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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Complications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_row_anomaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_row_anomaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 First row anomaly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_row_anomaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_periodicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_periodicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Secondary periodicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_periodicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Higher oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_bond_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_bond_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Multiple bond formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_bond_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_overlaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_overlaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Property overlaps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_overlaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noble_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noble_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Noble gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noble_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halogen_nonmetals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halogen_nonmetals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halogen nonmetals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halogen_nonmetals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unclassified_nonmetals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unclassified_nonmetals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Unclassified nonmetals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unclassified_nonmetals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abundance,_extraction,_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundance,_extraction,_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Abundance, extraction, and uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abundance,_extraction,_and_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abundance, extraction, and uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abundance,_extraction,_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Abundance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Taxonomical history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomical_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomical history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_elements_by_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_elements_by_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Organization of elements by types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_elements_by_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Development of types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_distinguishing_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_distinguishing_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Suggested distinguishing criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_distinguishing_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_selected_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_selected_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparison of selected properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_of_selected_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison of selected properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_selected_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties_by_element_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties_by_element_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Physical properties by element type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties_by_element_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties_by_element_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties_by_element_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Chemical properties by element type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties_by_element_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nonmetal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" > 97 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemetaal" title="Niemetaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niemetaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अधातु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अधातु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="لا فلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لا فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_metal" title="No metal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="No metal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Non metal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Kuarepoti'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeyri-metallar" title="Qeyri-metallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qeyri-metallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="অধাতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Hui-kim-sio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Неметалы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неметалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Немэтал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Немэтал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неметал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetal" title="Nemetal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nemetal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-metall" title="No-metall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="No-metall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Металмарри – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Металмарри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekovy" title="Nekovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nekovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfetel" title="Anfetel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anfetel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkemetal" title="Ikkemetal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ikkemetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="لافيليز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لافيليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichtmetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittemetallid" title="Mittemetallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mittemetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Αμέταλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_metal" title="No metal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="No metal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetalo" title="Nemetalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nemetalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ez-metal" title="Ez-metal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ez-metal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نافلزها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نافلزها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-m%C3%A9tal" title="Non-métal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Non-métal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Non metal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AE-k%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Fî-kîm-su̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fî-kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="비금속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B9_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ոչ մետաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոչ մետաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अधातु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अधातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetali" title="Nemetali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nemetali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nonlogam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetallo" title="Nonmetallo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nonmetallo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-nonmetal" title="I-nonmetal – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-nonmetal" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmleysingi" title="Málmleysingi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmleysingi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_metallo" title="Non metallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Non metallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="אל-מתכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-מתכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nonlogam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಲೋಹಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೋಹಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არალითონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არალითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бейметалдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейметалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simetali" title="Simetali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simetali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metallum" title="Non-metallum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Non-metallum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemet%C4%81li" title="Nemetāli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nemetāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetalai" title="Nemetalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nemetalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minga_met%C3%A0j" title="Minga metàj – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Minga metàj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemf%C3%A9mek" title="Nemfémek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неметал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="അലോഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലോഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अधातु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अधातु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bukan logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Hĭ-gĭng-sṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Металл биш элемент – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металл биш элемент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Nonmetal" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niet-metaal" title="Niet-metaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niet-metaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="非金属元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非金属元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nianmetal" title="Nianmetal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nianmetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-metall" title="Ikke-metall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikke-metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkje-metall" title="Ikkje-metall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ikkje-metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiilala(keemistirii)" title="Sibiilala(keemistirii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiilala(keemistirii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallmaslar" title="Metallmaslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallmaslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅਧਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਧਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal_(%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="Nonmetal (ဓာတုဗေဒ) – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="Nonmetal (ဓာတုဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichmetall" title="Nichmetall – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nichmetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemetale" title="Niemetale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemetale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o-metal" title="Não-metal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Não-metal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetal" title="Nemetal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nemetal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_q%27illay" title="Mana q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mana q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Неметалы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Неметалы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Неметаллы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неметаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jometali" title="Jometali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jometali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun_mitallu" title="Nun mitallu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nun mitallu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84" title="අලෝහ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අලෝහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nonmetal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekov" title="Nekov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nekov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekovina" title="Nekovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nekovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Ma_Ahe" title="Bir Ma Ahe – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bir Ma Ahe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неметал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemetali" title="Nemetali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nemetali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A4metalli" title="Epämetalli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epämetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icke-metall" title="Icke-metall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Icke-metall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அலோகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arasin" title="Arasin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arasin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="అలోహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలోహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="อโลหะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อโลหะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ғайрифилиззот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғайрифилиззот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametal" title="Ametal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ametal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Неметали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неметали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nonmetal (disambiguation)">Nonmetal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text. The reason given is: Checking of <a href="#Suggested_distinguishing_criteria_section">criteria section</a> indicated that many were incorrect, so everything needs to be checked. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; margin-left:2.5em; margin-bottom:1.2em; font-size:95%; max-width: 450px; border:1px solid grey"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center">A <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> extract highlighting nonmetals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png" class="mw-file-description" title="alt=A 10x7 grid, headlined "Nonmetals in their periodic table context". ¶ The 10 columns are labeled as groups "1", "2", "3–11", and then "12" to "18". The 7 rows are left unlabeled. ¶ Most cells represent one chemical element and are labeled with its 1 or 2 letter symbol in a large font above its name. Cells in column 3 (labeled "3–11") represent a series of elements and are labeled with the first and last element's symbol. ¶ Row 1 has cells in the first and last columns, with an empty gap between. Rows 2 and 3 each have 8 cells, with a gap between the first 2 and last 6 columns. Rows 4–7 have cells in all 10 columns. ¶ 17 tan-colored cells are mostly in the top right corner: both cells row 1 and the rightmost 5/4/3/2/1 cells in rows 2–6. ¶ 6 gray-colored cells are in a falling diagonal just left of the tan cells: 1/1/2/2 cells in rows 2–5. ¶ The remaining cells have light gray letters on a white background. Most have no border, but 4 have a dashed border, one in row 6 and 3 scattered in row 7."><img alt="alt=A 10x7 grid, headlined "Nonmetals in their periodic table context". ¶ The 10 columns are labeled as groups "1", "2", "3–11", and then "12" to "18". The 7 rows are left unlabeled. ¶ Most cells represent one chemical element and are labeled with its 1 or 2 letter symbol in a large font above its name. Cells in column 3 (labeled "3–11") represent a series of elements and are labeled with the first and last element's symbol. ¶ Row 1 has cells in the first and last columns, with an empty gap between. Rows 2 and 3 each have 8 cells, with a gap between the first 2 and last 6 columns. Rows 4–7 have cells in all 10 columns. ¶ 17 tan-colored cells are mostly in the top right corner: both cells row 1 and the rightmost 5/4/3/2/1 cells in rows 2–6. ¶ 6 gray-colored cells are in a falling diagonal just left of the tan cells: 1/1/2/2 cells in rows 2–5. ¶ The remaining cells have light gray letters on a white background. Most have no border, but 4 have a dashed border, one in row 6 and 3 scattered in row 7." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png/450px-Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png/675px-Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png/900px-Nonmetals_in_the_periodic_table.png 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1516" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:5px; font-size:95%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  always/usually considered nonmetals<a href="#cite_note-Larrañaga-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steudel-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vernon2013-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:5px; font-size:95%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  metalloids, sometimes considered nonmetals<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:5px; font-size:95%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  status as nonmetal or metal unconfirmed<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a> forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (noble gases)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nonmetals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the context of the periodic table a nonmetal is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> that mostly lacks distinctive <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> properties. They range from colorless gases like <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to shiny crystals like <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Physically, they are usually lighter (less dense) than elements that form metals and are often poor conductors of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electricity</a>. Chemically, nonmetals have relatively high <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> or usually attract electrons in a chemical bond with another element, and their oxides tend to be <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a>. Seventeen elements are widely recognized as nonmetals. Additionally, some or all of six borderline elements (<a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a>) are sometimes counted as nonmetals. The two lightest nonmetals, hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, together make up about 98% of the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a>. Five nonmetallic elements—hydrogen, carbon, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>—make up the bulk of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. Industrial uses of nonmetals include in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical production</a>. Most nonmetallic elements were identified in the 18th and 19th centuries. While a distinction between metals and other minerals had existed since antiquity, a basic classification of chemical elements as metallic or nonmetallic emerged only in the late 18th century. Since then about twenty properties have been suggested as criteria for distinguishing nonmetals from metals. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_applicable_elements">Definition and applicable elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and applicable elements">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Unless otherwise noted, this article describes the stable form of an element at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP).<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two dull silver clusters of crystalline shards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/220px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/440px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>While <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (here sealed in a container to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tarnishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnishing">tarnishing</a>) has a shiny appearance and is a reasonable conductor of heat and electricity, it is soft and brittle and its chemistry is predominately nonmetallic.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> Nonmetallic <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a> are often described as lacking properties common to metals, namely shininess, pliability, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and a general capacity to form basic oxides.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porterfield-11">[9]</a> There is no widely accepted precise definition;<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> any list of nonmetals is open to debate and revision.