and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_life_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_writing:_1886–1891" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_writing:_1886–1891"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prose writing: 1886–1891 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prose_writing:_1886–1891-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prose writing: 1886–1891 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prose_writing:_1886–1891-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalism_and_editorship:_1886–1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_and_editorship:_1886–1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Journalism and editorship: 1886–1889 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism_and_editorship:_1886–1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shorter_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shorter_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Shorter fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shorter_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays_and_dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays_and_dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Essays and dialogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays_and_dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The Picture of Dorian Gray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_career:_1892–1895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_career:_1892–1895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Theatrical career: 1892–1895 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatrical_career:_1892–1895-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theatrical career: 1892–1895 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_career:_1892–1895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salomé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salomé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Salomé </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salomé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedies_of_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedies_of_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Comedies of society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedies_of_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queensberry_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queensberry_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Queensberry family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queensberry_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 The Importance of Being Earnest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Trials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wilde_v_Queensberry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilde_v_Queensberry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Wilde v Queensberry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilde_v_Queensberry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regina_v_Wilde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regina_v_Wilde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Regina v Wilde </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regina_v_Wilde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years:_1897–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years:_1897–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Final years: 1897–1900 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_years:_1897–1900-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final years: 1897–1900 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_years:_1897–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_pardon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_pardon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Posthumous pardon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_pardon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Historical societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Historical notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_texts_by_Wilde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_texts_by_Wilde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Online texts by Wilde </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_texts_by_Wilde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Radio programmes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oscar Wilde</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="أوسكار وايلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسكار وايلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Vayld" title="Oskar Vayld – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oskar Vayld" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="اسکار وایلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکار وایلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="অস্কার ওয়াইল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্কার ওয়াইল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайльд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оскар Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайльд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оскар Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%8E%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Ўайлд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оскар Ўайлд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайлд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оскар Уайлд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སི་ཀར་ཝེལ་ཌེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སི་ཀར་ཝེལ་ཌེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайльд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оскар Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Όσκαρ Ουάιλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσκαρ Ουάιλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Фингал О’Флаэрти Уиллс Уайльд – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оскар Фингал О’Флаэрти Уиллс Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="اسکار وایلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکار وایلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4_%EC%99%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="오스카 와일드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스카 와일드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Օսկար Ուայլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսկար Ուայլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑस्कर वाइल्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्कर वाइल्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="אוסקר ויילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסקר ויילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಸ್ಕರ್ ವೈಲ್ಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಕರ್ ವೈಲ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ოსკარ უაილდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსკარ უაილდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайльд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оскар Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайлд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оскар Уайлд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscharius_Wilde" title="Anscharius Wilde – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anscharius Wilde" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskars_Vailds" title="Oskars Vailds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oskars Vailds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Вајлд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оскар Вајлд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓസ്കാർ വൈൽഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്കാർ വൈൽഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑस्कर वाइल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्कर वाइल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ოსკარ უაილდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსკარ უაილდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="اوسكار وايلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسكار وايلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайльд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оскар Уайльд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="အော်စကာ ဝိုင်းလ်ဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်စကာ ဝိုင်းလ်ဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="オスカー・ワイルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスカー・ワイルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଓସ୍କାର ୱାଇଲ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓସ୍କାର ୱାଇଲ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਔਸਕਰ ਵਾਈਲਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਔਸਕਰ ਵਾਈਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DA%88" title="آسکر وائلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسکر وائلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Vayld" title="Oskar Vayld – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Oskar Vayld" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уайльд, Оскар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уайльд, Оскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔස්කාර් වයිල්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔස්කාර් වයිල්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="ئۆسکار وایڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆسکار وایڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Вајлд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оскар Вајлд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஆஸ்கார் வைல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்கார் வைல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Уайлд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оскар Уайлд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆస్కార్ వైల్డ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్కార్ వైల్డ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ออสการ์ ไวลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสการ์ ไวลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Wa%C3%BDld" title="Oskar Waýld – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Oskar Waýld" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Оскар Вайлд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оскар Вайлд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DA%88" title="آسکر وائلڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسکر وائلڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Oscar Wilde" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oscar Wilde (disambiguation)">Oscar Wilde (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Oscar Wilde</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 220px; height: 321px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -44px; left: -0px; width: 220px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph,_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/440px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="4146" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Wilde in 1882</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde (1854-10-16)16 October 1854 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">30 November 1900(1900-11-30) (aged 46) Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Author</li> <li>poet</li> <li>playwright</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English, French, Greek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Irish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Epigram, drama, short story, criticism, journalism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic movement">Aesthetic movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Constance_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance Lloyd">Constance Lloyd</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1884; died 1898)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Holland" title="Cyril Holland">Cyril Holland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Holland" title="Vyvyan Holland">Vyvyan Holland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Wilde" title="William Wilde">William Wilde</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Jane, Lady Wilde</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilde" title="Willie Wilde">Willie Wilde</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland</a> (grandson)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg/150px-Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg/225px-Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg/300px-Oscar_Wilde_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="81" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the early 1890s. He is best remembered for his <a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">epigrams</a> and plays, his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a>, and his criminal conviction for <a href="/wiki/Gross_indecency" title="Gross indecency">gross indecency</a> for <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> acts. Wilde's parents were <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> intellectuals in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. In his youth, Wilde learned to speak fluent French and German. At university, he read <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores#Greats" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Greats</a>; he demonstrated himself to be an exceptional <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a>, first at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>. He became associated with the emerging philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">aestheticism</a>, led by two of his tutors, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. Wilde tried his hand at various literary activities: he wrote a play, published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on "The English Renaissance" in art and interior decoration, and then returned to London where he lectured on his American travels and wrote reviews for various periodicals. Known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversational skill, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into what would be his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). Wilde returned to drama, writing <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a> (1891) in French while in Paris, but it was refused a licence for England due to an absolute prohibition on the portrayal of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Undiscouraged, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London. At the height of his fame and success, while <a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a> (1895) and <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (1895) were still being performed in London, Wilde issued a civil writ against John Sholto Douglas, the 9th <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry" title="John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry">Marquess of Queensberry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">criminal libel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The Marquess was the father of Wilde's lover, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a>. The libel hearings unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest and criminal prosecution for <a href="/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment" title="Labouchere Amendment">gross indecency</a> with other males. The jury was unable to reach a verdict and so a retrial was ordered. In the second trial Wilde was convicted and sentenced to two years' <a href="/wiki/Hard_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labour">hard labour</a>, the maximum penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> During his last year in prison he wrote <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a> (published posthumously in abridged form in 1905), a long letter that discusses his spiritual journey through his trials and is a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of pleasure. On the day of his release, he caught the overnight steamer to France, never to return to Britain or Ireland. In France and Italy, he wrote his last work, <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a> (1898), a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg/220px-Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg/330px-Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg/440px-Wilde_Family_home_on_Merrion_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Wilde family home on Merrion Square</figcaption></figure> Oscar Wilde was born<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> at 21 <a href="/wiki/Westland_Row" title="Westland Row">Westland Row</a>, Dublin (now home of the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Centre" title="Oscar Wilde Centre">Oscar Wilde Centre</a>, Trinity College), the second of three children born to an Anglo-Irish couple: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Jane, née Elgee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Wilde">Sir William Wilde</a>. Oscar was two years younger than his brother, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilde" title="Willie Wilde">William (Willie) Wilde</a>. Jane Wilde was a niece (by marriage) of the novelist, playwright and clergyman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Charles Maturin</a>, who may have influenced her own literary career. She believed, mistakenly, that she was of Italian ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> and under the pseudonym "Speranza" (the Italian word for 'hope'), she wrote poetry for the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelanders">Young Irelanders</a> in 1848; she was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parents-8">[7]</a> Jane Wilde read the Young Irelanders' poetry to Willie and Oscar, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453-9">[8]</a> Her interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome in her home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453-9">[8]</a> Sir William Wilde was Ireland's leading <a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">oto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmologic</a> (ear and eye) surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-odnbwilliam-10">[9]</a> He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore. A renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the city's poor at the rear of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (TCD), was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road.<a href="#cite_note-odnbwilliam-10">[9]</a> On his father's side Wilde was descended from a Dutch soldier, Colonel de Wilde, who came to Ireland with <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">King William of Orange</a>'s invading army in 1690, and numerous Anglo-Irish ancestors. On his mother's side, Wilde's ancestors included a bricklayer from <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Wilde was baptised as an infant in <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church,_Dublin" title="St. Mark's Church, Dublin">St. Mark's Church, Dublin</a>, the local <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>) church. When the church was closed, the records were moved to the nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Ann%27s_Church,_Dawson_Street" title="St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street">St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> A Catholic priest in Glencree, County Wicklow, also claimed to have baptised Wilde and his brother Willie.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In addition to his two full siblings, Wilde had three paternal half-siblings, who were born out of wedlock before the marriage of his father: Henry Wilson, born in 1838 to one woman, and Emily and Mary Wilde, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively, to a second woman. Sir William acknowledged paternity of his children and provided for their education, arranging for them to be raised by his relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198813-15">[14]</a> The family moved to No 1 <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a> in 1855. With both Sir William and Lady Wilde's success and delight in social life, the home soon became the site of a "unique medical and cultural milieu". Guests at their <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a> included <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lever" title="Charles Lever">Charles Lever</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Petrie_(antiquarian)" title="George Petrie (antiquarian)">George Petrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ferguson" title="Samuel Ferguson">Samuel Ferguson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453-9">[8]</a> Wilde's sister, Isola Francesca Emily Wilde, was born on 2 April 1857. She was named in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Iseult_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iseult of Ireland">Iseult of Ireland</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a> and lover of the Cornish knight, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Tristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Tristan">Sir Tristan</a>. She shared the name Francesca with her mother, while Emily was the name of her maternal aunt. Oscar would later describe how his sister was like "a golden ray of sunshine dancing about our home"<a href="#cite_note-isola-16">[15]</a> and he was grief stricken when she died at the age of nine of a febrile illness.<a href="#cite_note-it-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> His poem "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Requiescat_(Wilde)" class="extiw" title="s:Requiescat (Wilde)">Requiescat</a>" was written in her memory; the first stanza reads:<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Tread lightly, she is near Under the snow Speak gently, she can hear The daisies grow. </div></blockquote> Until he was nine Wilde was educated at home, where a French <a href="/wiki/Nursemaid" title="Nursemaid">nursemaid</a> and a German <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a> taught him their languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198818-20">[19]</a> He joined his brother Willie at <a href="/wiki/Portora_Royal_School" title="Portora Royal School">Portora Royal School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a>, County Fermanagh, which he attended from 1864 to 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198820-21">[20]</a> At Portora, although he was not as popular as his older brother, Wilde impressed his peers with the humorous and inventive school stories he told. Later in life, he claimed that his fellow students had regarded him as a prodigy for his ability to <a href="/wiki/Speed_reading" title="Speed reading">speed read</a>, claiming that he could read two facing pages simultaneously and consume a three-volume book in half an hour, retaining enough information to give a basic account of the plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822-22">[21]</a> He excelled academically, particularly in the subject of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>, in which he ranked fourth in the school in 1869. His aptitude for giving oral translations of Greek and Latin texts won him multiple prizes, including the Carpenter Prize for Greek Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822–23-23">[22]</a> He was one of only three students at Portora to win a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198826-24">[23]</a> In 1871, when Wilde was seventeen, his elder half-sisters Mary and Emily died aged 22 and 24, fatally burned at a dance in their home at Drumacon, <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Co Cavan</a>. One of the sisters had brushed against the flames of a fire or a candelabra and her dress caught fire; in various versions, the man she was dancing with carried her and her sister down to douse the flames in the snow, or her sister ran her down the stairs and rolled her in the snow, causing her own muslin dress to catch fire too.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Until his early twenties, Wilde summered at Moytura House, a villa his father had built in <a href="/wiki/Cong,_County_Mayo" title="Cong, County Mayo">Cong, County Mayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199455–56-26">[25]</a> There the young Wilde and his brother Willie played with <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_education:_1870s">University education: 1870s</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity_College_Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</h3></div> Wilde left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (TCD), from 1871 to 1874,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198825-28">[27]</a> sharing rooms with his older brother <a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilde" title="Willie Wilde">Willie Wilde</a>. Trinity, one of the leading classical schools, placed him with scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Yelverton_Tyrrell" title="Robert Yelverton Tyrrell">R. Y. Tyrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Palmer_(scholar)" title="Arthur Palmer (scholar)">Arthur Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dowden" title="Edward Dowden">Edward Dowden</a> and his tutor, Professor <a href="/wiki/John_Pentland_Mahaffy" title="John Pentland Mahaffy">J. P. Mahaffy</a>, who inspired his interest in <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a>. As a student, Wilde worked with Mahaffy on the latter's book Social Life in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199459-29">[28]</a> Wilde, despite later reservations, called Mahaffy "my first and best teacher" and "the scholar who showed me how to love Greek things".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198826-24">[23]</a> For his part, Mahaffy boasted of having created Wilde; later, he said Wilde was "the only blot on my tutorship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198829-30">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Philosophical_Society" title="University Philosophical Society">University Philosophical Society</a> also provided an education, as members discussed intellectual and artistic subjects such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> weekly. Wilde quickly became an established member – the members' suggestion book for 1874 contains two pages of banter sportingly mocking Wilde's emergent aestheticism. He presented a paper titled Aesthetic Morality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198829-30">[29]</a> At Trinity, Wilde established himself as an outstanding student: he came first in his class in his first year, won a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scholars of Trinity College Dublin">scholarship by competitive examination</a> in his second and, in his finals, won the Berkeley Gold Medal in Greek, the university's highest academic award.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994154-31">[30]</a> He was encouraged to compete for a <a href="/wiki/Demyship" title="Demyship">demyship</a>, a half-scholarship worth £95 per year (equivalent to £11,100 in 2023), at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, which he won easily.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magdalen_College,_Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</h3></div> At Magdalen, he read <a href="/wiki/Greats" class="mw-redirect" title="Greats">Greats</a> from 1874 to 1878. He applied to join the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, but failed to be elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToughill2008183–185-33">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_(1854-1900),_by_Hills_%26_Saunders,_Rugby_%26_Oxford_3_april_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oscar Wilde posing for a photograph, looking at the camera. He is wearing a checked suit and a bowler hat. His right foot is resting on a knee-high bench, and his right hand, holding gloves, is on it. The left hand is in the pocket." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29%2C_by_Hills_%26_Saunders%2C_Rugby_%26_Oxford_3_april_1876.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29%2C_by_Hills_%26_Saunders%2C_Rugby_%26_Oxford_3_april_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29%2C_by_Hills_%26_Saunders%2C_Rugby_%26_Oxford_3_april_1876.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Oscar Wilde at Oxford in 1876</figcaption></figure> Attracted by its dress, secrecy and ritual, Wilde petitioned the Apollo <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> at Oxford, and was soon raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198839-34">[33]</a> During a resurgent interest in <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> in his third year, he commented he "would be awfully sorry to give it up if I secede from the Protestant Heresy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198865-35">[34]</a> Wilde's active involvement in Freemasonry lasted only for the time he spent at Oxford; he allowed his membership of the Apollo University Lodge to lapse after failing to pay subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Catholicism deeply appealed to him, especially its rich liturgy, and he discussed converting to it with clergy several times. In 1877, Wilde was left speechless after an audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198870-37">[36]</a> He eagerly read the books of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Cardinal Newman</a>, a noted Anglican priest who had converted to Catholicism and risen in the church hierarchy. He became more serious in 1878, when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest in the <a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a> who had received some high-profile converts. Neither Mahaffy nor Sir William, who threatened to cut off his son's funding, thought much of the plan; but Wilde, the supreme individualist, balked at the last minute from pledging himself to any formal creed, and on the appointed day of his baptism into Catholicism, he sent Father Bowden a bunch of altar lilies instead. Wilde did retain a lifelong interest in Catholic theology and liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994375–376-38">[37]</a> While at Magdalen College, Wilde became well known for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic movement">aesthetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadent movements</a>. He wore his hair long, openly scorned "manly" sports—though he occasionally boxed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198839-34">[33]</a>—and decorated his rooms with <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> feathers, lilies, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a>, blue china and other objets d'art. He entertained lavishly, and once remarked to some friends, "I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198843–44-39">[38]</a> The line spread famously; aesthetes adopted it as a slogan, but it was criticized as being terribly vacuous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198843–44-39">[38]</a> Some elements disdained the aesthetes, but their languorous attitudes and showy costumes became a recognisable pose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen200022–23-40">[39]</a> When four of his fellow students physically assaulted Wilde, he fended them off single-handedly, to the surprise of his detractors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198844-41">[40]</a> By his third year Wilde had truly begun to develop himself and his myth, and considered his learning to be more expansive than what was within the prescribed texts. He was <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(academia)" title="Rustication (academia)">rusticated</a> for one term, after he had returned late to a college term from a trip to Greece with Mahaffy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198878-42">[41]</a> Wilde did not meet <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> until his third year, but had been enthralled by his Studies in the History of the Renaissance, published during Wilde's final year in Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198846-43">[42]</a> Pater argued that man's sensibility to beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. Years later, in <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a>, Wilde described Pater's Studies... as "that book that has had such a strange influence over my life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000735-44">[43]</a> He learned tracts of the book by heart, and carried it with him on travels in later years. Pater gave Wilde his sense of almost flippant devotion to art, though he gained a purpose for it through the lectures and writings of critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198895-45">[44]</a> Ruskin despaired at the self-validating aestheticism of Pater, arguing that the importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society. Ruskin admired beauty, but believed it must be allied with, and applied to, moral good. When Wilde eagerly attended Ruskin's lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence, he learned about aesthetics as the non-mathematical elements of painting. Despite being given to neither early rising nor manual labour, Wilde volunteered for Ruskin's project to convert a swampy country lane into a smart road neatly edged with flowers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198895-45">[44]</a> Wilde won the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Newdigate_Prize" title="Newdigate Prize">Newdigate Prize</a> for his poem "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ravenna" class="extiw" title="s:Ravenna">Ravenna</a>", which reflected on his visit there in the previous year, and he duly read it at <a href="/wiki/Encaenia" title="Encaenia">Encaenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198893-46">[45]</a> In November 1878, he graduated Bachelor of Arts with a <a href="/wiki/First_class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First class honours">double first</a>, having been placed in the first class in Classical Moderations (the first part of the course) and then again in the final examination in <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Literae Humaniores</a> (Greats). Wilde wrote to a friend, "The dons are '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/astonied" class="extiw" title="wikt:astonied">astonied</a>' beyond words – the Bad Boy doing so well in the end!