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href="#Central_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Central and South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_by_United_States_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_United_States_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Use by United States government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_United_States_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obama_administration_position_on_combat_drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama_administration_position_on_combat_drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Obama administration position on combat drones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama_administration_position_on_combat_drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_administration_position_on_combat_drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_administration_position_on_combat_drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Trump administration position on combat drones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_administration_position_on_combat_drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_by_Iranian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_Iranian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Use by Iranian government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_Iranian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Use by Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Use by Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_North_Korean_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_North_Korean_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Use by North Korean government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_North_Korean_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Bosnia_and_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Bosnia_and_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In Bosnia and Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Bosnia_and_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_the_Russian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_the_Russian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Use by the Russian government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_the_Russian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Use in Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_justifications_for_targeted_killing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_justifications_for_targeted_killing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Legal justifications for targeted killing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_justifications_for_targeted_killing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legal opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Additional concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezielte_T%C3%B6tung" title="Gezielte Tötung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gezielte Tötung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesinato_selectivo" title="Asesinato selectivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asesinato selectivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قتل هدفمند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قتل هدفمند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_cibl%C3%A9" title="Assassinat ciblé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assassinat ciblé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նպատակային սպանություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նպատակային սպանություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciljano_ubijanje" title="Ciljano ubijanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ciljano ubijanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_yang_ditargetkan" title="Pembunuhan yang ditargetkan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembunuhan yang ditargetkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_mirato" title="Omicidio mirato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omicidio mirato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektywna_eliminacja" title="Selektywna eliminacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Selektywna eliminacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinato_seletivo" title="Assassinato seletivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assassinato seletivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Целевые убийства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Целевые убийства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Targeted killing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciljano_ubijanje" title="Ciljano ubijanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ciljano ubijanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%91%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84" title="تہدّفی قتل – Urdu" lang="ur" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/300px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/450px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg/600px-Reaper_UAV_Takes_to_the_Skies_of_Southern_Afghanistan_MOD_45151418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>Modern targeted killings are frequently performed using <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">unmanned combat aerial vehicles</a> like the <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9 Reaper</a>.</figcaption></figure> Targeted killing is a form of <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> carried out by governments <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">outside a judicial procedure</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">battlefield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention within and between various nations. Historically, at least since the mid-eighteenth century, Western thinking has generally considered the use of assassination as a tool of statecraft to be illegal.<a href="#cite_note-CSS-5">[5]</a> Some academics, military personnel and officials<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a> or combatants engaged in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical warfare">asymmetrical warfare</a>. They argue that <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">unmanned combat aerial vehicles</a> (drones) are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Scholars are also divided as to whether targeted killings are an effective <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> strategy.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Targeted killings have also been used in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–present)">Libya</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia_and_Rwanda,_1990s">Somalia and Rwanda, 1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Somalia and Rwanda, 1990s">edit</a>]</div> During fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Devereux" title="Sean Devereux">Sean Devereux</a> described torture and killing by warlords in <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> as "targeted killings, a kind of ethnic cleansing", shortly before his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-devereux-15">[15]</a> Also in Africa, Reuters described "targeted killings of political opponents" by <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> army and militias in Rwanda during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-endbloodbath-16">[16]</a> The American State Department reported the "politically targeted killings" were a prelude to general massacres in Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-DSD95-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> During the 1980s and 1990s, targeted killings were employed extensively by <a href="/wiki/Death_squads_in_El_Salvador" title="Death squads in El Salvador">death squads in El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> within the context of civil unrest and war. Starting under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-johnston-18">[18]</a> targeted killings became a frequent tactic of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gazit-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSS-5">[5]</a> Instances of targeted killing by the United States that have received significant attention include the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a> in 2011 and the <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> in 2022, as well as those of American citizens <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a> and his teenage son in 2011. Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>, use of targeted killings expanded, most frequently through use of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">combat drones</a> operating in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_and_Russian_drug_cartels,_1980s">American and Russian drug cartels, 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American and Russian drug cartels, 1980s">edit</a>]</div> Referring to killings by drug cartels in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1989, mayor <a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a> infamously stated, "Washington should not be called the murder capital of the world. We are the targeted-killing capital of the world."<a href="#cite_note-wpost89-20">[20]</a> Barry said that "targeted killings" by D.C.'s cartels were comparable to those during the days of "<a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a>" at the time of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stpet89-21">[21]</a> Similarly, drug-related "mob hits" in Moscow during the 1990s were euphemistically described as "targeted killings" by the Cox News Service and Atlanta Journal-Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-cox-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_South_America">Central and South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central and South America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Condor_participants.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/220px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/330px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/440px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> participants. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  active members (lighter green less active)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  collaborators</div></figcaption></figure> The U.S.-backed<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> was a campaign of political repression and <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terror</a> in Latin American right-wing dictatorships involving assassination of political opponents and dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The National Security Archive reported, "Prominent victims of Condor include two former Uruguayan legislators and a former Bolivian president, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a>, murdered in Buenos Aires, a former Chilean Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Leighton" title="Bernardo Leighton">Bernardo Leighton</a>, as well as former Chilean ambassador <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Letelier" title="Orlando Letelier">Orlando Letelier</a> and his 26-year-old American colleague, <a href="/wiki/Ronni_Moffitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronni Moffitt">Ronni Moffitt</a>, assassinated by a car bomb in downtown Washington D.C."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1986, the human rights group <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Americas Watch</a> released a report stating that death squads and armed forces under President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Napole%C3%B3n_Duarte" title="José Napoleón Duarte">José Napoleón Duarte</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> had carried out 240 targeted killings throughout 1985.