<a href="#cite_note-Larrañaga-1">[1]</a> The elements included depend on the properties regarded as most representative of nonmetallic or metallic character. Fourteen elements are almost always recognized as nonmetals:<a href="#cite_note-Larrañaga-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steudel-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:1.6em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:1.6em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:1.6em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></li></ul></div> Three more are commonly classed as nonmetals, but some sources list them as "<a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2013-3">[3]</a> a term which refers to elements regarded as intermediate between metals and nonmetals:<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2020p220-13">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:1.6em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li></ul></div> One or more of the six elements most commonly recognized as metalloids are sometimes instead counted as nonmetals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:1.6em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a></li></ul></div> About 15–20% of the 118 known elements<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> are thus classified as nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_properties">General properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#Physical_properties_by_element_type">§ Physical properties by element type</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Variety in color and form of some nonmetallic elements</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boron_R105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several dozen small angular stone like shapes, grey with scattered silver flecks and highlights." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/131px-Boron_R105.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/197px-Boron_R105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/262px-Boron_R105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Boron in its β-<a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a> phase</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shiny grey-black cuboid nugget with a rough surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/99px-Graphite2.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/149px-Graphite2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/198px-Graphite2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="353" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Metallic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pale blue liquid in a clear beaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/80px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/120px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/160px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1068" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Blue color of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A glass tube, is inside a larger glass tube, has some clear yellow liquid in it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/115px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/173px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/230px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="305" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Pale yellow liquid fluorine in a <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic bath</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow powdery chunks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/125px-Sulfur-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/188px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/250px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1444" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> as yellow chunks</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine_in_a_vial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small capped jar a quarter filled with a very dark liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bromine_in_a_vial.png/70px-Bromine_in_a_vial.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bromine_in_a_vial.png/105px-Bromine_in_a_vial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bromine_in_a_vial.png/140px-Bromine_in_a_vial.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="693" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Liquid <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> at room temperature</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iodinecrystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shiny violet-black colored crystalline shards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/186px-Iodinecrystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/279px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/372px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="753" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Metallic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> under white light</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A partly filled ampoule containing a colorless liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG/128px-An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG/192px-An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG/256px-An_acrylic_cube_specially_prepared_for_element_collectors_containing_an_ampoule_filled_with_liquefied_xenon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1798" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Liquefied xenon</div></div></div></div></div> Nonmetals vary greatly in appearance, being colorless, colored or shiny. For the colorless nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and the noble gases), no absorption of light happens in the visible part of the spectrum, and all visible light is transmitted.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The colored nonmetals (sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine) absorb some colors (wavelengths) and transmit the complementary or opposite colors. For example, chlorine's "familiar yellow-green colour ... is due to a broad region of absorption in the violet and blue regions of the spectrum".<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[d]</a> The shininess of boron, graphite (carbon), silicon, black phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, selenium, antimony, tellurium, and iodine<a href="#cite_note-23">[e]</a> is a result of varying degrees of metallic conduction where the electrons can reflect incoming visible light.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> About half of nonmetallic elements are gases under <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>; most of the rest are solids. Bromine, the only liquid, is usually topped by a layer of its reddish-brown fumes. The gaseous and liquid nonmetals have very low densities, <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> The solid nonmetals have low densities and low mechanical strength (being either hard and brittle, or soft and crumbly),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[21]</a> and a wide range of electrical conductivity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[f]</a> This diversity in form stems from variability in internal structures and bonding arrangements. Covalent nonmetals existing as discrete atoms like xenon, or as small molecules, such as oxygen, sulfur, and bromine, have low melting and boiling points; many are gases at room temperature, as they are held together by weak <a href="/wiki/London_dispersion_force" title="London dispersion force">London dispersion forces</a> acting between their atoms or molecules, although the molecules themselves have strong covalent bonds.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> In contrast, nonmetals that form extended structures, such as long chains of selenium atoms,<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> sheets of carbon atoms in graphite,<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> or three-dimensional lattices of silicon atoms<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> have higher melting and boiling points, and are all solids, as it takes more energy to overcome their stronger bonding.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Dubious_cites" title="Talk:Nonmetal">discuss</a>] Nonmetals closer to the left or bottom of the periodic table (and so closer to the metals) often have <a href="/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron">metallic interactions</a> between their molecules, chains, or layers; this occurs in boron,<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> carbon,<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> phosphorus,<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> arsenic,<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> selenium,<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> antimony,<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> tellurium<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> and iodine.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="line-height: 1.3; font-size: 95%; margin-left:20px; margin-bottom:1.2em"> <caption>Some general physical differences between elemental metals and nonmetals<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aspect</th> <th>Metals</th> <th>Nonmetals </th></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance and form </td> <td>Shiny if freshly prepared or fractured; few colored;<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> all but one solid<a href="#cite_note-Green-45">[39]</a> </td> <td>Shiny, colored or transparent;<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> all but one solid or gaseous<a href="#cite_note-Green-45">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>Often higher </td> <td>Often lower </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plasticity</a> </td> <td>Mostly malleable and ductile </td> <td>Often brittle solids </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">Electrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductivity</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> </td> <td>Good </td> <td>Poor to good </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">Electronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">structure</a><a href="#cite_note-K&W-48">[42]</a> </td> <td>Metal or <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetalic</a> </td> <td>Semimetal, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Covalently bonded nonmetals often share only the electrons required to achieve a noble gas electron configuration.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> For example, nitrogen forms diatomic molecules featuring a triple bonds between each atom, both of which thereby attain the configuration of the noble gas neon. Antimony's larger atomic size prevents triple bonding, resulting in buckled layers in which each antimony atom is singly bonded with three other nearby atoms.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> Good electrical conductivity occurs when there is <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft_and_Mermin-51">[45]</a> however the electrons in nonmetals are often not metallic.<a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft_and_Mermin-51">[45]</a> Good electrical and thermal conductivity associated with metallic electrons is seen in carbon (as graphite, along its planes), arsenic, and antimony.<a href="#cite_note-52">[g]</a> Good thermal conductivity occurs in boron, silicon, phosphorus, and germanium;<a href="#cite_note-A&W-27">[22]</a> such conductivity is transmitted though vibrations of the crystalline lattices of these elements.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> Moderate electrical conductivity is observed in the semiconductors<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> boron, silicon, phosphorus, germanium, selenium, tellurium, and iodine. Many of the nonmetallic elements are hard and brittle,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[21]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Dislocations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislocations">dislocations</a> cannot readily move so they tend to undergo <a href="/wiki/Brittle_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle fracture">brittle fracture</a> rather than deforming.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> Some do deform such as <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#White_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> (soft as wax, pliable and can be cut with a knife, at room temperature),<a href="#cite_note-Holderness_1979,_p._255-56">[49]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur#Amorphous_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">plastic sulfur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-57">[50]</a> and in selenium which can be drawn into wires from its molten state.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-58">[51]</a> Graphite is a standard <a href="/wiki/Solid_lubricant" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid lubricant">solid lubricant</a> where dislocations move very easily in the basal planes.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Three allotropes of carbon</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond-dimd15a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A clear triangular crystal with a flat face and slightly rough edges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/134px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/201px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/268px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">a transparent electrical insulator</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:C60-Fulleren-kristallin_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a haphazard aggregate of brownish crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG/111px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="111" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG/167px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG/222px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="342" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">a brownish semiconductor</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite-233436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black multi-layered lozenge-shaped rock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Graphite-233436.jpg/85px-Graphite-233436.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Graphite-233436.jpg/128px-Graphite-233436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Graphite-233436.jpg/170px-Graphite-233436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">a blackish conductor</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Allotropy#Non-metals" title="Allotropy">Allotropy § Non-metals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Single-layer_materials" title="Single-layer materials">Single-layer materials</a>.</div> Over half of the nonmetallic elements exhibit a range of less stable allotropic forms, each with distinct physical properties.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> For example, carbon, the most stable form of which is <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, can manifest as <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paracrystallinity" title="Paracrystallinity">paracrystalline</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> variations. Allotropes also occur for nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium and iodine.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#Chemical_properties_by_element_type">§ Chemical properties by element type</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="line-height: 1.3; font-size: 95%; margin-left:20px"> <caption>Some general chemistry-based differences between metals and nonmetals<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Aspect</th> <th>Metals</th> <th>Nonmetals </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Reactivity<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Wide range: very reactive to noble </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></td> <td>lower </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Basic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acidic</a>; never basic<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-66">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>higher</td> <td>Increasingly acidic </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Compounds with metals<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compounds">Ionic compounds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energy</a><a href="#cite_note-AylwardIE-68">[61]</a> </td> <td>Low to high </td> <td>Moderate to very high </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a><a href="#cite_note-AylwardEN-69">[62]</a> </td> <td>Low to high </td> <td>Moderate to very high </td></tr></tbody></table> Nonmetals have relatively high values of electronegativity, and their oxides are usually acidic. Exceptions may occur if a nonmetal is not very electronegative, or if its <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> is low, or both. These non-acidic oxides of nonmetals may be <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> (like water, H2O<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a>) or neutral (like <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, N2O<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[h]</a>), but never basic. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions, in contrast to metals which tend to donate electrons. This behavior is related to the stability of <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configurations</a> in the noble gases, which have complete outer <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells</a> as summarized by the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule#Other_rules" title="Octet rule">duet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rules</a> of thumb, more correctly explained in terms of <a href="/wiki/Valence_bond_theory" title="Valence bond theory">valence bond theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> They typically exhibit higher <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potentials</a> than metals. Generally, the higher these values are (including electronegativity) the more nonmetallic the element tends to be.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> For example, the chemically very active nonmetals fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine have an average electronegativity of 3.19—a figure<a href="#cite_note-77">[i]</a> higher than that of any metallic element. The chemical distinctions between metals and nonmetals is connected to the attractive force between the positive nuclear charge of an individual atom and its negatively charged outer electrons. From left to right across each period of the periodic table, the nuclear charge (number of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>) increases.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> There is a corresponding reduction in atomic radius<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> as the increased nuclear charge draws the outer electrons closer to the nuclear core.<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> In chemical bonding, nonmetals tend to gain electrons due to their higher nuclear charge, resulting in negatively charged ions.<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> The number of compounds formed by nonmetals is vast.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> The first 10 places in a "top 20" table of elements most frequently encountered in 895,501,834 compounds, as listed in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a> register for November 2, 2021, were occupied by nonmetals. Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen collectively appeared in most (80%) of compounds. Silicon, a metalloid, ranked 11th. The highest-rated metal, with an occurrence frequency of 0.14%, was iron, in 12th place.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> A few examples of nonmetal compounds are: <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> (H 3BO 3), used in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic glazes">ceramic glazes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a> (C 3H 7NO 2Se), the 21st <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> of life;<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">phosphorus sesquisulfide</a> (P4S3), found in <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">strike anywhere matches</a>;<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">teflon</a> ((C 2F 4)n), used to create non-stick coatings for pans and other cookware.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Complications">edit</a>]</div> Adding complexity to the chemistry of the nonmetals are anomalies occurring in the first row of each <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table block">periodic table block</a>; non-uniform periodic trends; higher oxidation states; multiple bond formation; and property overlaps with metals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_row_anomaly">First row anomaly</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First row anomaly">edit</a>]</div> <div style="line-height:1px;"><img alt="A table with seven rows and ten columns. Rows are labeled on the left with a period number from 1 through 7. Columns are labeled on the bottom with a group number. Most cells represent a single chemical element and have two lines of information: the element's symbol on the top and its atomic number on the bottom. The table as a whole is divided into four rectangular areas separated from each other by narrow gaps. The first rectangle fills all seven rows of the first two columns. The rectangle is labeled "s-block" at the top and its two columns are labeled with group numbers "(1)" and "(2)" on the bottom. The cells in the first row - hydrogen and helium, with symbols H and He and atomic numbers 1 and 2 respectively - are both shaded red. The second rectangle fills the bottom two rows (periods 6 and 7) of the third column. Just above these cells is the label "f-block"; there is no group label on the bottom. The topmost cell - labeled "La-Yb" for elements 57-70 - is shaded green. The third rectangle fills the bottom four rows (periods 4 through 7) of the fourth column. Just above these cells is the label "d-block"; at the bottom is the label "(3-12)" for the group numbers of these elements. The topmost cell - labeled "Sc-Zn" for elements 21-30 - is shaded blue. The fourth and last rectangle fills the bottom six rows (periods 2 through 7) of the last six columns. Just above these cells is the label "p-block"; at the bottom are labels "(13)" through "(18) for the group numbers of these elements. The cells in the topmost row - for the elements boron (B,5), carbon (C,6), nitrogen (N,7), oxygen (O,8), fluorine (Fl,9), and neon (Ne,10) - are shaded yellow. Bold lines encircle the cells of the nonmetals - the top two cells on the left and 21 cells in the upper right of the table." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/1x1.