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200070-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198894-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apprenticeship_of_an_aesthete:_1880s">Apprenticeship of an aesthete: 1880s</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debut_in_society">Debut in society</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg/255px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg/340px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Elliott_%26_Fry_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_%26_Fry" title="Elliott & Fry">Elliott & Fry</a> of Baker Street, London, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hand-drawn cartoon of Wilde, he face depicted in a wilted sunflower standing in a vase. His face is sad and inclined towards a letter on the floor. A larger china vase, inscribed "Waste..." is placed behind him, and an open cigarette case to his left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png/170px-Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png/255px-Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png/340px-Punch_-_Oscar_Wilde.png 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>1881 <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>, the caption reads: "O.W.", "O, I feel just as happy as a bright sunflower!", Lays of <a href="/wiki/Christy%27s_Minstrels" title="Christy's Minstrels">Christy Minstrelsy</a>, "Æsthete of Æsthetes!/What's in a name?/The poet is Wilde/But his poetry's tame."</figcaption></figure> After graduation from Oxford, Wilde returned to Dublin, where he met again <a href="/wiki/Florence_Balcombe" title="Florence Balcombe">Florence Balcombe</a>, a childhood sweetheart. She became engaged to <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> and they married in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005101-49">[48]</a> Wilde was disappointed but stoic. He wrote to Balcombe remembering; "the two sweet years – the sweetest years of all my youth" during which they had been close.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200071-50">[49]</a> He also stated his intention to "return to England, probably for good". This he did in 1878, only briefly visiting Ireland twice after that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200071-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198899-51">[50]</a> Unsure of his next step, Wilde wrote to various acquaintances enquiring about Classics positions at Oxford or Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200072–78-52">[51]</a> The Rise of Historical Criticism was his submission for the Chancellor's Essay prize of 1879, which, though no longer a student, he was still eligible to enter. Its subject, "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for Wilde – with both his skill in composition and ancient learning – but he struggled to find his voice in the long, flat, scholarly style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988102-53">[52]</a> Unusually, no prize was awarded that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988102-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[b]</a> With the last of his inheritance from the sale of his father's houses, he set himself up as a bachelor in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988105-56">[54]</a> The 1881 British Census listed Wilde as a boarder at 1 (now 44) <a href="/wiki/Tite_Street" title="Tite Street">Tite Street</a>, Chelsea, where <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miles" title="Frank Miles">Frank Miles</a>, a society painter, was the head of the household.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> was introduced to Wilde at Frank Miles' studio in 1877. The most glamorous woman in England, Langtry assumed great importance to Wilde during his early years in London, and they remained close friends for many years; he tutored her in Latin and later encouraged her to pursue acting.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> She wrote in her autobiography that he "possessed a remarkably fascinating and compelling personality", and "the cleverness of his remarks received added value from his manner of delivering them."<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Wilde regularly attended the theatre and was especially taken with star actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018146–147-61">[59]</a> In 1880 he completed his first play, <a href="/wiki/Vera;_or,_The_Nihilists" title="Vera; or, The Nihilists">Vera; or, The Nihilists</a>, a tragic melodrama about Russian nihilism, and distributed privately printed copies to various actresses whom he hoped to interest in its sole female role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018167–170-62">[60]</a> A one-off performance in London was advertised in November 1881 with <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Bernard_Beere" title="Mrs. Bernard Beere">Mrs. Bernard Beere</a> as Vera, but withdrawn by Wilde for what was claimed to be consideration for political feeling in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018194–195-63">[61]</a> He had been publishing lyrics and poems in magazines since entering Trinity College, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kottabos_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottabos (journal)">Kottabos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_Magazine" title="Dublin University Magazine">Dublin University Magazine</a>. In mid-1881, at 27 years old, he published Poems, which collected, revised and expanded his poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988131-64">[62]</a> Though the book sold out its first print run of 750 copies, it was not generally well received by the critics: <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>, for example, said that "The poet is Wilde, but his poetry's tame".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132,_138-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> By a tight vote, the Oxford Union condemned the book for alleged <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>. The librarian, who had requested the book for the library, returned the presentation copy to Wilde with a note of apology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197636-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde194839-69">[67]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a> argues that Wilde's poem "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/H%C3%A9las!" class="extiw" title="s:Hélas!">Hélas!</a>" was a sincere, though flamboyant, attempt to explain the dichotomies the poet saw in himself; one line reads: "To drift with every passion till my soul / Is a stringed lute on which all winds can play".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132–133-70">[68]</a> The book had further printings in 1882. It was bound in a rich, enamel parchment cover (embossed with gilt blossom) and printed on hand-made Dutch paper; over the next few years, Wilde presented many copies to the dignitaries and writers who received him during his lecture tours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972282-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America:_1882">North America: 1882</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre,_April_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg/255px-Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg/340px-Oscar_Wilde_at_Harper%27s_Theatre%2C_April_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Wilde lectured on "The English Renaissance" in art during his US and Canada tour in 1882.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a> was sufficiently in vogue to be caricatured by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a> (1881). <a href="/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte" title="Richard D'Oyly Carte">Richard D'Oyly Carte</a>, an English impresario, invited Wilde to make a lecture tour of North America, simultaneously priming the pump for the US tour of Patience and selling this most charming aesthete to the American public. Wilde journeyed on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Arizona" title="SS Arizona">SS Arizona</a>, arriving on 2 January 1882, and disembarking the following day.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[c]</a> Originally planned to last four months, the tour continued for almost a year owing to its commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Wilde sought to transpose the beauty he saw in art into daily life.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-76">[73]</a> This was a practical as well as philosophical project: in Oxford he had surrounded himself with blue china and lilies, and now one of his lectures was on interior design. In a <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> article on aestheticism and decadence, Carolyn Burdett writes, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Wilde teased his readers with the claim that <a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">life imitates art</a> rather than the other way round. His point was a serious one: we notice London fogs, he argued, because art and literature has taught us to do so. Wilde, among others, 'performed' these maxims. He presented himself as the impeccably dressed and mannered <a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">dandy</a> figure whose life was a work of art."<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a></blockquote> When asked to explain reports that he had paraded down <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in London carrying a lily, long hair flowing, Wilde replied, "It's not whether I did it or not that's important, but whether people believed I did it".<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-76">[73]</a> Wilde believed that the artist should hold forth higher ideals, and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian ethics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiberd2000329–330-78">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Satirical cartoon shows a dandy figure, fancily dressed in a long coat and breeches, floating across the crowd in a tightly packed ballroom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg/220px-The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg/330px-The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg/440px-The_Modern_Messiah_-_Keller_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Keller cartoon from the <a href="/wiki/The_Wasp_(magazine)" title="The Wasp (magazine)">Wasp</a> of San Francisco depicting Wilde on the occasion of his visit there in 1882</figcaption></figure> Wilde and aestheticism were both mercilessly caricatured and criticised in the press: the <a href="/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republican (Springfield)">Springfield Republican</a>, for instance, commented on Wilde's behaviour during his visit to Boston to lecture on aestheticism, suggesting that Wilde's conduct was more a bid for notoriety rather than devotion to beauty and the aesthetic. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">T. W. Higginson</a>, a cleric and abolitionist, wrote in "Unmanly Manhood" of his general concern that Wilde, "whose only distinction is that he has written a thin volume of very mediocre verse", would improperly influence the behaviour of men and women.<a href="#cite_note-Unmanly-79">[76]</a> According to biographer Michèle Mendelssohn, Wilde was the subject of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Irish">anti-Irish</a> caricature and was portrayed as a monkey, a <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> performer and a <a href="/wiki/Christy%27s_Minstrels" title="Christy's Minstrels">Christy's Minstrel</a> throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-76">[73]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> put a sunflower-worshipping monkey dressed as Wilde on the front of the January 1882 issue. The drawing stimulated other American maligners and, in England, had a full-page reprint in the Lady's Pictorial. ... When the National Republican discussed Wilde, it was to explain 'a few items as to the animal's pedigree.' And on 22 January 1882, the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> illustrated the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Men_of_Borneo" title="Wild Men of Borneo">Wild Man of Borneo</a> alongside Oscar Wilde of England and asked 'How far is it from this to this?'"<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-76">[73]</a> When he visited San Francisco, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> reported, "The city is divided into two camps, those who thought Wilde was an engaging speaker and an original thinker, and those who thought he was the most pretentious fraud ever perpetrated on a groaning public."<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Though his press reception was hostile, Wilde was well received in diverse settings across America: he drank whiskey with miners in <a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville, Colorado</a>, and was fêted at the most fashionable salons in many cities he visited.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_life_and_marriage">London life and marriage</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_(1854-1900)_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812,_April_1884..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg/150px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg/225px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg/300px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_from_Vanity_Fair_Issue_812%2C_April_1884..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Wilde in the London magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, 24 April 1884</figcaption></figure> His earnings, plus expected income from <a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Padua" title="The Duchess of Padua">The Duchess of Padua</a>, allowed him to move to Paris between February and mid-May 1883. While there he met <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherard" title="Robert Sherard">Robert Sherard</a>, whom he entertained constantly. "We are dining on the Duchess tonight", Wilde would declare before taking him to an expensive restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988205-82">[79]</a> In August he briefly returned to New York for the production of Vera, the rights of which he had sold to the American actress <a href="/wiki/Marie_Prescott" title="Marie Prescott">Marie Prescott</a>. The play was initially well received by the audience, but when the critics wrote lukewarm reviews, attendance fell sharply and the play closed a week after it had opened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988228-83">[80]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:273px;max-width:273px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildehouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wildehouse.JPG/130px-Wildehouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wildehouse.JPG/195px-Wildehouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wildehouse.JPG/260px-Wildehouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1260" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG/135px-OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG/203px-OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG/270px-OSCAR_WILDE_1854-1900_wit_and_dramatist_lived_here.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: No. 34 <a href="/wiki/Tite_Street" title="Tite Street">Tite Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>, the Wilde family home from 1884 to his arrest in 1895. Right: close up of the commemorative <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the outer wall. In Wilde's time this was No. 16 – the houses have been renumbered.<a href="#cite_note-Bristow_2009_xli-84">[81]</a></div></div></div></div> In London, he had been introduced in 1881 to <a href="/wiki/Constance_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance Lloyd">Constance Lloyd</a>, daughter of Horace Lloyd, a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> (lawyer). She happened to be visiting Dublin in 1884 when Wilde was lecturing at the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Gaiety Theatre, Dublin">Gaiety Theatre</a>. He proposed to her, and they married on 29 May 1884 at the Anglican <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Paddington" title="St James's Church, Paddington">St James's Church, Paddington</a>, in London.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimons-86">[83]</a> Although Constance had an annual allowance of £250, which was generous for a young woman (equivalent to £32,900 in 2023), the Wildes had relatively luxurious tastes. They had preached to others for so long on the subject of design that people expected their home to set new standards.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-87">[84]</a> No 16 Tite Street was duly renovated in seven months at considerable expense. The couple had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Holland" title="Cyril Holland">Cyril</a> (1885) and <a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Holland" title="Vyvyan Holland">Vyvyan</a> (1886). Wilde became the sole literary signatory of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested (and later executed) after the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket massacre</a> in Chicago in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988273-88">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Ross_at_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small head-portrait of a young, pale man with dark hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Robert_Ross_at_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Robert Ross at twenty-four</figcaption></figure> In 1886, while at Oxford, Wilde met <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Ross" title="Robbie Ross">Robert Ross</a>. Ross, who had read Wilde's poems before they met, seemed unrestrained by the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality. By <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a>'s account, he was a precocious seventeen-year-old who "so young and yet so knowing, was determined to seduce Wilde".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988275-89">[86]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mendelsohn" title="Daniel Mendelsohn">Daniel Mendelsohn</a>, Wilde, who had long alluded to <a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a>, was "initiated into homosexual sex" by Ross, while his "marriage had begun to unravel after his wife's second pregnancy, which left him physically repelled".<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Wilde had a number of favourite haunts in London. These included the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Café Royal">Café Royal</a> in Piccadilly, <a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a> bookstore in Piccadilly,<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> and the department stores <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty & Co.</a> on Great Marlborough Street and <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> in Knightsbridge; Wilde was among Harrods' first selected customers who were granted extended credit.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prose_writing:_1886–1891">Prose writing: 1886–1891</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism_and_editorship:_1886–1889">Journalism and editorship: 1886–1889</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Wilde_time_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tall man rests on a chaise longue, facing the camera. On his knees, which are held together, he holds a slim, richly bound book. He wears knee breeches which feature prominently in the photograph's foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Wilde_time_3.jpg/220px-A_Wilde_time_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Wilde_time_3.jpg/330px-A_Wilde_time_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Wilde_time_3.jpg/440px-A_Wilde_time_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>Wilde reclining with Poems, by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Sarony" title="Napoleon Sarony">Napoleon Sarony</a> in New York in 1882. Wilde often liked to appear idle, though in fact he worked hard; by the late 1880s he was a father, an editor and a writer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988289-93">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> Criticism over artistic matters in <a href="/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Gazette" title="The Pall Mall Gazette">The Pall Mall Gazette</a> provoked a letter of self-defence, and soon Wilde was a contributor to that and other journals during 1885–87. Although Richard Ellmann has claimed that Wilde enjoyed reviewing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988248-94">[91]</a> Wilde's wife would tell friends that "Mr Wilde hates journalism".<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Like his parents before him, Wilde supported Ireland's cause, and when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> was <a href="/wiki/Parnell_Commission" title="Parnell Commission">falsely accused of inciting murder</a>, he wrote a series of astute columns defending the politician in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Chronicle (United Kingdom)">Daily Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988273-88">[85]</a> His flair, having previously been put mainly into socialising, suited journalism and rapidly attracted notice. With his youth nearly over and a family to support, in mid-1887 Wilde became the editor of The Lady's World magazine, his name prominent on the cover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972219-96">[93]</a> He promptly renamed it as <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_World" title="The Woman's World">The Woman's World</a> and raised its tone, adding serious articles on parenting, culture, and politics, while keeping discussions of fashion and arts. Two pieces of fiction were usually included, one to be read to children, the other for adult readers. Wilde worked hard to solicit good contributions from his wide artistic acquaintance, including those of Lady Wilde and his wife, Constance, while his own "Literary and Other Notes" were themselves popular and amusing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988276-97">[94]</a> The initial vigour and excitement which he brought to the job began to fade as administration, commuting and office life became tedious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199791-98">[95]</a> At the same time as Wilde's interest flagged, the publishers became concerned about circulation: sales, at the relatively high price of one shilling, remained low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199795-99">[96]</a> Increasingly sending instructions to the magazine by letter, Wilde began a new period of creative work and his own column appeared less regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972202-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000404-101">[98]</a> In October 1889, Wilde had finally found his voice in prose and, at the end of the second volume, Wilde left The Woman's World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000413-102">[99]</a> The magazine outlasted him by only a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeney2023130-103">[100]</a> Wilde's period at the helm of the magazine played a pivotal role in his development as a writer and facilitated his ascent to fame. Whilst Wilde the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors, Wilde the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199785,_86-104">[101]</a> During the 1880s, Wilde was a close friend of the artist <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> and they dined together on many occasions. At one of these dinners, Whistler produced a bon mot that Wilde found particularly witty, Wilde exclaimed that he wished that he had said it. Whistler retorted "You will, Oscar, you will."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19976-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vivian" title="Herbert Vivian">Herbert Vivian</a>—a mutual friend of Wilde and Whistler—attended the dinner and recorded it in his article The Reminiscences of a Short Life, which appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(1893%E2%80%931906)" title="The Sun (1893–1906)">The Sun</a> in 1889. The article alleged that Wilde had a habit of passing off other people's witticisms as his own—especially Whistler's. Wilde considered Vivian's article to be a scurrilous betrayal, and it directly caused the broken friendship between Wilde and Whistler.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-106">[103]</a> The Reminiscences also caused great acrimony between Wilde and Vivian, Wilde accusing Vivian of "the inaccuracy of an eavesdropper with the method of a blackmailer"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo201831-107">[104]</a> and banishing Vivian from his circle.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-106">[103]</a> Vivian's allegations did not diminish Wilde's reputation as an epigrammatist. London theatre director Luther Munday recounted some of Wilde's typical quips: Wilde said of Whistler that "he had no enemies but was intensely disliked by his friends", of <a href="/wiki/Hall_Caine" title="Hall Caine">Hall Caine</a> that "he wrote at the top of his voice", of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> that "he revealed life by splendid flashes of vulgarity", of <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> that "he wrote fiction as if it were a painful duty", and of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Crawford" title="Francis Marion Crawford">Marion Crawford</a> that "he immolated himself on the altar of local colour".<a href="#cite_note-Munday-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shorter_fiction">Shorter fiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_(1854-1900)_1889,_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Oscar Wilde, dated to 23 May 1889." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg/255px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg/340px-Oscar_Wilde_%281854-1900%29_1889%2C_May_23._Picture_by_W._and_D._Downey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>Wilde by <a href="/wiki/W._%26_D._Downey" title="W. & D. Downey">W. & D. Downey</a> of Ebury Street, London, 1889</figcaption></figure> Wilde had been regularly writing fairy stories for magazines. He published <a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales" title="The Happy Prince and Other Tales">The Happy Prince and Other Tales</a> in 1888. In 1891 he published two more collections, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories" title="Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories">Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories</a>, and in September <a href="/wiki/A_House_of_Pomegranates" title="A House of Pomegranates">A House of Pomegranates</a> was dedicated "To Constance Mary Wilde".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972360–362-109">[106]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_Mr._W._H." title="The Portrait of Mr. W. H.">The Portrait of Mr. W. H.</a>", which Wilde had begun in 1887, was first published in <a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Edinburgh_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine">Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</a> in July 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19726-110">[107]</a> It is a short story which reports a conversation in which the theory that <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a> were written out of the poet's love of the boy actor "<a href="/wiki/Willie_Hughes" title="Willie Hughes">Willie Hughes</a>", is advanced, retracted, and then propounded again. The only evidence for this is two supposed puns within the sonnets themselves.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The anonymous narrator is at first sceptical, then believing, and finally flirtatious with the reader: he concludes that "there is really a great deal to be said of the Willie Hughes theory of Shakespeare's sonnets."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997109-112">[109]</a> By the end fact and fiction have melded together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988280-113">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a> wrote that Wilde "read something of himself into Shakespeare's sonnets" and became fascinated with the "Willie Hughes theory" despite the lack of biographical evidence for the historical William Hughes' existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912101-114">[111]</a> Instead of writing a short but serious essay on the question, Wilde tossed the theory to the three characters of the story, allowing it to unfold as background to the plot — an early masterpiece of Wilde's combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912102-115">[112]</a> Ransome concludes that Wilde succeeds precisely because the literary criticism is unveiled with such a deft touch. Though containing nothing but "special pleading" – it would not, he says "be possible to build an airier castle in Spain than this of the imaginary William Hughes" – we continue listening nonetheless to be charmed by the telling.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-116">[113]</a> "You must believe in Willie Hughes," Wilde told an acquaintance, "I almost do, myself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988280-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays_and_dialogues">Essays and dialogues </h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Man_under_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Soul of Man under Socialism">The Soul of Man under Socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Decay_of_Lying" title="The Decay of Lying">The Decay of Lying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/255px-Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/340px-Oscar_Wilde_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music cover, 1880s</figcaption></figure> Wilde, having tired of journalism, had been busy setting out his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which were published in the major literary-intellectual journals of the day. In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Nineteenth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nineteenth Century">The Nineteenth Century</a>, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Fortnightly_Review" title="The Fortnightly Review">The Fortnightly Review</a>, edited by Wilde's friend <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris" title="Frank Harris">Frank Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason197271-117">[114]</a> Two of Wilde's four writings on aesthetics are dialogues: though Wilde had evolved professionally from lecturer to writer, he retained an oral tradition of sorts. Having always excelled as a wit and raconteur, he often composed by assembling phrases, bons mots and witticisms into a longer, cohesive work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby199798-118">[115]</a> Wilde was concerned about the effect of moralising on art; he believed in art's redemptive, developmental powers: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. There lies its immense value. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine."<a href="#cite_note-soulofman-119">[116]</a> In his only political text, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, he argued political conditions should establish this primacy – private property should be abolished, and cooperation should be substituted for competition. He wrote "Socialism, Communism, or whatever one chooses to call it, by converting private property into public wealth, and substituting co-operation for competition, will restore society to its proper condition of a thoroughly healthy organism, and insure the material well-being of each member of the community. It will, in fact, give Life its proper basis and its proper environment". At the same time, he stressed that the government most amenable to artists was no government at all. Wilde envisioned a society where mechanisation has freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which can instead be expended on artistic creation. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> summarised, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each striving after perfection in the way that seems best to him."