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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage in quasicrystal, liquid and other disordered systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%B6rdinasiegetal" title="Koördinasiegetal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koördinasiegetal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A" title="عدد تناسقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدد تناسقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinasiya_%C9%99d%C9%99di" title="Koordinasiya ədədi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koordinasiya ədədi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Координационно число – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Координационно число" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinacijski_broj" title="Koordinacijski broj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koordinacijski broj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_de_coordinaci%C3%B3" title="Nombre de coordinació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nombre de coordinació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordina%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Koordinační číslo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koordinační číslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinationstal" title="Koordinationstal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koordinationstal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinationszahl" title="Koordinationszahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koordinationszahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_coordinaci%C3%B3n" title="Número de coordinación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Número de coordinación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="عدد هم‌آرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدد هم‌آرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinence" title="Coordinence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coordinence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%9C%84%EC%88%98" title="배위수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배위수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinacijski_broj" title="Koordinacijski broj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koordinacijski broj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_koordinasi" title="Bilangan koordinasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bilangan koordinasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numero_di_coordinazione_(cristallografia)" title="Numero di coordinazione (cristallografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Numero di coordinazione (cristallografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="מספר קואורדינציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מספר קואורדינציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Координациялық сан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Координациялық сан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombor_koordinatan" title="Nombor koordinatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nombor koordinatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B6rdinatiegetal" title="Coördinatiegetal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coördinatiegetal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="配位数 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="配位数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinatsion_son" title="Koordinatsion son – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koordinatsion son" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liczba_koordynacyjna" title="Liczba koordynacyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liczba koordynacyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_coordena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Número de coordenação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Número de coordenação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_coordinare" title="Număr de coordinare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Număr de coordinare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Координационное число – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Координационное число" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinacijsko_%C5%A1tevilo" title="Koordinacijsko število – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koordinacijsko število" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinacioni_broj" title="Koordinacioni broj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koordinacioni broj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinaatioluku" title="Koordinaatioluku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koordinaatioluku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เลขโคออร์ดิเนชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลขโคออร์ดิเนชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koordinasyon_say%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Koordinasyon sayısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koordinasyon sayısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Координаційне число – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Координаційне число" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="配位数 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="配位数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q397226#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to a molecule or crystal</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, the <b>coordination number</b>, also called <b>ligancy</b>, of a central <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules than for crystals. </p><p>For molecules and polyatomic ions the coordination number of an atom is determined by simply counting the other atoms to which it is bonded (by either single or multiple bonds).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, [Cr(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> has Cr<sup>3+</sup> as its central cation, which has a coordination number of 6 and is described as <i>hexacoordinate</i>. The common coordination numbers are <b>4</b>, <b>6</b> and <b>8.</b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecules,_polyatomic_ions_and_coordination_complexes"><span id="Molecules.2C_polyatomic_ions_and_coordination_complexes"></span>Molecules, polyatomic ions and coordination complexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Molecules, polyatomic ions and coordination complexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png/200px-Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png/300px-Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png/400px-Zirconium-borohydride-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a> of gaseous U(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>, which features 12-coordinate metal centre.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA6Cl3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/200px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/300px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/400px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>, which features 6-coordinate metal centre with <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral molecular geometry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPh3AuCl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PPh3AuCl.png/200px-PPh3AuCl.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PPh3AuCl.png/300px-PPh3AuCl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/PPh3AuCl.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)" title="Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)">Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)</a>, which features 2-coordinate metal centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>In chemistry, <b>coordination number</b>, defined originally in 1893 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a>, is the total number of neighbors of a central atom in a molecule or ion.