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="1" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></div> <table class="floatright" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:1.1;margin-top:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="14" style="padding-bottom:3px;border:none;text-align:center;font-size:105%">Condensed periodic table highlighting the first row of each block: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> s  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> p  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> d  and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> f  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">Period </td> <td colspan="2">s-block </td> <td rowspan="9" style="padding:1px;"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="padding:1px;"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="padding:1px;"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 2px 2px;background-color:#ff9999;">H 1 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 2px 2px 1px;background-color:#ff9999;">He 2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="6"> p-block </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Li 3 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Be 4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 2px 2px;background-color:#fdff8c;">B 5 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#fdff8c;">C 6 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#fdff8c;">N 7 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#fdff8c;">O 8 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#fdff8c;">F 9 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:2px 2px 1px 1px;background-color:#fdff8c;">Ne 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Na 11 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Mg 12 </td> <td> </td> <td> d-block </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Al 13 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 2px;">Si 14 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">P 15 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">S 16 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Cl 17 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 2px 1px 1px;">Ar 18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">K 19 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ca 20 </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#99ccff;">Sc-Zn 21-30 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ga 31 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 2px 2px;">Ge 32 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">As 33 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Se 34 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Br 35 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 2px 1px 1px;">Kr 36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Rb 37 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Sr 38 </td> <td> f-block </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Y-Cd 39-48 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">In 49 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Sn 50 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 2px 2px;">Sb 51 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 2px 1px;">Te 52 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 2px 1px;">I 53 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 2px 1px 1px;">Xe 54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Cs 55 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ba 56 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;background-color:#9bff99;">La-Yb 57-70 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Lu-Hg 71-80 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Tl 81 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Pb 82 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Bi 83 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Po 84 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">At 85 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 2px 2px 2px;">Rn 86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Fr 87 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ra 88 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ac-No 89-102 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Lr-Cn 103-112 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Nh 113 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Fl 114 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Mc 115 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Lv 116 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Ts 117 </td> <td style="border:solid black;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;">Og 118 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Group </td> <td>(1) </td> <td>(2) </td> <td> </td> <td>(3-12) </td> <td>(13) </td> <td>(14) </td> <td>(15) </td> <td>(16) </td> <td>(17) </td> <td>(18) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="border:none; text-align:Center;font-size:105%;">The <a href="/wiki/Kainosymmetry" title="Kainosymmetry">first-row anomaly</a> strength by block is s >> p > d > f.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[j]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Starting with hydrogen, the <a href="/wiki/Kainosymmetry" title="Kainosymmetry">first row anomaly</a> primarily arises from the electron configurations of the elements concerned. Hydrogen is notable for its diverse bonding behaviors. It most commonly forms covalent bonds, but it can also lose its single electron in an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, leaving behind a bare proton with tremendous polarizing power.<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> Consequently, this proton can attach itself to the lone electron pair of an oxygen atom in a water molecule, laying the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base chemistry">acid-base chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> Moreover, a hydrogen atom in a molecule can form a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">second, albeit weaker, bond</a> with an atom or group of atoms in another molecule. Such bonding, "helps give <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflakes</a> their hexagonal symmetry, binds <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a>; shapes the three-dimensional forms of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>; and even raises water's boiling point high enough to make a decent cup of tea."<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> Hydrogen and helium, as well as boron through neon, have unusually small atomic radii. This phenomenon arises because the <a href="/wiki/S_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="S shell">1s</a> and <a href="/wiki/P_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="P shell">2p subshells</a> lack inner analogues (meaning there is no zero shell and no 1p subshell), and they therefore experience less electron-electron <a href="/wiki/Exchange_interaction" title="Exchange interaction">exchange interactions</a>, unlike the 3p, 4p, and 5p subshells of heavier elements.<a href="#cite_note-S&B-93">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Dubious" title="Talk:Nonmetal">discuss</a>] As a result, ionization energies and electronegativities among these elements are higher than the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_trends" title="Periodic trends">periodic trends</a> would otherwise suggest. The compact atomic radii of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen facilitate the formation of <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triple_bond" title="Triple bond">triple</a> bonds.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> While it would normally be expected, on electron configuration consistency grounds, that hydrogen and helium would be placed atop the s-block elements, the significant first row anomaly shown by these two elements justifies alternative placements. Hydrogen is occasionally positioned above fluorine, in group 17, rather than above lithium in group 1. Helium is almost always placed above neon, in group 18, rather than above beryllium in group 2.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_periodicity">Secondary periodicity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secondary periodicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EN_values_of_chalcogens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph with a vertical electronegativity axis and a horizontal atomic number axis. The five elements plotted are O, S, Se, Te and Po. The electronegativity of Se looks too high, and causes a bump in what otherwise be a smooth curve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EN_values_of_chalcogens.png/180px-EN_values_of_chalcogens.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EN_values_of_chalcogens.png/270px-EN_values_of_chalcogens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/EN_values_of_chalcogens.png/360px-EN_values_of_chalcogens.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Electronegativity values of the group 16 <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a> elements showing a W-shaped alternation or secondary periodicity going down the group</figcaption></figure> An alternation in certain periodic trends, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Atomic_radius" title="Periodic table">secondary periodicity</a>, becomes evident when descending groups 13 to 15, and to a lesser extent, groups 16 and 17.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[k]</a> Immediately after the first row of <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a> metals, from scandium to zinc, the 3d electrons in the <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a> elements—specifically, gallium (a metal), germanium, arsenic, selenium, and bromine—prove less effective at <a href="/wiki/Shielding_effect" title="Shielding effect">shielding</a> the increasing positive nuclear charge. The Soviet chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shchukarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shchukarev (page does not exist)">Shchukarev</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Щукарев, Сергей Александрович">ru</a>] gives two more tangible examples:<a href="#cite_note-99">[88]</a> <dl><dd>"The toxicity of some arsenic compounds, and the absence of this property in analogous compounds of phosphorus [P] and antimony [Sb]; and the ability of <a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid">selenic acid</a> [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H2SeO4] to bring metallic gold [Au] into solution, and the absence of this property in sulfuric <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2SO4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2TeO4]</a> acids."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_oxidation_states">Higher oxidation states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Higher oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Roman numerals such as III, V and VIII denote oxidation states</dd></dl> Some nonmetallic elements exhibit <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> that deviate from those predicted by the octet rule, which typically results in an oxidation state of –3 in group 15, –2 in group 16, –1 in group 17, and 0 in group 18. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> NH3, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> H2S, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> HF, and elemental xenon Xe. Meanwhile, the maximum possible oxidation state increases from +5 in <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15</a>, to +8 in <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">group 18</a>. The +5 oxidation state is observable from period 2 onward, in compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> HN(V)O3 and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentafluoride" title="Phosphorus pentafluoride">phosphorus pentafluoride</a> PCl5.<a href="#cite_note-100">[l]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state#List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="Oxidation state">Higher oxidation states</a> in later groups emerge from period 3 onwards, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a> SF6, <a href="/wiki/Iodine_heptafluoride" title="Iodine heptafluoride">iodine heptafluoride</a> IF7, and <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">xenon(VIII) tetroxide</a> XeO4. For heavier nonmetals, their larger atomic radii and lower electronegativity values enable the formation of compounds with higher oxidation numbers, supporting higher bulk <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-101">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_bond_formation">Multiple bond formation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Multiple bond formation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentazenium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chain of five N's in a wing shape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentazenium.png/220px-Pentazenium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentazenium.png/330px-Pentazenium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentazenium.png/440px-Pentazenium.png 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Molecular structure of <a href="/wiki/Pentazenium" title="Pentazenium">pentazenium</a>, a homopolyatomic cation of nitrogen with the formula N5+ and structure N−N−N−N−N.<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a></figcaption></figure>Period 2 nonmetals, particularly carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, show a propensity to form multiple bonds. The compounds formed by these elements often exhibit unique <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometries" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometries">stoichiometries</a> and structures, as seen in the various nitrogen oxides,<a href="#cite_note-Cox-101">[89]</a> which are not commonly found in elements from later periods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Property_overlaps">Property overlaps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Property overlaps">edit</a>]</div> While certain elements have traditionally been classified as nonmetals and others as metals, some overlapping of properties occurs. Writing early in the twentieth century, by which time the era of modern chemistry had been well-established,<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> Humphrey<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> observed that: <dl><dd>... these two groups, however, are not marked off perfectly sharply from each other; some nonmetals resemble metals in certain of their properties, and some metals approximate in some ways to the non-metals.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown-boron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An open glass jar with a brown powder in it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brown-boron.jpg/220px-Brown-boron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brown-boron.jpg/330px-Brown-boron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brown-boron.jpg/440px-Brown-boron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Boron (here in its less stable amorphous form) shares some similarities with metals<a href="#cite_note-106">[m]</a></figcaption></figure> Examples of metal-like properties occurring in nonmetallic elements include: <ul><li>Silicon has an electronegativity (1.9) comparable with metals such as cobalt (1.88), copper (1.9), nickel (1.91) and silver (1.93);<a href="#cite_note-AylwardEN-69">[62]</a></li> <li>The electrical conductivity of graphite exceeds that of some metals;<a href="#cite_note-109">[n]</a></li> <li>Selenium can be drawn into a wire;<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-58">[51]</a></li> <li>Radon is the most metallic of the noble gases and begins to show some <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cationic</a> behavior, which is unusual for a nonmetal;<a href="#cite_note-110">[96]</a> and</li> <li>In extreme conditions, just over half of nonmetallic elements can form homopolyatomic cations.<a href="#cite_note-112">[o]</a></li></ul> Examples of nonmetal-like properties occurring in metals are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> displays some nonmetallic properties, sometimes being brittle, having a high electronegativity, and forming only anions in aqueous solution,<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> and predominately acidic oxides.<a href="#cite_note-Porterfield-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>, the "king of metals" has the highest <a href="/wiki/Electrode_potential" title="Electrode potential">electrode potential</a> among metals, suggesting a preference for gaining rather than losing electrons. Gold's ionization energy is one of the highest among metals, and its electron affinity and electronegativity are high, with the latter exceeding that of some nonmetals. It forms the Au– auride anion and exhibits a tendency to bond to itself, behaviors which are unexpected for metals. In aurides (MAu, where M = Li–Cs), gold's behavior is similar to that of a halogen.<a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a> Gold has a large enough nuclear potential that the electrons have to be considered with <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">relativistic</a> effects included which changes some of the properties.<a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a></li></ul> A relatively recent development involves certain compounds of heavier p-block elements, such as silicon, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic and antimony, exhibiting behaviors typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Coordination_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination compound">transition metal complexes</a>. This is linked to a small energy gap between their <a href="/wiki/HOMO_and_LUMO" title="HOMO and LUMO">filled and empty</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular orbitals">molecular orbitals</a>, which are the regions in a molecule where electrons reside and where they can be available for chemical reactions. In such compounds, this allows for unusual reactivity with small molecules like hydrogen (H2), <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH3), and <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> (C2H4), a characteristic previously observed primarily in transition metal compounds. These reactions may open new avenues in <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalytic</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_nonmetal_classes" title="List of alternative nonmetal classes">Nonmetal classification schemes</a> vary widely, with some accommodating as few as two subtypes and others identifying up to seven. For example, the periodic table in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> recognizes noble gases, halogens, and other nonmetals, and splits the elements commonly recognized as metalloids between "other metals" and "other nonmetals".<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> On the other hand, seven of twelve color categories on the Royal Society of Chemistry periodic table include nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[p]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:120%;text-align:center; line-height: 95%;border-color:black;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:70% ; line-height: 95%;"> <td style="border:none"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border:none;"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border:none;">Group (1, 13−18) </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;text-align:right">Period </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:70% ; line-height: 95%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="border:none"> </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">13 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">14 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">15 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">16 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">1/17 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">18 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">(1−6) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="4" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-bottom:2px solid black;border-right:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFD9F;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFD9F;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFD9F;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FC9A9B;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFD9F;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#9BCDFD;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="border:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Starting on the right side of the periodic table, three types of nonmetals can be recognized: <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   the relatively inert noble gases—helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon;<a href="#cite_note-Matson-121">[105]</a></div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   the notably reactive halogen nonmetals—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine;<a href="#cite_note-122">[106]</a> and</div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   the mixed reactivity "unclassified nonmetals", a set with no widely used collective name—hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium.<a href="#cite_note-132">[r]</a> The descriptive phrase unclassified nonmetals is used here for convenience.</div> The elements in a fourth set are sometimes recognized as nonmetals: <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   the generally unreactive<a href="#cite_note-143">[t]</a> metalloids,<a href="#cite_note-Moeller-144">[124]</a> sometimes considered a third category distinct from metals and nonmetals—boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ; color: #202122;background-color: Lightyellow; padding:10px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> While many of the early workers attempted to classify elements none of their classifications were satisfactory. They were divided into metals and nonmetals, but some were soon found to have properties of both. These were called metalloids. This only added to the confusion by making two indistinct divisions where one existed before.<a href="#cite_note-145">[125]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Whiteford & Coffin 1939, Essentials of College Chemistry</cite> </div> The boundaries between these types are not sharp.