<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> This point of view did not align him with <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">the Fabians</a>, intellectual socialists who advocated using state apparatus to change social conditions, nor did it endear him to the monied classes whom he had previously entertained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiberd1996Ch._2-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearsonxi-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Pearson" title="Hesketh Pearson">Hesketh Pearson</a>, introducing a collection of Wilde's essays in 1950, remarked how The Soul of Man Under Socialism had been an inspirational text for revolutionaries in Tsarist Russia but laments that <a href="/wiki/Russia#Soviet_Russia" title="Russia">in the Stalinist era</a> "it is doubtful whether there are any uninspected places in which it could now be hidden".<a href="#cite_note-Pearsonxi-123">[120]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—From "<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" published in Intentions (1891)<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></cite> </div> Wilde considered including this pamphlet and "<a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_Mr._W._H." title="The Portrait of Mr. W. H.">The Portrait of Mr. W. H.</a>", his essay-story on Shakespeare's sonnets, in a new anthology in 1891, but eventually decided to limit it to purely aesthetic subjects. Intentions packaged revisions of four essays: The Decay of Lying; Pen, Pencil and Poison; The Truth of Masks (first published 1885); and The Critic as Artist in two parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972355–357-125">[122]</a> For Pearson the biographer, the essays and dialogues exhibit every aspect of Wilde's genius and character: wit, romancer, talker, lecturer, humanist and scholar and concludes that "no other productions of his have as varied an appeal".<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> 1891 turned out to be Wilde's <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis">annus mirabilis</a>; apart from his three collections he also produced his only novel.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_(Westminster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg/170px-Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg/255px-Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg/340px-Oscar_Wilde_and_Arthur_Conan_Doyle_green_plaque_%28Westminster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the dinner between Wilde, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and the publisher of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine on 30 August 1889 at the <a href="/wiki/Langham_Hotel,_London" title="Langham Hotel, London">Langham Hotel, London</a>, that led to Wilde writing The Picture of Dorian Gray</figcaption></figure> The first version of The Picture of Dorian Gray was published as the lead story in the July 1890 edition of <a href="/wiki/Lippincott%27s_Monthly_Magazine" title="Lippincott's Monthly Magazine">Lippincott's Monthly Magazine</a>, along with five others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972105-128">[125]</a> The story begins with a man painting a picture of Gray. When Gray, who has a "face like ivory and rose leaves", sees his finished portrait, he breaks down. Distraught that his beauty will fade while the portrait stays beautiful, he inadvertently makes a <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Faustian bargain</a> in which only the painted image grows old while he stays beautiful and young. For Wilde, the purpose of art would be to guide life as if beauty alone were its object. As Gray's portrait allows him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism, Wilde sought to juxtapose the beauty he saw in art with daily life.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelsohn-129">[126]</a> Reviewers immediately criticised the novel's decadence and homosexual allusions; the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Chronicle (United Kingdom)">Daily Chronicle</a> for example, called it "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction".<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Wilde vigorously responded, writing to the editor of the Scots Observer, in which he clarified his stance on ethics and aesthetics in art – "If a work of art is rich and vital and complete, those who have artistic instincts will see its beauty and those to whom ethics appeal more strongly will see its moral lesson."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000433,_435,_438,_441,_446-131">[128]</a> He nevertheless revised it extensively for book publication in 1891: six new chapters were added, some overtly decadent passages and homo-eroticism excised, and a preface was included consisting of twenty-two epigrams, such as "Books are well written, or badly written. That is all."<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972341-133">[130]</a> Contemporary reviewers and modern critics have postulated numerous possible sources of the story, a search Jershua McCormack argues is futile because Wilde "has tapped a root of Western folklore so deep and ubiquitous that the story has escaped its origins and returned to the oral tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997111-134">[131]</a> Wilde claimed the plot was "an idea that is as old as the history of literature but to which I have given a new form".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000435-135">[132]</a> Modern critic Robin McKie considered the novel to be technically mediocre, saying that the conceit of the plot had guaranteed its fame, but the device is never pushed to its full.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCrum" title="Robert McCrum">Robert McCrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> lists it among the 100 best novels ever written in English, calling it "an arresting, and slightly camp, exercise in late-Victorian <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-137">[134]</a> The novel has been the subject of many adaptations to film and stage, and one of its most quoted lines, "there is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about", features in <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>'s "Oscar Wilde sketch" in an episode of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_career:_1892–1895">Theatrical career: 1892–1895</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salomé">Salomé</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome (play)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John%2BSalome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/John%2BSalome.jpg/170px-John%2BSalome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/John%2BSalome.jpg/255px-John%2BSalome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/John%2BSalome.jpg/340px-John%2BSalome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A stylistically androgynous Jokanaan, with Salome. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> for the 1894 English edition of Salome</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1891_United_Kingdom_census" title="1891 United Kingdom census">1891 census</a> records the Wildes' residence at 16 <a href="/wiki/Tite_Street" title="Tite Street">Tite Street</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> where Oscar lived with his wife Constance and two sons. Not content with being better known than ever in London, though, he returned to Paris in October 1891, this time as a respected writer. He was received at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a> littéraires, including the famous mardis of <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>, a renowned <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolist</a> poet of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988316-140">[137]</a> Wilde's two plays during the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Vera;_or,_The_Nihilists" title="Vera; or, The Nihilists">Vera; or, The Nihilists</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Padua" title="The Duchess of Padua">The Duchess of Padua</a>, had not met with much success. He had continued his interest in the theatre and now, after finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of <a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a> filled his mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988322-141">[138]</a> One evening, after discussing depictions of Salome throughout history, he returned to his hotel and noticed a blank copybook lying on the desk, and it occurred to him to write in it what he had been saying. The result was a new play, <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salomé</a>, written rapidly and in French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988323-142">[139]</a> A tragedy, it tells the story of Salome, the stepdaughter of the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrarchy (Judea)">tetrarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, who, to her stepfather's dismay but <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">mother</a>'s delight, requests the head of Jokanaan (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils. When Wilde returned to London just before Christmas the Paris Echo referred to him as "le great event" of the season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988326-143">[140]</a> Rehearsals of the play, starring <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain since it depicted biblical characters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972371-144">[141]</a> Salome was published jointly in Paris and London in 1893 in the original French, and in London a year later in Lord Alfred Douglas's English translation with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>, though it was not performed until 1896 in Paris, during Wilde's incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972370,_379-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedies_of_society">Comedies of society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="A Woman of No Importance">A Woman of No Importance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG/240px-Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG/360px-Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG/480px-Windermere_Lake_District_from_hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Lake <a href="/wiki/Windermere" title="Windermere">Windermere</a> in northern England where Wilde began working on his first hit play, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a> (1892), during a summer visit in 1891<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a></figcaption></figure> Wilde, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then to outrage it with Dorian Gray, his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. Lady Windermere's Fan was first performed on 20 February 1892 at St James's Theatre, packed with the cream of society. On the surface a witty comedy, there is subtle subversion underneath: "it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988344-147">[144]</a> The audience, like Lady Windermere, are forced to soften harsh social codes in favour of a more nuanced view. The play was enormously popular, touring the country for months, but largely trashed by conservative critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988347-148">[145]</a> The success of the play saw Wilde earn £7,000 in the first year alone (equivalent to £961,500 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988315-149">[146]</a> His first hit play was followed by A Woman of No Importance in 1893, another Victorian comedy, revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988360-150">[147]</a> Wilde was commissioned to write two more plays and An Ideal Husband, written in 1894,<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> followed in January 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988404-152">[149]</a> Peter Raby said these essentially English plays were well-pitched: "Wilde, with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen, and the other on the commercial competition in London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a>, targeted his audience with adroit precision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997146-153">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queensberry_family">Queensberry family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg/200px-Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg/300px-Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg/400px-Wilde_Douglas_British_Library_B20147-85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Wilde and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a> in 1893</figcaption></figure> In mid-1891, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Johnson" title="Lionel Johnson">Lionel Johnson</a> introduced Wilde to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a>, Johnson's cousin, who was at the time an undergraduate at Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Known to his family and friends as "Bosie", he was a handsome and spoilt young man. An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by 1893 Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair. If Wilde was relatively indiscreet, even flamboyant, in the way he acted, Douglas was reckless in public. Wilde, who was earning up to £100 a week from his plays (his salary at The Woman's World had been £6), indulged Douglas's every whim: material, artistic, or sexual. Douglas soon initiated Wilde into the Victorian underground of gay prostitution, and Wilde was introduced to a series of young working-class male prostitutes (<a href="/wiki/Rent_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent boys">rent boys</a>) from 1892 onwards by Alfred Taylor. These infrequent rendezvous usually took the same form: Wilde would meet the boy, offer him gifts, dine him privately and then take him to a hotel room. Unlike Wilde's idealised relations with Ross, <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(poet)" title="John Gray (poet)">John Gray</a>, and Douglas, all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle, these consorts were uneducated and knew nothing of literature. Soon his public and private lives had become sharply divided; in <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a> he wrote to Douglas that "It was like feasting with panthers; the danger was half the excitement... I did not know that when they were to strike at me it was to be at another's piping and at another's pay."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-155">[152]</a> Douglas and some Oxford friends founded a journal, <a href="/wiki/The_Chameleon_(magazine)" title="The Chameleon (magazine)">The Chameleon</a>, to which Wilde "sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (London newspaper)">Saturday Review</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000702-156">[153]</a> "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Phrases_and_Philosophies_for_the_Use_of_the_Young" class="extiw" title="s:Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young">Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young</a>" was to come under attack six months later at Wilde's trial, where he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000703-157">[154]</a> In any case, it became unique: The Chameleon was not published again. Lord Alfred's father, the <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry" title="John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry">Marquess of Queensberry</a>, was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing.<a href="#cite_note-159">[d]</a> Queensberry, who feuded regularly with his son, confronted Wilde and Lord Alfred about the nature of their relationship several times, but Wilde was able to mollify him. In June 1894, he called on Wilde at 16 Tite Street, without an appointment, and clarified his stance: "I do not say that you are it, but you look it, and pose at it, which is just as bad. And if I catch you and my son again in any public restaurant I will thrash you" to which Wilde responded: "I don't know what the Queensberry rules are, but the Oscar Wilde rule is to shoot on sight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988421-160">[156]</a> His account in De Profundis was less triumphant: "It was when, in my library at Tite Street, waving his small hands in the air in epileptic fury, your father... stood uttering every foul word his foul mind could think of, and screaming the loathsome threats he afterwards with such cunning carried out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000699–700-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988396-162">[158]</a> Queensberry only described the scene once, saying Wilde had "shown him the <a href="/wiki/White_feather" title="White feather">white feather</a>", meaning he had acted in a cowardly way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988396-162">[158]</a> Though trying to remain calm, Wilde saw that he was becoming ensnared in a brutal family quarrel. He did not wish to bear Queensberry's insults, but he knew that confronting him could lead to disaster were his liaisons disclosed publicly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></div> Wilde's final play again returns to the theme of switched identities: the play's two protagonists engage in "bunburying" (the maintenance of alternative personas in the town and country) which allows them to escape Victorian social mores.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelsohn-129">[126]</a> Earnest is even lighter in tone than Wilde's earlier comedies. While their characters often rise to serious themes in moments of crisis, Earnest lacks the by-now-stock Wildean characters: there is no "woman with a past", the principals are neither villainous nor cunning, simply idle cultivés, and the idealistic young women are not that innocent. Mostly set in drawing rooms and almost completely lacking in action or violence, Earnest lacks the self-conscious decadence found in <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997166–167-163">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="tinted postcard showing exterior of neo-classical building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg/260px-St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg/390px-St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg/520px-St-James%27s-Theatre-London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Theatre" title="St James's Theatre">St James's Theatre</a>, London in the 1890s. The Importance of Being Earnest was Wilde's fourth West End hit in three years.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></figcaption></figure> The play, now considered Wilde's <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a>, was rapidly written in Wilde's artistic maturity in late 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988398-165">[161]</a> It was first performed on 14 February 1895, at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Theatre" title="St James's Theatre">St James's Theatre</a> in London, Wilde's second collaboration with <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_(actor)" title="George Alexander (actor)">George Alexander</a>, the actor-manager. Both author and producer assiduously revised, prepared and rehearsed every line, scene and setting in the months before the premiere, creating a carefully constructed representation of late-Victorian society, yet simultaneously mocking it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997161-166">[162]</a> During rehearsal Alexander requested that Wilde shorten the play from four acts to three, which the author did. Premieres at St James's seemed like "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Aynesworth" title="Allan Aynesworth">Allan Aynesworth</a> (who played Algernon) recalled to <a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Pearson" title="Hesketh Pearson">Hesketh Pearson</a>, "In my fifty-three years of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than [that] first night."<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Earnest's immediate reception as Wilde's best work to date finally crystallised his fame into a solid artistic reputation.<a href="#cite_note-wheatcroft-168">[164]</a> In a review of the play for <a href="/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Gazette" title="The Pall Mall Gazette">The Pall Mall Gazette</a> <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> wrote, "More humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine. Mr Oscar Wilde has decorated a humour that is <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">Gilbertian</a> with innumerable spangles of that wit that is all his own".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckson2003213-169">[165]</a> The Importance of Being Earnest remains his most popular play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997165-170">[166]</a> Wilde's professional success was mirrored by an escalation in his feud with Queensberry. Queensberry had planned to insult Wilde publicly by throwing a bouquet of rotting vegetables onto the stage; Wilde was tipped off and had Queensberry barred from entering the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1976102-171">[167]</a> Fifteen weeks later Wilde was in prison. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials">Trials</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somdomite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular calling card printed with "Marquess of Queensberry" in copperplate script." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Somdomite.jpg/220px-Somdomite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Somdomite.jpg/330px-Somdomite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Somdomite.jpg/440px-Somdomite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry" title="John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry">Marquess of Queensberry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">calling card</a> with the handwritten offending inscription "For Oscar Wilde posing Somdomite [sic]". The card was marked as exhibit 'A' in Wilde's libel action.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilde_v_Queensberry">Wilde v Queensberry</h3></div> On 18 February 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry left his calling card at Wilde's club, the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Club" title="Albemarle Club">Albemarle</a>, inscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004300-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[e]</a> Wilde, encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Douglas</a> and against the advice of his friends, initiated a <a href="/wiki/Private_prosecution" title="Private prosecution">private prosecution</a> against Queensberry for <a href="/wiki/Defamatory_libel" title="Defamatory libel">defamatory libel</a>, since the note amounted to a public accusation that Wilde had committed the crime of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trials-174">[169]</a> Queensberry was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Criminal_libel" title="Criminal libel">criminal libel</a>, a charge carrying a possible sentence of up to two years in prison. Under the <a href="/wiki/Libel_Act_1843" title="Libel Act 1843">Libel Act 1843</a>, Queensberry could avoid conviction for libel only by demonstrating that his accusation was in fact true, and furthermore that there was some "public benefit" to having made the accusation openly.<a href="#cite_note-Moran2002-175">[170]</a> Queensberry's lawyers thus hired private detectives to find evidence of Wilde's homosexual liaisons.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel2017-176">[171]</a> Wilde's friends had advised him against the prosecution at a Saturday Review meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Caf%C3%A9_Royal" title="Hotel Café Royal">Café Royal</a> on 24 March 1895; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris" title="Frank Harris">Frank Harris</a> warned him that "they are going to prove sodomy against you" and advised him to flee to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2000251-177">[172]</a> Wilde and Douglas walked out in a huff, Wilde saying "it is at such moments as these that one sees who are one's true friends". The scene was witnessed by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> who recalled it to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a> a day or so before Ransome's trial for libelling Douglas in 1913. To Ransome it confirmed what he had said in his 1912 book on Wilde: that Douglas's rivalry for Wilde with <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Ross" title="Robbie Ross">Robbie Ross</a> and his arguments with his father had resulted in Wilde's public disaster, as Wilde wrote in <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a>. Douglas lost his case. Shaw included an account of the argument between Harris, Douglas and Wilde in the preface to his play <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Lady_of_the_Sonnets" title="The Dark Lady of the Sonnets">The Dark Lady of the Sonnets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The libel trial became a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> as salacious details of Wilde's private life with Taylor and Douglas began to appear in the press. A team of private detectives had directed Queensberry's lawyers, led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a>, to the world of the Victorian underground. Wilde's association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which Wilde was accused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988415-180">[175]</a> The trial opened at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a> in central London on 3 April 1895 before Justice <a href="/wiki/Richard_Collins,_Baron_Collins" title="Richard Collins, Baron Collins">Richard Henn Collins</a>, a fellow Dubliner, amid scenes of near hysteria both in the press and the public galleries. The extent of the evidence massed against Wilde forced him to declare meekly, "I am the prosecutor in this case".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988418-181">[176]</a> Wilde's lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clarke_(barrister)" title="Edward Clarke (barrister)">Sir Edward Clarke</a>, opened the case by pre-emptively asking Wilde about two suggestive letters Wilde had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. He characterised the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court but claimed its intent was innocent. Wilde stated that the letters had been obtained by blackmailers who had attempted to extort money from him, but he had refused, suggesting they should take the £60 (equivalent to £8,800 in 2023) offered, "unusual for a prose piece of that length". He claimed to regard the letters as works of art rather than something of which to be ashamed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy19973-182">[177]</a> Carson, who was also a Dubliner who had attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, at the same time as Wilde, cross-examined Wilde on how he perceived the moral content of his works. Wilde replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only "brutes and illiterates", whose views on art "are incalculably stupid", would make such judgements about art. Carson, a leading barrister, diverged from the normal practice of asking <a href="/wiki/Closed_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed question">closed questions</a>. Carson pressed Wilde on each topic from every angle, squeezing out nuances of meaning from Wilde's answers, removing them from their aesthetic context and portraying Wilde as evasive and decadent. While Wilde won the most laughs, Carson scored the most legal points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy19978-183">[178]</a> To undermine Wilde's credibility, and to justify Queensberry's description of Wilde as a "posing somdomite", Carson drew from the witness an admission of his capacity for "posing", by demonstrating that he had lied about his age under oath.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[f]</a> Playing on this, he returned to the topic throughout his cross-examination.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> Carson also tried to justify Queensberry's characterisation by quoting from Wilde's novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, referring in particular to a scene in the second chapter, in which Lord Henry Wotton explains his decadent philosophy to Dorian, an "innocent young man", in Carson's words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern2017758-188">[182]</a> Carson then moved to the factual evidence and questioned Wilde about his friendships with lower-class males, some of whom were as young as sixteen when Wilde had met them.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Wilde admitted being on a first-name basis and lavishing gifts upon them, but insisted that nothing untoward had occurred and that the men were merely good friends of his. Carson repeatedly pointed out the unusual nature of these relationships and insinuated that the men were prostitutes. Wilde replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men. Then Carson asked Wilde directly whether he had ever kissed a certain servant boy, Wilde responded, "Oh, dear no. He was a particularly plain boy – unfortunately ugly – I pitied him for it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199717-190">[184]</a> Carson pressed him on the answer, repeatedly asking why the boy's ugliness was relevant. Wilde hesitated, then for the first time became flustered: "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199717-190">[184]</a> In his opening speech for the defence, Carson announced that he had located several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with Wilde. On the advice of his lawyers, Wilde dropped the prosecution. Queensberry was found not guilty, as the court declared that his accusation that Wilde was "posing as a Somdomite [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]" was justified, "true in substance and in fact".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199719-191">[185]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Libel_Act_1843" title="Libel Act 1843">Libel Act 1843</a>, Queensberry's acquittal rendered Wilde legally liable for the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence, which left Wilde bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy1997150-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regina_v_Wilde">Regina v Wilde</h3></div> After Wilde left the court, a warrant for his arrest was applied for on charges of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross_indecency_between_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross indecency between men">gross indecency</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Ross" title="Robbie Ross">Robbie Ross</a> found Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel,<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pont_Street" title="Pont Street">Pont Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Turner" title="Reginald Turner">Reginald Turner</a>. Both men advised Wilde to go at once to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and try to get a boat to France; his mother advised him to stay and fight. Wilde, lapsing into inaction, could only say, "The train has gone. It's too late."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988455-194">[188]</a> On 6 April 1895, Wilde was arrested for "gross indecency" under Section 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885">Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885</a>, a term meaning homosexual acts not amounting to <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a> (an offence under a separate statute).<a href="#cite_note-195">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde19485-196">[189]</a> At Wilde's instruction, Ross and Wilde's butler forced their way into the bedroom and library of 16 Tite Street, packing some personal effects, manuscripts, and letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988429-197">[190]</a> Wilde was then imprisoned on remand at <a href="/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holloway (HM Prison)">Holloway</a>, where he received daily visits from Douglas. Events moved quickly and his prosecution opened on 26 April 1895, before <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_(judge)" title="Arthur Charles (judge)">Mr Justice Charles</a>. Wilde pleaded <a href="/wiki/Not_guilty_(plea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not guilty (plea)">not guilty</a>. He had already begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but Douglas complained bitterly, even wanting to give evidence; he was pressed to go and soon fled to the Hotel du Monde. Fearing persecution, Ross and many others also left the United Kingdom during this time. Under cross-examination, Wilde was at first hesitant, then spoke eloquently: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Charles Gill (prosecuting): What is "<a href="/wiki/The_love_that_dare_not_speak_its_name" title="The love that dare not speak its name">the love that dare not speak its name</a>"? Wilde: "The love that dare not speak its name" in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare. It is that deep spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art, like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as "the love that dare not speak its name", and on that account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. That it should be so, the world does not understand. The world mocks at it, and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it. (Loud applause, mingled with some hisses.)