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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Member_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Member states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Member_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Member states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States_that_have_withdrawn_or_been_suspended" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_have_withdrawn_or_been_suspended"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>States that have withdrawn or been suspended</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_have_withdrawn_or_been_suspended-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_secretaries_and_presidents_of_the_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_secretaries_and_presidents_of_the_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Executive secretaries and presidents of the commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_secretaries_and_presidents_of_the_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairpersons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairpersons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chairpersons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairpersons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_security_co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_security_co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Regional security co-operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_security_co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Community Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanded_ECOWAS_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanded_ECOWAS_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Expanded ECOWAS Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanded_ECOWAS_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_Court_of_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_Court_of_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Community Court of Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_Court_of_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_and_cultural_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_and_cultural_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sporting and cultural exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_and_cultural_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic integration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_integration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic integration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union_(UEMOA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union_(UEMOA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union_(UEMOA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_Monetary_Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>West African Monetary Zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_Monetary_Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Free_Movement_of_Persons,_Residence_and_Establishment_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Free_Movement_of_Persons,_Residence_and_Establishment_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Free_Movement_of_Persons,_Residence_and_Establishment_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ECOWAS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiese_Gemeenskap_van_Wes-Afrika-state" title="Ekonomiese Gemeenskap van Wes-Afrika-state – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekonomiese Gemeenskap van Wes-Afrika-state" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المجموعة الاقتصادية لدول غرب إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجموعة الاقتصادية لدول غرب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunid%C3%A1_Econ%C3%B3mica_d%27Estaos_del_%C3%81frica_Occidental" title="Comunidá Económica d'Estaos del África Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunidá Económica d'Estaos del África Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Afrika_D%C3%B6vl%C9%99tl%C9%99rinin_%C4%B0qtisadi_Birliyi" title="Qərbi Afrika Dövlətlərinin İqtisadi Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Afrika Dövlətlərinin İqtisadi Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiriki_tilebinyanfan_jamanaw_ka_s%C9%94r%C9%94ko_j%C9%9Bkulu" title="Afiriki tilebinyanfan jamanaw ka sɔrɔko jɛkulu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Afiriki tilebinyanfan jamanaw ka sɔrɔko jɛkulu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইকোয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইকোয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Икономическа общност на западноафриканските държави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икономическа общност на западноафриканските държави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuniezh_Armerzhel_Stado%C3%B9_Korn%C3%B4g_Afrika" title="Kumuniezh Armerzhel Stadoù Kornôg Afrika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kumuniezh Armerzhel Stadoù Kornôg Afrika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat_Econ%C3%B2mica_dels_Estats_de_l%27%C3%80frica_Occidental" title="Comunitat Econòmica dels Estats de l'Àfrica Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat Econòmica dels Estats de l'Àfrica Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Хĕвеланăç Африка патшалăхĕсен экономика пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕвеланăç Африка патшалăхĕсен экономика пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A9_spole%C4%8Denstv%C3%AD_z%C3%A1padoafrick%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF" title="Hospodářské společenství západoafrických států – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hospodářské společenství západoafrických států" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ECOWAS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westafrikanische_Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft" title="Westafrikanische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westafrikanische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Aafrika_Riikide_Majandus%C3%BChendus" title="Lääne-Aafrika Riikide Majandusühendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Aafrika Riikide Majandusühendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δυτικοαφρικανική Οικονομική και Νομισματική Ένωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικοαφρικανική Οικονομική και Νομισματική Ένωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_de_Estados_de_%C3%81frica_Occidental" title="Comunidad Económica de Estados de África Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad Económica de Estados de África Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_Komunumo_de_Okcidentafrikaj_%C5%9Ctatoj" title="Ekonomia Komunumo de Okcidentafrikaj Ŝtatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekonomia Komunumo de Okcidentafrikaj Ŝtatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Mendebaldeko_Estatuen_Ekonomia_Erkidegoa" title="Afrika Mendebaldeko Estatuen Ekonomia Erkidegoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrika Mendebaldeko Estatuen Ekonomia Erkidegoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جامعه اقتصادی کشورهای غرب آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه اقتصادی کشورهای غرب آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_%C3%A9conomique_des_%C3%89tats_de_l%27Afrique_de_l%27Ouest" title="Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_Econ%C3%B3mica_dos_Estados_da_%C3%81frica_Occidental" title="Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Occidental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Occidental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="ECOWAS" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="서아프리카 국가 경제 공동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서아프리카 국가 경제 공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar_Tattalin_Arzikin_%C6%98asashen_Afirka_ta_Yamma" title="Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="पश्चिम अफ्रीका राज्य आर्थिक समुदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिम अफ्रीका राज्य आर्थिक समुदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiala_Komunitato_di_West-Afrikana_Stati" title="Ekonomiala Komunitato di West-Afrikana Stati – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomiala Komunitato di West-Afrikana Stati" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Economic Community of West African States" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat_Ekonomi_Negara-Negara_Afrika_Barat" title="Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnahagsbandalag_Vestur-Afr%C3%ADkur%C3%ADkja" title="Efnahagsbandalag Vestur-Afríkuríkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnahagsbandalag Vestur-Afríkuríkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_economica_degli_Stati_dell%27Africa_occidentale" title="Comunità economica degli Stati dell'Africa occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità economica degli Stati dell'Africa occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הקהילה הכלכלית של מדינות מערב אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקהילה הכלכלית של מדינות מערב אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_W%C9%A9s%C9%A9%C9%96%CA%8B%C9%96%CA%8By%C9%9B_Aj%C9%9By%C9%9B_T%C9%94s%CA%8B%CA%8B_%C5%8Agb%C9%9By%C9%9B_(CEDEAO)" title="Afrika Wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ Ajɛyɛ Tɔsʋʋ Ŋgbɛyɛ (CEDEAO) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Afrika Wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ Ajɛyɛ Tɔsʋʋ Ŋgbɛyɛ (CEDEAO)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დასავლეთ აფრიკის ქვეყნების ეკონომიკური თანამეგობრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთ აფრიკის ქვეყნების ეკონომიკური თანამეგობრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Батыс Африка елдерінің экономикалық қауымдастығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батыс Африка елдерінің экономикалық қауымдастығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ECOWAS" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-afrikai_%C3%81llamok_Gazdas%C3%A1gi_K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9ge" title="Nyugat-afrikai Államok Gazdasági Közössége – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-afrikai Államok Gazdasági Közössége" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondrona_ara-Toekaren%27_ny_Firenen%27_i_Afrika_Andrefana" title="Vondrona ara-Toekaren' ny Firenen' i Afrika Andrefana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondrona ara-Toekaren' ny Firenen' i Afrika Andrefana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბჟადალი აფრიკაშ ქიანეფიშ ეკონომიკური წორომაჸალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟადალი აფრიკაშ ქიანეფიშ ეკონომიკური წორომაჸალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ECOWAS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economische_Gemeenschap_van_West-Afrikaanse_Staten" title="Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%AB%B8%E5%9B%BD%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="西アフリカ諸国経済共同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西アフリカ諸国経済共同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vestafrikanske_staters_%C3%B8konomiske_fellesskap" title="De vestafrikanske staters økonomiske fellesskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De vestafrikanske staters økonomiske fellesskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Gospodarcza_Pa%C5%84stw_Afryki_Zachodniej" title="Wspólnota Gospodarcza Państw Afryki Zachodniej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota Gospodarcza Państw Afryki Zachodniej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_Econ%C3%B3mica_dos_Estados_da_%C3%81frica_Ocidental" title="Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitatea_Economic%C4%83_a_Statelor_din_Africa_de_Vest" title="Comunitatea Economică a Statelor din Africa de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunitatea Economică a Statelor din Africa de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Экономическое сообщество стран Западной Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономическое сообщество стран Западной Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Економска заједница држава западне Африке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Економска заједница држава западне Африке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomska_zajednica_zapadnoafri%C4%8Dkih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Ekonomska zajednica zapadnoafričkih država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekonomska zajednica zapadnoafričkih država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Afrikan_talousyhteis%C3%B6" title="Länsi-Afrikan talousyhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Afrikan talousyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்காப்பிரிக்க நாடுகளின் பொருளாதார சமூகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Afrika_%C3%9Clkeleri_Ekonomik_Toplulu%C4%9Fu" title="Batı Afrika Ülkeleri Ekonomik Topluluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Afrika Ülkeleri Ekonomik Topluluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Економічне співтовариство країн Західної Африки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економічне співтовариство країн Західної Африки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مغربی افریقہ کی ریاستوں کی اقتصادی تعاون کی تنظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی افریقہ کی ریاستوں کی اقتصادی تعاون کی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ECOWAS&params=9_2_31_N_7_31_30_E_type:city(1,700,000)_region:NG-FC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°2′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°31′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.04194°N 7.52500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.04194; 7.52500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intergovernmental economic union in West Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Economic Community of West African States</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:88%;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li style="font-size:88%;"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ECOWAS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Economic Community of West African States"><img alt="Emblem of the Economic Community of West African States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/ECOWAS_logo.svg/150px-ECOWAS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/ECOWAS_logo.svg/225px-ECOWAS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/ECOWAS_logo.svg/300px-ECOWAS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></div> <div>Emblem</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ECOWAS_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ECOWAS_members.svg/250px-ECOWAS_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ECOWAS_members.svg/375px-ECOWAS_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ECOWAS_members.svg/500px-ECOWAS_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008C39; color:black;"> </span> Member states</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71D836; color:black;"> </span> Suspended states</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, Nigeria</span> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ECOWAS&params=9_2_31_N_7_31_30_E_type:city(1,700,000)_region:NG-FC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°2′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°31′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.04194°N 7.52500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.04194; 7.52500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>English</li><li>French</li><li>Portuguese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member states</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="#Member_states">15 members</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (suspended) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (suspended) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (suspended) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (suspended) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bola Ahmed Tinubu">Bola Ahmed Tinubu</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• President of the Commission </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Touray" title="Omar Touray">Omar Touray</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Moustapha Cissé Lô</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Establishment</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lagos" title="Treaty of Lagos">Treaty of Lagos</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1975<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Treaty Revision </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,114,162 km<sup>2</sup> (1,974,589 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2019 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">387 million (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">68.3/km<sup>2</sup> (176.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$1.483 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$4,247<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$816.4 billion<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2,089</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a> (CVE)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a> (GHS)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a> (GMD)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</a> (GNF)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Liberian dollar</a> (LRD)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a> (NGN)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</a> (SLL)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (XOF)</li><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Unit_of_Account" title="West African Unit of Account">West African Unit of Account</a> (WAUA)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>-1 to +1</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowas.int/">www<wbr />.ecowas<wbr />.int</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Economic Community of West African States</b> (<b>ECOWAS</b>; also known as <b>CEDEAO</b> in French and Portuguese) is a regional <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of fifteen countries of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Collectively, the countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km<sup>2</sup> (1,974,589 sq mi) and have an estimated population of over 424.34 million.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considered one of the pillar <a href="/wiki/Regional_Economic_Communities" title="Regional Economic Communities">regional blocs</a> of the continent-wide <a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a> (AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficiency</a>" for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union. Additionally, ECOWAS aims to raise <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> and promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lagos" title="Treaty of Lagos">Treaty of Lagos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region. A revised version of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, the largest city in Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECOWAS's fundamental principles rely on <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>, inter-dependence, solidarity, co-operation, nonaggression, regional peace, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably among ECOWAS's protocols and plans are the ECOWAS Free Movement of Persons, Residences and Establishment Protocol and the Ecotour Action Plan 2019–2029. The <i>Free Movement of Persons Protocol</i> permits citizens the right to enter and reside in any member state's territory,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Ecotour Action Plan</i> aims to develop and integrate the tourist industry of each member state.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECOWAS also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint <a href="/wiki/Military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military forces">military forces</a> to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-deployment_to_liberia_2003_08_06_janes_defense_weekly_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deployment_to_liberia_2003_08_06_janes_defense_weekly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoomilint_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoomilint-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> announced their withdrawal from the bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countries had earlier been suspended from ECOWAS due to <a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">military takeovers of their respective governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_states">Member states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon its foundation, ECOWAS had 15 member states: eight <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking, five English-speaking, and two <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-speaking. All current members joined the community as founding members in May 1975, except <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> which joined in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-HDM_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDM-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odeyemi_2020_97–123_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odeyemi_2020_97–123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> officially requested to join ECOWAS in February 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application was endorsed in principle at the Summit of Heads of State in June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odeyemi_2020_97–123_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odeyemi_2020_97–123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Morocco's bid for membership was stalled as West African economic actors feared goods imported through Morocco's free trade agreements would flood the market of states within ECOWAS.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_that_have_withdrawn_or_been_suspended">States that have withdrawn or been suspended</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: States that have withdrawn or been suspended"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arabic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> was one of the founding members of ECOWAS in 1975 and decided to withdraw in December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-HDM_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDM-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritania signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> was suspended from ECOWAS on 30 May 2021, following its <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">second military coup</a> within nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> was also suspended on 8 September 2021, shortly after a <a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">military coup</a> took place in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanctions were placed on both countries on 16 September.