<a href="#cite_note-147">[u]</a> Carbon, phosphorus, selenium, and iodine border the metalloids and show some metallic character, <a href="#Hlike_a_metal">as does hydrogen</a>. The greatest discrepancy between authors occurs in metalloid "frontier territory".<a href="#cite_note-148">[127]</a> Some consider metalloids distinct from both metals and nonmetals, while others classify them as nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-Goodrich_etc-4">[4]</a> Some categorize certain metalloids as metals (e.g., arsenic and antimony due to their similarities to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>).<a href="#cite_note-149">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[v]</a> Metalloids resemble the elements universally considered "nonmetals" in having relatively low densities, high electronegativity, and similar chemical behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Moeller-144">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[w]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noble_gases">Noble gases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noble gases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_ice_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a glass tube, held upside down by some tongs, has a clear-looking ice-like plug in it which is slowly melting judging from the clear drops falling out of the open end of the tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/220px-Argon_ice_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/330px-Argon_ice_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/440px-Argon_ice_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A small (about 2 cm long) piece of rapidly melting <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> ice</figcaption></figure> Six nonmetals are classified as noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and the radioactive radon. In conventional periodic tables they occupy the rightmost column. They are called noble gases due to their exceptionally low <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactivity">chemical reactivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matson-121">[105]</a> These elements exhibit similar properties, characterized by their colorlessness, odorlessness, and nonflammability. Due to their closed outer electron shells, noble gases possess weak <a href="/wiki/Interatomic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Interatomic force">interatomic forces</a> of attraction, leading to exceptionally low melting and boiling points.<a href="#cite_note-152">[129]</a> As a consequence, they all exist as gases under standard conditions, even those with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic masses</a> surpassing many typically solid elements.<a href="#cite_note-153">[130]</a> Chemically, the noble gases exhibit relatively high ionization energies, negligible or negative electron affinities, and high to very high electronegativities. The number of compounds formed by noble gases is in the hundreds and continues to expand,<a href="#cite_note-154">[131]</a> with most of these compounds involving the combination of oxygen or fluorine with either krypton, xenon, or radon.<a href="#cite_note-155">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogen_nonmetals">Halogen nonmetals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Halogen nonmetals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:341px;max-width:341px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silver chunks covered be a clear liquid in a sealed bottle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg/79px-Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg/119px-Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg/158px-Sodium_metal_chunks_in_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="521" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small pile of white crystals in front of a tipped-over cylindrical with a few grains spilling out of the holes in its screw-top lid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg/160px-%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg/240px-%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg/320px-%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent pale yellow gas in a sealed bottle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg/90px-Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg/135px-Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg/180px-Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> metal (Na, left) combines with corrosive halogen nonmetal <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas (Cl, right) to form stable, unreactive <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a> (NaCl, center).</div></div></div></div> While the halogen nonmetals are notably reactive and corrosive elements, they can also be found in everyday compounds like <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a>); common <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a> (NaCl); swimming pool disinfectant (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">NaBr</a>); and food supplements (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">KI</a>). The term "halogen" itself means "<a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> former".<a href="#cite_note-156">[133]</a> Chemically, the halogen nonmetals exhibit high ionization energies, electron affinities, and electronegativity values, and are mostly relatively strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxidizing-157">[134]</a> These characteristics contribute to their corrosive nature.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel-158">[135]</a> All four elements tend to form primarily <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a> with metals,<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-159">[136]</a> in contrast to the remaining nonmetals (except for oxygen) which tend to form primarily <a href="/wiki/Covalent_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent compound">covalent compounds</a> with metals.<a href="#cite_note-163">[x]</a> The highly reactive and strongly electronegative nature of the halogen nonmetals epitomizes nonmetallic character.<a href="#cite_note-Lanford-164">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unclassified_nonmetals">Unclassified nonmetals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unclassified nonmetals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selenium_black_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small glass jar filled with small dull grey concave buttons. The pieces of selenium look like tiny mushrooms without their stems." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> conducts electricity around 1,000 times better <a href="/wiki/Photoconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoconductor">when light falls on it</a>, a property used in <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">light-sensing applications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> Hydrogen behaves in some respects like a metallic element and in others like a nonmetal.<a href="#cite_note-166">[142]</a> Like a metallic element it can, for example, form a <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvated cation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-167">[143]</a> it can substitute for <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> in compounds such as the chlorides (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a> cf. <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">HCl</a>) and nitrates (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">KNO3</a> cf. <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO3</a>), and in certain alkali metal <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">complexes</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cao4-169">[145]</a> as a nonmetal.<a href="#cite_note-170">[146]</a> It attains this configuration by forming a covalent or ionic bond<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg255–257-171">[147]</a> or, if it has initially given up its electron, by attaching itself to a lone pair of electrons.<a href="#cite_note-172">[148]</a> Some or all of these nonmetals share several properties. Being generally less reactive than the halogens,<a href="#cite_note-173">[149]</a> most of them can occur naturally in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-174">[150]</a> They have significant roles in <a href="/wiki/CHNOPS" title="CHNOPS">biology</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">geochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cao20-176">[152]</a> Collectively, their physical and chemical characteristics can be described as "moderately non-metallic".<a href="#cite_note-Cao20-176">[152]</a> Sometimes they have corrosive aspects. Carbon corrosion can occur in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[153]</a> Untreated selenium in soils can lead to the formation of corrosive <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">hydrogen selenide</a> gas.<a href="#cite_note-178">[154]</a> Very different, when combined with metals, the unclassified nonmetals can form <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial compound">interstitial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> compounds<a href="#cite_note-179">[155]</a> due to their relatively small atomic radii and sufficiently low ionization energies.<a href="#cite_note-Cao20-176">[152]</a> They also exhibit a tendency to <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">bond to themselves</a>, particularly in solid compounds.<a href="#cite_note-180">[156]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_relationship" title="Diagonal relationship">diagonal periodic table relationships</a> among these nonmetals mirror similar relationships among the metalloids.<a href="#cite_note-181">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abundance,_extraction,_and_uses">Abundance, extraction, and uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abundance, extraction, and uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abundance">Abundance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Abundance">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 95%; white-space:nowrap;"> <caption>Approximate composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(top three components by weight) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Universe<a href="#cite_note-182">[158]</a></td> <td>75% hydrogen</td> <td>23% helium</td> <td>1% oxygen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-183">[159]</a></td> <td>78% nitrogen</td> <td>21% oxygen</td> <td>0.5% argon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrosphere<a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-184">[160]</a></td> <td>86% oxygen</td> <td>11% hydrogen</td> <td>2% chlorine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomass<a href="#cite_note-185">[161]</a></td> <td>63% oxygen</td> <td>20% carbon</td> <td>10% hydrogen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crust<a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-184">[160]</a></td> <td>46% oxygen</td> <td>27% silicon</td> <td>8% aluminium </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abundance of chemical elements">abundance of elements</a> in the universe results from nuclear physics processes like <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. The volatile noble gas nonmetal elements are less abundant in the atmosphere than expected based their overall abundance due to cosmic <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a>. Mechanisms to explain this difference is an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[162]</a> Even within that challenge, the nonmetal element <abbr title="xenon">Xe</abbr> is unexpectedly depleted. A possible explanation comes from theoretical models of the high pressures in the Earth's core suggest there may be around 1013 tons of xenon, in the form of stable XeFe3 and XeNi3 <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[163]</a> Five nonmetals—hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon—form the bulk of the directly observable structure of the Earth: about 73% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>, 93% of the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>, 96% of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, and over 99% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, as shown in the accompanying table. Silicon and oxygen form highly stable tetrahedral structures, known as <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicates</a>. Here, "the powerful bond that unites the oxygen and silicon ions is the cement that holds the Earth's crust together."<a href="#cite_note-188">[164]</a> In the biomass, the relative abundance of the first four nonmetals (and phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium marginally) is attributed to a combination of relatively small atomic size, and sufficient spare electrons. These two properties enable them to bind to one another and "some other elements, to produce a molecular soup sufficient to build a self-replicating system."<a href="#cite_note-189">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Extraction">edit</a>]</div> Nine of the 23 nonmetallic elements are gases, or form compounds that are gases, and are extracted from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_air" title="Liquid air">liquid air</a>. These elements include hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, sulfur, argon, krypton, and xenon. For example, nitrogen and oxygen are extracted from air through fractional distillation of liquid air. This method capitalizes on their different boiling points to separate them efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-190">[166]</a> Sulfur was extracted using the <a href="/wiki/Frasch_process" title="Frasch process">Frasch process</a>, which involved injecting superheated water into underground deposits to melt the sulfur, which is then pumped to the surface. This technique leveraged sulfur's low melting point relative to other geological materials. It is now obtained by reacting the hydrogen sulfide in natural gas, with oxygen. Water is formed, leaving the sulfur behind.<a href="#cite_note-191">[167]</a> Nonmetallic elements are extracted from the following sources:<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-174">[150]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:120%;text-align:center; line-height: 95%;border-color:black;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:70% ; line-height: 95%;"> <td style="border:none"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border:none;"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border:none;">Group (1, 13−18) </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;text-align:right">Period </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:70% ; line-height: 95%; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="border:none"> </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">13 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">14 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">15 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">16 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">1/17 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">18 </td> <td scope="col" style="border:none; width: 22px">(1−6) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="4" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white; ng;border-bottom:2px solid black;border-right:2px solid black;">H </td> <td style="background-color:white; ng;padding-bottom:3px;">He </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">B </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">C </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">N </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">O </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">F </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">Ne </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">Si </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">P </td> <td style="background-color:white; ng;">S </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; sb;">Cl </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">Ar </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mb;">Ge </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mb;">As </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mb;">Se </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; sb;">Br </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">Kr </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mo;">Sb </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mb;">Te </td> <td style="background:linear-gradient(45deg, #FF9999 0 50%, lightskyblue 50% 100%); sb;">I </td> <td style="background-color:lightskyblue; la;">Xe </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height: 20px">  </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF9999;mb;">Rn </td> <td style="border:none; font-size:70%">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="border:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Gases (3): hydrogen, from <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>; helium, from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>; sulfur, from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> in natural gas</div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Liquids (9): nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon, krypton and xenon from <a href="/wiki/Liquid_air" title="Liquid air">liquid air</a>; chlorine, bromine and iodine from <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a></div> <div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Solids (12): boron, from <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borates</a>; carbon occurs naturally as graphite; silicon, from <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>; phosphorus, from <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>; iodine, from <a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">sodium iodate</a>; radon, as a decay product from <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">uranium ores</a>; fluorine, from <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>;<a href="#cite_note-193">[y]</a> germanium, arsenic, selenium, antimony and tellurium, from <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>.</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses">Uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Uses of nonmetals and non-metallic elements are broadly categorized as domestic, industrial, attenuative (lubricative, retarding, insulating or cooling), and agricultural Many have domestic and industrial applications in household accoutrements;<a href="#cite_note-194">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[z]</a> medicine and pharmaceuticals;<a href="#cite_note-Imberti-197">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> and lighting.<a href="#cite_note-L&L-198">[172]</a> They are components of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acids</a>;<a href="#cite_note-199">[173]</a> and prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> vehicles;<a href="#cite_note-200">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[175]</a> A significant number have attenuative and agricultural applications. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>;<a href="#cite_note-202">[176]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire extinguishers">fire extinguishers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[177]</a> They can serve as inert air replacements;<a href="#cite_note-204">[178]</a> and are used in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[179]</a> Their significance extends to agriculture, through their use in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[180]</a> Additionally, a smaller number of nonmetals or nonmetallic elements find specialized uses in <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a>;<a href="#cite_note-207">[181]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shielding_gas" title="Shielding gas">welding gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[182]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitric acid (here colored due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide) is often used in the explosives industry[183]"><img alt="a small capped jar partly filled with an amber colored liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/124px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/186px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg/247px-Fuming_nitric_acid_40ml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">Nitric acid</a> (here colored due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>) is often used in the explosives industry<a href="#cite_note-209">[183]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A high-voltage circuit-breaker employing sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as its inert (air replacement) interrupting medium[184]"><img alt="a small electricity-conducting installation in a snow-covered landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg/165px-Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg/248px-Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg/330px-Circuit_Breaker_115_kV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">circuit-breaker</a> employing <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a> (SF6) as its inert (air replacement) interrupting medium<a href="#cite_note-210">[184]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbornelaserturret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A COIL (chemical oxygen iodine laser) system mounted on a Boeing 747 variant known as the YAL-1 Airborne Laser"><img alt="the back of a jet aeroplane with a rounded fitting on its tail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Airbornelaserturret.jpg/109px-Airbornelaserturret.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Airbornelaserturret.jpg/164px-Airbornelaserturret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Airbornelaserturret.jpg/218px-Airbornelaserturret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A COIL (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_iodine_laser" title="Chemical oxygen iodine laser">chemical oxygen iodine laser</a>) system mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> variant known as the <a href="/wiki/YAL-1_Airborne_Laser" class="mw-redirect" title="YAL-1 Airborne Laser">YAL-1 Airborne Laser</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cylinders containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire without damaging computer server equipment"><img alt="seven large red cylinders, with green tops, side by side in a rack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Argon.jpg/110px-Argon.