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-26">[26]</a> The report relied upon figures provided by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and included allegations of torture and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-26">[26]</a> Americas Watch and other rights groups reported "targeted killing" of civilians by the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista</a> government in the following year during its campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPS87-27">[27]</a> Politically motivated targeted killings of trade unionists and activists were also recorded in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><a href="#cite_note-CSM88-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><a href="#cite_note-rapid-29">[29]</a> during the late 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings linked to the drug trade and paramilitary organizations including <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> (AUC) resulted in large numbers of deaths among human rights and political activists, and women and children, throughout the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FNS94-30">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_by_United_States_government">Use by United States government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use by United States government">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_the_United_States" title="List of assassinations by the United States">List of assassinations by the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations by the CIA</a></div> An early example of American targeted killing is <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vengeance" title="Operation Vengeance">Operation Vengeance</a> during World War II. This counterattack shot down the plane of <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, the senior planner of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Giancana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/170px-Sam_Giancana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/255px-Sam_Giancana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Giancana.jpg/340px-Sam_Giancana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>The CIA recruited <a href="/wiki/Sam_Giancana" title="Sam Giancana">Sam Giancana</a> (pictured), <a href="/wiki/Santo_Trafficante,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Trafficante, Jr.">Santo Trafficante</a> and other mobsters to <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">assassinate Fidel Castro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a> targeted political leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> for assassination. During the period 1976–2001, there was an American norm against targeted killing.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The United States has made targeted killing—the deliberate assassination of a known terrorist outside the country's territory, usually by airstrike—an essential part of its counter-terrorism strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_145–170,_146-33">[33]</a> Hence, the United States has justified the killing of terrorists under a war paradigm. "Using the war paradigm for counter-terrorism enabled government lawyers to distinguish lethal attacks on terrorists from prohibited assassinations and justify them as lawful battlefield operations against enemy combatants, much like the uncontroversial targeted killing of Japanese Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> while he was traveling by a military airplane during World War II."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Further support for the U.S. government's use of drone strike tactics is found in a report found in the Journal of Strategic Security concerning the surgical nature of drone strikes for use in a populated area. The author concedes, "Indeed the tactic of using drones promises the ability of eliminating enemies in complex environments, while minimizing the political implications of resorting to war."<a href="#cite_note-Peron_2014_81–93-35">[35]</a> The domestic legislative basis offered to justify drone strikes is the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a> (AUMF), a joint resolution of both houses of Congress passed exactly one week after 11 September 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_NYU_Law_118-36">[36]</a> The AUMF permits the President to use "all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons".<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_NYU_Law-37">[37]</a> A report published in the Journal of Strategic Security focusing on the future of drones in geopolitics finds the U.S. government's use of drones in targeted killing operations an "indiscriminant and disproportionate use of force that violates the sovereignty of Pakistan".<a href="#cite_note-Peron_2014_81–93-35">[35]</a> Twenty-six members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HouseMembers-38">[38]</a> with academics such as Gregory Johnsen and Charles Schmitz, media figures (<a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Scahill" title="Jeremy Scahill">Jeremy Scahill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Traub" title="James Traub">James Traub</a>), civil rights groups (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and ex-<a href="/wiki/CIA_station_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA station chief">CIA station chief</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grenier_(CIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Grenier (CIA)">Robert Grenier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-exCIA-41">[41]</a> have criticized targeted killings as a form of <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">extrajudicial killings</a>, which may be illegal under both <a href="/wiki/United_States_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States law">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. In early 2010, with President Barack Obama's approval, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a> became the first U.S. citizen to be approved for targeted killing by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). Awlaki was killed in a drone strike in September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes3-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost3-44">[44]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report analysing the killing of 500 "militants" by US drones between 2008 and 2010 found that only 8% of those killed were mid- to top-tier organisers or leaders; the rest were unidentified foot soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png/300px-Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png/450px-Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png/600px-Graph_of_Average_Casualties_in_US_Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen_2002-present.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Graph of average casualties in drone strikes ordered by the United States in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, 2002–2017.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> The Intercept reported, "Between January 2012 and February 2013, <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">U.S. special operations</a> airstrikes [in northeastern Afghanistan] killed more than 200 people. Of those, only 35 were the intended targets. During one five-month period of the operation, according to the documents, nearly 90 percent of the people killed in airstrikes were not the intended targets."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> According to analysis by <a href="/wiki/Reprieve_(organisation)" title="Reprieve (organisation)">Reprieve</a>, 874 people were killed, including 142 children, in drone strikes in Pakistan that targeted 24 people successfully and unsuccessfully, and, in numerous failed attempts to kill <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayman al-Zawahri">Ayman al-Zawahri</a>, 76 children and 29 adults were killed.<a href="#cite_note-CSS-5">[5]</a> Estimates for the total people killed in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">drone strikes in Pakistan</a>, range from 2,000 to 3,500 militants killed and 158–965 civilians killed.<a href="#cite_note-BOIJ-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> 81 insurgent leaders in Pakistan have been killed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Yemen" title="Drone strikes in Yemen">Drone strikes in Yemen</a> are estimated to have killed 846–1,758 militants and 116–225 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-newamerica-yemen-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-bureau-yemen-54">[54]</a> 57 <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> leaders are confirmed to have been killed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obama_administration_position_on_combat_drones">Obama administration position on combat drones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Obama administration position on combat drones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Disposition Matrix</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">The United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a> in his 2012-04-30 speech "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center-56">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In a speech titled "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a>, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, outlined on 30 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the use of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">combat drones</a> to kill members of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of the United States">US Federal government</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> John Brennan acknowledged for the first time<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> that the US government uses drones to kill selected members of al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He justified the use of drones both from domestic law and international law point of view. With respect to domestic law Brennan stated, "as a matter of domestic law, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> empowers the President to protect the nation from any imminent threat of attack. The <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force</a> (AUMF) passed by Congress after the 11 September attacks authorizes the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force" against those nations, organizations and individuals responsible for 9/11. There is nothing in the AUMF that restricts the use of military force against al-Qa'ida to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center-56">[56]</a> And he further said: "As a matter of international law, the United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center-56">[56]</a> The speech came a few days after Obama authorized the CIA and the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) to fire on targets based solely on their intelligence "signatures"—patterns of behavior that are detected through signals intercepts, human sources and aerial surveillance, and that indicate the presence of an important operative or a plot against U.S. interests. Under the previous rules the CIA and the US military were only allowed to use drone strikes against known terrorist leaders whose location could be confirmed and who appeared on secret CIA and JSOC target lists.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The justification by Brennan built upon remarks by US top officials like the State Department's top lawyer <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hongju_Koh" title="Harold Hongju Koh">Harold Hongju Koh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> US Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the US Defense Department general counsel <a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and President Obama himself,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> who defended the use of drones outside of so-called "hot battlefields" like Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_2012_78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Obama_2012_78.jpg/220px-Obama_2012_78.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Obama_2012_78.jpg/330px-Obama_2012_78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Obama_2012_78.jpg/440px-Obama_2012_78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a>, former director of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2011/2012, the process for selecting targets outside of warzones was altered so that power was concentrated in the hands of a group of people in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> centered around White House counterterror chief John Brennan. Under the new plan, Brennan's staff compiles the potential target list and runs the names past agencies such as the State Department at a weekly White House meeting.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to The New York Times, President Obama has placed himself at the helm of a top secret process to designate terrorists for kill or capture, reserving the final say on approving lethal action, and signs off every strike in Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> U.S. congressional oversight over the targeted killing operations increased as the drone program intensified under the Obama administration. Once a month, a group of staff members from the House and Senate intelligence committees would watch videos of the latest drone strikes, review intelligence that was used to justify each drone strike, and sometimes examine telephone intercepts and after-the-fact evidence, such as the CIA's assessment of who was hit. The procedure used by House and Senate intelligence committees to monitor CIA drone strikes was set up largely at the request of Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> who became determined to ensure that it was as precise as the CIA had been claiming. "That's been a concern of mine from the beginning," Feinstein said in little-noticed comments after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">raid that killed Osama bin Laden in May 2011</a>. "I asked that this effort be established. It has been. The way in which this is being done is very careful."