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 January 2022, Mali announced its decision to close its borders and recalled several ambassadors with ECOWAS in response to sanctions imposed for deferring elections for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> was suspended from ECOWAS following a <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">military coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> was suspended from ECOWAS after the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">2023 coup d'état</a> and threatened with military intervention if President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bazoum" title="Mohamed Bazoum">Mohamed Bazoum</a> is not restored to office,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Point_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Point-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Nigerien crisis">Nigerien crisis.</a> Additionally, ECOWAS closed all land and air borders between other member states and Niger and instituted a no-fly zone on all commercial flights to and from Niger. The suspension removed all commercial and financial transactions and froze Niger's assets in ECOWAS central banks.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Point_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Point-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 September 2023, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso formed a military alliance, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a>, following ECOWAS's threat to intervene to restore civilian rule in Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 November 2023, Niger's military government asked the ECOWAS regional court to order the lifting of sanctions imposed on the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the coup, aid from countries like the United States and international organizations like ECOWAS accounted for almost half of Niger's annual budget. Following Niger's ECOWAS suspension, Niger's neighbours closed their borders to the country and 70 percent of its electricity, coming from Nigeria, was cut off.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these sanctions and consequences that have followed have impacted the individuals and economy of Niger, the government is not backing down. As a result of the suspension, children have not been able to attend school due to lack of supplies, and businesses are shutting down due to rising costs. Further, the ECOWAS lawyer pointed out that the Nigerien government is not recognized by ECOWAS and therefore does not have the power to ask the regional court for a removal of these sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> announced via a joint statement that they were withdrawing from ECOWAS "without delay".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three nations, all of which are currently ruled by military juntas, accused ECOWAS of implementing "inhumane" sanctions in order to reverse the coups in each nation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the ECOWAS protocol, immediate withdrawal is not possible, and the three member states could remain in the bloc for up to a year. ECOWAS said in a statement that "Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali remain important members of the Community and the Authority remains committed to finding a negotiated solution to the political impasse."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February 2024, ECOWAS announced that it was lifting some sanctions against Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. For Niger this included the border closures, the freezing of central bank and state assets, the suspension of commercial transactions, and the no-fly-zone for commercial flights to and from Niger. However, the political sanctions and targeted sanctions would remain in force. The communiqué said this was done for humanitarian reasons, but it was seen as a gesture of appeasement to dissuade the three junta-led states from withdrawing from the bloc. ECOWAS also lifted sanctions on Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap"> <caption>ECOWAS member states </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:120px;">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Area<sup id="cite_ref-UNarea_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNarea-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(km<sup>2</sup>)</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-WB2015pop_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015pop-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(thousands)</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><span class="nowrap">GDP (nominal)<sup id="cite_ref-WB2015gdp_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015gdp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(millions USD)</span></span> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><span class="nowrap">GDP (PPP)<sup id="cite_ref-WB2015ppp_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015ppp-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(millions intl.$)</span></span> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Currency </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Official<br /> language </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Status </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005114763000000000♠">114,763</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004108800000000000♠">10,880</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003829100000000000♠">8,291</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004223770000000000♠">22,377</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005272967000000000♠">272,967</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004181060000000000♠">18,106</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004106780000000000♠">10,678</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004307080000000000♠">30,708</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left">Various </td> <td align="left">Withdrew </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003403300000000000♠">4,033</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002521000000000000♠">521</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003160300000000000♠">1,603</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003341300000000000♠">3,413</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">escudo</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004112950000000000♠">11,295</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003199100000000000♠">1,991</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002939000000000000♠">939</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003334400000000000♠">3,344</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">dalasi</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005238533000000000♠">238,533</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004274100000000000♠">27,410</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004375430000000000♠">37,543</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005115409000000000♠">115,409</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">cedi</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005245857000000000♠">245,857</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004126090000000000♠">12,609</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003669900000000000♠">6,699</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004152440000000000♠">15,244</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left">Suspended </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004361250000000000♠">36,125</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003184400000000000♠">1,844</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003105700000000000♠">1,057</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003268500000000000♠">2,685</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005322463000000000♠">322,463</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004227020000000000♠">22,702</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004317590000000000♠">31,759</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004797660000000000♠">79,766</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005111369000000000♠">111,369</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003450300000000000♠">4,503</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003205300000000000♠">2,053</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003376200000000000♠">3,762</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">dollar</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006124019200000000♠">1,240,192</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004176000000000000♠">17,600</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004127470000000000♠">12,747</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004356950000000000♠">35,695</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Various</a> </td> <td align="left">Withdrew </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006126700000000000♠">1,267,000</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004198990000000000♠">19,899</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003714300000000000♠">7,143</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004190130000000000♠">19,013</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left">Withdrew </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005923768000000000♠">923,768</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005211400000000000♠">211,400</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005481066000000000♠">481,066</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006109392100000000♠">1,093,921</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">naira</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005196712000000000♠">196,712</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004151290000000000♠">15,129</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004136100000000000♠">13,610</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004366250000000000♠">36,625</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004723000000000000♠">72,300</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003645300000000000♠">6,453</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003421500000000000♠">4,215</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004101270000000000♠">10,127</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">leone</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </th> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004567850000000000♠">56,785</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003730500000000000♠">7,305</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003408800000000000♠">4,088</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004106670000000000♠">10,667</span> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td align="left"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7006511416200000000♠">5,114,162</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7005338052000000000♠">338,052</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7005623491000000000♠">623,491</span></b> </td> <td align="right"><b><span data-sort-value="7006148275600000000♠">1,482,756</span></b> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><span data-sort-value="&">—</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Statistics for population, nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> GDP listed below are taken from <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates for 2015, published in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-WB2015pop_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015pop-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB2015gdp_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015gdp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB2015ppp_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2015ppp-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNarea_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNarea-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ECOWAS was formed initially from the region's former French, British and Portuguese colonies, and independent Liberia, following post-colonial independence throughout the region (particularly in the 1960s and 1970s). At independence, many African states were challenged in increasing economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these states could not address problems individually, there was a need for a regional approach and thus ECOWAS was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECOWAS was formed to provide regional economic cooperation, but has since evolved to include political and military cooperation, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lagos" title="Treaty of Lagos">Treaty of Lagos</a>, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region. A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou.<sup id="cite_ref-Odeyemi_2020_97–123_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odeyemi_2020_97–123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered one of the pillar <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">regional blocs</a> of the continent-wide <a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a> (AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficiency</a>" for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECOWAS also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECOWAS facilitates peacekeeping through systematic collaboration with civil society, cooperation with development policies, and other activities with the goal to meet sub-regional security challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has played an important role in monitoring transitional election in West Africa, and these mediation efforts have even been recognized within and outside the continent of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years these included interventions in <a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">Ivory Coast in 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Liberia in 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau in 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali in 2013</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">The Gambia in 2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deployment_to_liberia_2003_08_06_janes_defense_weekly_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deployment_to_liberia_2003_08_06_janes_defense_weekly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoomilint_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoomilint-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its creation, ECOWAS has sent peacekeeping forces seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the next decade, <i>Vision 2020</i>, and, to accompany it, a Policy on Science and Technology (<a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Policy_on_Science_and_Technology_(ECOPOST)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST)">ECOPOST</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has had trouble achieving the goals outlined in the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Covering a region known as a "<a href="/wiki/Coup_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup belt">coup belt</a>", ECOWAS, since the 1990s, has attempted to defend the region's shift towards democracy against authoritarian attacks. According to the BBC, since 1990, 78% of the 27 coups in sub-Saharan Africa have taken place in former French colonies. This has led some to question whether French influence in Africa has a destabilising impact.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition governments in Mali and Burkina Faso cancelled military agreements that allow for French troops to operate on their territory, and in the case of Mali, removed French as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the group has been cited for mild and ineffective responses in the early 2020s, when three member countries experienced military <a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coups d'état">coups d'état</a> – two in Mali, one in Guinea, and two in Burkina Faso.<sup id="cite_ref-leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a fourth member, Niger, experienced a <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">coup d'état in July 2023</a>, ECOWAS was vocal in its condemnation and raised the possibility of military action if the deposed president was not reinstated by 7 August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Nigerien military's refusal to restore civilian rule, ECOWAS activated its standby force composed of all other members except for Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Cape Verde. </p><p>On 6 July 2024, the military leaders of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso signed a new pact to form a confederation, a political union of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>. The confederation's stated goal is to provide mutual defense, pool resources to build energy and communications infrastructure, establish a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">common market</a>, implement a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> under proposed currency <i>the Sahel</i>, allow <a href="/wiki/Free_movement_of_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Free movement of persons">free movement of persons</a>, enable <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, and invest in agriculture, mines and energy sectors, with the end goal of <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federalizing</a> into a single <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>. The move is seen as a strong move away from ECOWAS, which has been pressing for a return to civilian rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall">Overall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ECOWAS consists of two operating institutions to implement policies: the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) – formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation, until it was renamed in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, ECOWAS includes the following institutions: ECOWAS Commission, Community Court of Justice,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West African Health Organisation (WAHO),<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in West Africa (GIABA).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECOWAS includes two sub-regional blocks: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a> (also known by its French-language acronym UEMOA) is an organisation of eight, mainly French-speaking, states within ECOWAS which share a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1994 and intended to counterbalance the dominance of English-speaking economies in the bloc (such as Nigeria and Ghana), members of UEMOA are mostly former territories of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>. The currency they all use is the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange-rate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange-rate system">pegged</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">West African Monetary Zone</a> (WAMZ), established in 2000, comprises six mainly English-speaking countries within ECOWAS which plan to work towards adopting their own common currency, the <a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">eco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>ECOWAS operates in three co-official languages—French, 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics of the African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Conferences_and_Events&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Conferences and Events (page does not exist)">Conference and Events</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Peace_and_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Peace and Security (page does not exist)">Peace & Sec.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Political_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Political Affairs (page does not exist)">Pol. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Infra. & Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Soc. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Human Resources, Science, and Technology (page does not exist)">HR, Sci., & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Trade_and_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Trade and Industry (page does not exist)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Rural Economy and Agriculture (page does not exist)">Rural Econ. & Agri.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Economic_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Economic Affairs (page does not exist)">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Legal_Counsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Legal Counsel (page does not exist)">Legal Counsel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Rep. Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Pan-African Parliament (page does not exist)">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortune_Z._Charumbira" title="Fortune Z. Charumbira">Fortune Z. Charumbira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="List of members of the Pan-African Parliament">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committees_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Permanent Committees of the Pan-African Parliament">Permanent Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rural_Economy,_Agriculture,_Natural_Resources,_and_Environment" title="Committee on Rural Economy, Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment">Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs">Monetary & Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Trade,_Customs,_and_Immigration_Matters" title="Committee on Trade, Customs, and Immigration Matters">Trade, Customs, & Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Cooperation,_International_Relations,_and_Conflict_Resolution" title="Committee on Cooperation, International Relations, and Conflict Resolution">Cooperation, IR, & Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Transport,_Industry,_Communication,_Energy,_Science,_and_Technology" title="Committee on Transport, Industry, Communication, Energy, Science, and Technology">Transport, Industry, Communication, <br /> Energy, Science, & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Health,_Labour,_and_Social_Affairs" title="Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs">Health, Labour, & Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Education,_Culture,_Tourism,_and_Human_Resources" title="Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism, and Human Resources">Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Gender,_Family,_Youth,_and_People_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on