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Alfred Wills - Wikipedia
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SirAlfredWills_%28useable%29.jpg/220px-SirAlfredWills_%28useable%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/SirAlfredWills_%28useable%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Sir Alfred Wills.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sir Alfred Wills</b> (11 December 1828 – 9 August 1912) was a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">judge of the High Court of England and Wales</a> and a well-known <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineer</a>. He was the third President of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Club">Alpine Club</a>, from 1863 to 1865. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wills was the second son of William Wills, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, and of his wife Sarah Wills, a daughter of Jeremiah Ridout. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a> and at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London_Law_Faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="University College London Law Faculty">University College London</a>, where he held <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibitions</a> and scholarships in Mathematics, Classics and Law, graduating <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in 1849 and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a> in 1851. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg/220px-Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg/330px-Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg/440px-Justice_Wills_Vanity_Fair_25_June_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Wills caricatured by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Spy</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Wills was called to the <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">bar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> in 1851 and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> in 1872. He was first Recorder of Sheffield, 1881–84; a Judge of the Queen's and King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, 1884–1905, President of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_and_Canal_Commission" title="Railway and Canal Commission">Railway and Canal Commission</a>, 1888–1893, and Treasurer of the Middle Temple, 1892–1893. </p><p>During his career as a judge, his most notable act was presiding over the trial in which <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> was convicted for "committing acts of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">gross indecency</a> with other male persons". Willis sentenced Wilde to two years' hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judge described the sentence, the maximum allowed, as "totally inadequate for a case such as this," and that the case was "the worst case I have ever tried".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilde's response of "And I? May I say nothing, my Lord?" was drowned out in cries of "Shame" in the courtroom<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his father William Wills, he co-authored <i>An essay on the principles of circumstantial evidence : illustrated by numerous cases</i> (1905), still a standard text often cited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountaineer">Mountaineer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mountaineer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Wetterhorn" title="Wetterhorn">Wetterhorn</a> above <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald" title="Grindelwald">Grindelwald</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernes_Alps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernes Alps (page does not exist)">Bernes Alps</a> by Wills and his party in 1854, which Wills mistakenly believed was the first (actually summited a decade earlier by local guides Melchior Bannholzer and Hans Jaun on 31 August 1844) is considered the beginning of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_alpinism" title="Golden age of alpinism">golden age of alpinism</a>. His account of the expedition helped make climbing mountains as sport fashionable. </p><p>He was the third President of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a> from 1863 to 1865. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">mountain hut</a> near Chamonix bears his name: the <a href="/wiki/Refuge_Alfred_Wills" title="Refuge Alfred Wills">Refuge Alfred Wills</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HsSAAAAYAAJ"><i>Wanderings among the High Alps</i></a> (1856)</li> <li><i>The Eagle's Nest in the Valley of Sixt</i> (1860)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Wills on Circumstantial Evidence</i> (ed.)</li> <li><i>Rendu's Théorie des Glaciers de la Savioe</i> (translation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knighted</a>, 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Councillor</a>, 1905</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1854 Wills married Lucy, daughter of George Martineau. She died in 1860, and in 1861 he married Bertha, daughter of Thomas Lombe Taylor, of <a href="/wiki/Starston" title="Starston">Starston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. His second wife died in 1906. He had three sons and two daughters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Old Bailey Proceedings Online</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18950520-425">Trial of Oscar Fingal O'Fflahartie Wills Wilde, Alfred Waterhouse Somerset Taylor</a>. (t18950520-425, 22 April 1895).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFoldy1997" class="citation book cs1">Foldy, Michael S. (1997). <i>The Trials of Oscar Wilde: Deviance, Morality and Late-Victorian Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07112-4"><bdi>0-300-07112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Oscar+Wilde%3A+Deviance%2C+Morality+and+Late-Victorian+Society&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07112-4&rft.aulast=Foldy&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://famous-trials.com/wilde/335-statement">Sentencing Statement of Justice Wills</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326143605/http://famous-trials.com/wilde/335-statement">Archived</a> 26 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOcWAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA461">"brief review of <i>The Eagle's Nest in the Valley of Sixt</i>"</a>. <i>Christian Examiner and Theological Review</i>: 461. November 1860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Examiner+and+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=brief+review+of+The+Eagle%27s+Nest+in+the+Valley+of+Sixt&rft.pages=461&rft.date=1860-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOcWAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Wills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214097225.pdf">[1]</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, The Honourable Sir Alfred Wills, 9 W. Res. L. Rev. 1 reprinted (1957) in the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law">Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law</a> (accessed 20 December 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Wills&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sir_Alfred_Wills_(1828-1912)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sir Alfred Wills (1828-1912)">Sir Alfred Wills (1828-1912)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft409nb30v&chunk.id=d0e5119&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4627&brand=eschol">A good explanation of "An essay on the principles of circumstantial evidence" and its importance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008145841/http://www.refuge-wills.com/wills_welcome.htm">Refuge Alfred Wills</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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