<a href="#cite_note-LATimes20120625-71">[71]</a> Feinstein explained how the oversight works in general. "We receive notification with key details shortly after every strike, and we hold regular briefings and hearings on these operations," Feinstein wrote in May in a letter sent in response to a column that ran in the Los Angeles Times questioning the oversight of drone strikes. "Committee staff has held 28 monthly in-depth oversight meetings to review strike records and question every aspect of the program including legality, effectiveness, precision, foreign policy implications and the care taken to minimize noncombatant casualties." If the congressional committees objected to something, the lawmakers could call CIA leaders to testify in closed investigative hearings. If unsatisfied, they could pass legislation limiting the CIA's actions.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes20120625-71">[71]</a> Congressional criticism of drone strikes has been rare. However, in June 2012, 26 lawmakers, all but two of them Democrats, signed a letter to Obama questioning so-called <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>signature strikes, in which the U.S. attacks armed men who fit a pattern of behavior that suggests they are involved in terrorist activities. Signature strikes have been curbed in Pakistan, where they once were common, but in 2012 Obama gave the CIA permission to conduct them in Yemen, where an Al Qaeda affiliate that has targeted the United States has established a safe haven in the south. The lawmakers expressed concern that signature strikes could kill civilians. They added: "Our drone campaigns already have virtually no transparency, accountability or oversight."<a href="#cite_note-LATimes20120625-71">[71]</a> While the Bush administration had put emphasis on killing significant members of al Qaeda, the use of combat drones underwent a quiet and unheralded shift during the Obama administration to focus increasingly on killing militant foot soldiers rather than high-value targets according to CNN National Security Analyst <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20120906-72">[72]</a> Bergen noted: "To the extent that the targets of drone attacks can be ascertained, under Bush, al Qaeda members accounted for 25% of all drone targets compared to 40% for Taliban targets. Under Obama, only 8% of targets were al Qaeda compared to just over 50% for Taliban targets."<a href="#cite_note-CNN20120906-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_Killer_Drones_(15836463196).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg/220px-Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg/330px-Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg/440px-Stop_Killer_Drones_%2815836463196%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> anti-war protest: 'Stop Killer Drones', 5 May 2013</figcaption></figure> Facing the possibility of defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, the Obama administration accelerated work in the weeks before the election to develop explicit rules for the targeted killing of terrorists by unmanned drones, so that a new president would inherit clear standards and procedures.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20121124-73">[73]</a> The work to codify U.S. drone policy began in summer 2011. "There was concern that the levers might no longer be in our hands," said one unnamed U.S. official. With a continuing debate about the proper limits of drone strikes, Obama did not want to leave an "amorphous" program to his successor, the official said. The effort, which would have been rushed to completion by January had <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> won, will now be finished at a more leisurely pace, the official said.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20121124-73">[73]</a> "One of the things we've got to do is put a legal architecture in place, and we need Congressional help in order to do that, to make sure that not only am I reined in but any president's reined in terms of some of the decisions that we're making," Obama said and added "creating a legal structure, processes, with oversight checks on how we use unmanned weapons, is going to be a challenge for me and my successors for some time to come."<a href="#cite_note-NYT20121124-73">[73]</a> U.S. President Obama also expressed wariness of the powerful temptation drones pose to policy makers. "There's a remoteness to it that makes it tempting to think that somehow we can, without any mess on our hands, solve vexing security problems," he said.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20121124-73">[73]</a> In response lawsuits brought by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> seeking to use the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> to make public more details about the legal basis for the drone programs U.S. District Court Judge Colleen McMahon ruled at the end of December 2012 that the U.S. Government has no legal duty to disclose legal opinions justifying the use of drones to kill suspected terrorist operatives abroad. While noting that a more detailed disclosure of the administration's legal rationale "would allow for intelligent discussion and assessment of a tactic that (like torture before it) remains hotly debated", McMahon came to the conclusion that the Freedom of Information Act did not permit her to require such transparency.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In a letter dated 22 May 2013 to the chairman of the U.S. Senate Judiciary committee, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Leahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick J. Leahy">Patrick J. Leahy</a>, U.S. attorney general Eric Holder wrote that the United States will use lethal force by combat drones "in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al Qa'ida or its associated forces, and who is actively engaged in planning to kill Americans, in the following circumstances: (1) the U.S. government has determined, after a thorough and careful review, that the individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is not feasible; and (3) the operation would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In a Presidential Policy Guidance entitled "U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities" from May 2013 the United States government stated that lethal force by combat drones "will be used only to prevent or stop attacks against U.S. persons, and even then, only when capture is not feasible and no other reasonable alternatives exist to address the threat effectively".<a href="#cite_note-The_White_House-77">[77]</a> The U.S. government further declared, "lethal force will be used outside areas of active hostilities only when the following preconditions are met: <ul><li>First, there must be a legal basis for using lethal force.</li> <li>Second, the United States will use lethal force only against a target that poses a continuing, imminent threat to U.S. persons.</li> <li>Third, the following criteria must be met before lethal action may be taken:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li>Near certainty that the terrorist target is present;</li> <li>Near certainty that non-combatants will not be injured or killed;</li> <li>An assessment that capture is not feasible at the time of the operation;</li> <li>An assessment that the relevant governmental authorities in the country where action is contemplated cannot or will not effectively address the threat to U.S. persons; and</li> <li>An assessment that no other reasonable alternatives exist to effectively address the threat to U.S. persons.<a href="#cite_note-The_White_House-77">[77]</a></li></ol></dd></dl> U.S. President Barack Obama touched on the subject of combat drones in a speech on <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a> delivered on 23 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> "It is a hard fact that US strikes have resulted in civilian casualties," he said, adding, "These deaths will haunt us. But as commander-in-chief I must weigh these heartbreaking tragedies against the alternative. To do nothing in the face of terrorist networks would invite far more civilian casualties."<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews20130524-85">[85]</a> Obama said new guidance allowed targeting only those terrorists posing "a continuing and imminent threat to the American people", which administration officials said meant only individuals planning attacks on the U.S. homeland or against U.S. persons abroad.<a href="#cite_note-WP20140522-86">[86]</a> Obama defended the use of drones as just because America "is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban and their associated forces".<a href="#cite_note-CNNSterling20130524-87">[87]</a> To stop terrorists from gaining a foothold, drones will be deployed according to Obama, but only when there is an imminent threat; no hope of capturing the targeted terrorist; "near certainty" that civilians won't be harmed; and "there are no other governments capable of effectively addressing the threat".<a href="#cite_note-CNNSterling20130524-87">[87]</a> Never will a strike be punitive.<a href="#cite_note-CNNSterling20130524-87">[87]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Emmerson" title="Ben Emmerson">Ben Emmerson QC</a>, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism, who identified 33 drone strikes around the world that have resulted in civilian casualties and may have violated international humanitarian law urged the United States "to further clarify its position on the legal and factual issues ... to declassify, to the maximum extent possible, information relevant to its lethal extraterritorial counter-terrorism operations; and to release its own data on the level of civilian casualties inflicted through the use of remotely piloted aircraft, together with information on the evaluation methodology used".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said that in Yemen more civilians were killed than admitted by the Obama administration, while Amnesty International said the same of drone strikes in Pakistan. Caitlin Hayden, a White House spokeswoman, declined to comment on the reports, but said in an e-mail statement: "As the President emphasized, the use of lethal force, including from remotely piloted aircraft, commands the highest level of attention and care."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> While the U.S. government is considering whether to kill an American abroad suspected of planning terrorist attacks and how to do so legally under new stricter targeting policy issued in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-AP20140210-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> reported that the U.S. government is using primarily NSA surveillance to target people for drone strikes overseas. In its report The Intercept the author details the flawed methods which are used to locate targets for lethal drone strikes, resulting in the deaths of innocent people.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> According to The Washington Post, NSA analysts and collectors (i.e. NSA personnel who control electronic surveillance equipment) use the NSA's sophisticated surveillance capabilities to track individual targets geographically and in real time, while drones and tactical units aim their weaponry against those targets to take them out.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> NBC News released in February 2014 an undated Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force" in which the Obama administration concludes that the U.S. government can order the killing of American citizens if they are believed to be "senior operational leaders" of al-Qaida or "an associated force"—even if there is no intelligence indicating they are engaged in an active plot to attack the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-NBCIsikoff20140204-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOJMemoLawfulnessLethalOperatation-95">[95]</a> However any such targeted killing operation by the United States would have to comply with the four fundamental law-of-war principles governing the use of force which are necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity – i.e., the avoidance of unnecessary suffering. (Page 8 of<a href="#cite_note-DOJMemoLawfulnessLethalOperatation-95">[95]</a>). The memo also discusses why targeted killings would not be a war crime or violate <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12333" title="Executive Order 12333">a U.S. executive order banning assassinations</a>: "A lawful killing in self-defense is not an assassination. In the Department's view, a lethal operation conducted against a U.S. citizen whose conduct poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States would be a legitimate act of national self-defense that would not violate the assassination ban. Similarly, the use of lethal force, consistent with the laws of war, against an individual who is a legitimate military target would be lawful and would not violate the assassination ban."