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is most commonly applied to <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simple_and_commonplace_cases">Simple and commonplace cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple and commonplace cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common coordination number for <i>d-</i>block <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> complexes is 6. The coordination number does not distinguish the geometry of such complexes, i.e. octahedral vs trigonal prismatic. </p><p>For transition metal complexes, coordination numbers range from 2 (e.g., Au<sup>I</sup> in Ph<sub>3</sub>PAuCl) to 9 (e.g., Re<sup>VII</sup> in [ReH<sub>9</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>). Metals in the <i>f</i>-block (the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinoids</a>) can accommodate higher coordination number due to their greater ionic radii and availability of more orbitals for bonding. Coordination numbers of 8 to 12 are commonly observed for <i>f</i>-block elements. For example, with <a href="/wiki/Bidentate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidentate">bidentate</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> ions as ligands, Ce<sup>IV</sup> and Th<sup>IV</sup> form the 12-coordinate ions [Ce(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ceric_ammonium_nitrate" title="Ceric ammonium nitrate">ceric ammonium nitrate</a>) and [Th(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>. When the surrounding ligands are much smaller than the central atom, even higher coordination numbers may be possible. One <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a> study predicted a particularly stable <span class="chemf nowrap">PbHe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">15</sub></span></span></span> ion composed of a central <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> ion coordinated with no fewer than 15 helium atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Kasper_phases" title="Frank–Kasper phases">Frank–Kasper phases</a>, the packing of metallic atoms can give coordination numbers of up to 16.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the opposite extreme, steric shielding can give rise to unusually low coordination numbers. An extremely rare instance of a metal adopting a coordination number of 1 occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Terphenyl" title="Terphenyl">terphenyl</a>-based arylthallium(I) complex 2,6-Tipp<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Tl, where Tipp is the 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyhapto_ligands">Polyhapto ligands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polyhapto ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coordination numbers become ambiguous when dealing with polyhapto ligands. For π-electron ligands such as the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopentadienide">cyclopentadienide</a> ion [C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>]<sup>−</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclooctatetraenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclooctatetraenide">cyclooctatetraenide</a> ion [C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, the number of adjacent atoms in the π-electron system that bind to the central atom is termed the <a href="/wiki/Hapticity" title="Hapticity">hapticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> the hapticity, <i>η</i>, of each cyclopentadienide anion is five, Fe(<i>η</i><sup>5</sup>-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. Various ways exist for assigning the contribution made to the coordination number of the central iron atom by each cyclopentadienide ligand. The contribution could be assigned as one since there is one ligand, or as five since there are five neighbouring atoms, or as three since there are three electron pairs involved. Normally the count of electron pairs is taken.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surfaces_and_reconstruction">Surfaces and reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surfaces and reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coordination numbers are well defined for atoms in the interior of a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>: one counts the nearest neighbors in all directions. The number of neighbors of an interior atom is termed the <b>bulk coordination number</b>. For surfaces, the number of neighbors is more limited, so the <b>surface coordination number</b> is smaller than the bulk coordination number. Often the surface coordination number is unknown or variable.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGraef_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGraef-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface coordination number is also dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller indices</a> of the surface. In a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal</a>, the bulk coordination number is 8, whereas, for the (100) surface, the surface coordination number is 4.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_LibreTexts_2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_LibreTexts_2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_determination">Experimental determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Experimental determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common way to determine the coordination number of an atom is by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>. Related techniques include <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron</a> diffraction.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coordination number of an atom can be determined straightforwardly by counting nearest neighbors. </p><p>α-Aluminium has a regular cubic close packed structure, <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">fcc</a>, where each aluminium atom has 12 nearest neighbors, 6 in the same plane and 3 above and below and the coordination polyhedron is a <a href="/wiki/Cuboctahedron" title="Cuboctahedron">cuboctahedron</a>. α-Iron has a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body centered cubic</a> structure where each iron atom has 8 nearest neighbors situated at the corners of a cube. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png/100px-Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png/150px-Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png/200px-Graphite-sheet-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>A graphite layer, carbon atoms and C–C bonds shown in black.</figcaption></figure><p>The two most common <a href="/wiki/Allotropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropes">allotropes</a> of carbon have different coordination numbers. In <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, each carbon atom is at the centre of a regular <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> formed by four other carbon atoms, the coordination number is four, as for methane. <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a> is made of two-dimensional layers in which each carbon is covalently bonded to three other carbons; atoms in other layers are further away and are not nearest neighbours, giving a coordination number of 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/100px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/150px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/200px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>bcc structure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaCl_polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/100px-NaCl_polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/150px-NaCl_polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png/200px-NaCl_polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Ions with coordination number six comprise the highly symmetrical "rock salt structure".</figcaption></figure> <p>For chemical compounds with regular lattices such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">caesium chloride</a>, a count of the nearest neighbors gives a good picture of the environment of the ions. In sodium chloride each sodium ion has 6 chloride ions as nearest neighbours (at 276 pm) at the corners of an <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedron</a> and each chloride ion has 6 sodium atoms (also at 276 pm) at the corners of an octahedron. In caesium chloride each caesium has 8 chloride ions (at 356 pm) situated at the corners of a <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cube</a> and each chloride has eight caesium ions (also at 356 pm) at the corners of a cube. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some compounds the metal-ligand bonds may not all be at the same distance. For example in PbCl<sub>2</sub>, the coordination number of Pb<sup>2+</sup> could be said to be seven or nine, depending on which chlorides are assigned as ligands. Seven chloride ligands have Pb-Cl distances of 280–309 pm. Two chloride ligands are more distant, with a Pb-Cl distances of 370 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases a different definition of coordination number is used that includes atoms at a greater distance than the nearest neighbours. The very broad definition adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">International Union of Crystallography</a>, IUCR, states that the coordination number of an atom in a crystalline solid depends on the chemical bonding model and the way in which the coordination number is calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mittemeijer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittemeijer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some metals have irregular structures. For example, zinc has a distorted hexagonal close packed structure. Regular hexagonal close packing of spheres would predict that each atom has 12 nearest neighbours and a <a href="/wiki/Triangular_orthobicupola" title="Triangular orthobicupola">triangular orthobicupola</a> (also called an anticuboctahedron or twinned cuboctahedron) coordination polyhedron.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In zinc there are only 6 nearest neighbours at 266 pm in the same close packed plane with six other, next-nearest neighbours, equidistant, three in each of the close packed planes above and below at 291 pm. It is considered to be reasonable to describe the coordination number as 12 rather than 6.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittemeijer_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittemeijer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar considerations can be applied to the regular body centred cube structure where in addition to the 8 nearest neighbors there 6 more, approximately 15% more distant,<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in this case the coordination number is often considered to be 14. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png/100px-Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png/150px-Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png/200px-Strukturformel_Nickelarsenid.png 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>NiAs structure</figcaption></figure><p> Many chemical compounds have distorted structures. <a href="/wiki/Nickel_arsenide" title="Nickel arsenide">Nickel arsenide</a>, NiAs has a structure where nickel and arsenic atoms are 6-coordinate. Unlike sodium chloride where the chloride ions are cubic close packed, the arsenic anions are hexagonal close packed. The nickel ions are 6-coordinate with a distorted octahedral coordination polyhedron where columns of octahedra share opposite faces. The arsenic ions are not octahedrally coordinated but have a trigonal prismatic coordination polyhedron. A consequence of this arrangement is that the nickel atoms are rather close to each other. Other compounds that share this structure, or a closely related one are some transition metal sulfides such as <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">FeS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt(II) sulfide">CoS</a>, as well as some intermetallics. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt(II)_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt(II) telluride (page does not exist)">cobalt(II) telluride</a>, CoTe, the six tellurium and two cobalt atoms are all equidistant from the central Co atom.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/100px-Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/150px-Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/200px-Haematite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Two other examples of commonly-encountered chemicals are <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">TiO<sub>2</sub></a>. Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has a crystal structure that can be described as having a near close packed array of oxygen atoms with iron atoms filling two thirds of the octahedral holes. However each iron atom has 3 nearest neighbors and 3 others a little further away. The structure is quite complex, the oxygen atoms are coordinated to four iron atoms and the iron atoms in turn share vertices, edges and faces of the distorted octahedra.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TiO<sub>2</sub> has the <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> structure. The titanium atoms 6-coordinate, 2 atoms at 198.3 pm and 4 at 194.6 pm, in a slightly distorted octahedron. The octahedra around the titanium atoms share edges and vertices to form a 3-D network. The oxide ions are 3-coordinate in a <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_planar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal planar">trigonal planar</a> configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-Diebold2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diebold2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems"><span id="Usage_in_quasicrystal.2C_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems"></span>Usage in quasicrystal, liquid and other disordered systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage in quasicrystal, liquid and other disordered systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/220px-First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/330px-First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/440px-First_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>First coordination number of <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennard-Jones fluid">Lennard-Jones fluid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/220px-Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/330px-Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg/440px-Second_coordination_number_of_Lennard-Jones_fluid_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Second coordination number of <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennard-Jones fluid">Lennard-Jones fluid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The coordination number of systems with disorder cannot be precisely defined. </p><p>The <b>first coordination number</b> can be defined using the <a href="/wiki/Radial_distribution_function" title="Radial distribution function">radial distribution function</a> <i>g</i>(<i>r</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-Waseda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waseda-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}=4\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{1}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}=4\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{1}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6441c6c75d7735a16b6890d7cb428c83aafb7b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.663ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}=4\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{1}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr,}"></span> where <i>r</i><sub>0</sub> is the rightmost position starting from <i>r</i> = 0 whereon <i>g</i>(<i>r</i>) is approximately zero, <i>r</i><sub>1</sub> is the first minimum. Therefore, it is the area under the first peak of <i>g</i>(<i>r</i>). </p><p>The <b>second coordination number</b> is defined similarly: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}=4\pi \int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}=4\pi \int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cb02b3d719ff1b9096a41f294fdc7403cf8b346" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.663ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}=4\pi \int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}"></span> </p><p>Alternative definitions for the coordination number can be found in literature, but in essence the main idea is the same. One of those definition are as follows: Denoting the position of the first peak as <i>r</i><sub>p</sub>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n'_{1}=8\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{p}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n'_{1}=8\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{p}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f78c4be908ea4094442b49b1b812a84f8f7f986" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.667ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n'_{1}=8\pi \int _{r_{0}}^{r_{p}}r^{2}g(r)\rho \,dr.