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Argon.jpg/165px-Argon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Argon.jpg/220px-Argon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cylinders containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire without damaging <a href="/wiki/Computer_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer server">computer server</a> equipment</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomical_history">Taxonomical history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taxonomical history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone sculpture of the head of a bearded man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/220px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/330px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/440px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption>Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) categorized substances found in the earth as either metals or "fossiles".</figcaption></figure> Around 340 BCE, in Book III of his treatise <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a>, the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> categorized substances found within the Earth into metals and "fossiles".<a href="#cite_note-211">[aa]</a> The latter category included various minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">realgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">ruddle</a>, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, and other substances that he referred to as "stones which cannot be melted".<a href="#cite_note-212">[185]</a> Until the Middle Ages the classification of minerals remained largely unchanged, albeit with varying terminology. In the fourteenth century, the English alchemist <a href="/wiki/Ricardus_Anglicus_(alchemist)" title="Ricardus Anglicus (alchemist)">Richardus Anglicus</a> expanded upon the classification of minerals in his work <a href="/w/index.php?title=Correctorium_Alchemiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correctorium Alchemiae (page does not exist)">Correctorium Alchemiae</a>. In this text, he proposed the existence of two primary types of minerals. The first category, which he referred to as "major minerals", included well-known metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron. The second category, labeled "minor minerals", encompassed substances like salts, atramenta (<a href="/wiki/Iron_sulfate" title="Iron sulfate">iron sulfate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a>, arsenic, <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>, sulfur, and similar substances that were not metallic bodies.<a href="#cite_note-213">[186]</a> The term "nonmetallic" dates back to at least the 16th century. In his 1566 medical treatise, French physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loys_de_L%27Aunay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loys de L'Aunay (page does not exist)">Loys de L'Aunay</a> distinguished substances from plant sources based on whether they originated from metallic or non-metallic soils.<a href="#cite_note-214">[187]</a> Later, the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lemery" title="Nicolas Lemery">Nicolas Lémery</a> discussed metallic and nonmetallic minerals in his work Universal Treatise on Simple Drugs, Arranged Alphabetically published in 1699. In his writings, he contemplated whether the substance "cadmia" belonged to either the first category, akin to cobaltum (<a href="/wiki/Cobaltite" title="Cobaltite">cobaltite</a>), or the second category, exemplified by what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>—a mixed ore containing <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_silicate" title="Zinc silicate">silicate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisiers_elements.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lavoisiers_elements.gif/176px-Lavoisiers_elements.gif" decoding="async" width="176" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lavoisiers_elements.gif/264px-Lavoisiers_elements.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lavoisiers_elements.gif/352px-Lavoisiers_elements.gif 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A distinguished gentleman, seated and looking towards the view; a copy of his book "Traité élémentaire de chimie" is at his hand upon what looks to be a reading plinth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg/158px-Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg/237px-Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg/316px-Portrait_of_A.L._Lavoisier._Wellcome_M0011209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="3546" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">French nobleman and chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (1743–1794), with a page of the English translation of his 1789 <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Traité élémentaire de chimie">Traité élémentaire de chimie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[189]</a> listing the elemental gases oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen (and erroneously including <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a>); the nonmetallic substances sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon; and the <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borate</a> ions</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_elements_by_types">Organization of elements by types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organization of elements by types">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of chemical elements</a></div> Just as the ancients distinguished metals from other minerals, similar distinctions developed as the modern idea of chemical elements emerged in the late 1700s. French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> published the first modern list of chemical elements in his revolutionary<a href="#cite_note-217">[190]</a> 1789 <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Traité élémentaire de chimie">Traité élémentaire de chimie</a>. The 33 elements known to Lavoisier were categorized into four distinct groups, including gases, metallic substances, nonmetallic substances that form acids when oxidized,<a href="#cite_note-218">[191]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_(historical_chemistry)" title="Earth (historical chemistry)">earths</a> (heat-resistant oxides).<a href="#cite_note-219">[192]</a> Lavoisier's work gained widespread recognition and was republished in twenty-three editions across six languages within its first seventeen years, significantly advancing the understanding of chemistry in Europe and America.<a href="#cite_note-220">[193]</a> In 1802 the term "metalloids" was introduced for elements with the physical properties of metals but the chemical properties of non-metals.<a href="#cite_note-Friend1953-221">[194]</a> However, in 1811, the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> used the term "metalloids"<a href="#cite_note-222">[195]</a> to describe all nonmetallic elements, noting their ability to form <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">negatively charged ions with oxygen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-B1832-224">[197]</a> Thus in 1864, the "Manual of Metalloids" divided all elements into either metals or metalloids, with the latter group including elements now called nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-225">[198]</a>: 31  Reviews of the book indicated that the term "metalloids" was still endorsed by leading authorities,<a href="#cite_note-Thechemical1864-226">[199]</a> but there were reservations about its appropriateness. While Berzelius' terminology gained significant acceptance,<a href="#cite_note-goldsmith-227">[200]</a> it later faced criticism from some who found it counterintuitive,<a href="#cite_note-B1832-224">[197]</a> misapplied,<a href="#cite_note-r4-228">[201]</a> or even invalid.<a href="#cite_note-229">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-herold-230">[203]</a> The idea of designating elements like <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> as metalloids had been considered.<a href="#cite_note-Thechemical1864-226">[199]</a> By as early as 1866, some authors began preferring the term "nonmetal" over "metalloid" to describe nonmetallic elements.<a href="#cite_note-231">[204]</a> In 1875, Kemshead<a href="#cite_note-232">[205]</a> observed that elements were categorized into two groups: non-metals (or metalloids) and metals. He noted that the term "non-metal", despite its compound nature, was more precise and had become universally accepted as the nomenclature of choice. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_types">Development of types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Development of types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_(medaillon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A side profile set in stone of a distinguished French gentleman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg/220px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg/330px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg/440px-Lyon_1er_-_Place_Gabriel_Rambaud_-_Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re_-_Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier_%28medaillon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Dupasquier (1793–1848) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument aux Grands Hommes de la Martinière (page does not exist)">Monument aux Grands Hommes de la Martinière</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_aux_Grands_Hommes_de_la_Martini%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Monument aux Grands Hommes de la Martinière">fr</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1844, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Dupasquier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Dupasquier (page does not exist)">Alphonse Dupasquier</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Alphonse_Dupasquier" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaspard Alphonse Dupasquier">fr</a>], a French doctor, pharmacist, and chemist,<a href="#cite_note-233">[206]</a> established a basic taxonomy of nonmetals to aid in their study. He wrote:<a href="#cite_note-234">[207]</a> <dl><dd>They will be divided into four groups or sections, as in the following: <dl><dd>Organogens—oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon</dd> <dd>Sulphuroids—sulfur, selenium, phosphorus</dd> <dd>Chloroides—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine</dd> <dd>Boroids—boron, silicon.</dd></dl></dd></dl> Dupasquier's quartet parallels the modern nonmetal types. The organogens and sulphuroids are akin to the unclassified nonmetals. The chloroides were later called halogens.<a href="#cite_note-235">[208]</a> The boroids eventually evolved into the metalloids, with this classification beginning from as early as 1864.<a href="#cite_note-Thechemical1864-226">[199]</a> The then unknown noble gases were recognized as a distinct nonmetal group after being discovered in the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-236">[209]</a> His taxonomy was noted for its natural basis.<a href="#cite_note-237">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[ab]</a> That said, it was a significant departure from other contemporary classifications, since it grouped together oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon.<a href="#cite_note-240">[212]</a> In 1828 and 1859, the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Dumas</a> classified nonmetals as (1) hydrogen; (2) fluorine to iodine; (3) oxygen to sulfur; (4) nitrogen to arsenic; and (5) carbon, boron and silicon,<a href="#cite_note-241">[213]</a> thereby anticipating the vertical groupings of Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table. Dumas' five classes fall into modern groups <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_1" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_17" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_16" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_15" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">15</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_14" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">14</a> to <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group#Group_13" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">13</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggested_distinguishing_criteria">Suggested distinguishing criteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Suggested distinguishing criteria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Disputed" title="Talk:Nonmetal">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; line-height: 1.0; font-size: 95%; margin: 0 0 1em 20px;white-space:nowrap; border:1px solid grey; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:"> <caption style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Properties suggested to distinguish metals from nonmetals </caption> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:1px solid gray;"> <th>Year</th> <th colspan="2">Property and type </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>1803</td> <td>General properties<a href="#cite_note-Harris_1803,_p._274-242">[214]</a> </td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1906</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[215]</a></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1911</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cation</a> formation<a href="#cite_note-244">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Dubious" title="Talk:Nonmetal">discuss</a>]</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1927</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldhammer-Herzfeld_criterion_for_metallization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldhammer-Herzfeld criterion for metallization (page does not exist)">Goldhammer-Herzfeld</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldhammer-Herzfeld_criterion_for_metallization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldhammer-Herzfeld criterion for metallization (page does not exist)">metallization criterion</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[ac]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[218]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#D9D9D9"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1931</td> <td>Electron <a href="/wiki/Band_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Band structure">band structure</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2010-248">[219]</a></td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1949</td> <td>Bulk <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination number</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[220]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperature_coefficient_of_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature coefficient of resistivity">Temperature coefficient</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperature_coefficient_of_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature coefficient of resistivity">of resistivity</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[221]</a></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid-base" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base">Acid-base</a> nature of <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[222]</a></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#D9D9D9;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1962</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonorousness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonorousness (page does not exist)">Sonorousness</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[ad]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[223]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1969</td> <td>Melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity<a href="#cite_note-Martin1969-254">[224]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfate</a> formation<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-66">[59]</a></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1977</td> <td>Oxide solubility in acids<a href="#cite_note-255">[225]</a></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[226]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1991</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquid range (page does not exist)">Liquid range</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[ae]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[227]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1998</td> <td>Electrical conductivity at absolute zero<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2010-248">[219]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">1999</td> <td>Element structure (in bulk)<a href="#cite_note-Scott-259">[228]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Dubious" title="Talk:Nonmetal">discuss</a>]</td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#F2F2F2"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Packing_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Packing efficiency">Packing efficiency</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[229]</a></td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:baseline; background-color:#D9D9D9"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mott_insulator#Mott_criterion" title="Mott insulator">Mott parameter</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[af]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[230]</a></td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid gray;"> <td style="padding-top:5px; text-align:center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical properties">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chemical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical properties">Chemical</a>/Atomic: P/C/A </td></tr></tbody></table> Much of the early analyses were phenomenological, and a variety of physical, chemical, and atomic properties have been suggested for distinguishing metals from nonmetals (or other bodies); a comprehensive early set of characteristics was stated by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Mason_Harris" title="Thaddeus Mason Harris">Rev Thaddeus Mason Harris</a>n in the 1803 <a href="/wiki/Minor_Encyclopedia" title="Minor Encyclopedia">Minor Encyclopedia</a> .<a href="#cite_note-Harris_1803,_p._274-242">[214]</a> <dl><dd>METAL, in natural history and chemistry, the name of a class of simple bodies; of which it is observed, that they posses; a lustre; that they are opaque; that they arc fusible, or may be melted; that their specific gravity is greater than that of any other bodies yet discovered; that they are better conductors of electricity, than any other body; that they are malleable, or capable of being extended and flattened by the hammer; and that they are ductile or tenacious, that is, capable of being drawn out into threads or wires.</dd></dl> Some criteria did not last long; for instance in 1809, the British chemist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> isolated <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-263">[231]</a> their low densities contrasted with their metallic appearance, so the density property was tenuous although these metals was firmly established by their chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-264">[232]</a> Johnson<a href="#cite_note-J66-265">[233]</a> has a similar approach to Mason, distinguishing between metals and nonmetals on the basis of their physical states, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and the acid-base nature of their oxides: <ol><li>gaseous elements are nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and the noble gases);</li> <li>liquids (mercury, bromine) are either metallic or nonmetallic: mercury, as a good conductor, is a metal; bromine, with its poor conductivity, is a nonmetal;</li> <li>solids are either ductile and malleable, hard and brittle, or soft and crumbly:</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>a. ductile and malleable elements are metals;</dd> <dd>b. hard and brittle elements include boron, silicon and germanium, which are semiconductors and therefore not metals; and</dd> <dd>c. soft and crumbly elements include carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, antimony,<a href="#cite_note-267">[ag]</a> tellurium and iodine, which have acidic oxides indicative of nonmetallic character.<a href="#cite_note-268">[ah]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="line-height: 1.3; font-size: 95%; margin-left:20px; margin-top:0em;white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="white-space:nowrap; margin:0; text-align:center; border-collapse: separate !important; font-size:95%; margin:0 auto; alt=A periodic table showing four types of elements according to density, and electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale. The following elements have densities of less than 7 gm/cm3 and electronegativity values of less than 1.9: lithium, beryllium; sodium, magnesium, aluminium; potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, gallium; rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium; cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, europium, ytterbium. The following elements have densities of more than 7 gm/cm3 and electronegativity values of less than 1.9: chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc; niobium, cadmium, indium; neodymium, promethium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, thallium, lead, actinium, thorium, praseodymium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium. The following elements have densities of less than 7 gm/cm3 and electronegativity values greater than or equal to 1.9: hydrogen, helium; boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon; silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, argon; germanium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, krypton; antimony, tellurium, iodine, xenon; radon. The following elements have densities of more than 7 gm/cm3 and electronegativity values greater than or equal to 1.9: nickel, copper; molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tin; tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, bismuth polonium."