Gender, Family, Youth, and People with Disabilities">Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Justice and Human Rights">Justice & Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rules,_Privileges,_and_Discipline" title="Committee on Rules, Privileges, and Discipline">Rules, Privileges, & Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_on_Audit_and_Public_Accounts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee on Audit and Public Accounts (page does not exist)">Committee on Audit and Public Accounts</a> (CAPA)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Constitutive Act of the AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_law" title="African Union law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">Charter on Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights"> Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="African Court of Justice and Human Rights">Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">List of judges</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Advisory bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">Economic, Social and Cultural Council</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">ECCAS/CEEAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">CEMAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ECOWAS/CEDEAO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">UEMOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">WAMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> <ul><li><a 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Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Decentralised bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agencies_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agencies of the African Union (page does not exist)">Agencies of the AU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrafrica_partnership" title="Terrafrica partnership">TerrAfrica partnership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Executive Secretary </th> <th>Country </th> <th>In office </th></tr> <tr> <td>Inaugural holder <a href="/wiki/Aboubakar_Diaby_Ouattara" title="Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara">Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>January 1977 – 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Momodu_Munu" title="Momodu Munu">Momodu Munu</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>1985–1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abass_Bundu" title="Abass Bundu">Abass Bundu</a> </td> <td>1989–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Benjamin" title="Édouard Benjamin">Édouard Benjamin</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>1993–1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Lansana Kouyaté">Lansana Kouyaté</a> </td> <td>September 1997 – 31 January 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Mohamed Ibn Chambas</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>1 February 2002 – 31 December 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Mohamed Ibn Chambas</a> </td> <td>1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Victor_Gbeho" class="mw-redirect" title="James Victor Gbeho">James Victor Gbeho</a> </td> <td>18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadr%C3%A9_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Ouedraogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo">Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Alain_de_Souza" title="Marcel Alain de Souza">Marcel Alain de Souza</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brou" title="Jean-Claude Brou">Jean-Claude Brou</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>1 March 2018 – 3 July 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omar_Touray" title="Omar Touray">Omar Touray</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>3 July 2022 – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairpersons">Chairpersons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chairpersons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chairperson<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Country </th> <th>In office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>1980–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>1981–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin_%281975%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>1982–1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>1983–1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9" title="Lansana Conté">Lansana Conté</a> </td> <td>1984–1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>1985 – 27 August 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a> </td> <td>27 August 1985 – 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Dawda Jawara</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>1989–1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>1990–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Dawda Jawara</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>1991–1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>1992–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Nicéphore Soglo</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>1993–1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>1994 – 27 July 1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a> </td> <td>9 June 1998 – 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>1999–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Alpha Oumar Konaré</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>1999 – 21 December 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Mamadou Tandja</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Umaru Musa Yar'Adua</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> </td> <td>18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td>4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>4 June 2017 – 31 July 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>31 July 2018 – 29 June 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>29 June 2019 – 2 June 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>2 June 2020 – 3 July 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td>3 July 2022 – 9 July 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>9 July 2023 – Present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_security_co-operation">Regional security co-operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional security co-operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group" title="Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group">Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Standby_Force" title="ECOWAS Standby Force">ECOWAS Standby Force</a></div> <p>ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981, that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_Parliament">Community Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Community Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Community Parliament consists of 115 members, distributed based on the population of each member state.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament, who is above the Secretary General. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Parliament Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_ECOWAS_Commission">Expanded ECOWAS Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expanded ECOWAS Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the third time since its inception in 1975, ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms. The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993; the second was in 2007 when the Secretariat was transformed into a Commission. As of July 2013, ECOWAS now has six new departments (Human Resources Management; Education, Science and Culture; Energy and Mines; Telecommunications and IT; Industry and Private Sector Promotion). Finance and Administration to Sierra Leone has been decoupled, to give the incoming Ghana Commissioner the new portfolio of Administration and Conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_Court_of_Justice">Community Court of Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Community Court of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Court" title="ECOWAS Court">ECOWAS Court</a></div> <p>ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Court_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty. It also provides ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_African_Court_of_Justice" title="East African Court of Justice">East African Court of Justice</a>, it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> breaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Court_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Court-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_and_cultural_exchange">Sporting and cultural exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sporting and cultural exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ECOWAS nations organise a broad array of cultural and sports events under the auspices of the body, including the <a href="/wiki/CEDEAO_Cup" title="CEDEAO Cup">CEDEAO Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2012_ECOWAS_Games" title="2012 ECOWAS Games">2012 ECOWAS Games</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miss_CEDEAO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miss CEDEAO (page does not exist)">Miss CEDEAO</a> <a href="/wiki/Beauty_contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauty contest">beauty pageant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Community Heads of State and Government adopted <a href="/wiki/Lutte_Traditionnelle" title="Lutte Traditionnelle">African Traditional Wrestling</a> as the Community sport, and through its specialised agency in charge of youth and sports development, the <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>-based ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre (EYSDC), has consistently organised the yearly ECOWAS African Wrestling Tournament mainly in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> (Senegal) and <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> (Niger) based on a harmonized African wrestling code. </p><p>The Community, through the EYSDC, also organized 2 editions of ECOWAS International Cycling tour, taking close to 100 riders from all member states, from <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> and then from Lagos to <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>. In addition to the sports and well-being objective of the tour, the race also served to demonstrate and put into practice ECOWAS protocol on free movement of goods and persons. </p><p>In 2019, the EYSDC instituted ECOWAS Abuja International Marathon. The first edition brought together international marathoners from West Africa, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. </p><p>Similarly, the Community, through its specialised agency, promotes regional sports development by offering sponsorship to regional sports federations and specialized disciplines such as the West African Deaf Sports Union (WADSU), the West African Liaison Office of the International Council for Military Sports (WALO-CISM), the Region 2 of the African Athletics Federation, and the <a href="/wiki/West_African_University_Games" title="West African University Games">West African University Games</a> (WAUG), among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ECOWAS Youth Policy Strategic Plan of Action (SPAO) is a 10-year plan that aims to promote youth development and empowerment in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The SPAO was adopted in 2016 and is based on the pillars of education and training, employment and entrepreneurship, health and well-being, peace and security, and governance and participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPAO identifies a number of challenges facing youth in ECOWAS, including high unemployment rates, lack of access to education and training, and poor health outcomes. The plan sets out a number of strategies to address these challenges, including investing in education and training, creating jobs and supporting entrepreneurship, improving access to health care, promoting peace and security, and strengthening youth participation in governance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_integration">Economic integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union_(UEMOA)"><span id="West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union_.28UEMOA.29"></span>West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) <span class="anchor" id="West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">Economic and monetary union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_%C3%A9conomique_et_mon%C3%A9taire_ouest-africaine" class="extiw" title="fr:Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>.  <i><small>(October 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnion_%C3%A9conomique_et_mon%C3%A9taire_ouest-africaine&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the French article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:ECOWAS" title="Talk:ECOWAS">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg/250px-UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg/375px-UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg/500px-UEMOA_and_Eco_in_ECOWAS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> UEMOA</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> WAMZ</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> ECOWAS only (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as UEMOA from its name in French, <i>Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine</i>) is an organisation of eight, mainly <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> West African states within ECOWAS, previously colonies of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established to promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">economic integration</a> among countries that share the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> as a common currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal, on 10 January 1994, by the heads of state and governments of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. On 2 May 1997, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colony</a>, became the organisation's eighth (and only non-<a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a>) member state. </p><p>UEMOA is a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a> between the members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Greater economic competitiveness, through <a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">open markets</a>, in addition to the rationalisation and harmonisation of the legal environment</li> <li>The convergence of <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macro-economic</a> policies and indicators</li> <li>The creation of a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">common market</a></li> <li>The co-ordination of sectoral policies</li> <li>The harmonisation of fiscal policies</li></ul> <p>Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and <a href="/wiki/Common_external_tariff" title="Common external tariff">common external tariff</a> and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">trade liberalisation</a> and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA's <a href="/wiki/Customs_declaration" title="Customs declaration">customs declaration</a> forms and compensation mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, within the region, there has been a low level of integration with an increase in income disparities since the creation of WAEMU. Côte d'Ivoire had the highest GDP per capita in 2022 at US$1,950 while Niger had the lowest one at US$484. In the same year, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal alone accounted for more than 60% of the unions' exports. Additionally, there is a large discrepancy in countries' economic performance over the 2010 decade; the best performance was recorded by Côte d'Ivoire (annual growth rate of 6.72%) and the lowest one by Guinea Bissau (3.85%). However, positive progress has been made in economic distribution since the foundation of WAMEU, with the mean dispersion of economic growth in the region being 1.26 before the creation and 0.73 after.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership">Membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> (Joined on 2 May 1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> (Founding Member)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_African_Monetary_Zone">West African Monetary Zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: West African Monetary Zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">Eco (currency)</a></div> <p>Formed in 2000, the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency called the <a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">eco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six member states of WAMZ are <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> who founded the organisation together in 2000 and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> who joined on 16 February 2010. Apart from Guinea, which is francophone, they are all English-speaking countries. Along with <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, Guinea opted out of the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> currency shared by all other former French colonies in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. </p><p>The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange-rate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange-rate system">exchange rate is tied</a> to that of the euro and is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_public" title="Trésor public">French Treasury</a>. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being developed by the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Institute">West African Monetary Institute</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership_2">Membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (Joined on 16 February 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Founding Member)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> (Founding Member)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Free_Movement_of_Persons,_Residence_and_Establishment_Protocol"><span id="The_Free_Movement_of_Persons.2C_Residence_and_Establishment_Protocol"></span>The Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1979, ECOWAS adopted a Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol, which permits citizens to enter, reside, and establish economic activities in the territory of member states.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were three phases of implementation to achieve the goals of the protocol. Over the course of five years, Phase I eliminated the need for visas for stays of up to 90 days within the ECOWAS territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase II attempted to extend residency to citizens in host ECOWAS states to seek income-earning employment after obtaining an ECOWAS residence card. Phase II also required member states to grant migrant workers equal treatment in areas such as employment, participation, social and cultural activities, and in certain cases of job loss, re-employment, and training.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase III centered on the facilitation and establishment of business through the right of citizens to manage economic activities in countries other than their country of origin. However, this right has not been fully established in the ECOWAS region.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these three phases promoting freedom of movement within the ECOWAS region is more advanced than in any other regional grouping in Africa, only the first phase has been fully implemented by all ECOWAS countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete implementation of the 90-day visa-free window enhanced human mobility in the region, creating positive impacts on trade and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2000, the <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_passport" title="ECOWAS passport">ECOWAS passport</a> was introduced as a common passport that functions as an international travel document, and member states are currently in the process of implementing a joint visa for non-ECOWAS citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, ECOWAS has worked to ease the movement of people transported in private and commercial vehicles by implementing policies that enable vehicles to enter and reside in a State for up to ninety days. Most ECOWAS states have instituted an ECOWAS brown card, which provides prompt, fair, and immediate compensation for any motor accident which occurs outside a motorist's home-country.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While monitoring committees exist to ensure all three phases of the protocol are successfully implemented, their work is vague and has not been credited with effective and efficient production of data.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest challenges assosicated within the implementation of the protocol occur due to lack of commitment and enforceability. More so, there is a lack of access to readily available migrant information in the ECOWAS region. This poses a barrier to freedom of movement as immigration officials in member states are unaware that individuals who hold valid travel documents can enter their country freely. Therefore, West African migrants, who are entitled to enter through regular channels, leave their countries without proper travel documents and enter other countries illegally. This illegal and irregular entry poses a barrier towards gaining reliable travel statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Francophone countries in the region have issued national identity cards that can be used similarly to a passport. These cards permit citizens to cross borders after presenting their identity cards. However, Anglophone countries have only just begun distributing a similar form of identification. Consequently, immigration officials in Anglophone countries commonly reject Francophone national identity cards and do not permit Francophone citizens to cross into their borders. Further, these structural barriers are exasperated between different social classes. Middle-class individuals typically experience a smoother border-crossing process than working-class individuals and impoverished citizens who do not have travel documents and are not fluent in the language of the countries they are crossing into.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_rail" title="ECOWAS rail">ECOWAS rail</a></div> <p>A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, ECOWAS unveiled its Ecotour Action Plan 2019 – 2029. It focuses on tourism heritage protection and development and on the development of standards, regulations, and control systems.