<a href="#cite_note-NBCIsikoff20140204-94">[94]</a> In 2013, a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty proposed that U.S. government drone policy in Pakistan potentially violated human rights according to the U.N. <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. The rights in direct question were the right to life; <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>; the freedom of association; right to protection of the family; and, less directly, right to highest attainable health standards; right to education; and right of freedom from hunger.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 21 April 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the above-mentioned December 2012 ruling by U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McMahon" title="Colleen McMahon">Colleen McMahon</a> and ruled that the Obama administration must release documents justifying its drone-killings of Americans and foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal released on 23 June 2014 a Juli 2010 memo by then U.S. Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel David Barron which outlined the rationale for killing the American Citizen <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Aulaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar al-Aulaqi">Anwar al-Aulaqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trump_administration_position_on_combat_drones">Trump administration position on combat drones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trump administration position on combat drones">edit</a>]</div> CIA-ordered drone strikes were eventually ended by President Obama, who transferred control entirely to the U.S. military, under a separate legal authority. President Trump reversed this decision in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A 2016 Obama executive order requiring an annual report of civilian deaths from US airstrikes outside combat zones<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> was not complied with by the Trump administration for 2017 and was then revoked by an executive order in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, citing the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Investigative Journalism">Bureau of Investigative Journalism</a>, a UK-based non-profit news organisation, there were 2,243 drone strikes in the first two years of the Trump presidency, compared with 1,878 in Obama's eight years in office.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> According to press reports, the Trump administration has at times employed a <a href="/wiki/AGM-114R9X" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-114R9X">missile that deploys blades</a> rather than explosives to kill targets, because it hoped to decrease non-combatant casualties. The missile is believed to have seen its first combat action in the 2017 killing of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_Iranian_government">Use by Iranian government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use by Iranian government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_assassinations" title="List of Iranian assassinations">List of Iranian assassinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran" title="Chain murders of Iran">Chain murders of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KolahiSamadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KolahiSamadi.jpg/170px-KolahiSamadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KolahiSamadi.jpg/255px-KolahiSamadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KolahiSamadi.jpg/340px-KolahiSamadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Kolahi" title="Mohammad-Reza Kolahi">Mohammad-Reza Kolahi</a> was assassinated in the Netherlands in 2015</figcaption></figure> Alleged and confirmed assassinations were reported to have been conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> and previously by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi regime">Pahlavi regime</a>. It includes attempts on notable persons who were reported to have been specifically targeted by the various Iranian <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_and_National_Security_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Intelligence and National Security (Iran)">intelligence</a> forces, most notably against <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> dissidents of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran">Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran</a> in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Prior to the establishment of the Islamic State in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">Organization of Intelligence and National Security</a> also allegedly performed a number of political motivated assassinations against dissidents and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">opposition leaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_Saudi_Arabia">Use by Saudi Arabia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use by Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Squad" title="Tiger Squad">Tiger Squad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_Israel">Use by Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use by Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_targeted_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli targeted killings">Israeli targeted killings</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations" title="List of Israeli assassinations">List of Israeli assassinations</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Ronen_Bergman" title="Ronen Bergman">Ronen Bergman</a>, "since World War II, Israel has used assassination and targeted-killing more than any other country in the West, in many cases endangering the lives of civilians."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg/170px-Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg/255px-Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg/340px-Memorial_of_Iranian_Murdered_scientists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">assassinated Iranian scientists</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> Palestinian uprising, the Palestinian human-rights group <a href="/wiki/Al_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Haq">Al Haq</a> condemned Israeli soldiers for what they described as "deliberate, cold-blooded... targeted" killings of Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-xinhua90-110">[110]</a> In 1993, the human rights group, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Watch">Middle East Watch</a>, alleged that Israeli soldiers had targeted often unarmed Palestinians, some under the age of 16, for "premeditated assassinations" or targeted killing, a charge denied by Israeli officials.<a href="#cite_note-AFP93-111">[111]</a> The allegations included the execution of Palestinians in custody.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Controversy over targeted killings continued during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>. Palestinians stated that individuals belonging to the group <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and shot in targeted killings were being assassinated. Israelis stated that those killed were responsible for attacks against Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-AP00-113">[113]</a> Israeli officials initially accepted responsibility for only some of the killings, and Israeli media termed the practice a "liquidations policy", whereas Palestinians called it "state terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-NPR01-114">[114]</a> In January 2001, Israeli officials confirmed "the practice of targeted assassinations".<a href="#cite_note-wpost01-115">[115]</a> Conflict in Israel over the legality of the practice centered on the case of Dr. Thabet Thabet, assassinated as he left his home on New Year's Eve. Dr. Thabet was alleged by the Israeli military to be a senior local leader of <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and plotting attacks against Israelis in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. A dentist, Dr. Thabet was a friend of many Israeli peace activists and considered one himself.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Israeli activists called the killing "a crime", "Mafia-style", and "immoral". <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Sneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Sneh">Ephraim Sneh</a>, then Israel's Deputy Prime Minister, described the policy as "effective, precise and just".<a href="#cite_note-wpost01-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> wrote that the Israeli policy of targeted killing during the Second Intifada expanded upon previous policies, targeting not only terrorists but also those thought to direct or coordinate them.<a href="#cite_note-wpost01-115">[115]</a> Another controversial killing, which occurred following the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>'s condemnation of the practice, was that of Mahmoud Madani, a leader of Hamas shot while leaving a mosque in the Balata refugee camp. The Israeli military suspected Madani of plotting bombings in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-APd01-116">[116]</a> At that time, spokesman for the U.S. State Department <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Boucher">Richard Boucher</a> condemned both violence by Palestinians and targeted killings by Israelis during a State Department news briefing.<a href="#cite_note-APb01-117">[117]</a> U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> registered his opposition to "a policy of targeted killings" and the U.S. State Department urged Israel to stop them.<a href="#cite_note-APc01-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_Hassan_Shateri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of Iranian Major General <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Shateri" title="Hassan Shateri">Hassan Shateri</a>, who was assassinated in Syria in February 2013</figcaption></figure> Then <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> criticized the George W. Bush administration for condemning the targeted killings. The administration continued to oppose them.<a href="#cite_note-jpost01-119">[119]</a> Use of targeted killings by Israeli conventional military forces became commonplace after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Israeli security forces</a> used the tactic to kill <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> militants.<a href="#cite_note-gazit-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_North_Korean_government">Use by North Korean government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Use by North Korean government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Assassination of Kim Jong-nam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> assumption of the presidency in 2016, police and vigilantes have targeted drug related criminal suspects, with many cases, some involving children, thought to be the result of police extrajudicial executions.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The group <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has described these <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> as "targeted killings".