> <caption>Density and electronegativity in the periodic table<a href="#cite_note-272">[ai]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#F99;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#FCC;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:50%;"> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td></td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>       </td> <td>        </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background:#9CF;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 7.5px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19"> <table style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; white-space:nowrap; font-size:87%;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:90%"> <td style="text-align:right;" colspan="2">Electronegativity (EN): </td> <td>< 1.9 </td> <td>≥ 1.9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="3">(revised Pauling) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;">Density (D):  </td> <td>< 7 g/cm3  </td> <td style="background-color:#CFF;border-style:solid; border-color:#888;border-width:1px;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FCC;border-style:solid; border-color:#888;;border-width:1px"> </td> <td></td> <td> <table style="border-collapse: collapse;font-size:30%"> <tbody><tr> <td>      </td> <td style="border:1px solid #888; background-color:#FCC;">      </td></tr> <tr> <td>      </td> <td>      </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">D < 7 and EN ≥ 1.9 for all nonmetallic elements </td></tr> <tr> <td>≥ 7 g/cm3  </td> <td style="background-color:#9CF;border-style:solid; border-color:#888; border-width:1px;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#F99;border-style:solid; border-color:#888; border-width:1px ;"> </td> <td></td> <td> <table style="border-collapse: collapse;font-size:30%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:1px solid #888; background-color:#CFF;">      </td> <td>      </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background-color:#9CF;">      </td> <td style="border: 1px solid #888; background-color:#F99;">      </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">D ≥ 7 or EN < 1.9 (or both) for all metals </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Several authors<a href="#cite_note-273">[238]</a> have noted that nonmetals generally have low densities and high electronegativity. The accompanying table, using a threshold of 7 g/cm3 for density and 1.9 for electronegativity (revised Pauling), shows that all nonmetals have low density and high electronegativity. In contrast, all metals have either high density or low electronegativity (or both). Goldwhite and Spielman<a href="#cite_note-274">[239]</a> added that, "... lighter elements tend to be more electronegative than heavier ones." The average electronegativity for the elements in the table with densities less than 7 gm/cm3 (metals and nonmetals) is 1.97 compared to 1.66 for the metals having densities of more than 7 gm/cm3. There is not full agreement about the use of phenomenological properties. <a href="/wiki/John_Emsley" title="John Emsley">Emsley</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[240]</a> pointed out the complexity of this task, asserting that no single property alone can unequivocally assign elements to either the metal or nonmetal category. Some authors divide elements into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, but Oderberg<a href="#cite_note-276">[241]</a> disagrees, arguing that by the principles of categorization, anything not classified as a metal should be considered a nonmetal. Kneen and colleagues<a href="#cite_note-Kneen218-277">[242]</a> proposed that the classification of nonmetals can be achieved by establishing a single criterion for metallicity. They acknowledged that various plausible classifications exist and emphasized that while these classifications may differ to some extent, they would generally agree on the categorization of nonmetals. The describe electrical conductivity as the key property, arguing that this is the most common approach.<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> One of the most commonly recognized properties used is the <a href="/wiki/Temperature_coefficient_of_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature coefficient of resistivity">temperature coefficient of resistivity</a>, the effect of heating on electrical resistance and conductivity. As temperature rises, the conductivity of metals decreases while that of nonmetals increases.<a href="#cite_note-Herman-278">[243]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, carbon, arsenic, and antimony appear to defy the norm. When plutonium (a metal) is heated within a temperature range of −175 to +125 °C its conductivity increases.<a href="#cite_note-279">[244]</a> Similarly, despite its common classification as a nonmetallic element, carbon (as graphite) is a semimetal which when heated experiences a decrease in electrical conductivity.<a href="#cite_note-280">[245]</a> Arsenic and antimony, which are occasionally classified as nonmetallic elements are also semimetals, and show behavior similar to carbon.<a href="#cite_note-281">[246]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nonmetal#Dubious" title="Talk:Nonmetal">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_selected_properties">Comparison of selected properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparison of selected properties">edit</a>]</div> The two tables in this section list some of the properties of five types of elements (noble gases, halogen nonmetals, unclassified nonmetals, metalloids and, for comparison, metals) based on their most stable forms at standard temperature and pressure. The dashed lines around the columns for metalloids signify that the treatment of these elements as a distinct type can vary depending on the author, or classification scheme in use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties_by_element_type">Physical properties by element type</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Physical properties by element type">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#Physical">§ Physical</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">Physical properties</a> are listed in loose order of ease of their determination. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="horizontal=align:center; font-size:105%">Property </th> <th colspan="5" style="horizontal=align:center; font-size:105%">Element type </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Metals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-top:2px dashed #CDCDCD; text-align:left">Metalloids </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Unc. nonmetals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Halogen nonmetals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Noble gases </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row">General physical appearance </td> <td>lustrous<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">lustrous<a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p._4-282">[247]</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ lustrous: carbon, phosphorus, selenium<a href="#cite_note-283">[248]</a></li> <li>◇ colored: sulfur<a href="#cite_note-284">[249]</a></li> <li>◇ colorless: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen<a href="#cite_note-285">[250]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ lustrous: iodine<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2013-3">[3]</a></li> <li>◇ colored: fluorine, chlorine, bromine<a href="#cite_note-286">[251]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>colorless<a href="#cite_note-287">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row" rowspan="3">Form and density<a href="#cite_note-288">[253]</a> </td> <td>solid (Hg liquid) </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">solid </td> <td>solid or gas </td> <td>solid or gas (bromine liquid) </td> <td>gas </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>often <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">high density</a> such as iron, lead, tungsten </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">low to moderately high density </td> <td>low density </td> <td rowspan="2">low density </td> <td>low density </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>some <a href="/wiki/Light_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metals">light metals</a> including beryllium, magnesium, aluminium </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">all lighter than iron </td> <td>hydrogen, nitrogen lighter than air<a href="#cite_note-289">[254]</a> </td> <td>helium, neon lighter than air<a href="#cite_note-290">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plasticity</a> </td> <td>mostly malleable and ductile<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">often brittle<a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p._4-282">[247]</a> </td> <td>phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, brittle<a href="#cite_note-294">[aj]</a> </td> <td>iodine brittle<a href="#cite_note-295">[259]</a> </td> <td>not applicable </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical conductivity</a> </td> <td>good<a href="#cite_note-297">[ak]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ moderate: boron, silicon, germanium, tellurium</li> <li>◇ good: arsenic, antimony<a href="#cite_note-299">[al]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ poor: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur</li> <li>◇ moderate: phosphorus, selenium</li> <li>◇ good: carbon<a href="#cite_note-300">[am]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ poor: fluorine, chlorine, bromine</li> <li>◇ moderate: I<a href="#cite_note-302">[an]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>poor<a href="#cite_note-303">[ao]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_band_structure" title="Electronic band structure">Electronic structure</a><a href="#cite_note-K&W-48">[42]</a> </td> <td>metal (beryllium, strontium, α-tin, ytterbium, bismuth are semimetals) </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-bottom:2px dashed #CDCDCD">semimetal (arsenic, antimony) or semiconductor </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ semimetal: carbon</li> <li>◇ semiconductor: phosphorus</li> <li>◇ insulator: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur</li></ul> </div> </td> <td>semiconductor (<abbr title="iodine">I</abbr>) or insulator </td> <td>insulator </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties_by_element_type">Chemical properties by element type</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chemical properties by element type">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="#Chemical">§ Chemical</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical properties">Chemical properties</a> are listed from general characteristics to more specific details. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="horizontal=align:center; font-size:105%">Property </th> <th colspan="5" style="horizontal=align:center; font-size:105%">Element type </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Metals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left; border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-top:2px dashed #CDCDCD">Metalloids </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Unc. nonmetals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Halogen nonmetals </th> <th scope="col" style="width:17%; text-align:left">Noble gases </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row">General chemical behavior </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ strong to weakly metallic<a href="#cite_note-304">[263]</a></li> <li>◇ <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a> are relatively inert<a href="#cite_note-305">[264]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">weakly nonmetallic<a href="#cite_note-306">[ap]</a> </td> <td>moderately nonmetallic<a href="#cite_note-W2009-307">[265]</a> </td> <td>strongly nonmetallic<a href="#cite_note-308">[266]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ inert to nonmetallic<a href="#cite_note-309">[267]</a></li> <li>◇ radon shows some cationic behavior<a href="#cite_note-310">[268]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a> </td> <td>basic; some <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> or acidic<a href="#cite_note-Porterfield-11">[9]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">amphoteric or weakly acidic<a href="#cite_note-311">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[aq]</a> </td> <td>acidic<a href="#cite_note-317">[ar]</a> or neutral<a href="#cite_note-319">[as]</a> </td> <td>acidic<a href="#cite_note-321">[at]</a> </td> <td>metastable XeO3 is acidic;<a href="#cite_note-322">[276]</a> stable XeO4 strongly so<a href="#cite_note-323">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>few glass formers<a href="#cite_note-325">[au]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">all glass formers<a href="#cite_note-326">[279]</a> </td> <td>some glass formers<a href="#cite_note-328">[av]</a> </td> <td>no glass formers reported </td> <td>no glass formers reported </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>ionic, polymeric, layer, chain, and molecular structures<a href="#cite_note-329">[281]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">polymeric in structure<a href="#cite_note-Pudd-330">[282]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ mostly molecular<a href="#cite_note-Pudd-330">[282]</a></li> <li>◇ carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium have 1+ polymeric forms</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ mostly molecular</li> <li>◇ iodine has a polymeric form, <a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I2O5</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[283]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ mostly molecular</li> <li>◇ <a href="/wiki/Xenon_dioxide" title="Xenon dioxide">XeO2</a> is polymeric<a href="#cite_note-332">[284]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row">Compounds with metals </td> <td>alloys<a href="#cite_note-Kneen-25">[20]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compounds</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[285]</a> </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">tend to form alloys or intermetallic compounds<a href="#cite_note-334">[286]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:0.9em;text-indent:-0.9em;"> <ul><li>◇ salt-like to covalent or metallic: hydrogen†, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2020p220-13">[11]</a></li> <li>◇ mainly ionic: oxygen<a href="#cite_note-335">[287]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>mainly ionic<a href="#cite_note-Cotton-159">[136]</a> </td> <td>simple compounds at STP not known<a href="#cite_note-337">[aw]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energy</a> (kJ mol−1)<a href="#cite_note-AylwardIE-68">[61]</a> ‡ </td> <td>low to high </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">moderate </td> <td>moderate to high </td> <td>high </td> <td>high to very high </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">376 to 1,007 </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">762 to 947 </td> <td>941 to 1,402 </td> <td>1,008 to 1,681 </td> <td>1,037 to 2,372 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">average 643 </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">average 833 </td> <td>average 1,152 </td> <td>average 1,270 </td> <td>average 1,589 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (Pauling)<a href="#cite_note-338">[ax]</a><a href="#cite_note-AylwardEN-69">[62]</a> ‡ </td> <td>low to high </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">moderate </td> <td>moderate to high </td> <td>high </td> <td>high (radon) to very high </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>0.7 to 2.54 </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD">1.9 to 2.18 </td> <td>2.19 to 3.44 </td> <td>2.66 to 3.98 </td> <td>ca. 2.43 to 4.7 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>average 1.5 </td> <td style="border-right:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-left:2px dashed #CDCDCD; border-bottom:2px dashed #CDCDCD;">average 2.05 </td> <td>average 2.65 </td> <td>average 3.19 </td> <td>average 3.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> † Hydrogen can also form alloy-like hydrides<a href="#cite_note-Cao4-169">[145]</a> ‡ The labels low, moderate, high, and very high are arbitrarily based on the value spans listed in the table <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHON" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">CHON</a> (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonmetal_monographs" title="List of nonmetal monographs">List of nonmetal monographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallization_pressure" title="Metallization pressure">Metallization pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (astrophysics)">Nonmetal (astrophysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1">Period 1</a> elements (hydrogen & helium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_nonmetals_(and_metalloids)_by_group" title="Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group">Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> These six (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium) are the elements commonly recognized as "metalloids",<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2013-3">[3]</a> a category sometimes counted as a subcategory of nonmetals and sometimes as a category separate from both metals and nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-Goodrich_etc-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The most stable forms are: diatomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> H2; <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_boron#β-rhombohedral_boron" title="Allotropes of boron">β-rhombohedral boron</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>; diatomic <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> N2; diatomic <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> O2; tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">black phosphorus</a>; orthorhombic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> S8; <a href="/wiki/Germanium#Characteristics" title="Germanium">α-germanium</a>; gray <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>; gray <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>; gray <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>; gray <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>; and diatomic <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> I2. All other nonmetallic elements have only one stable form at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> At higher temperatures and pressures the numbers of nonmetals can be called into question. For example, when germanium melts it changes from a semiconducting metalloid to a metallic conductor with an electrical conductivity similar to that of liquid mercury.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> At a high enough pressure, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (a metal) becomes a non-conducting <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The absorbed light may be converted to heat or re-emitted in all directions so that the emission spectrum is thousands of times weaker than the incident light radiation.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Solid iodine has a silvery metallic appearance under white light at room temperature. At ordinary and higher temperatures it <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> from the solid phase directly into a violet-colored vapor.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The solid nonmetals have electrical conductivity values ranging from 10−18 S•cm−1 for sulfur<a href="#cite_note-A&W-27">[22]</a> to 3 × 104 in graphite<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-28">[23]</a> or 3.9 × 104 for <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> cf. 0.69 × 104 for <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> to 63 × 104 for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, both metals.<a href="#cite_note-A&W-27">[22]</a> The conductivity of graphite (a nonmetal) and arsenic (a metalloid nonmetal) exceeds that of manganese. Such overlaps show that it can be difficult to draw a clear line between metals and nonmetals. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Thermal conductivity values for metals range from 6.3 W m−1 K−1 for <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> to 429 for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>; cf. antimony 24.3, arsenic 50, and carbon 2000.<a href="#cite_note-A&W-27">[22]</a> Electrical conductivity values of metals range from 0.69 S•cm−1 × 104 for <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> to 63 × 104 for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>; cf. carbon 3 × 104,<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-28">[23]</a> arsenic 3.9 × 104 and antimony 2.3 × 104.<a href="#cite_note-A&W-27">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen monoxide">NO</a> are commonly referred to as being neutral, CO is a slightly acidic oxide, reacting with bases to produce formates (CO + OH− → HCOO−);<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> and in water, NO reacts with oxygen to form nitrous acid HNO2 (4NO + O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO2).<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Electronegativity values of fluorine to iodine are: 3.98 + 3.16 + 2.96 + 2.66 = 12.76/4 3.19. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Helium is shown above beryllium for electron configuration consistency purposes; as a noble gas it is usually placed above neon, in group 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The net result is an even-odd difference between periods (except in the <a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a>): elements in even periods have smaller atomic radii and prefer to lose fewer electrons, while elements in odd periods (except the first) differ in the opposite direction. Many properties in the p-block then show a zigzag rather than a smooth trend along the group. For example, phosphorus and antimony in odd periods of group 15 readily reach the +5 oxidation state, whereas nitrogen, arsenic, and bismuth in even periods prefer to stay at +3.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Oxidation states, which denote hypothetical charges for conceptualizing electron distribution in chemical bonding, do not necessarily reflect the net charge of molecules or ions. This concept is illustrated by anions such as NO3−, where the nitrogen atom is considered to have an oxidation state of +5 due to the distribution of electrons. However, the net charge of the ion remains −1. Such observations underscore the role of oxidation states in describing electron loss or gain within bonding contexts, distinct from indicating the actual electrical charge, particularly in covalently bonded molecules. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Greenwood<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> commented that: "The extent to which metallic elements mimic boron (in having fewer electrons than orbitals available for bonding) has been a fruitful cohering concept in the development of metalloborane chemistry ... Indeed, metals have been referred to as "honorary boron atoms" or even as "flexiboron atoms". The converse of this relationship is clearly also valid." </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> For example, the conductivity of graphite is 3 × 104 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-Bog-107">[94]</a> whereas that of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> is 6.9 × 103 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-108">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> A homopolyatomic cation consists of two or more atoms of the same element bonded together and carrying a positive charge, for example, N5+, O2+ and Cl4+. This is unusual behavior for nonmetals since cation formation is normally associated with metals, and nonmetals are normally associated with anion formation. Homopolyatomic cations are further known for carbon, phosphorus, antimony, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, bromine, iodine and xenon.<a href="#cite_note-111">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Of the twelve categories in the Royal Society periodic table, five only show up with the metal filter, three only with the nonmetal filter, and four with both filters. Interestingly, the six elements marked as metalloids (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium) show under both filters. Six other elements (113–118: nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, tennessine, and oganesson), whose status is unknown, also show up under both filters but are not included in any of the twelve color categories. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> The quote marks are not found in the source; they are used here to make it clear that the source employs the word non-metals as a formal term for the subset of chemical elements in question, rather than applying to nonmetals generally. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Varying configurations of these nonmetals have been referred to as, for example, basic nonmetals,<a href="#cite_note-123">[107]</a> bioelements,<a href="#cite_note-124">[108]</a> central nonmetals,<a href="#cite_note-125">[109]</a> CHNOPS,<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> essential elements,<a href="#cite_note-127">[111]</a> "non-metals",<a href="#cite_note-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[q]</a> orphan nonmetals,<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> or redox nonmetals.<a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Arsenic is stable in dry air. Extended exposure in moist air results in the formation of a black surface coating. "Arsenic is not readily attacked by water, alkaline solutions or non-oxidizing acids".<a href="#cite_note-137">[119]</a> It can occasionally be found in nature in an uncombined form.<a href="#cite_note-138">[120]</a> It has a positive standard reduction potential (As → As3+ + 3e = +0.30 V), corresponding to a classification of semi-noble metal.<a href="#cite_note-139">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> "Crystalline boron is relatively inert."<a href="#cite_note-133">[115]</a> Silicon "is generally highly unreactive."<a href="#cite_note-134">[116]</a> "Germanium is a relatively inert semimetal."<a href="#cite_note-135">[117]</a> "Pure arsenic is also relatively inert."<a href="#cite_note-136">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[s]</a> "Metallic antimony is … inert at room temperature."<a href="#cite_note-141">[122]</a> "Compared to <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr> and <abbr title="selenium">Se</abbr>, <abbr title="tellurium">Te</abbr> has relatively low chemical reactivity."<a href="#cite_note-142">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Boundary fuzziness and overlaps often occur in classification schemes.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-146">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Jones takes a philosophical or pragmatic view to these questions. He writes: "Though classification is an essential feature of all branches of science, there are always hard cases at the boundaries. The boundary of a class is rarely sharp ... Scientists should not lose sleep over the hard cases. As long as a classification system is beneficial to economy of description, to structuring knowledge and to our understanding, and hard cases constitute a small minority, then keep it. If the system becomes less than useful, then scrap it and replace it with a system based on different shared characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-Jones-146">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> For a related comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids,_and_nonmetals" class="mw-redirect" title="Properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals">properties of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals</a>, see <a href="#RDM">Rudakiya & Patel (2021), p. 36.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Metal oxides are usually somewhat ionic, depending upon the metal element electropositivity.<a href="#cite_note-160">[137]</a> On the other hand, oxides of metals with high oxidation states are often either polymeric or covalent.<a href="#cite_note-161">[138]</a> A polymeric oxide has a linked structure composed of multiple repeating units.<a href="#cite_note-162">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Exceptionally, a study reported in 2012 noted the presence of 0.04% native fluorine (F 2) by weight in <a href="/wiki/Antozonite" title="Antozonite">antozonite</a>, attributing these <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a> to radiation from tiny amounts of uranium.<a href="#cite_note-192">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Radon sometimes occurs as potentially hazardous indoor pollutant<a href="#cite_note-195">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> The term "fossile" is not to be confused with the modern usage of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> to refer to the preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> A natural classification was based on "all the characters of the substances to be classified as opposed to the 'artificial classifications' based on one single character" such as the affinity of metals for oxygen. "A natural classification in chemistry would consider the most numerous and most essential analogies."<a href="#cite_note-238">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> The Goldhammer-Herzfeld ratio is roughly equal to the cube of the atomic radius divided by the <a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" title="Molar volume">molar volume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[217]</a> More specifically, it is the ratio of the force holding an individual atom's <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">outer electrons</a> in place with the forces on the same electrons from interactions between the atoms in the solid or liquid element. When the interatomic forces are greater than, or equal to, the atomic force, outer electron itinerancy is indicated and metallic behavior is predicted. Otherwise nonmetallic behavior is anticipated. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Sonorousness is making a ringing sound when struck. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Liquid range is the difference between melting point and boiling point. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> The Mott parameter is N 1/3ɑ*H where N the number of atoms per unit volume, and ɑ*H "is their effective size, usually taken as the effective Bohr radius of the maximum in the outermost (valence) electron probability distribution." In ambient conditions, a value of 0.45 is given for the value for the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">antimony trioxide</a> is usually listed as being <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> its very weak acid properties dominate over those of a very weak base.<a href="#cite_note-Shkol'nikov-266">[234]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Johnson counted boron as a nonmetal and silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium and astatine as "semimetals" i.e. metalloids. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> (a) The table includes elements up to einsteinium (99) except for astatine (85) and francium (87), with densities and most electronegativities from Aylward and Findlay;<a href="#cite_note-269">[235]</a> Electronegativities of noble gases are from Rahm, Zeng and Hoffmann.<a href="#cite_note-Rahm-270">[236]</a> (b) A survey of definitions of the term <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">"heavy metal"</a> reported density criteria ranging from above 3.5 g/cm3 to above 7 g/cm3;<a href="#cite_note-271">[237]</a> (c) Vernon specified a minimum electronegativity of 1.9 for the metalloids, on the revised Pauling scale;<a href="#cite_note-Vernon2013-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> All four have less stable non-brittle forms: carbon as <a href="/wiki/Graphite#Expanded_graphite" title="Graphite">exfoliated (expanded) graphite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chung-291">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[257]</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a> wire;<a href="#cite_note-Janas-293">[258]</a> phosphorus as white phosphorus (soft as wax, pliable and can be cut with a knife, at room temperature);<a href="#cite_note-Holderness_1979,_p._255-56">[49]</a> sulfur as plastic sulfur;<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-57">[50]</a> and selenium as selenium wires.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-58">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Metals have electrical conductivity values of from 6.9×103 S•cm−1 for <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> to 6.3×105 for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[260]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Metalloids have electrical conductivity values of from 1.5×10−6 S•cm−1 for boron to 3.9×104 for <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[261]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Unclassified nonmetals have electrical conductivity values of from ca. 1×10−18 S•cm−1 for the elemental gases to 3×104 in graphite.<a href="#cite_note-Bog-107">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Halogen nonmetals have electrical conductivity values of from ca. 1×10−18 S•cm−1 for <abbr title="fluorine">F</abbr> and <abbr title="chlorine">Cl</abbr> to 1.7×10−8 S•cm−1 for iodine.<a href="#cite_note-Bog-107">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._804-301">[262]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Elemental gases have electrical conductivity values of ca. 1×10−18 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-Bog-107">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Metalloids always give "compounds less acidic in character than the corresponding compounds of the [typical] nonmetals."<a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p._4-282">[247]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Arsenic trioxide reacts with sulfur trioxide, forming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic sulfate (page does not exist)">arsenic "sulfate"</a> As2(SO4)3.<a href="#cite_note-312">[270]</a> This substance is covalent in nature rather than ionic;<a href="#cite_note-313">[271]</a> it is also given as As2O3·3SO3.<a href="#cite_note-314">[272]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> NO 2, N 2O 5, SO 3, SeO 3 are strongly acidic.<a href="#cite_note-316">[273]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> H2O, CO, NO, N2O are neutral oxides; CO and N2O are "formally the <a href="/wiki/Anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydride">anhydrides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">hyponitrous acid</a>, respectively viz. CO + H2O → H2CO2 (HCOOH, formic acid); N2O + H2O → H2N2O2 (hyponitrous acid)."<a href="#cite_note-318">[274]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> ClO 2, Cl 2O 7, I 2O 5 are strongly acidic.<a href="#cite_note-320">[275]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Metals that form glasses are: vanadium; molybdenum, tungsten; alumnium, indium, thallium; tin, lead; and bismuth.<a href="#cite_note-Rao_2002,_p._22-324">[278]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Unclassified nonmetals that form glasses are phosphorus, sulfur, selenium;<a href="#cite_note-Rao_2002,_p._22-324">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> forms a glass at 40 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-327">[280]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Disodium_helide" title="Disodium helide">Disodium helide</a> (Na2He) is a compound of helium and sodium that is stable at high pressures above 113 GPa. Argon forms an alloy with nickel, at 140 GPa and close to 1,500 K, however at this pressure argon is no longer a noble gas.<a href="#cite_note-336">[288]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Values for the noble gases are from Rahm, Zeng and Hoffmann.<a href="#cite_note-Rahm-270">[236]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Larrañaga-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larrañaga_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrañaga_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrañaga_1-2">c</a> <a href="#Larrañaga">Larrañaga, Lewis & Lewis 2016, p. 988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steudel-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steudel_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steudel_2-1">b</a> <a href="#Steudel">Steudel 2020, p. 43</a>: Steudel's monograph is an updated translation of the fifth German edition of 2013, incorporating the literature up to Spring 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon2013-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2013_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2013_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2013_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2013_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2013_3-4">e</a> <a href="#Vernon2013">Vernon 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodrich_etc-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich_etc_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich_etc_4-1">b</a> <a href="#Goodrich">Goodrich 1844, p. 264</a>; <a href="#TheChemical1897">The Chemical News 1897, p. 189</a>; <a href="#Hampel">Hampel & Hawley 1976, pp. 174, 191</a>; <a href="#Lewis">Lewis 1993, p. 835</a>; <a href="#Hérold">Hérold 2006, pp. 149–50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> At: <a href="#Restrepo">Restrepo et al. 2006, p. 411</a>; <a href="#Thornton">Thornton & Burdette 2010, p. 86</a>; <a href="#Hermann">Hermann, Hoffmann & Ashcroft 2013, pp. 11604‒1‒11604‒5</a>; Cn: <a href="#Mewes">Mewes et al. 2019</a>; Fl: <a href="#Florez">Florez et al. 2022</a>; Og: <a href="#Smits">Smits et al. 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#Wismer">Wismer 1997, p. 72</a>: H, He, C, N, O, F, Ne, S, Cl, Ar, As, Se, Br, Kr, Sb, I, Xe; <a href="#Powell">Powell 1974, pp. 174, 182</a>: P, Te; <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 143</a>: B; <a href="#Field">Field 1979, p. 403</a>: Si, Ge; <a href="#Addison">Addison 1964, p. 120</a>: Rn </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#Pascoe">Pascoe 1982, p. 3</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#MD">Malone & Dolter 2010, pp. 110–111</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porterfield-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porterfield_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porterfield_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porterfield_11-2">c</a> <a href="#Porter">Porterfield 1993, p. 336</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#Godovikov">Godovikov & Nenasheva 2020, p. 4</a>; <a href="#Morley">Morely & Muir 1892, p. 241</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon2020p220-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2020p220_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon2020p220_13-1">b</a> <a href="#Vernon2020">Vernon 2020, p. 220</a>; <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#IUPACPT">IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, pp. 71–72</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#Gatti">Gatti, Tokatly & Rubio 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#Wibaut">Wibaut 1951, p. 33</a>: "Many substances ...are colourless and therefore show no selective absorption in the visible part of the spectrum." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#Elliot">Elliot 1929, p. 629</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#Fox">Fox 2010, p. 31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Tidy">Tidy 1887, pp. 107–108</a>; <a href="#Koenig">Koenig 1962, p. 108</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 416</a>; Wiberg is here referring to iodine. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kneen-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneen_25-5">f</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 261–264</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1">b</a> <a href="#Johnson1966">Johnson 1966, p. 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-A&W-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A&W_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&W_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&W_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&W_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A&W_27-4">e</a> <a href="#Aylward">Aylward & Findlay 2008, pp. 6–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_28-1">b</a> <a href="#Jenkins">Jenkins & Kawamura 1976, p. 88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#Carapella">Carapella 1968, p. 30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#ZumDeC">Zumdahl & DeCoste 2010, pp. 455, 456, 469, A40</a>; 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Wei, W.D.; Averbach, B.L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022309382900163">"Atomic models of amorphous selenium"</a>. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 53 (1–2): 29–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JNCS...53...29C">1982JNCS...53...29C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3093%2882%2990016-3">10.1016/0022-3093(82)90016-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Non-Crystalline+Solids&rft.atitle=Atomic+models+of+amorphous+selenium&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3093%2882%2990016-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JNCS...53...29C&rft.aulast=Corb&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rft.au=Wei%2C+W.D.&rft.au=Averbach%2C+B.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022309382900163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonmetal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 780</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 824, 785</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#Earl&W">Earl & Wilford 2021, p. 3-24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#Siekierski">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#Charlier">Charlier, Gonze & Michenaud 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#Taniguchi">Taniguchi et al. 1984, p. 867</a>: "... black phosphorus ... [is] characterized by the wide valence bands with rather delocalized nature."; <a href="#Carmalt">Carmalt & Norman 1998, p. 7</a>: "Phosphorus ... should therefore be expected to have some metalloid properties."; <a href="#Du">Du et al. 2010</a>: Interlayer interactions in black phosphorus, which are attributed to van der Waals-Keesom forces, are thought to contribute to the smaller band gap of the bulk material (calculated 0.19 eV; observed 0.3 eV) as opposed to the larger band gap of a single layer (calculated ~0.75 eV). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#Evans">Evans 1966, pp. 124–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 758</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#Stuke">Stuke 1974, p. 178</a>; <a href="#Donohue">Donohue 1982, pp. 386–87</a>; <a href="#Cotton">Cotton et al. 1999, p. 501</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#Steudel">Steudel 2020, p. 601</a>: "... Considerable orbital overlap can be expected. Apparently, intermolecular multicenter bonds exist in crystalline iodine that extend throughout the layer and lead to the delocalization of electrons akin to that in metals. This explains certain physical properties of iodine: the dark color, the luster and a weak electric conductivity, which is 3400 times stronger within the layers then perpendicular to them. Crystalline iodine is thus a two-dimensional semiconductor."; <a href="#Segal">Segal 1989, p. 481</a>: "Iodine exhibits some metallic properties ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Taylor">Taylor 1960, p. 207</a>; <a href="#Brannt">Brannt 1919, p. 34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_45-1">b</a> <a href="#Green">Green 2012, p. 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Spencer">Spencer, Bodner & Rickard 2012, p. 178</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#Redmer">Redmer, Hensel & Holst 2010, preface</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-K&W-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K&W_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&W_48-1">b</a> <a href="#Keeler">Keeler & Wothers 2013, p. 293</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#DeKock">DeKock & Gray 1989, pp. 423, 426—427</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#Boreskov">Boreskov 2003, p. 45</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashcroft_and_Mermin-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_and_Mermin_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_and_Mermin_51-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_and_Mermin" title="Ashcroft and Mermin">Ashcroft and Mermin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#Yang">Yang 2004, p. 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 416, 574, 681, 824, 895, 930</a>; <a href="#Siekierski">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 129</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeertmanWeertman1992" class="citation book cs1">Weertman, Johannes; Weertman, Julia R. 