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan includes five programs for implementation, and detailed mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> is not specifically developed, yet it has been mentioned that the program has the opportunity to create linkages between institutions and stakeholder collaboration to suit ecotourism projects that prioritize community, biodiversity, and socioeconomics.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ecotour Plan prioritizes local development, especially in generating skilled and unskilled jobs for marginalized individuals, and aims to make the ECOWAS region a first-class tourist destination in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its creation, ECOWAS ministers also called on ecotourism programs to protect threatened biodiversity in the <a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests</a>, which span into seven ECOWAS member states. Similar to the Free Movement of People Protocol, Ecotour aims to integrate aviation and ground transportation. ECOWAS hopes that this regional approach will allow states to fight against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa">pandemics such as COVID-19</a> to restore tourism and ecosystems. Ecotour works to create increasing returns to its members' economies by lowering transport costs, developing hospitality training centers and creating a more integrated use of digital technology.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2023, Council members mentioned that phases one and two of the Ecotour Action Plan have come to an end and that the community is moving into phase three and four, which focuses on the development of tourist accommodations establishments, and a proposal for a regional mechanism to enforce tourist regulations. By the end of phase five, ECOWAS hopes to have unified accommodations in hotels, ecolodges, motels, <a href="/wiki/Apart_hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apart hotel">apart hotels</a>, and hostels. In April 2023, tourism experts met to amend the new text for tourist accommodations in the ECOWAS region.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phase is critical to the success of the Ecotour plan as the lack of a regulatory system has been a barrier to the development of the tourism sector, despite its ability to increase member states' economies.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this conference, ministers improved the tourism industry by adopting standards for hotel services. Mrs. Massandjé Toure-Liste, the ECOWAS Commission's Commissioner for Economic Affairs and Agriculture, pointed out the improvements in the tourist sector due to the <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a>, a trade agreement signed by 44 members of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> which creates a single market for goods and services. Mrs. Toure-Liste praised the trade area for providing development opportunities, economic growth, and boosting regional integration.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecowas_Brown_Card_Insurance_Scheme" title="Ecowas Brown Card Insurance Scheme">Brown card system</a> – motor insurance scheme of ECOWAS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> (COMESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a> (ECCAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Peace_Pageant" title="ECOWAS Peace Pageant">ECOWAS Peace Pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a> (AoSS), a defense pact formed by suspended states of ECOWAS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECOWAS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017040817/http://www.african-union.org/root/au/RECs/ecowas.htm">"African Union"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.african-union.org/root/au/RECs/ecowas.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-union.org%2Froot%2Fau%2FRECs%2Fecowas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFData" class="citation web cs1">Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">"GDP, PPP (current international $) | Table"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNI+per+capita%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Table&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.au=Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD%2Fcountries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFData" class="citation web cs1">Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/regions/west-africa-ecowas/#economics">"Enoch Randy Aikins (2023) West Africa/ECOWAS. Updated 7 June 2023. (current US$) | Table"</a>. futures.issafrica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618214349/https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/regions/west-africa-ecowas/#economics">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enoch+Randy+Aikins+%282023%29+West+Africa%2FECOWAS.+Updated+7+June+2023.+%28current+US%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Table&rft.pub=futures.issafrica.org.&rft.au=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutures.issafrica.org%2Fgeographic%2Fregions%2Fwest-africa-ecowas%2F%23economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/trade-agreements/ecowas-west-africa.php">"Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States"</a>. <i>Worlddata.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162055/https://www.worlddata.info/trade-agreements/ecowas-west-africa.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worlddata.info&rft.atitle=Members+of+the+ECOWAS+%E2%80%93+Economic+Community+of+West+African+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Ftrade-agreements%2Fecowas-west-africa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/regional-economic-communities-rec/economic-community-west-african-states">"Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)"</a>. <i>United States Trade Representative</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023645/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/regional-economic-communities-rec/economic-community-west-african-states">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Trade+Representative&rft.atitle=Economic+Community+of+West+African+States+%28ECOWAS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fustr.gov%2Fcountries-regions%2Fafrica%2Fregional-economic-communities-rec%2Feconomic-community-west-african-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-Community-of-West-African-States">"Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGATE&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+junta+deplores+new+sanctions+imposed+by+regional+bloc&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft.aulast=AHMED&rft.aufirst=BABA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FMali-s-junta-deplores-new-sanctions-imposed-by-16763433.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220128-west-african-regional-bloc-suspends-burkina-faso-s-membership-over-coup">"West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso's membership over coup"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 28 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128153217/http://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220128-west-african-regional-bloc-suspends-burkina-faso-s-membership-over-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=West+African+regional+bloc+suspends+Burkina+Faso%27s+membership+over+coup&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20220128-west-african-regional-bloc-suspends-burkina-faso-s-membership-over-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Point-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Point_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Point_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202308010371.html">"West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger"</a>. <i>The Point</i>. 1 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215094540/https://allafrica.com/stories/202308010371.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Point&rft.atitle=West+Africa%3A+ECOWAS+Warns+It+Could+Use+Force+in+Niger&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F202308010371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/west-african-ecowas-bloc-suspends-ties-niger-authorizes-101848076">"West African ECOWAS bloc suspends ties with Niger and authorizes use of force if president not reinstated within a week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730130606/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/west-african-ecowas-bloc-suspends-ties-niger-authorizes-101848076">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=West+African+ECOWAS+bloc+suspends+ties+with+Niger+and+authorizes+use+of+force+if+president+not+reinstated+within+a+week&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fwest-african-ecowas-bloc-suspends-ties-niger-authorizes-101848076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230917031315/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-niger-burkina-faso-sign-sahel-security-pact-2023-09-16/">"Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 16 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-niger-burkina-faso-sign-sahel-security-pact-2023-09-16/">the original</a> on 17 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mali%2C+Niger+and+Burkina+Faso+sign+Sahel+security+pact&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmali-niger-burkina-faso-sign-sahel-security-pact-2023-09-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/niger-asks-west-africas-court-to-compel-neighbors-to-lift-coup-sanctions-citing-hardship">"Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128184814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/niger-asks-west-africas-court-to-compel-neighbors-to-lift-coup-sanctions-citing-hardship">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Niger+government+asks+court+to+force+ECOWAS+to+lift+coup+sanctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F22%2Fniger-asks-west-africas-court-to-compel-neighbors-to-lift-coup-sanctions-citing-hardship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/mali-burkina-faso-and-niger-quit-ecowas/a-68106116">"Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128163609/https://www.dw.com/en/mali-burkina-faso-and-niger-quit-ecowas/a-68106116">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Mali%2C+Burkina+Faso+and+Niger+quit+ECOWAS+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+01%2F28%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmali-burkina-faso-and-niger-quit-ecowas%2Fa-68106116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/mali-niger-burkina-faso-withdraw-west-africas-regional-106743815">"Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso withdraw from West Africa regional bloc ECOWAS as tensions deepen"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128165721/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/mali-niger-burkina-faso-withdraw-west-africas-regional-106743815">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Mali%2C+Niger+and+Burkina+Faso+withdraw+from+West+Africa+regional+bloc+ECOWAS+as+tensions+deepen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2FwireStory%2Fmali-niger-burkina-faso-withdraw-west-africas-regional-106743815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/28/niger-mali-burkina-faso-announce-withdrawal-from-ecowas">"Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128200440/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/28/niger-mali-burkina-faso-announce-withdrawal-from-ecowas">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Niger%2C+Mali%2C+Burkina+Faso+announce+withdrawal+from+ECOWAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F28%2Fniger-mali-burkina-faso-announce-withdrawal-from-ecowas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuah2024" class="citation