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> showed British politician <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> a spreadsheet containing the identities of 783 people who were being targeted for assassination by the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-CSS-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Bosnia_and_Serbia">In Bosnia and Serbia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In Bosnia and Serbia">edit</a>]</div> Referring to human rights abuses during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, the U.S. State Department noted politically or ethnically motivated "targeted killings" in Bosnia in Section 1a., "Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing", of its 1993 report on human rights practices in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSD93-126">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Targeted killings were also reported by Serbian and Albanian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT99-127">[127]</a> Both wars involved large scale targeted killings of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-IPS99-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_the_Russian_government">Use by the Russian government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Use by the Russian government">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, Chechen President <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhokhar Dudaev">Dzhokhar Dudaev</a> was killed on 21 April 1996 by two <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser-guided">laser-guided</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> when he was using a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phone</a>, after his location was detected by a Russian <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a>, which intercepted his phone call.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] On 20 March 2002, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab" title="Ibn al-Khattab">Ibn al-Khattab</a>, who led his militia against Russian forces in Chechnya during the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>, setting up many effective <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a> against Russian forces as well as managing the influx of foreign fighters and money, was killed when a <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> messenger hired by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) gave Khattab a <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoned</a> letter. Chechen sources said that the letter was coated with "a fast-acting nerve agent, possibly <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> or a derivative".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On 13 February 2004, <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a>, who served as acting president of the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> between 1996 and 1997, was killed when a bomb ripped through his <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUV</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatari</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>. Yandarbiyev was seriously wounded and died in hospital. His 13-year-old son Daud was seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The day after the attack, Qatari authorities arrested three Russians in a Russian embassy villa. One of them, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Qatar, Aleksandr Fetisov, was released in March due to his diplomatic status and the remaining two, the GRU agents Anatoly Yablochkov (also known as Belashkov) and Vasily Pugachyov (sometimes misspelled as Bogachyov), were charged with the assassination of Yandarbiyev, an assassination attempt of his son Daud Yandarbiyev, and smuggling weapons into Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> There were some speculations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that Fetisov had been released in exchange for Qatari wrestlers detained in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 30 June 2004, both Russians were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>; passing the sentence, the judge stated that they had acted on orders from the Russian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> But on 23 December 2004, Qatar agreed to extradite the prisoners to Russia, where they would serve out their life sentences. The agents however received a heroes' welcome on returning to Moscow in January 2005 but disappeared from public view shortly afterwards. The Russian prison authorities admitted in February 2005 that they were not in jail, but said that a sentence handed down in Qatar was "irrelevant" in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On 10 July 2006 <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>, a Chechen militant leader who was alleged to be responsible for numerous guerrilla attacks on security forces in and around Chechnya<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> and described by <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> as "one of the most-wanted terrorists in the world",<a href="#cite_note-most_wanted-141">[141]</a> was killed by an explosion near the border of <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a> in the village of Ali-Yurt, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, a republic bordering Chechnya. According to the official version of Basayev's death, the FSB, following him with a <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a>, spotted his car approaching a truck laden with explosives that the FSB had prepared, and by remote control triggered a <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> in the explosives.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a> was poisoned with <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled Russia was responsible for.<a href="#cite_note-Faulconbridge2021-144">[144]</a> US and UK intelligence agents reportedly say they believe Russian assassins and possibly the Russian government could have been behind at least fourteen targeted killings on British soil, which were dismissed as non-suspicious by UK police.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Ukrainian authorities have blamed Russian security services for multiple killings in Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> including assassination of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Maksym_Shapoval" title="Maksym Shapoval">Maksym Shapoval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Russian government is alleged by the British government of being behind a failed assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Skripal" title="Sergei Skripal">Sergei Skripal</a> and his daughter using a <a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_Ukraine">Use in Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use in Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, close to 20 Russian-appointed officials and Ukrainian collaborators have been killed or injured in targeted killings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> Ukrainian hit squads and saboteurs have gunned down, blown up, hanged and poisoned people who were regarded as collaborators of the puppet governments of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk people's republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-153">[153]</a> On 30 August 2022, <a href="/wiki/Meduza" title="Meduza">Meduza</a> reported that nearly a dozen people had been killed and others injured in assassination attempts and provided information on every attack recorded by the media in the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Some of the attacks were carried out by Ukrainian partisans who are led and trained by Ukrainian special forces.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On 27 September 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a> documented six killings of suspected "traitors" of Ukraine. The victims were officials of local authorities, policemen and civilians who were believed to have voluntarily cooperated with the enemy. According to OHCHR, these killings may have been committed by government agents or with their acquiescence and may amount to <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial executions</a> and war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In western media, reports of Russian soldiers carrying a “kill list” have surfaced.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Targeted_killing##" title="Talk:Targeted killing">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While article 2(4) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> prohibits the threat or use of force by one state against another, two exceptions are relevant to the question of whether targeted killings are lawful: (1) when the use of force is carried out with the consent of the host state; and (2) when the use of force is in self-defense in response to an armed attack or an imminent threat, and where the host state is unwilling or unable to take appropriate action.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_NYU_Law-37">[37]</a> The legality of a targeted <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drone strike</a> must be evaluated in accordance with <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> (IHL), including the fundamental principles of distinction, proportionality, humanity, and military necessity.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_NYU_Law_112-158">[158]</a> The part of The Charter of the United Nations that regulates "action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression" is Chapter VII (articles 39–50), which requires that it is the Security Council that determines any threat to peace and decides on measures to be taken to maintain or restore peace. Article 51 mentions the only exception, as being members of the United Nations have "the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security".<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Charter,_Chapter_VII-159">[159]</a> Targeted killing operations, according to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> professors Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann, amplify the tension between addressing terrorism as a crime versus addressing terrorism as an act of war. Governments pursuing a law enforcement strategy punish persons for their individual guilt, which must be proven in a court of law, where the accused enjoys the protections of due process guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_145–170,_146-33">[33]</a> Governments in the midst of war, on the other hand, may claim a legal obligation to take advantage of the relaxation of peacetime constraints on the use of deadly force. Enemy combatants may be targeted and killed not because they are guilty, but because they are potentially lethal agents of a hostile party.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_145–170,_146-33">[33]</a> No advance warning is necessary, no attempt to arrest or capture is required, and no effort to minimize casualties among enemy forces is demanded by law.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_145–170,_146-33">[33]</a> The tactic raises complex questions as to the legal basis for its application, who qualifies as an appropriate "hit list" target, and what circumstances must exist before the tactic may be employed.<a href="#cite_note-google1-160">[160]</a> Opinions range from people considering it a legal form of self-defense that reduces terrorism, to people calling it an <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a> that lacks <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>, and which leads to more violence.<a href="#cite_note-google1-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-sfgate2004-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1426-163">[163]</a> Methods used have included firing a <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellfire missile">Hellfire missile</a> from an <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> attack helicopter (Israel), or a <a href="/wiki/MQ-1_Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1 Predator">Predator</a> or <a href="/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-9 Reaper">Reaper</a> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drone</a> (an unmanned, remote-controlled plane), detonating a cell phone bomb, and long-range <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> shooting. Countries such as the U.S. (in Pakistan and Yemen) and Israel (in the West Bank and Gaza) have used targeted killing to kill members of groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google1-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_justifications_for_targeted_killing">Legal justifications for targeted killing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legal justifications for targeted killing">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>'s Law of Land Warfare (Field Manual 27–10) states: <blockquote> 31. Assassination and Outlawry It is especially forbidden * * * to kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army. [Article 23(b) of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">1907 Hague Regulations</a>]<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This article is construed as prohibiting assassination, proscription, or outlawry of an enemy, or putting a price upon an enemy's head, as well as offering a reward for an enemy "dead or alive". It does not, however, preclude attacks on individual soldiers or officers of the enemy whether in the zone of hostilities, occupied territory, or elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </blockquote> Daniel Reisner, who headed the International Legal Division of the Israeli Military Advocate General's Office from 1994 to 2005,<a href="#cite_note-ReisnerProfile-166">[166]</a> has stated that although targeted killing is illegal under previous understanding of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, "If you do something for long enough, the world will accept it. The whole of international law is now based on the notion that an act that is forbidden today becomes permissible if executed by enough countries."