<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988435-199">[192]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscarwildetrial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon drawing of Wilde in a crowded courtroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscarwildetrial.jpg/170px-Oscarwildetrial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscarwildetrial.jpg/255px-Oscarwildetrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscarwildetrial.jpg/340px-Oscarwildetrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Wilde in the dock, from <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Police_News" title="The Illustrated Police News">The Illustrated Police News</a>, 4 May 1895</figcaption></figure> This response was counter-productive in a legal sense, for it only served to reinforce the charges of homosexual behaviour. The trial ended with the jury unable to reach a verdict. Wilde's counsel, Sir Edward Clarke, was finally able to get a magistrate to allow Wilde and his friends to post bail.<a href="#cite_note-oldbailey-200">[193]</a> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Headlam" title="Stewart Headlam">Stewart Headlam</a> put up most of the £5,000 surety required by the court, having disagreed with Wilde's treatment by the press and the courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199740-201">[194]</a> Wilde was freed from Holloway and, shunning attention, went into hiding at the house of Ernest and <a href="/wiki/Ada_Leverson" title="Ada Leverson">Ada Leverson</a>, two of his firm friends. Edward Carson approached <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lockwood_(politician)" title="Frank Lockwood (politician)">Sir Frank Lockwood</a> QC, the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a>, and asked "Can we not let up on the fellow now?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988435-199">[192]</a> Lockwood answered that he would like to do so, but feared that the case had become too politicised to be dropped. The final trial was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wills" title="Alfred Wills">Mr Justice Wills</a>. On 25 May 1895, Wilde and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years' hard labour.<a href="#cite_note-oldbailey-200">[193]</a> The judge described the sentence, the maximum allowed, as "totally inadequate for a case such as this", and that the case was "the worst case I have ever tried".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199747-202">[195]</a> Wilde's response of "And I? May I say nothing, my Lord?" was drowned out in cries of "Shame" in the courtroom.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> Although it is widely believed that the charges were related to Wilde's consensual activities, The Trials of Oscar Wilde, which includes an original transcript of the libel trial (which came to light in 2000), suggests that he took advantage of teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-Trials-174">[169]</a> Antony Edmonds feels that Wilde would have faced prosecution today: "For example, he certainly paid for sex with youths under the age of 18 which is a criminal offence. But even if his activities had led only to exposure and not to arrest, he would have been savagely pilloried in the media. Wilde was 39 when he seduced Alphonse Conway, and Conway was an inexperienced boy of 16". Another teenager who said he had engaged in sex acts with Wilde, Walter Grainger, who was 16 at the time, said Wilde had threatened him with "very serious trouble" if he told anyone about their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Trials-174">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age#Modern_history" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a> (and the age of consent) in England was 16 at the time, having been 13 as recently as 1885: the <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1875">Offences against the Person Act 1875</a> raised the age of consent to 13 years old, and a decade later, the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885">Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885</a> raised the age of consent to 16 years old, just ten years before the trial.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> When first I was put into prison some people advised me to try and forget who I was. It was ruinous advice. It is only by realising what I am that I have found comfort of any kind. Now I am advised by others to try on my release to forget that I have ever been in a prison at all. I know that would be equally fatal. It would mean that I would always be haunted by an intolerable sense of disgrace, and that those things that are meant for me as much as for anybody else – the beauty of the sun and moon, the pageant of the seasons, the music of daybreak and the silence of great nights, the rain falling through the leaves, or the dew creeping over the grass and making it silver – would all be tainted for me, and lose their healing power, and their power of communicating joy. To regret one's own experiences is to arrest one's own development. To deny one's own experiences is to put a lie into the lips of one's own life. It is no less than a denial of the soul. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">De Profundis</cite> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis (letter)</a></div> Having been convicted in "one of the first celebrity trials", Wilde was incarcerated from 25 May 1895 to 18 May 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Trials-174">[169]</a> He first entered <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> in London for processing, then was moved to <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville" title="HM Prison Pentonville">Pentonville Prison</a>, where the "hard labour" to which he had been sentenced consisted of many hours of walking a <a href="/wiki/Penal_treadmill" title="Penal treadmill">treadmill</a> and picking <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a> (separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988769-205">[198]</a> and where prisoners were allowed to read only the Bible and <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988777-206">[199]</a> A few months later he was moved to <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wandsworth" title="HM Prison Wandsworth">Wandsworth Prison</a> in London. Inmates there also followed the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed", which wore harshly on Wilde's delicate health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988474-207">[200]</a> In November he collapsed during chapel from illness and hunger. His right ear drum was ruptured in the fall, an injury that later contributed to his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> He spent two months in the infirmary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000735-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465-208">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Richard B. Haldane</a>, the Liberal MP and reformer, visited Wilde and had him transferred in November to <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Reading" title="HM Prison Reading">Reading Gaol</a>, 30 miles (48 km) west of London on 23 November 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988456-210">[203]</a> The transfer itself was the lowest point of his incarceration, as a crowd jeered and spat at him on the platform at <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction railway station</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465-208">[201]</a> (in 2019 a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">rainbow plaque</a> was unveiled at the station recalling this event).<a href="#cite_note-WT-211">[204]</a> He spent the remainder of his sentence at Reading, addressed and identified only as "C.3.3" – the occupant of the third cell on the third floor of C ward. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:230px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg/168px-Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg/252px-Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg/336px-Oscar_Wilde_Prison_Cell_Reading_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="3942" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-lefy">Wilde's cell in Reading Gaol as it appears today</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg/168px-Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg/252px-Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg/336px-Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_2019-04-28_15.15.29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-lefy">The Oscar Wilde Memorial walk in Reading includes gates with cultural references to Wilde (the outside wall of the Gaol is to the left).</div></div></div></div></div> About five months after Wilde arrived at Reading Gaol, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Wooldridge" title="Charles Thomas Wooldridge">Charles Thomas Wooldridge</a>, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife on 29 March 1896; on 17 June Wooldridge was sentenced to death and returned to Reading for his execution, which took place on Tuesday, 7 July 1896 – the first hanging at Reading in 18 years. From Wooldridge's hanging, Wilde later wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a>. Wilde was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen, but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988475-212">[205]</a> Wilde requested, among others, the Bible in French; Italian and German grammars; some Ancient Greek texts; <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a>'s new French novel about Christian redemption, <a href="/wiki/En_route_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="En route (novel)">En route</a>; and essays by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Cardinal Newman</a> and Walter Pater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988477–478-213">[206]</a> Between January and March 1897 Wilde wrote a 50,000-word letter to Douglas. He was not allowed to send it but was permitted to take it with him when released from prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000683-214">[207]</a> In reflective mode, Wilde coldly examines his career to date, how he had been a colourful <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a> in Victorian society, his art, like his paradoxes, seeking to subvert as well as sparkle. His estimation of himself was: one who "stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000737–738-215">[208]</a> It was from these heights that his life with Douglas began, and Wilde examines that particularly closely, repudiating him for what Wilde finally sees as his arrogance and vanity: he had not forgotten Douglas' remark, when he was ill, "When you are not on your pedestal you are not interesting."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000700-216">[209]</a> Wilde blamed himself, though, for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him, and took responsibility for his own fall: "I am here for having tried to put your father in prison."<a href="#cite_note-wheatcroft-168">[164]</a> The first half concludes with Wilde forgiving Douglas, for his own sake as much as Douglas's. The second half of the letter traces Wilde's spiritual journey of redemption and fulfilment through his prison reading. He realised that his ordeal had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, however bitter it tasted at the time. <blockquote> ... I wanted to eat of the fruit of all the trees in the garden of the world ... And so, indeed, I went out, and so I lived. My only mistake was that I confined myself so exclusively to the trees of what seemed to me the sun-lit side of the garden, and shunned the other side for its shadow and its gloom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000739-217">[210]</a> </blockquote> Wilde was released from prison on 19 May 1897<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsoscarwilde00ellmpage527_527]-218">[211]</a> and sailed that evening for <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988528-219">[212]</a> He never returned to the United Kingdom. On his release, he gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have carried out Wilde's instructions to send a copy to Douglas (who later denied having received it). The letter was partially published in 1905 as <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a>; its complete and correct publication first occurred in 1962 in <a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="The Letters of Oscar Wilde">The Letters of Oscar Wilde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years:_1897–1900">Final years: 1897–1900</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_(as_Sebastian_Melmoth).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg/440px-Oscar_Wilde%27s_visiting_card_%28as_Sebastian_Melmoth%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Oscar Wilde's <a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">visiting card</a> after his release from gaol</figcaption></figure> Though Wilde's health had suffered greatly from the harshness and diet of prison, he had a feeling of spiritual renewal. He immediately wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> requesting a six-month Catholic retreat; when the request was denied, Wilde wept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000841–842-221">[213]</a> "I intend to be received into the Catholic Church before long", Wilde told a journalist who asked about his religious intentions.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> He spent his last three years impoverished and in exile. He took the name "Sebastian Melmoth", after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian" title="Saint Sebastian">Saint Sebastian</a> and the titular character of <a href="/wiki/Melmoth_the_Wanderer" title="Melmoth the Wanderer">Melmoth the Wanderer</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Charles Maturin</a>, Wilde's great-uncle).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000842-223">[215]</a> Wilde wrote two long letters to the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Chronicle (United Kingdom)">Daily Chronicle</a>, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons and advocating <a href="/wiki/Penal_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal reform">penal reform</a>. His discussion of the dismissal of Warder Martin for giving biscuits to an anaemic child prisoner repeated the themes of the corruption and degeneration of punishment that he had earlier outlined in <a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Man_under_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Soul of Man under Socialism">The Soul of Man under Socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000847–855-224">[216]</a> Wilde spent mid-1897 with Robert Ross in the seaside village of <a href="/wiki/Berneval-le-Grand" title="Berneval-le-Grand">Berneval-le-Grand</a> in northern France, where he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, narrating the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Wooldridge" title="Charles Thomas Wooldridge">Charles Thomas Wooldridge</a>, who murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity. It moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994308-225">[217]</a> No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them but rather the poem highlights the brutality of the punishment that all convicts share. Wilde juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line "Yet each man kills the thing he loves".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994310-226">[218]</a> He adopted the proletarian ballad form and the author was credited as "C33", Wilde's cell number in Reading Gaol. He suggested that it be published in Reynolds' Magazine, "because it circulates widely among the criminal classes – to which I now belong – for once I will be read by my peers – a new experience for me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiberd2000336-227">[219]</a> It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after which "[Oscar Wilde]" was added to the title page, though many in literary circles had known Wilde to be the author.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972408–410-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988526-229">[221]</a> Although Douglas had been the cause of his misfortunes, he and Wilde were reunited in August 1897 at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>. This meeting was disapproved of by the friends and families of both men. Constance Wilde was already refusing to meet Wilde or allow him to see their sons, though she sent him money – three pounds a week. During the latter part of 1897, Wilde and Douglas lived together near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> for a few months until they were separated by their families under the threat of cutting off all funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde1948308-230">[222]</a> Wilde's final address was at the dingy Hôtel d'Alsace (now known as <a href="/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4tel" title="L'Hôtel">L'Hôtel</a>), on rue des Beaux-Arts in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>, Paris. "This poverty really breaks one's heart: it is so sale [filthy], so utterly depressing, so hopeless. Pray do what you can" he wrote to his publisher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001092-231">[223]</a> He corrected and published <a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a>, the proofs of which, according to Ellmann, show a man "very much in command of himself and of the play", but he refused to write anything else: "I can write, but have lost the joy of writing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988527-232">[224]</a> He wandered the boulevards alone and spent what little money he had on alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988528-219">[212]</a> A series of embarrassing chance encounters with hostile English visitors, or Frenchmen he had known in better days, drowned his spirit. Soon Wilde was sufficiently confined to his hotel to joke, on one of his final trips outside, "My <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a> and I are fighting a duel to the death. One of us has got to go".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988546-233">[225]</a> On 12 October 1900 he sent a telegram to Ross: "Terribly weak. Please come".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001119-234">[226]</a> His moods fluctuated; <a href="/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a> relates how their mutual friend <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Turner" title="Reginald Turner">Reginald 'Reggie' Turner</a> had found Wilde very depressed after a nightmare. "I dreamt that I had died, and was supping with the dead!" "I am sure," Turner replied, "that you must have been the life and soul of the party."<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001213-236">[228]</a> In early 1900 in Sicily, Oscar Wilde became involved in a relationship with the 15 year old Giuseppe Loverde.<a href="#cite_note-Trials-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg/440px-Oscar_Wilde_on_his_Deathbed_1900_by_Maurice_Gilbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4930" data-file-height="3861" /></a><figcaption>Oscar Wilde on his deathbed in 1900. Photograph by Maurice Gilbert.</figcaption></figure> By 25 November 1900, Wilde had developed <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, then called "cerebral meningitis". Robbie Ross arrived on 29 November, sent for a priest, and Wilde was <a href="/wiki/Conditional_baptism" title="Conditional baptism">conditionally baptised</a> into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a <a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionist</a> priest from Dublin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001224-237">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> Fr Dunne recorded the baptism: <blockquote> As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of Oscar Wilde was in part repeated to me... Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Extreme Unction</a> to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying. As the man was in a semi-comatose condition, I did not venture to administer the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Viaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Viaticum">Holy Viaticum</a>; still I must add that he could be roused and was roused from this state in my presence. When roused, he gave signs of being inwardly conscious... Indeed I was fully satisfied that he understood me when told that I was about to receive him into the Catholic Church and gave him the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last Sacraments</a>... And when I repeated close to his ear the Holy Names, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Contrition" title="Act of Contrition">Acts of Contrition</a>, Faith, Hope and Charity, with acts of humble resignation to the Will of God, he tried all through to say the words after me.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001223-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[i]</a></blockquote> Wilde died of meningitis on 30 November 1900.<a href="#cite_note-OWNYTObit1900-242">[233]</a> Different opinions are given as to the cause of the disease: Richard Ellmann judged it was <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilitic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland</a>, Wilde's grandson, thought this to be a misconception, noting that Wilde's meningitis followed a surgical intervention, perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Mastoidectomy" title="Mastoidectomy">mastoidectomy</a>; Wilde's physicians, Paul Cleiss and A'Court Tucker, reported that the condition stemmed from an old <a href="/wiki/Suppuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppuration">suppuration</a> of the right ear (from the prison injury, see above) treated for several years (une ancienne suppuration de l'oreille droite d'ailleurs en traitement depuis plusieurs années) and made no allusion to syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198892,_582-243">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Oscar Wilde's tomb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde,_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery,_Paris,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large rectangular granite tomb. A large, stylised angel leaning forward is carved into the top half of the front. There are a few flowers beside a small plaque at the base. The tomb is surrounded by a protective glass barrier that is covered with graffiti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Oscar_Wilde%2C_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_cemetery%2C_Paris%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Oscar Wilde (surrounded by glass barrier) in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Wilde was initially buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Bagneux" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Bagneux">Cimetière de Bagneux</a> outside Paris; in 1909 his remains were disinterred and transferred to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001230-244">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">His tomb</a> there was designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[j]</a> It was commissioned by Robert Ross, who asked for a small compartment to be made for his own ashes, which were duly transferred in 1950. The modernist angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally complete with male genitalia, which were initially censored by French authorities with a golden leaf. The genitals have since been vandalised; their current whereabouts are unknown. In 2000, Leon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them.<a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a> In 2011, the tomb was cleaned of the many lipstick marks left there by admirers and a glass barrier was installed to prevent further marks or damage.<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> The epitaph is a verse from <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a>, <blockquote><div class="poem"> And alien tears will fill for him Pity's long-broken urn, For his mourners will be outcast men, And outcasts always mourn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988553-248">[238]</a> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_pardon">Posthumous pardon</h3></div> In 2017, Wilde was among an estimated 50,000 men who were pardoned for homosexual acts that were no longer considered offences under the <a href="/wiki/Policing_and_Crime_Act_2017" title="Policing and Crime Act 2017">Policing and Crime Act 2017</a> (homosexuality was <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967</a>). The 2017 Act implements what is known informally as the <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_law" title="Alan Turing law">Alan Turing law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_window.jpg/170px-Memorial_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_window.jpg/255px-Memorial_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Memorial_window.jpg/340px-Memorial_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption>Wilde is commemorated in this stained glass window at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> On 14 February 1995, Wilde was commemorated with a stained-glass window at <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The memorial, above the monument to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, was unveiled by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland</a>, while Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> read from the final part of De Profundis and Dame <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> read an extract from The Importance of Being Earnest.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a> In 2014, Wilde was one of the inaugural honorees in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Honor_Walk" title="Rainbow Honor Walk">Rainbow Honor Walk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_halls_and_walks_of_fame" title="List of halls and walks of fame">walk of fame</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Castro_District,_San_Francisco" title="Castro District, San Francisco">Castro neighbourhood</a> noting <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".<a href="#cite_note-:022-251">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-253">[243]</a> The Oscar Wilde Temple, an installation by visual artists <a href="/wiki/McDermott_%26_McGough" title="McDermott & McGough">McDermott & McGough</a>, opened in 2017 in cooperation with Church of the Village in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> then moved to <a href="/wiki/Studio_Voltaire" title="Studio Voltaire">Studio Voltaire</a> in London the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Q_Spirit2019-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="Biographies of Oscar Wilde">Biographies of Oscar Wilde</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A low rectangular public monument, with a bust of Wilde's face built into one raised end, at the other at seat that one straddles to experience being in conversation with Wilde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg/170px-A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg/255px-A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg/340px-A_Conversation_With_Oscar_Wilde_-_London_-_240404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A_Conversation_with_Oscar_Wilde" title="A Conversation with Oscar Wilde">A Conversation with Oscar Wilde</a> – a civic monument to Wilde by <a href="/wiki/Maggi_Hambling" title="Maggi Hambling">Maggi Hambling</a>, on Adelaide Street, near <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London. It contains the inscription, "We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars".<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a></figcaption></figure> Wilde's life has been the subject of numerous biographies since his death. The earliest were memoirs by those who knew him: often they are personal or impressionistic accounts which can be good character sketches but are sometimes factually unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19976,_10-258">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris" title="Frank Harris">Frank Harris</a>, his friend and editor, wrote a biography, Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions (1916); though prone to exaggeration and sometimes factually inaccurate, it offers a good literary portrait of Wilde.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19979-259">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a> wrote two books about his relationship with Wilde. Oscar Wilde and Myself (1914), largely ghost-written by <a href="/wiki/T._W._H._Crosland" class="mw-redirect" title="T. W. H. Crosland">T. W. H. Crosland</a>, vindictively reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and defensively tried to distance him from Wilde's scandalous reputation. Both authors later regretted their work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19978-260">[250]</a> Later, in Oscar Wilde: A Summing Up (1939) and his Autobiography, Douglas was more sympathetic to Wilde. Of Wilde's other close friends, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherard" title="Robert Sherard">Robert Sherard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Ross" title="Robbie Ross">Robert Ross</a>, his literary executor; and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ricketts" title="Charles Ricketts">Charles Ricketts</a> variously published biographies, reminiscences or correspondence. The first more or less objective biography of Wilde came about when <a href="/wiki/Hesketh_Pearson" title="Hesketh Pearson">Hesketh Pearson</a> wrote Oscar Wilde: His Life and Wit (1946).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19975-261">[251]</a> In 1954 Wilde's son <a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Holland" title="Vyvyan Holland">Vyvyan Holland</a> published his memoir Son of Oscar Wilde, which recounts the difficulties Wilde's wife and children faced after his imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> It was revised and updated by <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland</a> in 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Later on, I think everyone will recognise his achievements; his plays and essays will endure. Of course, you may think with others that his personality and conversation were far more wonderful than anything he wrote, so that his written works give only a pale reflection of his power. Perhaps that is so, and of course, it will be impossible to reproduce what is gone forever.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Ross, 23 December 1900<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001229-263">[253]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_Statue_(4503030408).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg/220px-Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg/440px-Oscar_Wilde_Statue_%284503030408%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Sculpture" title="Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture">Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, Dublin</figcaption></figure> Oscar Wilde: A Critical Study by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a> was published in 1912. The book only briefly mentioned Wilde's life, but subsequently, Ransome (and The Times Book Club) were sued for libel by Lord Alfred Douglas. At the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> in London in April 1913, Douglas lost the libel action after a reading of <a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a> refuted his claims.<a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a> wrote his 1987 biography Oscar Wilde, for which he posthumously won a National (US) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988<a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-267">[257]</a> In 1997, it was the basis for the British film <a href="/wiki/Wilde_(film)" title="Wilde (film)">Wilde</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Gilbert_(director)" title="Brian Gilbert (director)">Brian Gilbert</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> as the title character.<a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> Neil McKenna's 2003 biography, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde, offers an exploration of Wilde's sexuality. Often speculative in nature, it was widely criticised for its pure conjecture and lack of scholarly rigour.<a href="#cite_note-269">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[260]</a> Thomas Wright's Oscar's Books (2008) explores Wilde's reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-271">[261]</a> After tracking down many books that once belonged to Wilde's Tite Street library (dispersed at the time of his trials), Wright was the first to examine Wilde's <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a>. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sturgis" title="Matthew Sturgis">Matthew Sturgis</a>' Oscar: A Life, was published in London. The book incorporates rediscovered letters and other documents and is the most extensively researched biography of Wilde to appear since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Everett" title="Rupert Everett">Rupert Everett</a> starred as Wilde in, and wrote the screenplay for, <a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_(2018_film)" title="The Happy Prince (2018 film)">The Happy Prince</a> (2018), a biographical drama film about Wilde following his release from prison.<a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a> Parisian literati also produced several biographies and monographs on him. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> wrote In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde and Wilde also features in his journals.<a href="#cite_note-274">[264]</a> Thomas Louis, who had earlier translated books on Wilde into French, produced his own L'esprit d'Oscar Wilde in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-275">[265]</a> Modern books include Philippe Jullian's Oscar Wilde,<a href="#cite_note-276">[266]</a> and L'affaire Oscar Wilde, ou, Du danger de laisser la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps (The Oscar Wilde Affair, or, On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odon_Vallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odon Vallet (page does not exist)">Odon Vallet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odon_Vallet" class="extiw" title="fr:Odon Vallet">fr</a>], a French religious historian.<a href="#cite_note-277">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_bibliography" title="Oscar Wilde bibliography">Oscar Wilde bibliography</a>.</div> <ul><li>Ravenna (1878)</li> <li>Poems (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="The Happy Prince and Other Stories">The Happy Prince and Other Stories</a> (1888, fairy stories)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories" title="Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories">Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories</a> (1891, stories)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_House_of_Pomegranates" title="A House of Pomegranates">A House of Pomegranates</a> (1891, fairy stories)</li> <li>Intentions (1891, essays and dialogues on aesthetics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (first published in <a href="/wiki/Lippincott%27s_Monthly_Magazine" title="Lippincott's Monthly Magazine">Lippincott's Monthly Magazine</a> July 1890, in book form in 1891; novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Man_under_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Soul of Man under Socialism">The Soul of Man under Socialism</a> (1891, political essay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a> (1892, play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salomé</a> (published 1893, performed 1896; play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="A Woman of No Importance">A Woman of No Importance</a> (1893, play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sphinx_(poem)" title="The Sphinx (poem)">The Sphinx</a> (1894, poem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a> (performed 1895, published 1898; play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (performed 1895, published 1899; play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a> (written 1897, published variously 1905, 1908, 1949, 1962; epistle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a> (1898, poem)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Sculpture" title="Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture">Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Wilde's third name is spelt 'O'Fflahertie' on his baptism certificate and in other important documents such as his 1895 police court statement, but different spellings were used during his lifetime and have been used ever since.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The essay was later published in "Miscellanies", the final section of the 1908 edition of Wilde's collected works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972486-54">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Wilde reputedly told a customs officer that "I have nothing to declare except my genius", although the first recording of this remark was many years later, and Wilde's best lines were often quoted immediately in the press.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Queensberry's oldest son, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Douglas,_Viscount_Drumlanrig" title="Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig">Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig</a>, possibly had an intimate association with <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Philip_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a>, the Prime Minister to whom he was private secretary, which ended with Drumlanrig's death in an unexplained shooting accident. In any case the Marquess of Queensberry came to believe his sons had been corrupted by older homosexuals or, as he phrased it in a letter in the aftermath of Drumlanrig's death: "Montgomerys, The Snob Queers like Rosebery and certainly Christian Hypocrite like Gladstone and the whole lot of you".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988402-158">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Queensberry's handwriting was almost indecipherable: The hall porter initially read "ponce and sodomite", but Queensberry himself claimed that he'd written "posing 'as' a sodomite", an easier accusation to defend in court. <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland</a> concludes that "what Queensberry almost certainly wrote was "posing somdomite [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004300-172">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Wilde, age forty, had earlier stated he was thirty-nine years old at the beginning of his direct examination by Clarke. When pressed about the lie by Carson, Wilde flippantly replied: "I have no wish to pose as being young. I am thirty-nine or forty. You have my certificate and that settles the matter."<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861#Unnatural_offences" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861, ss 61, 62</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Ross published a version of the letter expurgated of all references to Douglas in 1905 with the title De Profundis, expanding it slightly for an edition of Wilde's collected works in 1908, and then donated it to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> on the understanding that it would not be made public until 1960. In 1949, Wilde's son <a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Holland" title="Vyvyan Holland">Vyvyan Holland</a> published it again, including parts formerly omitted, but relying on a faulty typescript bequeathed to him by Ross. Ross's typescript had contained several hundred errors, including typist's mistakes, Ross's "improvements" and other inexplicable omissions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000683-214">[207]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Robert Ross, in his letter to <a href="/wiki/More_Adey" title="More Adey">More Adey</a> (dated 14 December 1900), described a similar scene: "(Wilde) was conscious that people were in the room, and raised his hand when I asked him whether he understood. He pressed our hands. I then went in search of a priest and with great difficulty found Fr Cuthbert Dunne, of the Passionists, who came with me at once and administered Baptism and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Extreme Unction</a> – Oscar could not take the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis20001219–1220-240">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Epstein produced the design with architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Holden" title="Charles Holden">Charles Holden</a>, for whom Epstein produced several controversial commissions in London. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMead2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mead, Donald (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48651661">"How did Oscar Wilde spell his name?"</a>. The Wildean. 56 (56): 63–72. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48651661">48651661</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildean&rft.atitle=How+did+Oscar+Wilde+spell+his+name%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=63-72&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48651661%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48651661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/books-and-manuscripts-a-summer-miscellany/wilde-confessions-of-tastes-habits-and-convictions">"Books and Manuscripts: A Summer Miscellany, Lot 150, Wilde, 'Confessions of Tastes, Habits and Convictions'"</a>. Sothebys.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Books+and+Manuscripts%3A+A+Summer+Miscellany%2C+Lot+150%2C+Wilde%2C+%27Confessions+of+Tastes%2C+Habits+and+Convictions%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fbuy%2Fauction%2F2020%2Fbooks-and-manuscripts-a-summer-miscellany%2Fwilde-confessions-of-tastes-habits-and-convictions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bristow, Joseph (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464700115620860">"The blackmailer and the sodomite: Oscar Wilde on trial"</a>. Feminist Theory. 17 (1): 41–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464700115620860">10.1177/1464700115620860</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-7001">1464-7001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147294685">147294685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Theory&rft.atitle=The+blackmailer+and+the+sodomite%3A+Oscar+Wilde+on+trial&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-62&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147294685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1464-7001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1464700115620860&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1464700115620860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulraney2022" class="citation web cs1">Mulraney, Frances (25 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/oscar-wilde-trial-homosexuality">"On This Day: Oscar Wilde was convicted of gross indecency for homosexual acts"</a>. IrishCentral.com. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+Oscar+Wilde+was+convicted+of+gross+indecency+for+homosexual+acts&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Mulraney&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2Foscar-wilde-trial-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/display-pdf.jsp?pdfName=d-30-2-1-285">"Baptismal registration as Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wilde"</a>. Irish Genealogy. Retrieved 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Baptismal+registration+as+Oscar+Fingal+O%27Fflahertie+Wilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchrecords.irishgenealogy.ie%2Fchurchrecords%2Fdisplay-pdf.jsp%3FpdfName%3Dd-30-2-1-285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sturgis" title="Matthew Sturgis">Sturgis, Matthew</a> (2019) [2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FNNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP26">Oscar: A Life</a>. London: Head of Zeus. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788545983" title="Special:BookSources/9781788545983"><bdi>9781788545983</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2022. <q>Jane had also convinced herself that the Elgee name derived from the Italian 'Algiati' – and from this (imaginary) connection she was happy to make the short leap to claiming kinship with <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> Alighieri (in fact the Elgees descended from a long line of Durham labourers).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781788545983&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FNNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parents-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Parents_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne2001" class="citation web cs1">Anne, Varty (25 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4718">"Oscar Wilde"</a>. Literary Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104444/https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4718">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde&rft.pub=Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft.aulast=Anne&rft.aufirst=Varty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fspeople.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D4718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu199453_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandulescu1994">Sandulescu 1994</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-odnbwilliam-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnbwilliam_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnbwilliam_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeachie2004" class="citation book cs1">McGeachie, James (2004). "Wilde, Sir William Robert Wills (1815–1876)". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilde%2C+Sir+William+Robert+Wills+%281815%E2%80%931876%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McGeachie&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Joseph (2004). "Mask of Mysteries". The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-026-4"><bdi>978-1-58617-026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mask+of+Mysteries&rft.btitle=The+Unmasking+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-026-4&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v53UPwpmLhQC&q=Thomas+Wills+Wilde&pg=PA24">Google Books link to Pearce, Joseph 'The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde'</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586170264" title="Special:BookSources/9781586170264"><bdi>9781586170264</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514164602/https://books.google.com/books?id=v53UPwpmLhQC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Thomas+Wills+Wilde&source=bl&ots=5GU7i_Dd9I&sig=qPpDBYr6f_ri3UBMSLjYRpibga0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H8xCVOr8Jare7AbX9IHQDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Thomas%20Wills%20Wilde&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+Books+link+to+Pearce%2C+Joseph+%27The+Unmasking+of+Oscar+Wilde%27&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781586170264&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv53UPwpmLhQC%26q%3DThomas%2BWills%2BWilde%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stann.dublin.anglican.org/history/index.php">"St. Ann's Church website"</a>. Stann.dublin.anglican.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025184141/http://stann.dublin.anglican.org/history/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Ann%27s+Church+website&rft.pub=Stann.dublin.anglican.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstann.dublin.anglican.org%2Fhistory%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoakley1994">Coakley 1994</a>, pp. 112–114: "I am not sure if she ever became a Catholic herself but it was not long before she asked me to instruct two of her children, one of them being the future erratic genius, Oscar Wilde. After a few weeks I baptized these two children, Lady Wilde herself being present on the occasion." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198813-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198813_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-isola-16"><a href="#cite_ref-isola_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182623/https://womensmuseumofireland.ie/articles/isola-wilde--2">"Isola Wilde"</a>. Women's Museum of Ireland. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womensmuseumofireland.ie/articles/isola-wilde--2">the original</a> on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Museum+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=Isola+Wilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomensmuseumofireland.ie%2Farticles%2Fisola-wilde--2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-it-17"><a href="#cite_ref-it_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2017" class="citation news cs1">Kingston, Angela (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/oscar-wilde-and-the-sister-s-death-that-haunted-his-life-and-work-1.2976363">"Oscar Wilde and the sister's death that haunted his life and work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde+and+the+sister%27s+death+that+haunted+his+life+and+work&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Foscar-wilde-and-the-sister-s-death-that-haunted-his-life-and-work-1.2976363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquien2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aquien, Pascal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHMfAQAAIAAJ&q=%22isola%22+%22wilde%22+iseult">Oscar Wilde: Les mots et les songes: Biographie</a> (in French). Croissy-Beaubourg: Aden. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782848400808" title="Special:BookSources/9782848400808"><bdi>9782848400808</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+Les+mots+et+les+songes%3A+Biographie&rft.place=Croissy-Beaubourg&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Aden&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9782848400808&rft.aulast=Aquien&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHMfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522isola%2522%2B%2522wilde%2522%2Biseult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Poems: Oscar Wilde. (1881) p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198818-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198818_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198820-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198820_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822–23-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198822–23_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198826-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198826_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198826_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The Strange Secret Behind the Death of Oscar Wilde's half-sisters <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-strange-secret-behind-the-tragic-deaths-of-oscar-wildes-halfsisters">https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-strange-secret-behind-the-tragic-deaths-of-oscar-wildes-halfsisters</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199455–56-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu199455–56_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandulescu1994">Sandulescu 1994</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Schwab, Arnold T.: Review of "George Moore: A Reconsideration", by Brown, Malcolm. Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 10, No. 4, March 1956. pp. 310–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198825-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198825_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu199459-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu199459_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandulescu1994">Sandulescu 1994</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198829-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198829_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198829_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994154-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994154_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandulescu1994">Sandulescu 1994</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/personal-banking/current-accounts/oscar-wildes-money-diary-irish-playwright-lived-debt/">"Oscar Wilde's money diary: how the Irish playwright lived in debt"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604064052/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/personal-banking/current-accounts/oscar-wildes-money-diary-irish-playwright-lived-debt/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde%27s+money+diary%3A+how+the+Irish+playwright+lived+in+debt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpersonal-banking%2Fcurrent-accounts%2Foscar-wildes-money-diary-irish-playwright-lived-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToughill2008183–185-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToughill2008183–185_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToughill2008">Toughill 2008</a>, pp. 183–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198839-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198839_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198839_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198865-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198865_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/beresiner8.html">"OSCAR WILDE A University Mason"</a>. PS Review of Freemasonry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731185846/http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/beresiner8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCAR+WILDE+A+University+Mason&rft.pub=PS+Review+of+Freemasonry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemasons-freemasonry.com%2Fberesiner8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198870-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198870_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994375–376-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandulescu1994375–376_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandulescu1994">Sandulescu 1994</a>, pp. 375–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198843–44-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198843–44_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198843–44_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen200022–23-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreen200022–23_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreen2000">Breen 2000</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198844-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198844_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198878-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198878_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198846-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198846_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000735-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000735_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000735_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 735. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198895-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198895_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198895_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198893-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198893_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200070-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200070_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198894-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198894_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005101-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilfeather2005101_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilfeather2005">Kilfeather 2005</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200071-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200071_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200071_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann198899-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann198899_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200072–78-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis200072–78_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, pp. 72–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988102-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988102_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988102_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972486-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972486_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988105-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988105_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1881 England Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. Source Citation: Class: RG11; Piece: 78; Folio: 56; Page: 46; GSU roll: 1341017. Retrieved 2 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox2015">Cox 2015</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangtry2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Langtry, Lillie</a> (2000). The Days I Knew. Panoply Publications. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Days+I+Knew&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Panoply+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Langtry&rft.aufirst=Lillie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Emer (2017). The Fall of the House of Wilde: Oscar Wilde and His Family. Bloomsbury. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+House+of+Wilde%3A+Oscar+Wilde+and+His+Family&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018146–147-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturgis2018146–147_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSturgis2018">Sturgis 2018</a>, p. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018167–170-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturgis2018167–170_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSturgis2018">Sturgis 2018</a>, p. 167–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgis2018194–195-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturgis2018194–195_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSturgis2018">Sturgis 2018</a>, p. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988131-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988131_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132,_138-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132,_138_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, pp. 132, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarty2000" class="citation book cs1">Varty, Anne, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2bO0I-lGvcC&pg=PR6">Collected Poems of Oscar Wilde</a>. Ware: Wordsworth Poetry Library. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853264539" title="Special:BookSources/1853264539"><bdi>1853264539</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803095614/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2bO0I-lGvcC&pg=PR6">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Poems+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=Ware&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Poetry+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1853264539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2bO0I-lGvcC%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilde, Oscar (1997). <a href="/wiki/Isobel_Murray" title="Isobel Murray">Murray, Isobel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9EfsANd0OcC&pg=PR11">Complete Poetry</a>. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. x–xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192825089" title="Special:BookSources/0192825089"><bdi>0192825089</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803095612/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9EfsANd0OcC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Poetry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pages=x-xi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0192825089&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9EfsANd0OcC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197636-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197636_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde194839-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde194839_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyde1948">Hyde 1948</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132–133-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988132–133_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972282-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972282_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/arrival/ss-arizona.html">"S.S. Arizona"</a>. Oscar Wilde in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016013839/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/arrival/ss-arizona.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.S.+Arizona&rft.pub=Oscar+Wilde+in+America&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscarwildeinamerica.org%2Farrival%2Fss-arizona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/quotations/nothing-to-declare.html">"Attribution of 'I have nothing to declare except my genius'"</a>. Oscar Wilde in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403075918/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/quotations/nothing-to-declare.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attribution+of+%27I+have+nothing+to+declare+except+my+genius%27&rft.pub=Oscar+Wilde+in+America&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscarwildeinamerica.org%2Fquotations%2Fnothing-to-declare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014206/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/index.html">"The Lecture Tour of North America 1882"</a>. Oscar Wilde in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/index.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lecture+Tour+of+North+America+1882&rft.pub=Oscar+Wilde+in+America&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscarwildeinamerica.org%2Flectures-1882%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelssohn-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_76-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelssohn2018" class="citation book cs1">Mendelssohn, Michèle (2018). Making Oscar Wilde. Oxford University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880236-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880236-5"><bdi>978-0-19-880236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Oscar+Wilde&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880236-5&rft.aulast=Mendelssohn&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdett2014" class="citation news cs1">Burdett, Carolyn (15 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/aestheticism-and-decadence">"Aestheticism and decadence"</a>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021132118/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/aestheticism-and-decadence">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aestheticism+and+decadence&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.aulast=Burdett&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Faestheticism-and-decadence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiberd2000329–330-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiberd2000329–330_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiberd2000">Kiberd 2000</a>, pp. 329–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-Unmanly-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Unmanly_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginson1882" class="citation journal cs1">Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (4 February 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classroomelectric.org/volume2/price/remembered/womans_journal.htm">"Unmanly Manhood"</a>. Woman's Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603070637/http://www.classroomelectric.org/volume2/price/remembered/womans_journal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woman%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Unmanly+Manhood&rft.date=1882-02-04&rft.aulast=Higginson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Wentworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classroomelectric.org%2Fvolume2%2Fprice%2Fremembered%2Fwomans_journal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamings2021" class="citation web cs1">Chamings, Andrew (8 April 2021) [8 April 2021]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/Oscar-Wilde-visit-to-San-Francisco-history-15983256.php">"Oscar Wilde's visit to San Francisco sent the city into a bitter, clamoring frenzy"</a>. The San Francisco Gate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814011757/https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/Oscar-Wilde-visit-to-San-Francisco-history-15983256.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Gate&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde%27s+visit+to+San+Francisco+sent+the+city+into+a+bitter%2C+clamoring+frenzy&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Chamings&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FOscar-Wilde-visit-to-San-Francisco-history-15983256.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayinliterature.com/stories.asp?Event_Date=12/24/1881">"Wilde in America"</a>. Today in Literature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213024306/http://www.todayinliterature.com/stories.asp?Event_Date=12%2F24%2F1881">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilde+in+America&rft.pub=Today+in+Literature&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayinliterature.com%2Fstories.asp%3FEvent_Date%3D12%2F24%2F1881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> Regarding Wilde's visit to Leadville, Colorado, 24 December 1881. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988205-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988205_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988228-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988228_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bristow_2009_xli-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Bristow_2009_xli_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bristow_(literary_scholar)" title="Joseph Bristow (literary scholar)">Bristow, Joseph</a> (2009). Oscar Wilde and Modern Culture: The Making of a Legend. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. p. xli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1837-6"><bdi>978-0-8214-1837-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde+and+Modern+Culture%3A+The+Making+of+a+Legend&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pages=xli&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1837-6&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108025648/http://www.stjamespaddington.org.uk/history/oscar-constance-wilde.html">"Oscar & Constance Wilde"</a>. Saint James, Sussex Gardens, London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjamespaddington.org.uk/history/oscar-constance-wilde.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oscar+%26+Constance+Wilde&rft.pub=Saint+James%2C+Sussex+Gardens%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjamespaddington.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Foscar-constance-wilde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzsimons-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzsimons_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimons2017" class="citation book cs1">Fitzsimons, Eleanor (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ksZTCwAAQBAJ&q=st%20james%20sussex%20gardens%20oscar%20wilde&pg=PT133">Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew</a>. The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-1326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-1326-0"><bdi>978-1-4683-1326-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803095612/https://books.google.com/books?id=ksZTCwAAQBAJ&q=st%20james%20sussex%20gardens%20oscar%20wilde&pg=PT133">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilde%27s+Women%3A+How+Oscar+Wilde+Was+Shaped+by+the+Women+He+Knew&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4683-1326-0&rft.aulast=Fitzsimons&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DksZTCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dst%2520james%2520sussex%2520gardens%2520oscar%2520wilde%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_87-1">b</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988273-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988273_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988273_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988275-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988275_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mendelsohn" title="Daniel Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn, Daniel</a> (2008). "The two Oscar Wildes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howbeautifulitis00mend_132">How Beautiful It Is and How Easily It Can Be Broken: Essays By Daniel Mendelsohn</a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howbeautifulitis00mend_132/page/n231">218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-145644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-145644-2"><bdi>978-0-06-145644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+two+Oscar+Wildes&rft.btitle=How+Beautiful+It+Is+and+How+Easily+It+Can+Be+Broken%3A+Essays+By+Daniel+Mendelsohn&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-145644-2&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowbeautifulitis00mend_132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2005" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Antony (2005). Decadent London: Fin de Siècle City. Historical Publications. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decadent+London%3A+Fin+de+Si%C3%A8cle+City&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Historical+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottinger1971" class="citation book cs1">Pottinger, George (1971). The Winning Counter: Hugh Fraser and Harrods. 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The Sunday Inter Ocean. Chicago. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Inter+Ocean&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde+at+Home&rft.date=1894-12-16&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=William+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F33767864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972219-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972219_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988276-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988276_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199791-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayworth199791_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayworth1997">Clayworth 1997</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199795-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayworth199795_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayworth1997">Clayworth 1997</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972202-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972202_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000404-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000404_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000413-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000413_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeney2023130-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeney2023130_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeeney2023">Seeney 2023</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayworth199785,_86-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayworth199785,_86_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayworth1997">Clayworth 1997</a>, pp. 85, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19976-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby19976_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo201831-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoo201831_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoo2018">Spoo 2018</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Munday-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Munday_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunday1907" class="citation web cs1">Munday, Luther (24 November 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029872060/cu31924029872060_djvu.txt">"A chronicle of friendships"</a>. New York : F. A. Stokes – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+chronicle+of+friendships&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+F.+A.+Stokes&rft.date=1907-11-24&rft.aulast=Munday&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924029872060%2Fcu31924029872060_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972360–362-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972360–362_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, pp. 360–362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19726-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason19726_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLezard2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lezard" title="Nicholas Lezard">Lezard, Nicholas</a> (29 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/29/classics.oscarwilde">"Oscar Wilde's other portrait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629202020/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/mar/29/classics.oscarwilde">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde%27s+other+portrait&rft.date=2003-03-29&rft.aulast=Lezard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fmar%2F29%2Fclassics.oscarwilde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997109-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997109_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988280-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988280_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988280_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912101-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansome1912101_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRansome1912">Ransome 1912</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912102-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansome1912102_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRansome1912">Ransome 1912</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERansome1912[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansome1912[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRansome1912">Ransome 1912</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason197271-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason197271_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby199798-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby199798_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-soulofman-119"><a href="#cite_ref-soulofman_119-0">^</a> Wilde, O. The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, Collins. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Orwell, George <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120071748/http://www.geocities.jp/mickindex/orwell/orwell_ROW_en.html">Review: The Soul of Man under Socialism by Oscar Wilde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102905/http://www.geocities.jp/mickindex/orwell/orwell_ROW_en.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, 8 May 1948. Retrieved 28 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde Volume IV: Criticism: Historical Criticism, Intentions, The Soul of Man. 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University of California Press. 1984. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+in+Modern+Drama&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972355–357-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972355–357_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, pp. 355–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Pearson, H. Essays of Oscar Wilde London: Meuthen & Co (1950:x) Catalogue no:5328/u </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions. 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Vol. 49, no. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806024640/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/10/10/the-two-oscar-wildes/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Two+Oscar+Wildes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2002-10-10&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2002%2F10%2F10%2Fthe-two-oscar-wildes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/08/08/deceptive-picture">"Deceptive Picture: How Oscar Wilde painted over "Dorian Gray""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006051046/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/08/08/deceptive-picture">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Deceptive+Picture%3A+How+Oscar+Wilde+painted+over+%22Dorian+Gray%22&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2011%2F08%2F08%2Fdeceptive-picture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000433,_435,_438,_441,_446-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000433,_435,_438,_441,_446_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, pp. 433, 435, 438, 441, 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/174/174-h/174-h.htm">"Preface"</a>. The Picture of Dorian Gray. From Project Gutenberg transcription. October 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106080616/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/174/174-h/174-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Picture+of+Dorian+Gray&rft.pub=From+Project+Gutenberg+transcription&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F174%2F174-h%2F174-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972341-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972341_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997111-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997111_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000435-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000435_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> McKie, Robin (25 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jan/25/classics-picture-dorian-gray-wilde">"Classics Corner: The Picture of Dorian Gray"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624195141/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/jan/25/classics-picture-dorian-gray-wilde">Archived</a> 24 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-137"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrum2014" class="citation news cs1">McCrum, Robert (24 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/24/100-best-novels-picture-dorian-gray-oscar-wilde">"The 100 best novels: No 27 – The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891)"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812053713/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/24/100-best-novels-picture-dorian-gray-oscar-wilde">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+best+novels%3A+No+27+%E2%80%93+The+Picture+of+Dorian+Gray+by+Oscar+Wilde+%281891%29&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=McCrum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fmar%2F24%2F100-best-novels-picture-dorian-gray-oscar-wilde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words, Volume 2. Pantheon Books. 1989. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Monty+Python%27s+Flying+Circus%3A+All+the+Words%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Wilde%2C_Oscar_O%27Flahertie_Wills_%281856-1900%29%2C_author">"Registrar General Records"</a>. Wilde, Oscar O'Flahertie Wills (1856–1900), author. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002221346/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Wilde%2C_Oscar_O%27Flahertie_Wills_%281856-1900%29%2C_author">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilde%2C+Oscar+O%27Flahertie+Wills+%281856%E2%80%931900%29%2C+author&rft.atitle=Registrar+General+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWilde%252C_Oscar_O%2527Flahertie_Wills_%25281856-1900%2529%252C_author&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988316-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988316_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988322-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988322_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988323-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988323_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988326-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988326_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972371-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972371_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1972370,_379-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1972370,_379_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1972">Mason 1972</a>, p. 370, 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/an-introduction-to-lady-windermeres-fan">"An introduction to Lady Windermere's Fan"</a>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027163807/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/an-introduction-to-lady-windermeres-fan">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+Lady+Windermere%27s+Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fan-introduction-to-lady-windermeres-fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988344-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988344_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988347-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988347_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988315-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988315_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988360-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988360_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde" class="citation book cs1">Wilde, Oscar. An ideal husband. Act III: London: typescript with extensive autograph revisions, 1894. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270589204">270589204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ideal+husband.+Act+III%3A+London%3A+typescript+with+extensive+autograph+revisions%2C+1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270589204&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988404-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988404_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997146-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997146_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileyBlanshardManny2018" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Kathleen; Blanshard, Alastair; Manny, Iarla (2018). Oscar Wilde and classical antiquity (first ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878926-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878926-0"><bdi>978-0-19-878926-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/986815031">986815031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde+and+classical+antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F986815031&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878926-0&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Blanshard%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Manny%2C+Iarla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000702-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000702_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 702. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000703-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000703_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, p. 703. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988402-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988402_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988421-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988421_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000699–700-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandHart-Davis2000699–700_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000">Holland & Hart-Davis 2000</a>, pp. 699–700. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988396-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988396_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988396_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997166–167-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997166–167_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-importance-of-being-earnest-first-stage-production/">"'The Importance of Being Earnest': The first stage production, 1895"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608185307/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-importance-of-being-earnest-first-stage-production/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+Importance+of+Being+Earnest%27%3A+The+first+stage+production%2C+1895&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Ft%2Fthe-importance-of-being-earnest-first-stage-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988398-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988398_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997161-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997161_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1946" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Hesketh (1946). 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The Atlantic Monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522160423/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2003/05/wheatcroft.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Not+Green%2C+Not+Red%2C+Not+Pink&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F2003%2F05%2Fwheatcroft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckson2003213-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckson2003213_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckson2003">Beckson 2003</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby1997165-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby1997165_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1976102-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1976102_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004300-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004300_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004300_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trials-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trials_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trials_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trials_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trials_174-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trials_174-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2014" class="citation news cs1">Field, Marcus (4 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html">"Is Oscar Wilde's reputation due for another reassessment?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302134040/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Is+Oscar+Wilde%27s+reputation+due+for+another+reassessment%3F&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Ffeatures%2Foscar-wilde-facing-retrial-9773718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moran2002-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Moran2002_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2002" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Leslie (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TSIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">The Homosexual(ity) of law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-89645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-89645-5"><bdi>978-1-134-89645-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818213826/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TSIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homosexual%28ity%29+of+law&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-89645-5&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TSIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankel2017-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Frankel2017_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2017" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, Nicholas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4M4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Oscar Wilde: The Unrepentant Years</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98202-4"><bdi>978-0-674-98202-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819030513/https://books.google.com/books?id=d4M4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+The+Unrepentant+Years&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98202-4&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4M4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2000251-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2000251_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2000">Belford 2000</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> The Autobiography of Arthur Ransome pp 151–152 (1976, Jonathan Cape, London) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01245-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01245-2">0-224-01245-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The Life of Arthur Ransome by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brogan" title="Hugh Brogan">Hugh Brogan</a> p85 (1984, Jonathan Cape, London) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-02010-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-02010-2">0-224-02010-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988415-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988415_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988418-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988418_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy19973-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy19973_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy19978-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy19978_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Douglas O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famous-trials.com/wilde/347-wildedirect">"Testimony of Oscar Wilde on Direct Examination (April 3,1895)"</a>. Famous Trials. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817175646/https://www.famous-trials.com/wilde/347-wildedirect">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Trials&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Oscar+Wilde+on+Direct+Examination+%28April+3%2C1895%29&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Douglas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-trials.com%2Fwilde%2F347-wildedirect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Douglas O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famous-trials.com/wilde/346-literarypart">"Testimony of Oscar Wilde on Cross Examination (April 3, 1895) (Literary Part)"</a>. Famous Trials. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212151649/https://www.famous-trials.com/wilde/346-literarypart">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Trials&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Oscar+Wilde+on+Cross+Examination+%28April+3%2C+1895%29+%28Literary+Part%29&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Douglas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-trials.com%2Fwilde%2F346-literarypart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjoribanks1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Marjoribanks_(Conservative_politician)" title="Edward Marjoribanks (Conservative politician)">Marjoribanks, Edward</a> (1932). Carson the Advocate. London: Macmillan. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679460">679460</a>. <q>Carson had again and again used the word "pose" with ironic emphasis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carson+the+Advocate&rft.place=London&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679460&rft.aulast=Marjoribanks&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern2017758-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern2017758_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern2017">Stern 2017</a>, p. 758. "Carson began by emphasizing that at this point in the novel, Dorian is an 'innocent young man'." </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Iain (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569322">"'I took pleasure where it pleased me'"</a>. The Wildean. 55 (55): 90–98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569322">48569322</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildean&rft.atitle=%27I+took+pleasure+where+it+pleased+me%27&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=90-98&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48569322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48569322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199717-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy199717_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy199717_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199719-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy199719_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy1997150-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy1997150_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/18950406/022/0005">"The Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Mail" title="Hartlepool Mail">Hartlepool Mail</a>. 6 April 1895. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartlepool+Mail&rft.atitle=The+Arrest+of+Oscar+Wilde+at+the+Cadogan+Hotel&rft.date=1895-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000378%2F18950406%2F022%2F0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> Via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2013/04/05/the-arrest-of-oscar-wilde-at-the-cadogan-hotel-6-april-1895/">"The Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel – 6 April 1895"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>. 5 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127194250/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2013/04/05/the-arrest-of-oscar-wilde-at-the-cadogan-hotel-6-april-1895/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Newspaper+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Arrest+of+Oscar+Wilde+at+the+Cadogan+Hotel+%E2%80%93+6+April+1895&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2F2013%2F04%2F05%2Fthe-arrest-of-oscar-wilde-at-the-cadogan-hotel-6-april-1895%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988455-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988455_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde19485-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde19485_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyde1948">Hyde 1948</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988429-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988429_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://famous-trials.com/wilde/342-wildetestimony">"Testimony of Oscar Wilde"</a>. Famous Trials. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City_School_of_Law" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law">UMKC School of Law</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Trials&rft.atitle=Testimony+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamous-trials.com%2Fwilde%2F342-wildetestimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988435-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988435_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988435_199-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-oldbailey-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldbailey_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldbailey_200-1">b</a> Old Bailey Proceedings Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18950520-425">Trial of Oscar Fingal O'Fflahartie Wills Wilde, Alfred Waterhouse Somerset Taylor</a>. (t18950520-425, 22 April 1895). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199740-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy199740_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoldy199747-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoldy199747_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoldy1997">Foldy 1997</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://famous-trials.com/wilde/335-statement">Sentencing Statement of Justice Wills</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326143605/http://famous-trials.com/wilde/335-statement">Archived</a> 26 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarb.co.uk/acts/1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml">"Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 - An Act to make further provision for the Protection of Women and Girls, the suppression of brothels, and other purposes"</a>. www.swarb.co.uk. 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swarb.co.uk&rft.atitle=Criminal+Law+Amendment+Act+1885+-+An+Act+to+make+further+provision+for+the+Protection+of+Women+and+Girls%2C+the+suppression+of+brothels%2C+and+other+purposes.&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swarb.co.uk%2Facts%2F1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988769-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988769_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 769. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988777-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988777_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 777. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988474-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988474_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1988465_208-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1988">Ellmann 1988</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina1997" class="citation book cs1">Medina, John J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yItZukgsmEC&q=%22he+fell+head+first+and+damaged+his+ear%22&pg=PA250">The Clock of Ages: Why We Age, How We Age, Winding Back the Clock</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59456-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59456-1"><bdi>978-0-521-59456-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810125422/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yItZukgsmEC&q=%22he+fell+head+first+and+damaged+his+ear%22&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021. 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ArtNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004201/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/mcdermott-mcgough-to-open-temple-dedicated-to-oscar-wilde-in-new-yorks-church-of-the-village-8717/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtNews&rft.atitle=McDermott+%26+McGough+to+Open+Temple+Dedicated+to+Oscar+Wilde+in+New+York%27s+Church+of+the+Village&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fmcdermott-mcgough-to-open-temple-dedicated-to-oscar-wilde-in-new-yorks-church-of-the-village-8717%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q_Spirit2019-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Q_Spirit2019_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qspirit.net/oscar-wilde-gay-martyr-faith/">"Oscar Wilde: Gay martyr with complex faith journey honored in art"</a>. Q Spirit. 30 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622233605/http://qspirit.net/oscar-wilde-gay-martyr-faith/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Q+Spirit&rft.atitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+Gay+martyr+with+complex+faith+journey+honored+in+art&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqspirit.net%2Foscar-wilde-gay-martyr-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscarwildetemple.org">"The Oscar Wilde Temple"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071636/https://www.oscarwildetemple.org/">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. oscarwildetemple.