news cs1">Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240224200948/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-ecowas-bloc-mulls-new-strategy-towards-junta-states-2024-02-24/">"West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-ecowas-bloc-mulls-new-strategy-towards-junta-states-2024-02-24/">the original</a> on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=West+African+bloc+lifts+sanctions+on+junta-led+Niger&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fwest-african-ecowas-bloc-mulls-new-strategy-towards-junta-states-2024-02-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYekeen2024" class="citation news cs1">Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225004240/https://www.thecable.ng/ecowas-lifts-sanctions-against-niger-mali-burkina-faso">"ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso"</a>. <i>TheCable</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecable.ng/ecowas-lifts-sanctions-against-niger-mali-burkina-faso">the original</a> on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheCable&rft.atitle=ECOWAS+lifts+sanctions+against+Niger%2C+Mali%2C+Burkina+Faso&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.aulast=Yekeen&rft.aufirst=Akinwale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecable.ng%2Fecowas-lifts-sanctions-against-niger-mali-burkina-faso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226032405/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240225-%F0%9F%94%B4-west-african-bloc-ecowas-lifts-its-economic-sanctions-against-guinea-statement">"West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 25 February 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240225-%F0%9F%94%B4-west-african-bloc-ecowas-lifts-its-economic-sanctions-against-guinea-statement">the original</a> on 26 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=West+African+bloc+ECOWAS+lifts+sanctions+against+Guinea%2C+Mali&rft.date=2024-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20240225-%25F0%259F%2594%25B4-west-african-bloc-ecowas-lifts-its-economic-sanctions-against-guinea-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNarea-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNarea_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNarea_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Demographic Yearbook – Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110134404/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook+%E2%80%93+Population+by+sex%2C+annual+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB2015pop-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WB2015pop_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WB2015pop_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/POP.pdf">"Population 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 16 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121145834/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/POP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/10/proposed-ecowas-railway/">Proposed Ecowas railway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024131043/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/10/proposed-ecowas-railway/">Archived</a> 24 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>railwaysafrica.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westafricatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ECOWAS-Regional-Tourism-Policy-Action-Plan-2019-2029.pdf">ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan</a> <i>westafricatourism.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504111923/http://westafricatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ECOWAS-Regional-Tourism-Policy-Action-Plan-2019-2029.pdf">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Final-Communiqu%C3%A9_55th-Summit_Abuja_29-June-2019-1.pdf">ECOWAS ECOTOUR</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603122325/https://www.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Final-Communiqu%c3%a9_55th-Summit_Abuja_29-June-2019-1.pdf">Archived</a> 3 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>www.ecowas.int</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apanews.net/en/news/ecowas-to-promote-regional-development-through-tourism">ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504111923/http://apanews.net/en/news/ecowas-to-promote-regional-development-through-tourism">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>apanews.net</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/op-ed/west-africas-ecotourism-initiative-last-chance-protect-african-biodiversity">West Africa's (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504111930/https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/op-ed/west-africas-ecotourism-initiative-last-chance-protect-african-biodiversity">Archived</a> 4 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>trade4devnews.enhancedif.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/op-ed/west-africas-ecotourism-initiative-last-chance-protect-african-biodiversity">"West Africa's (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity"</a>. <i>trade4devnews.enhancedif.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504111930/https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/op-ed/west-africas-ecotourism-initiative-last-chance-protect-african-biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trade4devnews.enhancedif.org&rft.atitle=West+Africa%27s+%28eco%29tourism+initiative%3A+Last+chance+to+protect+African+biodiversity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrade4devnews.enhancedif.org%2Fen%2Fop-ed%2Fwest-africas-ecotourism-initiative-last-chance-protect-african-biodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecowas.int/tourism-experts-from-west-africa-to-meet-in-lome/">"Tourism Experts from West Africa to Meet in Lome | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802172348/https://ecowas.int/tourism-experts-from-west-africa-to-meet-in-lome/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Experts+from+West+Africa+to+Meet+in+Lome+%7C+Economic+Community+of+West+African+States+%28ECOWAS%29&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Inaju-Challydoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecowas.int%2Ftourism-experts-from-west-africa-to-meet-in-lome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport2023" class="citation web cs1">Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africahotelreport.com/ecowas-sets-new-tourist-accommodation-regulations-in-africa/">"ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa"</a>. <i>Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128212014/https://africahotelreport.com/ecowas-sets-new-tourist-accommodation-regulations-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stay+Up-to-Date+with+the+Latest+News+and+Updates+in+the+Hospitality+Industry&rft.atitle=ECOWAS+Commission+Develops+New+Regulations+for+Tourist+Accommodation+in+West+Africa&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft.aulast=Report&rft.aufirst=Africa+Hotel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricahotelreport.com%2Fecowas-sets-new-tourist-accommodation-regulations-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AECOWAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trademarkafrica.com/news/ecowas-ministers-boost-the-tourism-industry-with-the-adoption-of-new-standards-for-hotel-services/">"ECOWAS ministers boost the tourism industry with the adoption of new standards for hotel services"</a>. <i>TradeMark Africa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118003443/https://www.trademarkafrica.com/news/ecowas-ministers-boost-the-tourism-industry-with-the-adoption-of-new-standards-for-hotel-services/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECOWAS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ECOWAS" title="Template:ECOWAS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECOWAS" title="Template talk:ECOWAS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECOWAS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECOWAS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECOWAS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ECOWAS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9" title="Lansana Conté">Conté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Jawara</a> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Jawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Soglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_John_Rawlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry John Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Abacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abubakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Konaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Tandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Yar%27Adua" class="mw-redirect" title="Umaru Yar'Adua">Yar'Adua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dramani Mahama">Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Johnson Sirleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Issoufou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Akufo Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of<br /> the Commission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive Secretaries (1975–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboubakar_Diaby_Ouattara" title="Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara">Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momodu_Munu" title="Momodu Munu">Munu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abass_Bundu" title="Abass Bundu">Bundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Benjamin" title="Édouard Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Lansana Kouyaté">Kouyaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Chambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents (2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas" title="Mohamed Ibn Chambas">Chambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Victor_Gbeho" class="mw-redirect" title="James Victor Gbeho">Gbeho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadr%C3%A9_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Ou%C3%A9draogo" title="Kadré Désiré Ouédraogo">Ouédraogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Alain_de_Souza" title="Marcel Alain de Souza">de Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Brou" title="Jean-Claude Brou">Brou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UEMOA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WAMZ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ECOWAS only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_rail" title="ECOWAS rail">ECOWAS rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group" title="Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group">ECOMOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Bank_for_Investment_and_Development" title="ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development">ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS Parliament">ECOWAS Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Court" title="ECOWAS Court">ECOWAS Community Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_Policy_on_Science_and_Technology_(ECOPOST)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOWAS Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST)">ECOPOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEMOA_Tournament" title="UEMOA Tournament">UEMOA Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">Regional organizations by 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