<a href="#cite_note-HaaretzReisner-167">[167]</a> Reisner continues, "International law progresses through violations. We invented the targeted assassination thesis and we had to push it. At first there were protrusions that made it hard to insert easily into the legal moulds. Eight years later it is in the center of the bounds of legitimacy."<a href="#cite_note-HaaretzReisner-167">[167]</a> This view is disputed by George Bisharat of the University of California's Hastings College of the Law, who contends that assassination is not widely regarded as legal.<a href="#cite_note-BisharatNYT-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center" title="Georgetown University Law Center">Georgetown Law</a> Professor and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_D._Solis" title="Gary D. Solis">Gary Solis</a>, has argued that under certain conditions, "<a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassinations</a> and targeted killings are very different acts."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> For Solis, these conditions require that there is an ongoing military conflict, the targeted individual (civilian or military) has taken up arms, that there is no reasonable possibility of arrest, and that the decision to kill is made by senior political leaders.<a href="#cite_note-google1-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_David_Sofaer" title="Abraham David Sofaer">Abraham Sofaer</a>, a former legal advisor to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> and fellow at the conservative <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> think tank, has written that targeted killing is "sometimes necessary, because leaders are obliged to defend their citizens". After the killing of Hamas founder and <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegic">quadriplegic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a> by Israeli helicopter gunships, Sofaer argued that targeted killing is not prohibited by American <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11905" title="Executive Order 11905">Executive Order 11905</a> banning assassination: "killings in self-defense are no more 'assassinations' in international affairs than they are murders when undertaken by our police forces against domestic killers."<a href="#cite_note-HOV-170">[170]</a> Previously, Sofaer had argued during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a> that targeted killing was ethical but impractical: "Targeted killing will also invite revenge against the leaders who order it as well as their citizens and property. Given the legal, political and moral constraints that limit such activities in democratic regimes, the United States has a substantial interest in discouraging acceptance of the killing of political leaders as a routine measure, even in self-defense."<a href="#cite_note-USN&WR-171">[171]</a> Author and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> Captain Matthew J. Morgan has argued, "there is a major difference between assassination and targeted killing.... targeted killing [is] not synonymous with assassination. Assassination ... constitutes an illegal killing."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Guiora" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos Guiora">Amos Guiora</a>, formerly an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> Lt. Colonol and commander of the IDF school of military law, now Professor of law at the University of Utah, has written, "targeted killing is ... not an assassination". <a href="/wiki/Steven_R._David" title="Steven R. David">Steve David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a> Associate Dean & Professor of International Relations, writes: "there are strong reasons to believe that the Israeli policy of targeted killing is not the same as assassination." <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_College_of_Law" title="Syracuse University College of Law">Syracuse Law</a> Professor William Banks and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">GW Law</a> Professor Peter Raven-Hansen write: "Targeted killing of terrorists is ... not unlawful and would not constitute assassination." Rory Miller writes: "Targeted killing ... is not 'assassination'", and associate professor Eric Patterson and Teresa Casale write: "Perhaps most important is the legal distinction between targeted killing and assassination."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-google3-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> American defense department analyst and professor Thomas Hunter has defined targeted killing as the "premeditated, preemptive, and intentional killing of an individual or individuals known or believed to represent a present or future threat to the safety and security of a state through the affiliation with terrorist groups or individuals.<a href="#cite_note-target_killing-178">[178]</a> Hunter writes that the target is a person who is allegedly taking part in an armed conflict or terrorism, whether by bearing arms or otherwise, who has allegedly lost the immunity from being targeted that he would otherwise have under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google1-160">[160]</a> Hunter distinguishes between "targeted killing" and "targeted violence" as used by specialists who study <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. In response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force</a> (AUMF) stated on 14 September 2001, "That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations or persons he determines planned, authorized, harbored, committed, or aided in the planning or commission of the attacks against the United States that occurred on 11 September 2001, and to deter and pre-empt any future acts of terrorism or aggression against the United States".<a href="#cite_note-law.umaryland.edu-179">[179]</a> This authorization is still in effect today.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> There are no restrictions regarding the physical location of where this law is applied. It only states that the President has the "authority to use all necessary and appropriate force" this could be interpreted to mean that the President can attack al-Qaeda anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-law.umaryland.edu-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_opposition">Legal opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal opposition">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">1998 bombing of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a> reported, "US law prohibits the targeted killing of foreign leaders... Administration officials have been careful to say they will not expressly aim to kill Saddam."<a href="#cite_note-Scotsman98-181">[181]</a> Political scientists Frank Sauer and Niklas Schörnig have described targeted killing as a violation of international law and a contravention of domestic laws,<a href="#cite_note-SauerSchoernigKillerDrones-182">[182]</a> and maintain that the term itself is merely a legitimized euphemism for <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> maintains that, "A program of targeted killing far from any battlefield, without charge or trial, violates the constitutional guarantee of due process. It also violates international law, under which lethal force may be used outside armed conflict zones only as a last resort to prevent imminent threats, when non-lethal means are not available. Targeting people who are suspected of terrorism for execution, far from any war zone, turns the whole world into a battlefield."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Yael Stein, the research director of B'Tselem, The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Occupied Territories</a>, also states in her 2003 article "By Any Name Illegal and Immoral: Response to 'Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing'": <blockquote>The argument that this policy affords the public a sense of revenge and retribution could serve to justify acts both illegal and immoral. Clearly, lawbreakers ought to be punished. Yet, no matter how horrific their deeds, as the targeting of Israeli civilians indeed is, they should be punished according to the law. [Steven R.] David's arguments could, in principle, justify the abolition of formal legal systems altogether.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></blockquote> In 2001, Ibrahim Nafie criticized the U.S. for agreeing with "the Israeli spin that calls ... its official policy of assassinating Palestinian leaders 'targeted killing'."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> on human rights and counter terrorism, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Emmerson" title="Ben Emmerson">Ben Emmerson</a>, stated that U.S. drone strikes may have violated <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_concerns">Additional concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Additional concerns">edit</a>]</div> For drone strikes to be effective, the United States must obtain consent from the host country they are operating in. The growing chorus of objections from host countries, most notably emanating from Pakistan, seriously inhibits drones' effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_3-188">[188]</a> "Host states have grown frustrated with U.S. drone policy, while opposition by non-host partners could impose additional restrictions on the use of drones. Reforming U.S. drone strike policies can do much to allay concerns internationally by ensuring that targeted killings are defensible under international legal regimes that the United States itself helped establish and by allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation."<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_3-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Micah_Zenko" title="Micah Zenko">Micah Zenko</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> believes the United States should "end so-called signature strikes, which target unidentified militants based on their behavior patterns and personal networks, and limit targeted killings to a small number of specific terrorists with transnational ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_vii-189">[189]</a> He wants more congressional oversight of drone strikes and stricter regulation on armed drone sales. Finally, he recommends the United States work with international partners to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones.<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_vii-189">[189]</a> Zenko believes the U.S. government has not been transparent regarding how non-battlefield drone strikes are reconciled with broader foreign policy objectives, the scope of legitimate targets, and their legal framework.<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_3-188">[188]</a> While drones may be a critical counterterrorism tool that advances U.S. interests, their "lack of transparency threatens to limit U.S. freedom of action and risks proliferation of armed drone technology without the requisite normative framework."<a href="#cite_note-Micah_January_2013_3-188">[188]</a> Zenko thinks current drone policy might share the same fate of the Bush-era <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrantless_wiretapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrantless wiretapping">warrantless wiretapping</a>, both of which were unpopular, illegal and ultimately ended.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> Professors Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann cite six potential hazards of targeted killings: First, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hydra_effect" title="Hydra effect">Hydra effect</a>, or the rise of more—and more resolute—leaders to replace those who were recently "decapitated."<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_p._165-190">[190]</a> Second, drones can drive terrorist leaders into hiding, making the monitoring of their movements, and subsequent intelligence gathering, extremely difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_p._165-190">[190]</a> Third, "the political message flowing from the use of targeted killings may be harmful to the attacking country’s interest, as it emphasizes the disparity in power between the parties and reinforces popular support for the terrorists, who are seen as a David fighting Goliath."