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/224663.stm">"London's Wilde tribute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 November 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521030832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/224663.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%27s+Wilde+tribute&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F224663.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19976,_10-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby19976,_10_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, pp. 6, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19979-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby19979_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19978-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby19978_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaby19975-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaby19975_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaby1997">Raby 1997</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212185348/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820321-1,00.html">"Great Britain: A Life of Concealment"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624215113/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/oct/26/biography.stage1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2013. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028170309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/26/thomas-wright-oscars-books">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. 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Crès & Cie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3243250">3243250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27esprit+d%27Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Collection+Anglia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=G.+Cr%C3%A8s+%26+Cie&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3243250&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJullian2000" class="citation book cs1">Jullian, Philippe (6 April 2000). Oscar Wilde. Paris: Editions Christian de Bartillat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84100-220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84100-220-7"><bdi>978-2-84100-220-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Christian+de+Bartillat&rft.date=2000-04-06&rft.isbn=978-2-84100-220-7&rft.aulast=Jullian&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallet1995" class="citation book cs1">Vallet, Odon (1995). L'affaire Oscar Wilde ou Du danger de laisser la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps. Paris: Editions Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-07952-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-07952-7"><bdi>978-2-226-07952-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27affaire+Oscar+Wilde+ou+Du+danger+de+laisser+la+justice+mettre+le+nez+dans+nos+draps&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Albin+Michel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-226-07952-7&rft.aulast=Vallet&rft.aufirst=Odon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Beckson" title="Karl Beckson">Beckson, Karl</a> (2003). Oscar Wilde. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Beckson&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelford2000" class="citation book cs1">Belford, Barbara (2000). Oscar Wilde: A Certain Genius. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45734-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45734-3"><bdi>978-0-679-45734-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+A+Certain+Genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-679-45734-3&rft.aulast=Belford&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2000" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Richard (2000). Oxford, Oddfellows & Funny Tales. London: Penny Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901374-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901374-00-1"><bdi>978-1-901374-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford%2C+Oddfellows+%26+Funny+Tales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penny+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-901374-00-1&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayworth1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clayworth, Anna (Summer 1997). "'The Woman's World': Oscar Wilde as Editor: 1996 Vanarsdel Prize". <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Periodicals_Review" title="Victorian Periodicals Review">Victorian Periodicals Review</a>. 30 (2): 84–101. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20082977">20082977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Periodicals+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Woman%27s+World%27%3A+Oscar+Wilde+as+Editor%3A+1996+Vanarsdel+Prize&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-101&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20082977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clayworth&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1994" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, Davis (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oscarwildeimport00coak">Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Irish</a>. Dublin: Town House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948524-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948524-97-4"><bdi>978-0-948524-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+The+Importance+of+Being+Irish&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Town+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-948524-97-4&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foscarwildeimport00coak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2015" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Devon (2015). The Street of Wonderful Possibilities: Whistler, Wilde & Sargent in Tite Street. London: Frances Lincoln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3673-8"><bdi>978-0-7112-3673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Street+of+Wonderful+Possibilities%3A+Whistler%2C+Wilde+%26+Sargent+in+Tite+Street&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-3673-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Devon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllmann1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Ellmann, Richard</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oscarwilde00ellm">Oscar Wilde</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55484-6"><bdi>978-0-394-55484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55484-6&rft.aulast=Ellmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foscarwilde00ellm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoldy1997" class="citation book cs1">Foldy, Michael S. (1997). The Trials of Oscar Wilde: Deviance, Morality and Late-Victorian Society. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07112-4"><bdi>0-300-07112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Oscar+Wilde%3A+Deviance%2C+Morality+and+Late-Victorian+Society&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07112-4&rft.aulast=Foldy&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandHart-Davis2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Holland, Merlin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hart-Davis" title="Rupert Hart-Davis">Hart-Davis, Rupert</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeletterso0000wild">The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5915-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-5915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Letters+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5915-1&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rft.au=Hart-Davis%2C+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteletterso0000wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2004" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Merlin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3gfSbMtnHQC">The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715805-8"><bdi>978-0-00-715805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820002228/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3gfSbMtnHQC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Trial+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-715805-8&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3gfSbMtnHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, H. Montgomery</a> (1948). The Trials of Oscar Wilde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiberd1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Declan_Kiberd" title="Declan Kiberd">Kiberd, Declan</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingireland00kibe">Inventing Ireland: The Literature of a Modern Nation</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-46363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-46363-9"><bdi>978-0-674-46363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Ireland%3A+The+Literature+of+a+Modern+Nation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-46363-9&rft.aulast=Kiberd&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventingireland00kibe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiberd2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiberd, Declan (2000). Irish Classics. <a href="/wiki/Granta_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Granta Books">Granta Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862073869" title="Special:BookSources/9781862073869"><bdi>9781862073869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Classics&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781862073869&rft.aulast=Kiberd&rft.aufirst=Declan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilfeather2005" class="citation book cs1">Kilfeather, Siobhán Marie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dublinculturalhi00kilf">Dublin, a Cultural History</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518202-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%2C+a+Cultural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518202-6&rft.aulast=Kilfeather&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdublinculturalhi00kilf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1972" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Stuart (1972) [1914]. Bibliography of Oscar Wilde (1972 ed.). Rota pub; Haskell House Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8383-1378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8383-1378-7"><bdi>978-0-8383-1378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.edition=1972&rft.pub=Rota+pub%3B+Haskell+House+Pub.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8383-1378-7&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Morley, Sheridan</a> (1976). Oscar Wilde. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77160-9"><bdi>978-0-297-77160-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77160-9&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaby1997" class="citation book cs1">Raby, Peter, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00raby">The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47987-5"><bdi>978-0-521-47987-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47987-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00raby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRansome1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Ransome, Arthur</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oscarwildec00ransuoft">Oscar Wilde: A Critical Study</a>. New York: Mitchell Kennerly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+A+Critical+Study&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mitchell+Kennerly&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ransome&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foscarwildec00ransuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandulescu1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._George_Sandulescu" title="C. George Sandulescu">Sandulescu, C. George</a>, ed. (1994). Rediscovering Oscar Wilde. Gerrards Cross, England: C. Smythe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86140-376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86140-376-9"><bdi>978-0-86140-376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=Gerrards+Cross%2C+England&rft.pub=C.+Smythe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86140-376-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeney2023" class="citation book cs1">Seeney, Michael (2023). Oscar Wilde as Editor: An Index to Woman's World. Rivendale Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904201410" title="Special:BookSources/9781904201410"><bdi>9781904201410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde+as+Editor%3A+An+Index+to+Woman%27s+World&rft.pub=Rivendale+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781904201410&rft.aulast=Seeney&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoo2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spoo" title="Robert Spoo">Spoo, Robert</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjdfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Modernism and the Law</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-7580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-7580-4"><bdi>978-1-4742-7580-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818235158/https://books.google.com/books?id=bjdfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+the+Law&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-7580-4&rft.aulast=Spoo&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjdfDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Simon (2017). "Wilde's Obscenity Effect: Influence and Immorality in the Picture of Dorian Gray". The Review of English Studies. 68 (286): 756–772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fhgx035">10.1093/res/hgx035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6551">0034-6551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Wilde%27s+Obscenity+Effect%3A+Influence+and+Immorality+in+the+Picture+of+Dorian+Gray&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=286&rft.pages=756-772&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2Fhgx035&rft.issn=0034-6551&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2018" class="citation book cs1">Sturgis, Matthew (2018). Oscar: A Life. London: Head of Zeus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToughill2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Toughill" title="Thomas Toughill">Toughill, Thomas</a> (2008). The Ripper Code. The History Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ripper+Code&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Toughill&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Oscar Wilde <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=34464414&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=34464414">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=34464414&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Oscar Wilde <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=34464414&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=34464414">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=34464414&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckson1998" class="citation book cs1">Beckson, Karl E. (1998). The Oscar Wilde Encyclopedia. AMS Studies in the Nineteenth Century, no. 18. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404614980" title="Special:BookSources/9780404614980"><bdi>9780404614980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oscar+Wilde+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=AMS+Studies+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+no.+18&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780404614980&rft.aulast=Beckson&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow2023" class="citation book cs1">Bristow, Joseph (17 December 2023). Oscar Wilde on Trial. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300222722" title="Special:BookSources/9780300222722"><bdi>9780300222722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde+on+Trial&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft.isbn=9780300222722&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wilde,_Oscar_O%27Flahertie_Wills">"Wilde, Oscar O'Flahertie Wills" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 632–633.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilde%2C+Oscar+O%27Flahertie+Wills&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=632-633&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ellmann, Richard (1988). Oscar Wilde. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394554841" title="Special:BookSources/0394554841">0394554841</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Holland, Merlin</a>, ed. (2003). The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714436-5"><bdi>978-0-00-714436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Oscar+Wilde&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714436-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holland, Merlin; Rupert Hart-Davis (2000) The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a> (US edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805059156" title="Special:BookSources/0805059156">0805059156</a>. London: Fourth Estate (UK edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-781-5">978-1-85702-781-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1964" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, H. Montgomery (1964). Oscar Wilde: The Aftermath. New York: Farrar Straus Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Wilde%3A+The+Aftermath&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+Ltd.&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOscar+Wilde" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mikhail, E. H. (1979). Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. Volume 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349039234" title="Special:BookSources/9781349039234">9781349039234</a>. Volume 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349039265" title="Special:BookSources/9781349039265">9781349039265</a>.</li> <li>Sturgis, Matthew (2018). Oscar: A Life. London: Head of Zeus Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788545976" title="Special:BookSources/9781788545976">9781788545976</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Oscar Wilde at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" class="extiw" title="c:Oscar Wilde">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" class="extiw" title="q:Oscar Wilde">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Oscar_O%27Flahertie_Wills_Wilde" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Oscar O'Flahertie Wills Wilde">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30875" class="extiw" title="d:Q30875">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_societies">Historical societies</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscarwildesociety.co.uk/">The Oscar Wilde Society (UK)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_notes">Historical notes</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18950520-425">Record of Wilde's indictment and conviction</a> – official <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428024637/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/wilde/wilde.htm">Details including court transcriptions of the trials of Wilde</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/">Oscar Wilde in America including The American Lecture Tour 1882</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/en/collections/topic/18-newspapers?view=grid&query=%22oscar%20wilde%22&page=1">References to Oscar Wilde in historic European newspapers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/038708">Newspaper clippings about Oscar Wilde</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/collection/Oscar-Wilde">Manuscripts and Letters of Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+11437&pos=5">The Julia Rosenthal Oscar Wilde Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016144227/https://manuscripts.catalogue.tcd.ie/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=IE+TCD+MS+11437&pos=5">Archived</a> 16 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/collections/kp78gg36g?locale=en">digital collections)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarklibrary.ucla.edu/collections/oscar-wilde/">Oscar Wilde & le fin de siècle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/William_Andrews_Clark_Memorial_Library" title="William Andrews Clark Memorial Library">William Andrews Clark Memorial Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/brg/19125">Oscar Wilde collection of papers</a> (and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/oscar-wilde-collection-of-papers#/?tab=navigation">digital collections</a>) at the Berg Collection, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items?related_to=9a2163aa-3ff8-4743-885c-1e8027d46810&creator_sorted=oscar%2awilde">Oscar Wilde papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016003419/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items?related_to=9a2163aa-3ff8-4743-885c-1e8027d46810&creator_sorted=oscar%2Awilde">Archived</a> 16 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/lady-eccles-oscar-wilde-collection">Lady Eccles Oscar Wilde Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015230513/https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/lady-eccles-oscar-wilde-collection">Archived</a> 15 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/search/?subjectID=18988">Oscar Wilde papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia" title="Free Library of Philadelphia">Free Library of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/8483">Oscar Wilde papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll50">Oscar Wilde papers</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/guides/?guide=OscarWilde">Research Guide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/652">Oscar Wilde Collection</a> at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/learn-at-univ/library-collections/">The Robert Ross Memorial Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/3433">Papers of Robert Ross and Vyvyan Holland relating to the Literary Estate of Oscar Wilde</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_texts_by_Wilde">Online texts by Wilde</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/oscar-wilde">Works by Oscar Wilde in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/111">Works by Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wilde%2C%20Oscar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Oscar%20Wilde%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilde%2C%20Oscar%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Oscar%20Wilde%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilde%2C%20O%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Oscar%20Wilde%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilde%2C%20Oscar%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Oscar%20Wilde%22%29%20OR%20%28%221854-1900%22%20AND%20Wilde%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Oscar Wilde</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/114">Works by Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/publishd.html#wilde">Wilde texts</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, electronic texts, including a selection of his journalism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Wilde%2c%20Oscar">Works by Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Online_Books_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="The Online Books Page">The Online Books Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL20646A">Works by Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/search-results/author/oscar-wilde-669">Works by Oscar Wilde</a> at One More Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oscarwildeinamerica.org/works/impressions-of-america.html">"Impressions of America"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oscarwildeinamerica.org/sarony/sarony-photographs.html">The photographs of Oscar Wilde taken by Napoleon Sarony in New York, 1882 (complete).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04826">Portraits of Oscar Wilde</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/photographs-of-oscar-wilde-1877-1905">Photographs of Oscar Wilde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203131048/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/photographs-of-oscar-wilde-1877-1905">Archived</a> 3 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=oscar%20wilde">Images of Oscar Wilde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_programmes">Radio programmes</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01ddxcq">Oscar Wilde</a> on <a href="/wiki/Great_Lives" title="Great Lives">Great Lives</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547m3">Oscar Wilde</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00qqq67">The Trial of Oscar Wilde</a> on Witness History at the BBC</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oscar_Wilde" title="Template:Oscar Wilde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oscar_Wilde" title="Template talk:Oscar Wilde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oscar_Wilde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oscar Wilde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Decay_of_Lying" title="The Decay of Lying">The Decay of Lying</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Man_Under_Socialism" title="The Soul of Man Under Socialism">The Soul of Man Under Socialism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/De_Profundis_(letter)" title="De Profundis (letter)">De Profundis</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost" title="The Canterville Ghost">The Canterville Ghost</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_Mr._W._H." title="The Portrait of Mr. W. H.">The Portrait of Mr. W. H.</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories" title="Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories">Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales" title="The Happy Prince and Other Tales">The Happy Prince and Other Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_House_of_Pomegranates" title="A House of Pomegranates">A House of Pomegranates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Reading_Gaol" title="The Ballad of Reading Gaol">The Ballad of Reading Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(poem)" title="Charmides (poem)">Charmides</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Harlot%27s_House" title="The Harlot's House">The Harlot's House</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_in_Prose_(Wilde_collection)" title="Poems in Prose (Wilde collection)">Poems in Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sphinx_(poem)" title="The Sphinx (poem)">The Sphinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera;_or,_The_Nihilists" title="Vera; or, The Nihilists">Vera; or, The Nihilists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Padua" title="The Duchess of Padua">The Duchess of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Florentine_Tragedy" title="A Florentine Tragedy">A Florentine Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="A Woman of No Importance">A Woman of No Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sainte_Courtisane" title="La Sainte Courtisane">La Sainte Courtisane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Wilde" title="Constance Wilde">Constance Wilde (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Holland" title="Cyril Holland">Cyril Wilde Holland (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Holland" title="Vyvyan Holland">Vyvyan Wilde Holland (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Holland" title="Merlin Holland">Merlin Holland (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilde" title="William Wilde">William Wilde (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Jane Elgee Wilde (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilde" title="Willie Wilde">Willie Wilde (brother)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Centre" title="Oscar Wilde Centre">Oscar Wilde Centre (academic centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square#Occupancy" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Tomb and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conversation_with_Oscar_Wilde" title="A Conversation with Oscar Wilde">A Conversation with Oscar Wilde (London sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Memorial_Sculpture" title="Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture">Memorial triptych sculpture, Dublin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Based on Wilde's life and works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_based_on_the_works_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde">Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="Biographies of Oscar Wilde">Biographies of Oscar Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(Wilde):_Themes_and_derivatives" title="Salome (Wilde): Themes and derivatives">Themes and derivatives of Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_(play)" title="Oscar Wilde (play)">Oscar Wilde (1936 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_(film)" title="Oscar Wilde (film)">Oscar Wilde (1960 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trials_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="The Trials of Oscar Wilde">The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Oscar" title="The Importance of Being Oscar">The Importance of Being Oscar (1960 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(TV_serial)" title="Oscar (TV serial)">Oscar (1985 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilde_(film)" title="Wilde (film)">Wilde (1997 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_Indecency:_The_Three_Trials_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde">Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde (1997 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judas_Kiss_(play)" title="The Judas Kiss (play)">The Judas Kiss (1998 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(opera)" title="Oscar (opera)">Oscar (2013 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_(2018_film)" title="The Happy Prince (2018 film)">The Happy Prince (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_bibliography" title="Oscar Wilde bibliography">Oscar Wilde bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_Oscar_Wilde" title="The Letters of Oscar Wilde">The Letters of Oscar Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleny,_or_The_Reverse_of_the_Medal" title="Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal">Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Leverson" title="Ada Leverson">Ada Leverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbie_Ross" title="Robbie Ross">Robbie Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherard" title="Robert Sherard">Robert Sherard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oscar_Wilde" title="Category:Oscar Wilde">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="Template:The Picture of Dorian Gray"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="Template talk:The Picture of Dorian Gray"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Picture of Dorian Gray"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1910_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1910 film)">Dorian Grays Portræt</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1913_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1913 film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1915_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1915 film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1916_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1916 film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1917_German_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1917 German film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_%C3%A9let_kir%C3%A1lya" title="Az élet királya">Az élet királya</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(1945_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(1970_film)" title="Dorian Gray (1970 film)">Dorian Gray</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(Play_of_the_Month)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (Play of the Month)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(2004_film)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (2004 film)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(2009_film)" title="Dorian Gray (2009 film)">Dorian Gray</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_retrato_de_Dorian_Gray" title="El retrato de Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> (2014–2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Hypocrite" title="The Happy Hypocrite">The Happy Hypocrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian,_an_Imitation" title="Dorian, an Imitation">Dorian, an Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_Dorian_Gray" title="A Portrait of Dorian Gray">A Portrait of Dorian Gray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(Bourne)" title="Dorian Gray (Bourne)">Matthew Bourne's