CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Building material - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5c036e36-3dd3-44f5-987d-d6789bb7f6a0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Building_material","wgTitle":"Building material","wgCurRevisionId":1260201138,"wgRevisionId":1260201138,"wgArticleId":464779,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from December 2013","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from June 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Building materials"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Building_material","wgRelevantArticleId":464779,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q206615","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="764"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/800px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="509"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/640px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="407"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Building material - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Building_material rootpage-Building_material skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Building+material" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Building+material" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Building+material" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Building+material" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_total_cost_of_building_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_total_cost_of_building_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The total cost of building materials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_total_cost_of_building_materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The total cost of building materials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_total_cost_of_building_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Economic costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ecological costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Energy costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Social costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturally_occurring_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturally_occurring_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naturally occurring substances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naturally_occurring_substances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naturally occurring substances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naturally_occurring_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Brush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_and_snow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_and_snow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ice and snow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_and_snow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mud_and_clay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mud_and_clay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mud and clay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mud_and_clay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wet-laid_clay_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet-laid_clay_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Wet-laid clay walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet-laid_clay_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_clay_blocks_and_bricks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_clay_blocks_and_bricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Structural clay blocks and bricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_clay_blocks_and_bricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_or_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_or_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stone or rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_or_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Thatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_and_timber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_and_timber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Wood and timber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_and_timber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man-made_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man-made_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Man-made substances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Man-made_substances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Man-made substances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Man-made_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fired_bricks_and_clay_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fired_bricks_and_clay_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fired bricks and clay blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fired_bricks_and_clay_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cement_composites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cement_composites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cement composites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cement_composites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Concrete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gypsum_concrete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gypsum_concrete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Gypsum concrete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gypsum_concrete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers_and_membranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers_and_membranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Papers and membranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers_and_membranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_building_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_building_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Living building materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_building_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Building products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Testing and certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Building material</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مادة بناء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة بناء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_de_construcci%C3%B3n" title="Material de construcción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Material de construcción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Төҙөлөш материалдары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төҙөлөш материалдары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Будаўнічы матэрыял – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Будаўнічы матэрыял" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baustoff" title="Baustoff – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Baustoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_de_construcci%C3%B3" title="Material de construcció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Material de construcció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BC_%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çурттăвăм йăмлăхĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурттăвăм йăмлăхĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavebn%C3%AD_materi%C3%A1l" title="Stavební materiál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stavební materiál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baustoff" title="Baustoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baustoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehitusmaterjal" title="Ehitusmaterjal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ehitusmaterjal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Οικοδομικά υλικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοδομικά υλικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_de_construcci%C3%B3n" title="Material de construcción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Material de construcción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrumaterialo" title="Konstrumaterialo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstrumaterialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraikuntza_ekai" title="Eraikuntza ekai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraikuntza ekai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مصالح ساختمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصالح ساختمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riau_de_construction" title="Matériau de construction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matériau de construction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuth-togail" title="Stuth-togail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stuth-togail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_de_construci%C3%B3n" title="Material de construción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Material de construción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EC%9E%AC%EB%A3%8C" title="건축재료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건축재료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շինարարական նյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շինարարական նյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="निर्माण सामग्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्माण सामग्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinski_materijal" title="Građevinski materijal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građevinski materijal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bangunan" title="Bahan bangunan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan bangunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggingarefni" title="Byggingarefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Byggingarefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale_da_costruzione" title="Materiale da costruzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materiale da costruzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_yasan" title="Bahan yasan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bahan yasan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სამშენებლო მასალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამშენებლო მასალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Құрылыс материалдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрылыс материалдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtniec%C4%ABbas_materi%C4%81ls" title="Celtniecības materiāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celtniecības materiāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C5%91anyag" title="Építőanyag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építőanyag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Градежен материјал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градежен материјал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bangunan" title="Bahan bangunan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan bangunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Барилгын материал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барилгын материал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwmateriaal" title="Bouwmateriaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bouwmateriaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="建築材料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建築材料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggjemateriale" title="Byggjemateriale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Byggjemateriale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia%C5%82_budowlany" title="Materiał budowlany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Materiał budowlany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_de_constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Material de construção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Material de construção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale_de_construc%C8%9Bie" title="Materiale de construcție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Materiale de construcție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Строительные материалы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Строительные материалы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тутуу материала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутуу материала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sapisaluma%E2%80%99" title="sapisaluma’ – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sapisaluma’" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA" title="ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Building material" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavebn%C3%BD_materi%C3%A1l" title="Stavebný materiál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavebný materiál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماددەی بینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماددەی بینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Грађевински материјал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађевински материјал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinski_materijal" title="Građevinski materijal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građevinski materijal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakennusmateriaali" title="Rakennusmateriaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakennusmateriaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggnadsmaterial" title="Byggnadsmaterial – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Byggnadsmaterial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materyales_na_pangtayo" title="Materyales na pangtayo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Materyales na pangtayo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டிடப் பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டிடப் பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="วัสดุก่อสร้าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัสดุก่อสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_malzemeleri" title="Yapı malzemeleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapı malzemeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Будівельні матеріали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Будівельні матеріали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تعمیراتی مواد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعمیراتی مواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u_x%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng" title="Vật liệu xây dựng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật liệu xây dựng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="建築材料 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="建築材料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="建筑材料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="建筑材料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Building_material" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Building_material"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Building_material"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Building_material" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Building_material" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&oldid=1260201138" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Building_material&id=1260201138&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBuilding_material"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBuilding_material"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Building_material&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Construction_materials" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206615" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Material which is used for construction purposes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other kinds of building materials, see <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">Household hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Construction Materials" redirects here. For the journal by MDPI, see <a href="/wiki/Construction_Materials_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction Materials (journal)">Construction Materials (journal)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Building_material" title="Special:EditPage/Building material">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Building+material%22">"Building material"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Building+material%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Building+material%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Building+material%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Building+material%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Building+material%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/220px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/330px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg/440px-Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> and steel <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a> used to build a <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> floor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG/220px-Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG/330px-Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG/440px-Bodruzal_cerkov06017008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Wooden church in <a href="/wiki/Bodru%C5%BEal" title="Bodružal">Bodružal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/220px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/330px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg/440px-2008_BeaconHill_Boston_2302897829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>This wall in <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill, Boston</a> shows different types of <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a> and stone foundations.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Building material</b> is material used for <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>. Many naturally occurring substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, sand, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and other structures, like <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing</a> work. They provide the make-up of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_habitats" title="Category:Human habitats">habitats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">structures</a> including <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">homes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_total_cost_of_building_materials">The total cost of building materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The total cost of building materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Building_material" title="Special:EditPage/Building material">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In history, there are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more human-made and <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a>; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen for increased levels of fire-safety, and improved <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> resistance. These trends tend to increase the <i>initial</i> and <i>long-term</i> economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_costs">Economic costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials and see the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost. For example, an asphalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year. Some materials may require more care than others, maintaining costs specific to some materials may also influence the final decision. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, "if it must be done, it must be done well". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_costs">Ecological costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecological costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></div> <p>Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation. An example of the micro aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building or <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor air pollution">indoor air pollution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Red_List_building_materials" title="Red List building materials">Red List building materials</a> are materials found to be harmful. Also the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle analysis">life-cycle analysis</a> also includes the <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction_(building)" title="Deconstruction (building)">reuse</a>, recycling, or disposal of <a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">construction waste</a>. Two concepts in building which account for the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a> of building materials are <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_costs">Energy costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material. The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal. The initial <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">embodied energy</a> of a structure is the energy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, the materials. The lifetime embodied energy continues to grow with the use, maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal of the building materials themselves <i>and</i> how the materials and design help minimize the life-time energy consumption of the structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_costs">Social costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the materials and potential health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology. Globalization has had significant impacts on people both in terms of jobs, skills, and self-sufficiency are lost when manufacturing facilities are closed and the cultural aspects of where new facilities are opened. Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> are social costs of global building material manufacturing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturally_occurring_substances">Naturally occurring substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naturally occurring substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_natural_materials" title="Alternative natural materials">Alternative natural materials</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bio-based_material" title="Bio-based material">Bio-based materials</a> (especially plant-based materials) are used in a variety of building applications, including load-bearing, filling, insulating, and plastering materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These materials vary in structure depending on the formulation used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant fibres can be combined with binders and then used in construction to provide thermal, hydric or structural functions. The behaviour of concrete based on plant fibre is mainly governed by the amount of the fibre constituting the material. Several studies have shown that increasing the amount of these plant particles increases porosity, moisture buffering capacity, and maximum absorbed water content on the one side, while decreasing density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength on the other. </p><p>Plant-based materials are largely derived from renewable resources and mainly use co-products from agriculture or the wood industry. When used as insulation materials, most bio-based materials exhibit (unlike most other insulation materials) hygroscopic behaviour, combining high water vapour permeability and moisture regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brush">Brush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut,_one_man_very_emaciated,_entitled,_by_Wittick,_Ben,_1845-1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg/220px-View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg/330px-View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg/440px-View_of_a_group_of_Mohaves_in_a_brush_hut%2C_one_man_very_emaciated%2C_entitled%2C_by_Wittick%2C_Ben%2C_1845-1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohaves</a> in a brush hut</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches">Brush</a> structures are built entirely from plant parts and were used in primitive cultures such as Native Americans and<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">pygmy peoples</a> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are built mostly with branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>'s lodge. These were variously named <a href="/wiki/Wikiup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiup">wikiups</a>, lean-tos, and so forth. </p><p>An extension on the brush building idea is the <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> process in which clay soils or <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a>, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. This gives the structure more thermal mass and strength. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest building techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaffer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaffer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many older timber frame buildings incorporate wattle and daub as non load bearing walls between the timber frames. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_and_snow">Ice and snow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ice and snow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow and occasionally ice,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> peoples for <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">igloos</a> and snow is used to build a shelter called a <a href="/wiki/Quinzhee" title="Quinzhee">quinzhee</a>. Ice has also been used for <a href="/wiki/Ice_hotel" title="Ice hotel">ice hotels</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a> in northern climates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mud_and_clay">Mud and clay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mud and clay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg/220px-SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg/330px-SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg/440px-SkogarMuseumOutside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Sod buildings in Iceland</figcaption></figure> <p>Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking air-dried building blocks called <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mud bricks</a>. </p><p>Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create <a href="/wiki/Light_clay" title="Light clay">light clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a>, and mud <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wet-laid_clay_walls">Wet-laid clay walls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wet-laid clay walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">sod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cob_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cob (building)">cob (building)</a></div> <p>Wet-laid, or damp, walls are made by using the mud or clay mixture directly without forming blocks and drying them first. The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> being used. Larger amounts of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> are usually employed in building with <i>cob</i>, while low-clay soil is usually associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">sod house</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">sod roof</a></i> construction. The other main ingredients include more or less <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>/grasses. <i>Rammed earth</i> is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; nowadays <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">forms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">mechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> compressors are used.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soil, and especially clay, provides good <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a>; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, created homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe, Asia, as well as the rest of the world, and continue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_clay_blocks_and_bricks">Structural clay blocks and bricks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Structural clay blocks and bricks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compressed_earth_block" title="Compressed earth block">compressed earth block</a></div> <p><i>Mud-bricks</i>, also known by their Spanish name <i><a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a></i> are ancient building materials with evidence dating back thousands of years BC. <i>Compressed earth blocks</i> are a more modern type of brick used for building more frequently in <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized society">industrialized society</a> since the building blocks can be manufactured off site in a centralized location at a <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a> and transported to multiple building locations. These blocks can also be monetized more easily and sold. </p><p>Structural mud bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binders</a>. The formed or compressed block is then air dried and can be laid dry or with a mortar or <a href="/wiki/Clay_slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay slip">clay slip</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sand">Sand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand mining</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> is used with <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, to make <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> work and <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete mix. An important low-cost building material in countries with high sand content soils is the <a href="/wiki/Sandcrete" title="Sandcrete">Sandcrete</a> block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sand_reinforced_polyester_composite" title="Sand reinforced polyester composite">Sand reinforced polyester composite</a> are used as bricks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_or_rock">Stone or rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stone or rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)#Building" title="Rock (geology)">Rock (geology) § Building</a></div> <p>Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest-lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock, with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection; its main drawback as a building material is its weight and the difficulty of working it. Its <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> is both an advantage and disadvantage. Stone is hard to warm without consuming considerable energy but, once warm, its <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> means that can retain heat for useful periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dry-stone_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-stone wall">Dry-stone walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry-stone_hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-stone hut">huts</a> have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> were used to hold the stones together, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> being the most commonplace now. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>-strewn uplands of <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> National Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided ample resources for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can still be seen today. Granite continued to be used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> period (see <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse" title="Dartmoor longhouse">Dartmoor longhouse</a>) and into modern times. <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a> is another stone type, commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world where it is found. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">Stone</a> buildings can be seen in most major cities, and some civilizations built predominantly with stone, such as the Egyptian and Aztec <a href="/wiki/Pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids">pyramids</a> and the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thatch">Thatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toda_Hut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toda_Hut.JPG/220px-Toda_Hut.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toda_Hut.JPG/330px-Toda_Hut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toda_Hut.JPG/440px-Toda_Hut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Toda tribe hut</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">Thatch</a> is one of the oldest of building materials known. "Thatch" is another word for "grass"; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses and sand year-round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_and_timber">Wood and timber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wood and timber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood-framed_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wood-framed_house.jpg/220px-Wood-framed_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wood-framed_house.jpg/330px-Wood-framed_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wood-framed_house.jpg/440px-Wood-framed_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A wood-framed house under construction in Texas, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg/170px-Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg/255px-Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg/340px-Gliwice-radiostacja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gliwice_Radio_Tower" title="Gliwice Radio Tower">Gliwice Radio Tower</a> (the second tallest wooden structure in the world) in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (2012).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its natural state. Today, <a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered wood</a> is becoming very common in industrialized countries. </p><p>Wood is a product of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, and sometimes other <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">fibrous</a> plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building material and is used in building just about any type of structure in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better suited for various uses than others. And <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">growing conditions</a> are important for deciding quality. </p><p>"Timber" is the term used for construction purposes except the term "lumber" is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole) becomes timber when the wood has been "converted" (sawn, hewn, split) in the forms of <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">minimally-processed logs stacked on top of each other</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber frame">timber frame</a> construction, and <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">light-frame construction</a>. The main problems with timber structures are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire risk (page does not exist)">fire risk</a> and moisture-related problems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In modern times <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> is used as a lower-value bulk material, whereas <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> is usually used for finishings and furniture. Historically timber frame structures were built with oak in western Europe, recently <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">douglas fir</a> has become the most popular wood for most types of structural building. </p><p>Many families or communities, in rural areas, have a personal <a href="/wiki/Woodlot" title="Woodlot">woodlot</a> from which the family or community will grow and harvest trees to build with or sell. These lots are tended to like a garden. This was much more prevalent in pre-industrial times, when laws existed as to the amount of wood one could cut at any one time to ensure there would be a supply of timber for the future, but is still a viable form of agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Man-made_substances">Man-made substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Man-made substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fired_bricks_and_clay_blocks">Fired bricks and clay blocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fired bricks and clay blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg/220px-Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg/330px-Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg/440px-Stapel_bakstenen_-_Pile_of_bricks_2005_Fruggo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A pile of fired bricks.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG/220px-Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG/330px-Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG/440px-Assentamento_com_argamassa_polim%C3%A9rica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Clay blocks (sometimes called clay block brick) being laid with an adhesive rather than mortar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Bricks</a> are made in a similar way to mud-bricks except without the fibrous binder such as straw and are <i>fired</i> ("burned" in a <a href="/wiki/Brick_clamp" title="Brick clamp">brick clamp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>) after they have air-dried to permanently harden them. Kiln fired clay bricks are a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> material. Fired bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in courses using <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. Successive courses being used to build up walls, <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a>, and other architectural elements. Fired brick walls are usually substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans extensively used fired brick of a shape and type now called <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman bricks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid-18th century and 19th centuries. This was due to lower costs with increases in brick<sup id="cite_ref-Prime_design_build_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prime_design_build-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manufacturing and fire-safety in increasingly crowded cities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cinder_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder block">cinder block</a> supplemented or replaced fired bricks in the late 20th century often being used for the inner parts of masonry walls and by themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Structural_clay_tile" title="Structural clay tile">Structural clay tiles</a> (clay blocks) are clay or <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> and typically are perforated with holes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cement_composites">Cement composites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cement composites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a> bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make pre-cast building components. Various fiberous materials, including <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber">carbon-fiber</a> have been used as binders. </p><p>Wood and natural fibers are composed of various soluble organic compounds like <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a> and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement bonded composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed. </p><p>Wood-cement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a wood-cement composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often expressed as a percentage value. To determine wood-cement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used, such as, hydration characteristics, strength, interfacial bond and morphology. Various methods are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cement-aggregate mix;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the comparison of the mechanical properties of cement-aggregate mixes<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the wood-cement mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that the hydration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have reviewed these methods of compatibility assessment and suggested a method based on the ‘maturity concept’ i.e. taking in consideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction. Recent work on aging of lignocellulosic materials in the cement paste showed hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and lignin<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that affects the interface between particles or fibers and concrete and causes degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bricks were laid in <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">lime mortar</a> from the time of the Romans until supplanted by Portland cement <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> in the early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit">Cement blocks</a> also sometimes are filled with <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a> or covered with a <a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">parge coat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete">Concrete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Concrete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg/220px-FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg/330px-FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg/440px-FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Wheel" title="Falkirk Wheel">Falkirk Wheel</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> building material made from the combination of <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(composite)" title="Aggregate (composite)">aggregate</a> and a binder such as <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a>. </p><p>After mixing, the cement <a href="/wiki/Hydration_reaction" title="Hydration reaction">hydrates</a> and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term "concrete". </p><p>For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebars</a>). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Concrete has been the predominant building material in the modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent advancements, such as <a href="/wiki/Insulating_concrete_form" title="Insulating concrete form">insulating concrete forms</a>, combine the concrete forming and other construction steps (installation of insulation). All materials must be taken in required proportions as described in standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabric">Fabric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tent is the home of choice among nomadic groups all over the world. Two well-known types include the conical <a href="/wiki/Teepee" class="mw-redirect" title="Teepee">teepee</a> and the circular <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>. The tent has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of <a href="/wiki/Tensile_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile architecture">tensile architecture</a> and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid or internal, or by air pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foam">Foam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg/170px-Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg/255px-Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg/340px-Celotex_thermax_foamed_plastic_sheets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="4693" /></a><figcaption>Foamed plastic sheet to be used as backing for <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(firestop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar (firestop)">firestop mortar</a> at CIBC bank in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recently, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is lightweight, easily shaped, and an excellent insulator. Foam is usually used as part of a <a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">structural insulated panel</a>, wherein the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement or insulating concrete forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">Glassmaking</a> is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. </p><p>Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. </p><p>Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>, in a very hot fire stove called a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, and is very brittle. Additives are often included the mixture used to produce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">bulletproof glass</a> or lightbulbs). </p><p>The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass "<a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">curtain walls</a>" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a "<a href="/wiki/Space_frame" title="Space frame">space frame</a>". These uses though require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glass_brick" title="Glass brick">Glass bricks</a> were invented in the early 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gypsum_concrete">Gypsum concrete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gypsum concrete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_concrete" title="Gypsum concrete">Gypsum concrete</a> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> plaster and fibreglass <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">rovings</a>. Although plaster and fibres <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_plaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous plaster">fibrous plaster</a> have been used for many years, especially for ceilings, it was not until the early 1990s that serious studies of the strength and qualities of a walling system <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapidwall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapidwall (page does not exist)">Rapidwall</a>, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fibreglass rovings, were investigated. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and by-product chemical FGD and phospho gypsums) available worldwide, Gypsum concrete-based building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg/170px-20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg/255px-20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg/340px-20130816_Belfry_of_St_Laurentius_Ahrweiler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Neuenahr-Ahrweiler" title="Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler">Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_metals" title="Architectural metals">metals</a> used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefabricated">prefabricated</a> structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Quonset_hut" title="Quonset hut">Quonset hut</a>, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries. <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a> is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> is a metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> whose major component is <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion prevention">treated</a> lasts a long time.</li> <li>The lower <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and better <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> alloys and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> sometimes overcome their greater <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see: <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture" title="Copper in architecture">Copper in architecture</a>). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements.</li> <li>Other metals used include <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastics">Plastics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg/220px-Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg/330px-Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg/440px-Piping_floor_penetrations_nortown_casitas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4574" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>Plastic <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (material)">pipes</a> penetrating a <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> floor in a Canadian highrise apartment building</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>plastics</i> covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> products that can be molded or extruded into objects, films, or <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">fibers</a>. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a>. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today. <a href="/wiki/High_performance_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="High performance plastics">High performance plastics</a> such as ETFE have become an ideal building material due to its high abrasion resistance and chemical inertness. Notable buildings that feature it include: the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Aquatics_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing National Aquatics Center">Beijing National Aquatics Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers_and_membranes">Papers and membranes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Papers and membranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building papers and membranes are used for many reasons in construction. One of the oldest building papers is <a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">red rosin paper</a> which was known to be in use before 1850 and was used as an underlayment in exterior walls, roofs, and floors and for protecting a jobsite during construction. <a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar paper</a> was invented late in the 19th century and was used for similar purposes as rosin paper and for <a href="/wiki/Built-up_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Built-up roof">gravel roofs</a>. Tar paper has largely fallen out of use supplanted by asphalt <a href="/wiki/Felt_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Felt paper">felt paper</a>. Felt paper has been supplanted in some uses by synthetic underlayments, particularly in roofing by synthetic underlayments and siding by <a href="/wiki/Housewrap" title="Housewrap">housewraps</a>. </p><p>There are a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">damp proofing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a> membranes used for roofing, <a href="/wiki/Basement_waterproofing" title="Basement waterproofing">basement waterproofing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">geomembranes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fired clay <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> have been used since the time of the Romans. Special <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> are used for roofing, siding, flooring, ceilings, pipes, flue liners, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_building_materials">Living building materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Living building materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A relatively new category of building materials, <a href="/wiki/Living_building_material" title="Living building material">living building materials</a> are materials that are either composed of, or created by a living organism; or materials that behave in a manner that's reminiscent of such. Potential use cases include self-healing materials, and materials that replicate (reproduce) rather than be manufactured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_products">Building products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Building products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Market_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Market place">market place</a>, the term "building products" often refers to ready-made particles or sections made from various materials, that are fitted in architectural hardware and decorative hardware parts of a building. The list of building products excludes the building materials used to construct the building architecture and supporting fixtures, like windows, doors, cabinets, <a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">millwork</a> components, etc. Building products, rather, support and make building materials work in a <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modular</a> fashion. </p><p>"Building products" may also refer to items used to put such hardware together, such as <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a>, paint, and anything else bought for the purpose of constructing a building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To facilitate and optimize the use of new materials and up-to-date technologies, ongoing research is being undertaken to improve efficiency, productivity and competitiveness in world markets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Material <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> may be commercial, academical or both, and can be conducted at any scale. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</a> allows researchers to develop and test materials quickly, making adjustments and solving issues during the process. Rather than developing materials theoretically and then testing them, only to discover fundamental flaws, rapid prototypes allow for comparatively quick development and testing, shortening the time to market for a new materials to a matter of months, rather than years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, buildings and construction together consumed 36% of the final energy produced globally while being responsible for 39% of the global energy related <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shares from the construction industry alone were 6% and 11% respectively. Energy consumption during building material production is a dominant contributor to the construction industry's overall share, predominantly due to the use of electricity during production. <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">Embodied energy</a> of relevant building materials in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> are provided in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Material</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Embodied energy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Btu" class="mw-redirect" title="Btu">Btu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">MJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bricks </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>cement </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>clay </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>concrete </td> <td style="text-align:right;">580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>copper </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,770 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">59.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>flat glass </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,620 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>gypsum </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,380 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>hardwood plywood & veneer </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,190 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>lime </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,920 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mineral wool insulation </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>primary aluminum </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,170 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">186.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>softwood plywood & veneer </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,430 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>virgin steel </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>wood lumber </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_and_certification">Testing and certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Testing and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_(safety_organization)" title="UL (safety organization)">UL (safety organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETL_SEMKO" title="ETL SEMKO">ETL SEMKO</a> — Building Product Testing Laboratory in the USA, part of Intertek, based in London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(EU)_No._305/2011" title="Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011">EU Construction Product Regulation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_natural_materials" title="Alternative natural materials">Alternative natural materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocidal_natural_building_material" title="Biocidal natural building material">Biocidal natural building material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greystone_(architecture)" title="Greystone (architecture)">Greystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp#Building_material" title="Hemp">Hemp as a building material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiality_(architecture)" title="Materiality (architecture)">Materiality (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(architecture)" title="Phenomenology (architecture)">Phenomenology (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_emittance" title="Thermal emittance">Thermal emittance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"building" def. 2 and 4, "material" def. 1. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0)© Oxford University Press 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennai2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bennai, Fares (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.hal.science/tel-01865834"><i>Étude des mécanismes de transferts couplés de chaleur et d'humidité dans les matériaux poreux de construction en régime insaturé</i></a> (Thesis) (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%C3%89tude+des+m%C3%A9canismes+de+transferts+coupl%C3%A9s+de+chaleur+et+d%27humidit%C3%A9+dans+les+mat%C3%A9riaux+poreux+de+construction+en+r%C3%A9gime+insatur%C3%A9&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.aulast=Bennai&rft.aufirst=Fares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.hal.science%2Ftel-01865834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOthmenPoullainLeklou2014" class="citation journal cs1">Othmen, Inès; Poullain, Philippe; Leklou, Ali-Nordine (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-01089525/">"Etude numérique des techniques d'isolation : application à la réhabilitation du bâti ancien en tuffeau"</a>. <i>32èmes Rencontres Universitaires de Génie Civil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=32%C3%A8mes+Rencontres+Universitaires+de+G%C3%A9nie+Civil&rft.atitle=Etude+num%C3%A9rique+des+techniques+d%27isolation+%3A+application+%C3%A0+la+r%C3%A9habilitation+du+b%C3%A2ti+ancien+en+tuffeau&rft.date=2014-06&rft.aulast=Othmen&rft.aufirst=In%C3%A8s&rft.au=Poullain%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Leklou%2C+Ali-Nordine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-01089525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourbiaKazeouiBelarbi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bourbia, S.; Kazeoui, H.; Belarbi, R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40243-023-00234-7">"A review on recent research on bio-based building materials and their applications"</a>. <i>Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 117–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40243-023-00234-7">10.1007/s40243-023-00234-7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+for+Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy&rft.atitle=A+review+on+recent+research+on+bio-based+building+materials+and+their+applications&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-139&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40243-023-00234-7&rft.aulast=Bourbia&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kazeoui%2C+H.&rft.au=Belarbi%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40243-023-00234-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabokovEaston1989" class="citation book cs1">Nabokov, Peter; Easton, Robert (1989). <i>Native American Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506665-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Architecture&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506665-4&rft.aulast=Nabokov&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Easton%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1993" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Susan (1993). <i>Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44577-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44577-1"><bdi>978-0-521-44577-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Architecture+and+the+Use+of+Space%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Cross-Cultural+Study&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44577-1&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaffer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaffer_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Gary D. (Spring 1993). "An Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F530354">10.2307/530354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530354">530354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Archaeomagnetic+Study+of+a+Wattle+and+Daub+Building+Collapse&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F530354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1824" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, George Francis (1824). <i>The Private Journal of Captain G.F. Lyon, of H.M.S. Hecla: During the Recent Voyage of Discovery Under Captain Parry</i>. J. Murray. pp. 280–281. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/367961511">367961511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Journal+of+Captain+G.F.+Lyon%2C+of+H.M.S.+Hecla%3A+During+the+Recent+Voyage+of+Discovery+Under+Captain+Parry&rft.pages=280-281&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1824&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F367961511&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallSaarinen2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Michael; Saarinen, Jarkko (2010). <i>Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments and Experiences</i>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97199-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97199-0"><bdi>978-1-136-97199-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Change+in+Polar+Regions%3A+Climate%2C+Environments+and+Experiences&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-97199-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Saarinen%2C+Jarkko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHenry1984" class="citation book cs1">McHenry, Paul Graham (1984). <i>Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction</i>. Wiley. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-87677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-87677-9"><bdi>978-0-471-87677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adobe+and+Rammed+Earth+Buildings%3A+Design+and+Construction&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-471-87677-9&rft.aulast=McHenry&rft.aufirst=Paul+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael G. (2002). "Cob Building, Ancient and Modern". In Kennedy, Joseph F.; Wanek, Catherine; Smith, Michael G. (eds.). <i>The Art of Natural Building: Design, Construction, Resources</i>. New Society Publishers. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-433-5"><bdi>978-0-86571-433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cob+Building%2C+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Natural+Building%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Resources&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-433-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416132054/http://www.takungpao.com/news/10/01/28/_IN-1208245.htm">[1]</a> Earliest Chinese building brick appeared in Xi'an (中國最早磚類建材在西安現身)]. takungpao.com (2010-1-28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zoya Kpamma, Z. Mohammed Kamil, K. Adinkrah-Appiah, "Making Wall Construction Process Lean:The Interlocking Blocksystem as a Toole" [sic], International Conference on Infrastructural Development In Africa (ICIDA), KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/2647016/MAKING_WALL_CONSTRUCTION_PROCESS_LEAN_THE_INTERLOCKING_BLOCK_SYSTEM_AS_A_TOOL">https://www.academia.edu/2647016/MAKING_WALL_CONSTRUCTION_PROCESS_LEAN_THE_INTERLOCKING_BLOCK_SYSTEM_AS_A_TOOL</a> accessed 12/11/2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/thermal-mass">"Thermal mass"</a>. <i>Your Home</i>. Australian Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Home&rft.atitle=Thermal+mass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourhome.gov.au%2Fpassive-design%2Fthermal-mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wienerberger.com/natural-building-with-clay/history-of-bricks">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402040850/http://www.wienerberger.com/natural-building-with-clay/history-of-bricks">Archived</a> 2013-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of bricks wienerberger.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prime_design_build-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prime_design_build_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primedb.co/top-5-reasons-bricks-popular-building-material-denver-today/">"Top 5 Reasons Why Bricks Are The Most Popular Building Material"</a>. primedb.co. May 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+5+Reasons+Why+Bricks+Are+The+Most+Popular+Building+Material&rft.pub=primedb.co&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primedb.co%2Ftop-5-reasons-bricks-popular-building-material-denver-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandermannKohler1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sandermann, Wilhelm; Kohler, Roland (January 1964). "Über eine kurze Eignungsprüfung von Hölzern für zementgebundene Werkstoffe - Studien über mineralgebundene Holzwerkstoffe, VI. Mitteilung". <i>Holzforschung</i>. <b>18</b> (1–2): 53–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fhfsg.1964.18.1-2.53">10.1515/hfsg.1964.18.1-2.53</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holzforschung&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+eine+kurze+Eignungspr%C3%BCfung+von+H%C3%B6lzern+f%C3%BCr+zementgebundene+Werkstoffe+-+Studien+%C3%BCber+mineralgebundene+Holzwerkstoffe%2C+VI.+Mitteilung&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=53-59&rft.date=1964-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fhfsg.1964.18.1-2.53&rft.aulast=Sandermann&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherwaxTarkow1964" class="citation journal cs1">Weatherwax, R C; Tarkow, H (1964). "Effect of Wood on Setting of Portland Cement". <i>Forest Products Journal</i>. <b>14</b>: 567–568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Products+Journal&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Wood+on+Setting+of+Portland+Cement&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=567-568&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Weatherwax&rft.aufirst=R+C&rft.au=Tarkow%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachmiMoslemiCampbell1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hachmi, M.; Moslemi, A. A.; Campbell, A. G. (October 1990). "A new technique to classify the compatibility of wood with cement". <i>Wood Science and Technology</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 345–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00227055">10.1007/BF00227055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wood+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+new+technique+to+classify+the+compatibility+of+wood+with+cement&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=345-354&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00227055&rft.aulast=Hachmi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Moslemi%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeHong1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, A. W. C; Hong, Zhongli (1986). "Compressive strength of cylindrical samples as an indicator of wood-cement compatibility". <i>Forest Products Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (11–12): 87–90. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=8084764">8084764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Products+Journal&rft.atitle=Compressive+strength+of+cylindrical+samples+as+an+indicator+of+wood-cement+compatibility&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=87-90&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+C&rft.au=Hong%2C+Zhongli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirbaşAslan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Demirbaş, A; Aslan, A (August 1998). "Effects of ground hazelnut shell, wood, and tea waste on the mechanical properties of cement22Communicated by A.K. Chatterjee". <i>Cement and Concrete Research</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 1101–1104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0008-8846%2898%2900064-7">10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00064-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cement+and+Concrete+Research&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ground+hazelnut+shell%2C+wood%2C+and+tea+waste+on+the+mechanical+properties+of+cement22Communicated+by+A.K.+Chatterjee&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1101-1104&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0008-8846%2898%2900064-7&rft.aulast=Demirba%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Aslan%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhnMoslemi" class="citation journal cs1">Ahn, W.Y.; Moslemi, A.A. "SEM examination of wood-Portland cement bonds". <i>Wood Science</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 77–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wood+Science&rft.atitle=SEM+examination+of+wood-Portland+cement+bonds&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-82&rft.aulast=Ahn&rft.aufirst=W.Y.&rft.au=Moslemi%2C+A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaradeIrleMaher2003" class="citation journal cs1">Karade, S. R.; Irle, M.; Maher, K. (30 October 2003). "Assessment of Wood-Cement Compatibility: A New Approach". <i>Holzforschung</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 672–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FHF.2003.101">10.1515/HF.2003.101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holzforschung&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Wood-Cement+Compatibility%3A+A+New+Approach&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=672-680&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FHF.2003.101&rft.aulast=Karade&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft.au=Irle%2C+M.&rft.au=Maher%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiKasal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Juan; Kasal, Bohumil (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1617%2Fs11527-022-01988-8">"The immediate and short-term degradation of the wood surface in a cement environment measured by AFM"</a>. <i>Materials and Structures</i>. <b>55</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1617%2Fs11527-022-01988-8">10.1617/s11527-022-01988-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+and+Structures&rft.atitle=The+immediate+and+short-term+degradation+of+the+wood+surface+in+a+cement+environment+measured+by+AFM&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1617%2Fs11527-022-01988-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Kasal%2C+Bohumil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1617%252Fs11527-022-01988-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiKasal2023" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Juan; Kasal, Bohumil (July 2023). "Degradation Mechanism of the Wood-Cell Wall Surface in a Cement Environment Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy". <i>Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering</i>. <b>35</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2FJMCEE7.MTENG-14910">10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-14910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+in+Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=Degradation+Mechanism+of+the+Wood-Cell+Wall+Surface+in+a+Cement+Environment+Measured+by+Atomic+Force+Microscopy&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2FJMCEE7.MTENG-14910&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Kasal%2C+Bohumil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluorotherm.com/the-advantages-of-etfe-fluoropolymer-tubing/">"The Advantages of ETFE Fluoropolymer Tubing"</a>. Fluorotherm. April 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Advantages+of+ETFE+Fluoropolymer+Tubing&rft.pub=Fluorotherm&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fluorotherm.com%2Fthe-advantages-of-etfe-fluoropolymer-tubing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/rapid-prototyping-quickly-becoming-standard-construction/">"Rapid prototyping quickly becoming the standard in construction"</a>. <i>The Manufacturer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Manufacturer&rft.atitle=Rapid+prototyping+quickly+becoming+the+standard+in+construction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themanufacturer.com%2Farticles%2Frapid-prototyping-quickly-becoming-standard-construction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/global-status-report-2017">"Global Status Report 2017"</a>. <i>www.worldgbc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Green_Building_Council" title="World Green Building Council">World Green Building Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldgbc.org&rft.atitle=Global+Status+Report+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldgbc.org%2Fnews-media%2Fglobal-status-report-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixitCulpFernandez-Solis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dixit, Manish K.; Culp, Charles H.; Fernandez-Solis, Jose L. (3 February 2015). "Embodied Energy of Construction Materials: Integrating Human and Capital Energy into an IO-Based Hybrid Model". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 1936–1945. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49.1936D">2015EnST...49.1936D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes503896v">10.1021/es503896v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561008">25561008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Embodied+Energy+of+Construction+Materials%3A+Integrating+Human+and+Capital+Energy+into+an+IO-Based+Hybrid+Model&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1936-1945&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25561008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes503896v&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EnST...49.1936D&rft.aulast=Dixit&rft.aufirst=Manish+K.&rft.au=Culp%2C+Charles+H.&rft.au=Fernandez-Solis%2C+Jose+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Svoboda, Luboš(2018). Stavební hmoty (Building materials), 1000 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016132456/http://people.fsv.cvut.cz/~svobodal/sh/">"Download = Souhlasím"</a>. People.fsv.cvut.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.fsv.cvut.cz/~svobodal/sh/">the original</a> on 2013-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+%3D+Souhlas%C3%ADm&rft.pub=People.fsv.cvut.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.fsv.cvut.cz%2F~svobodal%2Fsh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuilding+material" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_material&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Construction_materials" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Construction materials">Construction materials</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://materconstrucc.revistas.csic.es">Materiales de Construcción</a> – Bilingual (Spanish/English) <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a>, Spain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://informesdelaconstruccion.revistas.csic.es">Informes de la Construcción</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a>, Spain.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Materials" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_materials" title="Template:Navbox materials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Navbox_materials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Navbox materials (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_materials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox materials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Materials" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">Materials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials by origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_material" title="Natural material">Natural materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">Biotic materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_natural_materials" title="Alternative natural materials">Alternative natural materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials by structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">Composite material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_material" title="Hybrid material">Hybrid material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Material by orientation or size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Layered_materials" title="Layered materials">Layered materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthotropic_material" title="Orthotropic material">Orthotropic material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanophase_material" title="Nanophase material">Nanophase material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_materials_properties" title="List of materials properties">Materials by property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designed materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Smart_material" title="Smart material">Smart material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_material" title="Phase-change material">Phase-change material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-healing_material" title="Self-healing material">Self-healing material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperelastic_material" title="Hyperelastic material">Hyperelastic material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongly_correlated_material" title="Strongly correlated material">Strongly correlated material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroshapable_material" title="Electroshapable material">Electroshapable material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Density or hardness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ultralight_material" title="Ultralight material">Ultralight material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superhard_material" title="Superhard material">Superhard material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoporous_material" title="Mesoporous material">Mesoporous material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Special_nuclear_material" title="Special nuclear material">Special nuclear material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Combustible_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible material">Combustible material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energetic_material" title="Energetic material">Energetic material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermal properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_materials" title="Thermoelectric materials">Thermoelectric materials</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Certified_reference_materials" title="Certified reference materials">Certified reference materials</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials by use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw material</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Basic material that is used to produce goods, energy, or intermediate materials</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Building materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_material" title="Structural material">Structural material</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use in human body</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Category:Biomaterials" title="Category:Biomaterials">List of biomaterials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_material" title="Dental material">Dental material</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Construction" title="Category:Construction">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004945-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Building materials"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017740">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Construction -- Matériaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119317804">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Construction -- Matériaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119317804">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565621">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stavební materiály"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116281&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="konstrukční materiály"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121812&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Materiales de construcción"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524481">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000056232&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292547805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640196">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_material&oldid=1260201138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_material&oldid=1260201138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Building_materials" title="Category:Building materials">Building materials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2013">Articles needing additional references from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2022">Articles needing additional references from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 13:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_material&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-j4pgw","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.817","walltime":"1.068","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4188,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":136992,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4280,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":123696,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 874.427 1 -total"," 31.32% 273.840 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.09% 114.448 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.29% 89.962 1 Template:Cite_thesis"," 10.21% 89.292 1 Template:Navbox_materials"," 9.63% 84.199 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.16% 80.121 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 8.86% 77.468 2 Template:Ambox"," 8.74% 76.435 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.49% 65.510 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.497","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9858332,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-5lsxj","timestamp":"20241129131717","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Building material","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Building_material","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q206615","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q206615","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-11T11:24:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T13:17:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Concrete_rebar_0030.jpg","headline":"material used for construction purposes"}</script> </body> </html>