<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_p._165-190">[190]</a> Fourth, when conducted in a foreign country, drone strikes run the risk of heightening tensions between the targeting government and the government in whose territory the operation is conducted.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Fifth, targeted killings threaten criticism from local domestic constituencies against the government allowing strikes within their country.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_p._165-190">[190]</a> Finally, there is a danger of over-using targeted killings, both within and outside the war of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2010_p._165-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Abrahms" title="Max Abrahms">Max Abrahms</a> finds that "more than the quantity of violence, decapitation reduces its quality," as leadership vacuums in militant groups are filled by less competent younger members with fewer inhibitions on harming civilians, and that this effect is most pronounced in the immediate aftermath of a successful decapitation strike.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Daniel Byman, security studies professor at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, argues that <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Washington</a> must clarify its policies behind extrajudicial and extraterritorial killings, lest a nefarious precedent in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> is set.<a href="#cite_note-Byman-193">[193]</a> Additionally, Byman argues that Washington must "remain mindful of the built-in limits of low-cost, unmanned interventions, since the very convenience of drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid."<a href="#cite_note-Byman-193">[193]</a> Though Byman recognizes the problems inherent in using armed UAVs, he believes that they are very effective. "U.S. drones have killed an estimated 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">al Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, and other jihadist operatives in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. That number includes over 50 senior leaders of al Qaeda and the Taliban—top figures who are not easily replaced."<a href="#cite_note-Byman-193">[193]</a> Drones have also undercut terrorists' ability to effectively communicate with its target audiences, ultimately straining their recruitment pools. To avoid attracting drones, al Qaeda operates have avoided gathering in large numbers and mitigated use of electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-Byman-193">[193]</a> Byman argues that al Qaeda leaders "cannot give orders when they are incommunicado, and training on a large scale is nearly impossible when a drone strike could wipe out an entire coupe of new recruits. Drones have turned al Qaeda's command and training structures into a liability, forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders."<a href="#cite_note-Byman-193">[193]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Kurth_Cronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audrey Kurth Cronin (page does not exist)">Audrey Kurth Cronin</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> argues that while drones are tactically savvy, they have failed to advance the strategic goals of U.S. counter-terrorism policy.<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_FA-194">[194]</a> Terrorism itself is a tactic, Cronin notes, but it succeeds on a strategic plane when a shocking event is successfully leveraged for political gain.<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_FA-194">[194]</a> "To be effective, counter-terrorism must itself respond with a coherent strategy. The problem for <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Washington</a> today is that its drone program has taken on a life of its own, to the point where tactics are driving strategy rather than the other way around."<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_FA-194">[194]</a> Cronin agrees with Daniel Byman of Georgetown University insofar that drones have inflicted real damage upon <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">al Qaeda</a>. However, "Washington now finds itself in a permanent battle with amorphous and geographically dispersed foe, one with an increasingly marginal connection to the original 9/11 plotters. In this endless contest, the United States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country."<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_FA-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(2014_film)" title="Drone (2014 film)">Drone (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12333" title="Executive Order 12333">Executive Order 12333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-value_target" title="High-value target">High-value target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_counter-terrorism_activities_of_the_CIA" title="International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA">International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council#Kill_authorizations" title="United States National Security Council">Kill authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Hope" title="Killing Hope">Killing Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">Licence to kill (concept)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(law_enforcement)" title="Manhunt (law enforcement)">Manhunt (law enforcement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(military)" title="Manhunt (military)">Manhunt (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings:_Law_and_Morality_in_an_Asymmetrical_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald2012" class="citation news cs1">Greenwald, Glenn (24 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/24/obama-terrorism-kill-list">"Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent | Glenn Greenwald"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obama+moves+to+make+the+War+on+Terror+permanent+%7C+Glenn+Greenwald&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Foct%2F24%2Fobama-terrorism-kill-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2018" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Kenneth M. (7 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/books/review/ronen-bergman-rise-and-kill-first.html">"Learning From Israel's Political Assassination Program"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Learning+From+Israel%27s+Political+Assassination+Program&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fronen-bergman-rise-and-kill-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2012" class="citation book cs1">Mann, James (14 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrFBY8DmWo0C&q=targeted+killing+of+drone+strikes+a+euphemism&pg=PT267">The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power</a>. Penguin. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101583616" title="Special:BookSources/9781101583616"><bdi>9781101583616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Obamians%3A+The+Struggle+Inside+the+White+House+to+Redefine+American+Power&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.isbn=9781101583616&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrFBY8DmWo0C%26q%3Dtargeted%2Bkilling%2Bof%2Bdrone%2Bstrikes%2Ba%2Beuphemism%26pg%3DPT267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John A. 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Yale University Press. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300188813" title="Special:BookSources/9780300188813"><bdi>9780300188813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Kind+of+War%3A+The+Nature+and+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.isbn=9780300188813&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dno-fDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtargeted%2Bkilling%2Bof%2Bdrone%2Bstrikes%2Ba%2Beuphemism%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSS-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSS_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSS_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSS_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSS_5-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Stafford_Smith" title="Clive Stafford Smith">Clive Stafford Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/state-sponsored-assassination/">"Who's getting killed today? Terror, Tuesday, the US Disposition Matrix and a modern history of state-sponsored assassination"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924185310/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/state-sponsored-assassination/">Archived</a> 24 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a>, 30 June 2017 pp.3–5, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/targeted-killings/p9627">"Targeted Killings"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bakhtiar%2C+Teymour&rft.pub=Bakhtiari+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakhtiarifamily.com%2Fteymourintro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronen_Bergman" title="Ronen Bergman">Ronen Bergman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/magazine/how-arafat-eluded-israels-assassination-machine.html">'How Arafat Eluded Israel’s Assassination Machine,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507125757/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/magazine/how-arafat-eluded-israels-assassination-machine.html">Archived</a> 7 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a> 23 January 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhua90-110"><a href="#cite_ref-xinhua90_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Israeli soldiers condemned for wilful killings of palestinians". Xinhua General News Service. 20 February 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+soldiers+condemned+for+wilful+killings+of+palestinians&rft.date=1990-02-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP93-111"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP93_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Undercover troops have 'licence to kill' Palestinians: rights group". Agence France-Presse. 29 June 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Undercover+troops+have+%27licence+to+kill%27+Palestinians%3A+rights+group&rft.date=1993-06-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Brown1993" class="citation news cs1">Derek Brown (30 June 1993). "Israeli undercover units ordered to shoot to kill, says report". The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israeli+undercover+units+ordered+to+shoot+to+kill%2C+says+report&rft.date=1993-06-30&rft.au=Derek+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP00-113"><a href="#cite_ref-AP00_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Lavie2000" class="citation news cs1">Mark Lavie (14 December 2000). "Israelis kill Palestinian in a car; Palestinians call it an assassination". Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israelis+kill+Palestinian+in+a+car%3B+Palestinians+call+it+an+assassination&rft.date=2000-12-14&rft.au=Mark+Lavie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR01-114"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR01_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Ludden2001" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Ludden (2 January 2001). "Israel's policy of targeted assassinations of alleged militant palestinians". NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+policy+of+targeted+assassinations+of+alleged+militant+palestinians&rft.date=2001-01-02&rft.au=Jennifer+Ludden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpost01-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpost01_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpost01_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpost01_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_B._Richburg2001" class="citation news cs1">Keith B. Richburg (8 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085210/http://radioislam.org/historia/zionism/liquidationpolicy.html">"Israelis Confirm Assassinations Used as Policy; Key Palestinians Targeted"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioislam.org/historia/zionism/liquidationpolicy.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Israelis+Confirm+Assassinations+Used+as+Policy%3B+Key+Palestinians+Targeted&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft.au=Keith+B.+Richburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioislam.org%2Fhistoria%2Fzionism%2Fliquidationpolicy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APd01-116"><a href="#cite_ref-APd01_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224756/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4605511.html">"Key Hamas Leader is Slain"</a>. Associated Press. 