}"></span> </p><p>The <b>first coordination shell</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_shell" title="Spherical shell">spherical shell</a> with radius between <i>r</i><sub>0</sub> and <i>r</i><sub>1</sub> around the central particle under investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01331.html">coordination number</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C01331">10.1351/goldbook.C01331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaland,_ArneShorokhov,_Dmitry_J.Tutukin,_Andrey_V.Volden,_Hans_Vidar2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haaland, Arne; Shorokhov, Dmitry J.; Tutukin, Andrey V.; Volden, Hans Vidar; Swang, Ole; McGrady, G. Sean; Kaltsoyannis, Nikolas; Downs, Anthony J.; Tang, Christina Y.; Turner, John F. C. (2002). 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"The surface science of titanium dioxide". <i>Surface Science Reports</i>. <b>48</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SurSR..48...53D">2003SurSR..48...53D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-5729%2802%2900100-0">10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00100-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-5729">0167-5729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surface+Science+Reports&rft.atitle=The+surface+science+of+titanium+dioxide&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0167-5729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-5729%2802%2900100-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SurSR..48...53D&rft.aulast=Diebold&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoordination+number" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waseda-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waseda_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaseda1980" class="citation book cs1">Waseda, Y. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsF4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Structure of Non-crystalline Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Solids</i></a>. Advanced Book Program. McGraw-Hill International Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068426-3"><bdi>978-0-07-068426-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Non-crystalline+Materials%3A+Liquids+and+Amorphous+Solids&rft.series=Advanced+Book+Program&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+International+Book+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-07-068426-3&rft.aulast=Waseda&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsF4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoordination+number" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahvaselkäMangs1988" class="citation journal cs1">Vahvaselkä, K. S.; Mangs, J. M. (1988). "X-ray diffraction study of liquid sulfur". <i>Physica Scripta</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 737. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhyS...38..737V">1988PhyS...38..737V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F38%2F5%2F017">10.1088/0031-8949/38/5/017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250801367">250801367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=X-ray+diffraction+study+of+liquid+sulfur&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=737&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250801367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F38%2F5%2F017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988PhyS...38..737V&rft.aulast=Vahvaselk%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Mangs%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoordination+number" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToofan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Toofan, Jahansooz (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed071p147">"A Simple Expression between Critical Radius Ratio and Coordination Number"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JChEd..71..147T">1994JChEd..71..147T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed071p147">10.1021/ed071p147</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Expression+between+Critical+Radius+Ratio+and+Coordination+Number&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed071p147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JChEd..71..147T&rft.aulast=Toofan&rft.aufirst=Jahansooz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1021%2Fed071p147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoordination+number" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed071p749">"Errata"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>71</b> (9): 749. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JChEd..71..749.">1994JChEd..71..749.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed071p749">10.1021/ed071p749</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Errata&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=749&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed071p749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JChEd..71..749.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fed071p749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoordination+number" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_number&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefns.nau.edu/geology/naml/Meteorite/Book-GlossaryC.html">Meteorite Book-Glossary C</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/IC10Kcn.html">A website on coordination numbers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Molecular_geometries" title="Template:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecular_geometries" title="Template talk:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular_geometries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecular_geometry353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coordination number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_molecular_geometry" title="Linear molecular geometry">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry" title="Bent molecular geometry">Bent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal planar molecular geometry">Trigonal planar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry">Trigonal pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shaped_molecular_geometry" title="T-shaped molecular geometry">T-shaped</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">Tetrahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seesaw_molecular_geometry" title="Seesaw molecular geometry">Seesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Square planar molecular geometry">Square planar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry">Trigonal bipyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Square pyramidal molecular geometry">Square pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal planar molecular geometry">Pentagonal planar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">Octahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Trigonal prismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal pyramidal molecular geometry">Pentagonal pyramidal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry">Pentagonal bipyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Capped octahedral molecular geometry">Capped octahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Capped trigonal prismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_antiprismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Square antiprismatic molecular geometry">Square antiprismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Dodecahedral molecular geometry">Dodecahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Bicapped trigonal prismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 9</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Tricapped trigonal prismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_square_antiprismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry">Capped square antiprismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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