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<a href="#Burford">Burford, Passmore & Sanders 1989, p. 54</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#Brady">Brady & Senese 2009, p. 69</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CAS">Chemical Abstracts Service 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, pp. 81</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#Cockell">Cockell 2019, p. 210</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#Scott2014">Scott 2014, p. 3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, p. 184</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#Jensen">Jensen 1986, p. 506</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#Lee">Lee 1996, p. 240</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#Cressey">Cressey 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&B-93"><a href="#cite_ref-S&B_93-0">^</a> <a href="#Siekierski">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, pp. 24–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#Siekierski">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#Petruševski">Petruševski & Cvetković 2018</a>; <a href="#Grochala">Grochala 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 226, 360</a>; <a href="#Siekierski">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, pp. 52, 101, 111, 124, 194</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#Scerri2020">Scerri 2020, pp. 407–420</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#Shchukarev">Shchukarev 1977, p. 229</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_101-1">b</a> <a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, p. 146</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#Vij">Vij et al. 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#Dorsey">Dorsey 2023, pp. 12–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#Humphrey">Humphrey 1908</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2001">Greenwood 2001, p. 2057</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bog-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bog_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bog_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bog_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bog_107-3">d</a> <a href="#Bogoroditskii1967">Bogoroditskii & Pasynkov 1967, p. 77</a>; <a href="#Jenkins">Jenkins & Kawamura 1976, p. 88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#Desai">Desai, James & Ho 1984, p. 1160</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#Stein1983">Stein 1983, p. 165</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#Engesser">Engesser & Krossing 2013, p. 947</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#S&P">Schweitzer & Pesterfield 2010, p. 305</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#Rieck">Rieck 1967, p. 97</a>: Tungsten trioxide dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> to give an <a href="/wiki/Oxyfluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyfluoride">oxyfluoride</a> <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complex</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 1279</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyper2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pyper, N. 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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 378 (2180): 20190305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890305P">2020RSPTA.37890305P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0305">10.1098/rsta.2019.0305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X">1364-503X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32811360">32811360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Relativity+and+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2180&rft.pages=20190305&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0305&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32811360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890305P&rft.aulast=Pyper&rft.aufirst=N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonmetal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#Power">Power 2010</a>; <a href="#Crow">Crow 2013</a>; <a href="#Weetman">Weetman & Inoue 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#EB2021">Encyclopaedia Britannica 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#RSC2">Royal Society of Chemistry 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matson-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matson_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matson_121-1">b</a> <a href="#Matson">Matson & Orbaek 2013, p. 203</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#Kernion">Kernion & Mascetta 2019, p. 191</a>; <a href="#Cao">Cao et al. 2021, pp. 20–21</a>; <a href="#Hussain">Hussain et al. 2023</a>; also called "nonmetal halogens": <a href="#Chambers1982">Chambers & Holliday 1982, pp. 273–274</a>; <a href="#Bohlmann">Bohlmann 1992, p. 213</a>; <a href="#Jentzsch">Jentzsch & Matile 2015, p. 247</a> or "stable halogens": <a href="#Vassilakis">Vassilakis, Kalemos & Mavridis 2014, p. 1</a>; <a href="#Hanley">Hanley & Koga 2018, p. 24</a>; <a href="#Kaiho">Kaiho 2017, ch. 2, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#Williams">Williams 2007, pp. 1550–1561: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#Wächtershäuser">Wächtershäuser 2014, p. 5: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr>, <abbr title="selenium">Se</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#Hengeveld">Hengeveld & Fedonkin 2007, pp. 181–226: <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#Wakeman">Wakeman 1899, p. 562</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#Fraps">Fraps 1913, p. 11: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="silicon">Si</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr>, <abbr title="chlorine">Cl</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#Parameswaran">Parameswaran at al. 2020, p. 210: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr>, <abbr title="selenium">Se</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#Knight">Knight 2002, p. 148: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="phosphorus">P</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr>, <abbr title="selenium">Se</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#Fraústo">Fraústo da Silva & Williams 2001, p. 500: <abbr title="hydrogen">H</abbr>, <abbr title="carbon">C</abbr>, <abbr title="nitrogen">N</abbr>, <abbr title="oxygen">O</abbr>, <abbr title="sulfur">S</abbr>, <abbr title="selenium">Se</abbr></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#Zhu2022">Zhu et al. 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#Graves">Graves 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#Rosenberg">Rosenberg 2013, p. 847</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#Obodovskiy">Obodovskiy 2015, p. 151</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 552</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, p. 91</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#Huang">Huang 2018, pp. 30, 32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#Orisakwe">Orisakwe 2012, p. 000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#Yin">Yin et al. 2018, p. 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moeller-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moeller_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moeller_144-1">b</a> <a href="#Moeller1989">Moeller et al. 1989, p. 742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#Whiteford">Whiteford & Coffin 1939, p. 239</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_146-1">b</a> <a href="#Jones">Jones 2010, pp. 169–71</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#Russell">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#Tyler">Tyler 1948, p. 105</a>; <a href="#Reilly">Reilly 2002, pp. 5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#Jolly">Jolly 1966, p. 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#Clugston">Clugston & Flemming 2000, pp. 100–101, 104–105, 302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#Maosheng">Maosheng 2020, p. 962</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#Mazej">Mazej 2020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 402</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxidizing-157"><a href="#cite_ref-oxidizing_157-0">^</a> <a href="#Rudolph">Rudolph 1973, p. 133</a>: "Oxygen and the halogens in particular ... are therefore strong oxidizing agents." </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_158-0">^</a> <a href="#Daniel">Daniel & Rapp 1976, p. 55</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_159-1">b</a> <a href="#Cotton">Cotton et al. 1999, p. 554</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#Woodward">Woodward et al. 1999, pp. 133–194</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#Phillips1965">Phillips & Williams 1965, pp. 478–479</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#Moeller1989">Moeller et al. 1989, p. 314</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanford-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Lanford_164-0">^</a> <a href="#Lanford">Lanford 1959, p. 176</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, p. 478</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#Seese">Seese & Daub 1985, p. 65</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#MacKay">MacKay, MacKay & Henderson 2002, pp. 209, 211</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#Cousins">Cousins, Davidson & García-Vivó 2013, pp. 11809–11811</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cao4-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cao4_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cao4_169-1">b</a> <a href="#Cao">Cao et al. 2021, p. 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#Liptrot">Liptrot 1983, p. 161</a>; <a href="#MD">Malone & Dolter 2008, p. 255</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiberg255–257-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg255–257_171-0">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, pp. 255–257</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#Scott1962">Scott & Kanda 1962, p. 153</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#Taylor">Taylor 1960, p. 316</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_174-1">b</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, passim</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#Crawford">Crawford 1968, p. 540</a>; <a href="#Benner">Benner, Ricardo & Carrigan 2018, pp. 167–168</a>: "The stability of the carbon-carbon bond ... has made it the first choice element to scaffold biomolecules. Hydrogen is needed for many reasons; at the very least, it terminates C-C chains. Heteroatoms (atoms that are neither carbon nor hydrogen) determine the reactivity of carbon-scaffolded biomolecules. In ... life, these are oxygen, nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and an occasional halogen." </li> <li id="cite_note-Cao20-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cao20_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cao20_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cao20_176-2">c</a> <a href="#Cao">Cao et al. 2021, p. 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#ZhaoJ">Zhao, Tu & Chan 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#Wasewar">Wasewar 2021, pp. 322–323</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#Mess">Messler 2011, p. 10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#King1994">King 1994, p. 1344</a>; <a href="#Powell">Powell & Tims 1974, pp. 189–191</a>; <a href="#Cao">Cao et al. 2021, pp. 20–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#Vernon2020">Vernon 2020, pp. 221–223</a>; <a href="#RaynerW">Rayner-Canham 2020, p. 216</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#Chandra">Chandra X-ray Center 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#Chapin">Chapin, Matson & Vitousek 2011, p. 27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_184-1">b</a> <a href="#Fortescue">Fortescue 1980, p. 56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#Georgievskii">Georgievskii 1982, p. 58</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepinPorcelli2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pepin, R. O.; Porcelli, D. (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.47.7">"Origin of Noble Gases in the Terrestrial Planets"</a>. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 47 (1): 191–246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvMG...47..191P">2002RvMG...47..191P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2002.47.7">10.2138/rmg.2002.47.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-6466">1529-6466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Noble+Gases+in+the+Terrestrial+Planets&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=191-246&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.issn=1529-6466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2002.47.7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RvMG...47..191P&rft.aulast=Pepin&rft.aufirst=R.+O.&rft.au=Porcelli%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2002.47.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANonmetal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#Zhu2014">Zhu et al. 2014, pp. 644–648</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#Klein">Klein & Dutrow 2007, p. 435</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cockell" title="Cockell">Cockell 2019, p. 212, 208–211</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, pp. 363, 379</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, p. 516</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#Schmedt">Schmedt, Mangstl & Kraus 2012, p. 7847‒7849</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, pp. 39, 44, 80–81, 85, 199, 248, 263, 367, 478, 531, 610</a>; <a href="#Smulders">Smulders 2011, pp. 416–421</a>; <a href="#Chen">Chen 1990, part 17.2.1</a>; <a href="#Hall">Hall 2021, p. 143</a>: H (primary constituent of water); He (party balloons); B (in <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>); C (in <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>, as graphite); N (<a href="/wiki/Widget_(beer)" title="Widget (beer)">beer widgets</a>); O (as <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Detergents" class="mw-redirect" title="Detergents">detergents</a>); F (as <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>); Ne (lighting); Si (in glassware); P (<a href="/wiki/Matches" class="mw-redirect" title="Matches">matches</a>); S (garden treatments); Cl (<a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> constituent); Ar (<a href="/wiki/Insulated_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulated windows">insulated windows</a>); Ge (in <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle camera lenses</a>); Se (<a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>; <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a>); Br (as <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a>, for purification of spa water); Kr (energy saving <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lamps">fluorescent lamps</a>); Sb (in batteries); Te (in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, solar panels, <a href="/wiki/DVD_recordable" title="DVD recordable">rewrite-able DVDs</a>); I (in <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> solutions); Xe (in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma TV">plasma TV</a> display cells, a technology subsequently made redundant by low cost <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> and <a href="/wiki/OLED_display" class="mw-redirect" title="OLED display">OLED displays</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#Maroni">Maroni 1995, pp. 108–123</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imberti-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Imberti_197-0">^</a> <a href="#Imberti">Imbertierti 2020</a>: H, He, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, As, Se, Br, Kr, Sb, Te, I, Xe and Rn </li> <li id="cite_note-L&L-198"><a href="#cite_ref-L&L_198-0">^</a> <a href="#Csele">Csele 2016</a>; <a href="#Winstel">Winstel 2000</a>; <a href="#Davis">Davis et al. 2006, p. 431–432</a>; <a href="#Grondzik">Grondzik et al. 2010, p. 561</a>: Cl, Ar, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Te, I and Xe </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">Oxford English Dictionary</a>; <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994</a> (all bar <a href="/wiki/Germanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic acid">germanic acid</a>); <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 897</a>, germanic acid: H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ge, As, Sb, Br, Te, I and Xe </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#Bhuwalka">Bhuwalka et al. 2021, pp. 10097–10107</a>: H, He, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, Br, Sb, Te and I </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#KingAH">King 2019, p. 408</a>: H, He, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ge, As, Se, Br, Sb </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, pp. 98, 117, 331, 487</a>; <a href="#Gresham">Gresham et al. 2015, pp. 25, 55, 60, 63</a>: H, He, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, Se, Sb </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#Beard">Beard et al. 2021</a>; <a href="#Slye">Slye 2008</a>: H, B, C (including graphite), N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, Br and Sb </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#Reinhardt">Reinhardt at al. 2015</a>; <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, p. 1053</a>: H, He, C, N, O, F, P, S and Ar </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#Wind">Windmeier & Barron 2013</a>: H, He, N, O, F, Ne, S, Cl and Ar </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#Kiiski">Kiiski et al. 2016</a>: H, B, C, N, O, Si, P, S </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, pp. 113, 231, 327, 362, 377, 393, 515:</a>: H, C, N, O, P, S, Cl </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#Brandt">Brandt & Weiler 2000</a>: H, He, C, N, O, Ar </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#Harbison">Harbison, Bourgeois & Johnson 2015, p. 364</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#Bolin">Bolin 2017, p. 2-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#Jordan">Jordan 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#Stillman">Stillman 1924, p. 213</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#de_L'Aunay">de L'Aunay 1566, p. 7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#Lémery">Lémery 1699, p. 118</a>; <a href="#Dejonghe">Dejonghe 1998, p. 329</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#Lavoisier">Lavoisier 1790, p. 175</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#Strathern2000">Strathern 2000, p. 239</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreHall1918" class="citation book cs1">Moore, F. 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<a href="#Emsley2011">Emsley 2011, p. 397</a>; <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, pp. 23, 84</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, p. 439</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 321, 404, 436</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, p. 465</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#Kneen">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, p. 308</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#Tregarthen">Tregarthen 2003, p. 10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#Lewis">Lewis 1993, pp. 28, 827</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#Lewis">Lewis 1993, pp. 28, 813</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung-291"><a href="#cite_ref-Chung_291-0">^</a> <a href="#Chung">Chung 1987</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a href="#Godfrin">Godfrin & Lauter 1995, pp. 216‒218</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janas-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Janas_293-0">^</a> <a href="#Janas">Janas, Cabrero-Vilatela & Bulmer 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 416</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a href="#Desai">Desai, James & Ho 1984, p. 1160</a>; 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<a href="#Pitzer">Pitzer 1975, pp. 760‒761</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 4</a>; <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins et al. 2006, pp. 8, 122–123</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 750</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#Douglade">Douglade & Mercier 1982, p. 723</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="#Gillespie">Gillespie & Robinson 1959, p. 418</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="#Sanderson1967">Sanderson 1967, p. 172</a>; <a href="#Mingos2019">Mingos 2019, p. 27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="#House">House 2008, p. 441</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="#Mingos2019">Mingos 2019, p. 27</a>; <a href="#Sanderson1967">Sanderson 1967, p. 172</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg 2001, p. 399</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#Klae">Kläning & Appelman 1988, p. 3760</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao_2002,_p._22-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao_2002,_p._22_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao_2002,_p._22_324-1">b</a> <a href="#Rao2002">Rao 2002, p. 22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#Sidorov">Sidorov 1960, pp. 599–603</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a href="#McMillan">McMillan 2006, p. 823</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#Wells">Wells 1984, p. 534</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pudd-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pudd_330-1">b</a> <a href="#Puddephatt">Puddephatt & Monaghan 1989, p. 59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#King1995">King 1995, p. 182</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#Ritter">Ritter 2011, p. 10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#Yama">Yamaguchi & Shirai 1996, p. 3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a href="#Vernon2020">Vernon 2020, p. 223</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#Woodward">Woodward et al. 1999, p. 134</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#Dalton">Dalton 2019</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonmetal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Abbott D 1966, An Introduction to the Periodic Table, J. 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class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, 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