Dorian Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray_(opera)" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray (opera)">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspirations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(poet)" title="John Gray (poet)">John Gray</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Oval_Portrait" title="The Oval Portrait">The Oval Portrait</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(character)" title="Dorian Gray (character)">Dorian Gray (character)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger_(song)" title="Look Back in Anger (song)">Look Back in Anger</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Paradise" title="Phantom of the Paradise">Phantom of the Paradise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_&quot;The_Canterville_Ghost&quot;" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Canterville_Ghost" title="Template:The Canterville Ghost"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Canterville_Ghost" title="Template talk:The Canterville Ghost"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Canterville_Ghost" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Canterville Ghost"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_&quot;The_Canterville_Ghost&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost" title="The Canterville Ghost">The Canterville Ghost</a>"</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(1944_film)" title="The Canterville Ghost (1944 film)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(1985_film)" title="The Canterville Ghost (1985 film)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(1986_film)" title="The Canterville Ghost (1986 film)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(1996_film)" title="The Canterville Ghost (1996 film)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoothnath" title="Bhoothnath">Bhoothnath</a> (2008 Hindi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(2016_film)" title="The Canterville Ghost (2016 film)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(Knaifel_opera)" title="The Canterville Ghost (Knaifel opera)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (Knaifel opera, 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(stage_musical)" title="The Canterville Ghost (stage musical)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (musical, 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(Getty_opera)" title="The Canterville Ghost (Getty opera)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (Getty opera, 2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(2021_TV_series)" title="The Canterville Ghost (2021 TV series)">The Canterville Ghost</a> (2021 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_Lady_Windermere&#039;s_Fan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Template:Lady Windermere's Fan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Template talk:Lady Windermere's Fan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lady Windermere's Fan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_Lady_Windermere&#039;s_Fan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan_(1916_film)" title="Lady Windermere's Fan (1916 film)">Lady Windermere's Fan</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan_(1925_film)" title="Lady Windermere's Fan (1925 film)">Lady Windermere's Fan</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_abanico_de_Lady_Windermere" class="mw-redirect" title="El abanico de Lady Windermere">El abanico de Lady Windermere</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fan_(1949_film)" title="The Fan (1949 film)">The Fan</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(film)" title="A Good Woman (film)">A Good Woman</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(musical)" title="After the Ball (musical)">After the Ball</a> (musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_infection" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection">Lady Windermere syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan_(mathematics)" title="Lady Windermere's Fan (mathematics)">Lady Windermere's Fan</a> (mathematics)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_Salome_(themes_and_derivatives)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salom%C3%A9" title="Template:Salomé"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salom%C3%A9" title="Template talk:Salomé"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salom%C3%A9" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salomé"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_Salome_(themes_and_derivatives)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salome_(Wilde):_Themes_and_derivatives" title="Salome (Wilde): Themes and derivatives">themes and derivatives</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Salome" title="A Modern Salome">A Modern Salome</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(1923_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomé (1923 film)">Salomé</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A8_(1986_film)" title="Salomè (1986 film)">Salomé</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome%27s_Last_Dance" title="Salome's Last Dance">Salome's Last Dance</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilde_Salom%C3%A9" title="Wilde Salomé">Wilde Salomé</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(2013_film)" title="Salomé (2013 film)">Salomé</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salomé</a> (Strauss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(Mariotte)" title="Salomé (Mariotte)">Salomé</a> (Mariotte)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(song)" title="Salomé (song)">Salomé</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stand_Inside_Your_Love" title="Stand Inside Your Love">Stand Inside Your Love</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films with common biblical source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(1918_film)" title="Salomé (1918 film)">Salomé</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(1953_film)" title="Salome (1953 film)">Salome</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(2002_film)" title="Salomé (2002 film)">Salomé</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works from same biblical source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_The_Seventh_Veil" title="Salomé – The Seventh Veil">Salomé – The Seventh Veil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod" title="The Feast of Herod">The Feast of Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Salome_(paintings)" title="Dance of Salome (paintings)">Dance of Salome</a> (paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Seven_Veils" title="Dance of the Seven Veils">Dance of the Seven Veils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Climax_(illustration)" title="The Climax (illustration)">The Climax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peacock_Skirt" title="The Peacock Skirt">The Peacock Skirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(1968_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome (1968 film)">Salome</a> (1968 TV play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_An_Ideal_Husband" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:An_Ideal_Husband" title="Template:An Ideal Husband"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:An_Ideal_Husband" title="Template talk:An Ideal Husband"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:An_Ideal_Husband" title="Special:EditPage/Template:An Ideal Husband"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_An_Ideal_Husband" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">An Ideal Husband</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(1935_film)" title="An Ideal Husband (1935 film)">An Ideal Husband</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(1947_film)" title="An Ideal Husband (1947 film)">An Ideal Husband</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(1999_film)" title="An Ideal Husband (1999 film)">An Ideal Husband</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(2000_film)" title="An Ideal Husband (2000 film)">An Ideal Husband</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="Template:The Importance of Being Earnest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="Template talk:The Importance of Being Earnest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Importance of Being Earnest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1932_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (1932 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Touch_Wood" title="Let's Touch Wood">Let's Touch Wood</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Comp%C3%A1s_de_tu_Mentira" title="Al Compás de tu Mentira">Al Compás de tu Mentira</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1952_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (1952 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1992_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (1992 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(2002_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashta_Chamma" title="Ashta Chamma">Ashta Chamma</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(2011_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (2011 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencari_Rahmat" title="Mencari Rahmat">Mencari Rahmat</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(1957_film)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (1957 film)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_in_Love" title="Ernest in Love">Ernest in Love</a> (musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest_(opera)" title="The Importance of Being Earnest (opera)">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> (opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Hell_in_a_Handbag" title="To Hell in a Handbag">To Hell in a Handbag</a> (play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_A_Woman_of_No_Importance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="Template:A Woman of No Importance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="Template talk:A Woman of No Importance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:A Woman of No Importance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oscar_Wilde&#039;s_A_Woman_of_No_Importance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance" title="A Woman of No Importance">A Woman of No Importance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance_(1921_film)" title="A Woman of No Importance (1921 film)">A Woman of No Importance</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance_(1936_film)" title="A Woman of No Importance (1936 film)">A Woman of No Importance</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance_(1937_film)" title="A Woman of No Importance (1937 film)">A Woman of No Importance</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_No_Importance_(1945_film)" title="A Woman of No Importance (1945 film)">A Woman of No Importance</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_poetry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_poetry" title="Template talk:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1n_D%C3%ADreach" title="Dán Díreach">Dán Díreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindsenchas" title="Dindsenchas">Metrical Dindshenchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syllabic_poetry" title="Irish syllabic poetry">Irish syllabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%AD" title="Filí">Filí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Chief Ollam of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Irish bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Revival" title="Irish Literary Revival">Irish Literary Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver Poets">Weaver Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mael_%C3%8Dsu_Ua_Brolch%C3%A1in" title="Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin">Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh">Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_Mo_Dutu_%C3%9Aa_Caiside" title="Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside">Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baothghalach_M%C3%B3r_Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin">Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe">Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh">Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_mac_Lon%C3%A1in" title="Flann mac Lonáin">Flann mac Lonáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_M%C3%B3r_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh">Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh">Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Flatha_%C3%93_Gn%C3%ADmh" title="Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh">Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathghamhain_%C3%93_hIfearn%C3%A1in" title="Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin">Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Cormac Mac Con Midhe">Cormac Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Carrach_%C3%93_Siadhail" title="Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail">Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Feasa_%C3%93%27n_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte">Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Olltach_%C3%93_an_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte">Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaidh_%C3%93_h%C3%89oghusa" title="Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa">Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_%C3%93_Doibhlin" title="Proinsias Ó Doibhlin">Proinsias Ó Doibhlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlach_Rua_Mac_D%C3%B3naill" title="Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill">Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_C%C3%B3m%C3%A1in_mac_Gilla_Samthainde" title="Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde">Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Dall_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn">Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C3%ADne_%C3%89ces" title="Niníne Éces">Niníne Éces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Cloyne" title="Colmán of Cloyne">Colmán of Cloyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_ua_hArtac%C3%A1in" title="Cináed ua hArtacáin">Cináed ua hArtacáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muireadhach_Albanach_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh">Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1eleoin_B%C3%B3dur_%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire">Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_Mac_an_Bhaird" title="Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird">Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Choigcr%C3%ADche_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh">Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall%C3%A1n_Forgaill" title="Dallán Forgaill">Dallán Forgaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght" title="Óengus of Tallaght">Óengus of Tallaght</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedulius_Scottus" title="Sedulius Scottus">Sedulius Scottus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungal_of_Bobbio" title="Dungal of Bobbio">Saint Dungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maol_Sheachluinn_na_n-Uirsg%C3%A9al_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn">Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_%C3%93_Duibhgeannain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Ó Duibhgeannain (page does not exist)">Philip Ó Duibhgeannain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th/16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh">Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaras_Feirit%C3%A9ar" title="Piaras Feiritéar">Piaras Feiritéar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_Mac_an_Caoilfhiaclaigh" title="Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh">Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9afraidh_%C3%93_Donnchadha" title="Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha">Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha an Ghleanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Merriman" title="Brian Merriman">Brian Merriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy">Charles Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clarence_Mangan" title="James Clarence Mangan">James Clarence Mangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ferguson" title="Samuel Ferguson">Samuel Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_(poet)" title="James Henry (poet)">James Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_%C3%93_Raifteiri" title="Antoine Ó Raifteiri">Antoine Ó Raifteiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey" title="Aeneas Coffey">Aeneas Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dwyer_Joyce" title="Robert Dwyer Joyce">Robert Dwyer Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Speranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Tynan" title="Katharine Tynan">Katharine Tynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walsh_(poet)" title="Edward Walsh (poet)">Edward Walsh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ledwidge" title="Francis Ledwidge">Francis Ledwidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Colum" title="Padraic Colum">Padraic Colum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Higgins" title="F. R. Higgins">F. R. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(poet)" title="Austin Clarke (poet)">Austin Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Coffey" title="Brian Coffey">Brian Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Devlin" title="Denis Devlin">Denis Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacGreevy" title="Thomas MacGreevy">Thomas MacGreevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanaid_Salkeld" title="Blanaid Salkeld">Blanaid Salkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Devenport_O%27Neill" title="Mary Devenport O'Neill">Mary Devenport O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh" title="Patrick Kavanagh">Patrick Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hartnett" title="Michael Hartnett">Michael Hartnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rosenstock" title="Gabriel Rosenstock">Gabriel Rosenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greacen" title="Robert Greacen">Robert Greacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McFadden" title="Roy McFadden">Roy McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Fiacc" title="Padraic Fiacc">Padraic Fiacc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montague_(poet)" title="John Montague (poet)">John Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Longley" title="Michael Longley">Michael Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Mahon" title="Derek Mahon">Derek Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Muldoon" title="Paul Muldoon">Paul Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinsella" title="Thomas Kinsella">Thomas Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(poet)" title="Michael Smith (poet)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Squires" title="Geoffrey Squires">Geoffrey Squires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Young" title="Augustus Young">Augustus Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Healy" title="Randolph Healy">Randolph Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(poet)" title="John Jordan (poet)">John Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Durcan" title="Paul Durcan">Paul Durcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Payne" title="Basil Payne">Basil Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_%C3%93_Tuairisc" title="Eoghan Ó Tuairisc">Eoghan Ó Tuairisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Galvin" title="Patrick Galvin">Patrick Galvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Tynan_O%27Mahony" title="Nora Tynan O'Mahony">Nora Tynan O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ann_Higgins" title="Rita Ann Higgins">Rita Ann Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eil%C3%A9an_N%C3%AD_Chuillean%C3%A1in" title="Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin">Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbh_McGuckian" title="Medbh McGuckian">Medbh McGuckian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Meehan" title="Paula Meehan">Paula Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_O%27Driscoll" title="Dennis O'Driscoll">Dennis O'Driscoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(poet)" title="Seán Dunne (poet)">Seán Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cronin" title="Anthony Cronin">Anthony Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._F._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. Marshall">W. F. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCarthy_(poet)" title="Thomas McCarthy (poet)">Thomas McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ennis_(poet)" title="John Ennis (poet)">John Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Boran" title="Pat Boran">Pat Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Byrne" title="Mairéad Byrne">Mairéad Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaran_Carson" title="Ciaran Carson">Ciarán Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chapman" title="Patrick Chapman">Patrick Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clifton_(poet)" title="Harry Clifton (poet)">Harry Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis_(Irish_poet)" title="Tony Curtis (Irish poet)">Tony Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_J._Daly" title="Pádraig J. Daly">Pádraig J. Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Dawe" title="Gerald Dawe">Gerald Dawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Delanty" title="Greg Delanty">Greg Delanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia_Flynn" title="Leontia Flynn">Leontia Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Grennan" title="Eamon Grennan">Eamon Grennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vona_Groarke" title="Vona Groarke">Vona Groarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Ingoldsby" title="Pat Ingoldsby">Pat Ingoldsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Kennelly" title="Brendan Kennelly">Brendan Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McFadden_(poet)" title="Hugh McFadden (poet)">Hugh McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Morrissey" title="Sinéad Morrissey">Sinéad Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Murphy_(poet)" title="Gerry Murphy (poet)">Gerry Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_O%27Donoghue" title="Bernard O'Donoghue">Bernard O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Callaghan_(poet)" title="Conor O'Callaghan (poet)">Conor O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitriona_O%27Reilly" title="Caitriona O'Reilly">Caitriona O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Quinn" title="Justin Quinn">Justin Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Riordan" title="Maurice Riordan">Maurice Riordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Scully" title="Maurice Scully">Maurice Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wall_(writer)" title="William Wall (writer)">William Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Walsh_(poet)" title="Catherine Walsh (poet)">Catherine Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Book_of_Irish_Verse" title="Faber Book of Irish Verse">Faber Book of Irish Verse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderings_of_Oisin" title="The Wanderings of Oisin">The Wanderings of Oisin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timna_Catha%C3%ADr_M%C3%A1ir_Caithr%C3%A9im_Cellaig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig (page does not exist)">Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_d%C3%ADs_cuirthear_cl%C3%BA_Laighean" title="Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean">Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_acher_in_ga%C3%ADth_in-nocht..." class="mw-redirect" title="Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...">Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_tr%C3%BAag_in_ces_i_mbiam" title="Is trúag in ces i mbiam">Is trúag in ces i mbiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid ...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_D%C3%ADbirt_go_Connachta" title="An Díbirt go Connachta">An Díbirt go Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraire_Uladh_ar_Aodh" title="Foraire Uladh ar Aodh">Foraire Uladh ar Aodh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_aonmhic_D%C3%A9_do_c%C3%A9asadh_thr%C3%ADnn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn (page does not exist)">A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_theachtaire_tig_%C3%B3n_R%C3%B3imh" title="A theachtaire tig ón Róimh">A theachtaire tig ón Róimh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ir_Connacht_ar_chath_Laighean" title="Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean">Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_libh_a_laochruidh_Gaoidhiol" title="Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol">Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangur_B%C3%A1n" title="Pangur Bán">Pangur Bán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamuin" title="Liamuin">Liamuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buile_Shuibhne" title="Buile Shuibhne">Buile Shuibhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n" title="The Prophecy of Berchán">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_Torrach,_fa_Tuar_Broide" title="Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide">Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuireamh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Tuireamh na hÉireann">Tuireamh na hÉireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Traveller_(poem)" title="The Traveller (poem)">The Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suantra%C3%AD_d%C3%A1_Mhac_Tabhartha" title="Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha">Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mn%C3%A1_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Mná na hÉireann">Mná na hÉireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone%27s_Grave" title="Tone's Grave">Tone's Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_the_Barley" title="The Wind That Shakes the Barley">The Wind That Shakes the Barley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love_Songs_of_Connacht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Love Songs of Connacht (page does not exist)">Love Songs of Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi_Uncle_Sam" title="Hi Uncle Sam">Hi Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_The_British" title="Meeting The British">Meeting The British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Latitudes_(poetry_collection)" title="Horse Latitudes (poetry collection)">Horse Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Astray" title="Sweeney Astray">Sweeney Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Before_Birth" title="Prayer Before Birth">Prayer Before Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day (poem)">D-Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland" title="Poetry Ireland">Poetry Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney_Centre" title="Seamus Heaney Centre">Seamus Heaney Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedalus_Press" title="Dedalus Press">Dedalus Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_Press" title="Dolmen Press">Dolmen Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Press" title="Gallery Press">Gallery Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HardPressed_Poetry" title="HardPressed Poetry">HardPressed Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapwing_Publications" title="Lapwing Publications">Lapwing Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Poetry" title="Salmon Poetry">Salmon Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SurVision" title="SurVision">SurVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Press" title="Cork University Press">Cork University Press</a> (general)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyphers_(magazine)" title="Cyphers (magazine)">Cyphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dublin_Magazine" title="The Dublin Magazine">The Dublin Magazine</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(magazine)" title="Icarus (magazine)">Icarus (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lace_Curtain" title="The Lace Curtain">The Lace Curtain</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland_Review" title="Poetry Ireland Review">Poetry Ireland Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stinging_Fly" title="The Stinging Fly">The Stinging Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honest_Ulsterman" title="The Honest Ulsterman">The Honest Ulsterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAirt_International_Festival_of_Literature" title="Cúirt International Festival of Literature">Cúirt International Festival of Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundEye_Festival" title="SoundEye Festival">SoundEye Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards / prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh_Poetry_Award" title="Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award">Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Now_Award" title="Poetry Now Award">Poetry Now Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/14px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/21px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/27px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/42px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/19px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/29px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/11px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/17px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/22px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/21px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/32px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/42px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Theatre" title="Portal:Theatre">Theatre</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/19px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/28px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg/37px-Bibliotheksstempel_Bodleiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="223" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121272652">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368639938">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368639911">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036863992X">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34464414">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33910/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1578492/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX9qRBYvKTmBKh8hYXVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118632779">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79042038">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929190h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929190h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460913">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000261">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35607711">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002409&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082072&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX978693">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000242138">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24755">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068589514">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053575">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000012152&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000004782&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034688">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=109330">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034194">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199630007">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjk8jn5b26x4v">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598533005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/167502">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294196105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000063464">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521742506706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14156420">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00356133?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500094070">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ca8acd72-3ea4-4b15-baf0-49bf9ab60d53">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/424341">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b74ae08e-c21b-4248-b687-94c6ecdae1fa">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/122826">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1013129">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.009036.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118632779.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118632779">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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