1 August 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4605511.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Key+Hamas+Leader+is+Slain&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-4605511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APb01-117"><a href="#cite_ref-APb01_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Schweid2001" class="citation news cs1">Barry Schweid (13 February 2001). "Sharon emissaries hold talks with Bush administration officials". Associated Press Worldstream.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sharon+emissaries+hold+talks+with+Bush+administration+officials&rft.date=2001-02-13&rft.au=Barry+Schweid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APc01-118"><a href="#cite_ref-APc01_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Schweid2001" class="citation news cs1">Barry Schweid (14 February 2001). "Bush urges Mideast parties to end violence". Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+urges+Mideast+parties+to+end+violence&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.au=Barry+Schweid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost01-119"><a href="#cite_ref-jpost01_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanine_Zacharia2001" class="citation news cs1">Janine Zacharia (3 August 2001). "Sen. Biden defends targeted killings". The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Sen.+Biden+defends+targeted+killings&rft.date=2001-08-03&rft.au=Janine+Zacharia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> For more information see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/palestinians-who-were-the-object-of-a-targeted-killing">B'Tselem Statistics, Objectives of a Targeted Killing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140820/https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/palestinians-who-were-the-object-of-a-targeted-killing">Archived</a> 31 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/09/philippines-abusive-drug-war-targets-children">Philippines: Abusive ‘Drug War’ Targets Children 2 New Summary Killings Heighten Urgency of UN Inquiry,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101003700/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/09/philippines-abusive-drug-war-targets-children">Archived</a> 1 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="/wiki/Human_Right_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Right Watch">Human Right Watch</a> 9 September 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIxdqgG0EwgC&pg=PA4">"You Can Die Any Time"</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/03/02/license-kill/philippine-police-killings-dutertes-war-drugs">'“License to Kill” Philippine Police Killings in Duterte’s “War on Drugs”,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206231849/https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/03/02/license-kill/philippine-police-killings-dutertes-war-drugs">Archived</a> 6 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2 March 2017 :’"If by chance that God will place me there, watch out because the 1,000 [people allegedly executed while Duterte was mayor of Davao City] will become 100,000. You will see the fish in Manila Bay getting fat. That is where I will dump you".(b).’ Since taking office, Duterte has repeatedly vowed to kill drug dealers and users in the midst of skyrocketing reports of extrajudicial executions by the police and so-called vigilantes. On 6 August, he warned drug dealers: "My order is shoot to kill you. I don’t care about human rights, you better believe me". He praised the soaring body count of victims of police killings as proof of the "success" of his "war on drugs". </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA3555172017ENGLISH.PDF">Philippines: "If you are poor, you are killed": Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines' "War on Drugs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314051855/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA3555172017ENGLISH.PDF">Archived</a> 14 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> 31 January 2017, </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Rishi Iyengar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4462352/rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-drugs-philippines-killing/">The Killing Time: Inside Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's War on Drugs</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a> 25 August 2016: 'one of the first of nearly 2,000 Filipinos killed so far in Duterte’s brutal war on drugs. The carnage is exactly what Duterte promised. "All of you who are into drugs, you sons of bitches, I will really kill you", he said before his election, in April. A month later, when he was President-elect, Duterte offered medals and cash rewards for citizens that shot dealers dead. "Do your duty, and if in the process you kill 1,000 persons because you were doing your duty, I will protect you", he told police officers on 1 July, the day after his inauguration. He was speaking at a ceremony installing dela Rosa, his loyal henchman, as the nation’s top cop. "If you know of any addicts, go ahead and kill them yourself as getting their parents to do it would be too painful", he was quoted as saying to another crowd that day.' </li> <li id="cite_note-DSD93-126"><a href="#cite_ref-DSD93_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State1993" class="citation news cs1">Department of State (March 1993). "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Human Rights Practices, 1992". Department of State Dispatch. Accessed 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BOSNIA+AND+HERZEGOVINA+Human+Rights+Practices%2C+1992&rft.date=1993-03&rft.au=Department+of+State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT99-127"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT99_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Perlez1999" class="citation news cs1">Jane Perlez (28 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/28/world/us-pushes-plan-to-end-fighting-in-serb-province.html">"US pushes plans to end fighting in Serb province"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617122817/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/28/world/us-pushes-plan-to-end-fighting-in-serb-province.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=US+pushes+plans+to+end+fighting+in+Serb+province&rft.date=1999-01-28&rft.au=Jane+Perlez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F28%2Fworld%2Fus-pushes-plan-to-end-fighting-in-serb-province.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPS99-128"><a href="#cite_ref-IPS99_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiccolo_Sarno1999" class="citation news cs1">Niccolo Sarno (22 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/1999/12/rights-journalists-first-target-in-conflicts-ifj-says/">"Rights: Journalists "first target" in conflicts, IFJ says"</a>. Inter Press Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094242/http://www.ipsnews.net/1999/12/rights-journalists-first-target-in-conflicts-ifj-says/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rights%3A+Journalists+%22first+target%22+in+conflicts%2C+IFJ+says&rft.date=1999-12-22&rft.au=Niccolo+Sarno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F1999%2F12%2Frights-journalists-first-target-in-conflicts-ifj-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_S._Margolis2010" class="citation web cs1">Eric S. Margolis (5 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105203129/http://www.ericmargolis.com/political_commentaries/time-to-set-the-chechen-free.aspx">"Time to Set the Chechen Free"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericmargolis.com/political_commentaries/time-to-set-the-chechen-free.aspx">the original</a> on 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+to+Set+the+Chechen+Free&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.au=Eric+S.+Margolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericmargolis.com%2Fpolitical_commentaries%2Ftime-to-set-the-chechen-free.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_R_Kenyon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ian R Kenyon (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsp/bulletin/cbwcb56.pdf">"The chemical weapons convention and OPCW: the challenges of the 21st century"</a> (PDF). The CBW Conventions Bulletin (56). Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation: 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032450/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsp/bulletin/cbwcb56.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+CBW+Conventions+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+chemical+weapons+convention+and+OPCW%3A+the+challenges+of+the+21st+century&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2002-06&rft.au=Ian+R+Kenyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hsp%2Fbulletin%2Fcbwcb56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/14/chechnya.nickpatonwalsh">"Top Chechen separatist dies in Qatar bomb blast"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529061150/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/14/chechnya.nickpatonwalsh">Archived</a> 29 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 14 February 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenta.ru/russia/2004/03/03/ivanov/">Sergei Ivanov has promised to strive for discharge of the Russian prisoners in Qatar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214151922/http://lenta.ru/russia/2004/03/03/ivanov/">Archived</a> 14 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenta.ru" title="Lenta.ru">Lenta.ru</a>, 3 March 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=460638">"Let Go"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085432/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=460638">Archived</a> 6 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>, 25 March 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3852697.stm">"Russia 'behind Chechen murder'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308221547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3852697.stm">Archived</a> 8 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 30 June 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=552963">Aslan Maskhadov Killed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527062651/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=552963">Archived</a> 27 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>, 9 March 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazeta.ru/2004/04/29/oa_119495.shtml">Задержанные в Катаре – офицеры ГРУ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095920/http://www.gazeta.ru/2004/04/29/oa_119495.shtml">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta.ru</a>, 29 April 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4275147.stm">"Convicted Russia agents 'missing'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029130004/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4275147.stm">Archived</a> 29 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 17 February 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101173754/http://www.kavkaz.org.uk/eng/content/2005/09/16/4074.shtml">"Russia's tactics make Chechen war spread across Caucasus"</a>. 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Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60838-2"><bdi>978-0-230-60838-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622104407/http://books.google.com/books?id=QP1Bq7HVQtwC&dq=The+Impact+of+9%2F11+and+the+New+Legal+Landscape%3A+The+Day+That+Changed+Everything&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+9%2F11+and+the+New+Legal+Landscape%3A+The+Day+that+Changed+Everything%3F&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60838-2&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQP1Bq7HVQtwC%26q%3DThe%2BImpact%2Bof%2B9%2F11%2Band%2Bthe%2BNew%2BLegal%2BLandscape%3A%2BThe%2BDay%2BThat%2BChanged%2BEverything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_J._Morgan2009" class="citation book cs1">Matthew J. Morgan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QP1Bq7HVQtwC&q=The+Impact+of+9/11+and+the+New+Legal+Landscape:+The+Day+That+Changed+Everything">The Impact of 9–11: The New Legal Landscape</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60838-2"><bdi>978-0-230-60838-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623035812/http://books.google.com/books?id=QP1Bq7HVQtwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Impact+of+9%2F11+and+the+New+Legal+Landscape%3A+The+Day+That+Changed+Everything&source=bl&ots=wJJzz_X2WQ&sig=dfBVA1xydinRGtvSn5-3KbQloGs&hl=en&ei=2szrS6WOK4Sdlgenq-y1CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=major%20difference%20between%20assassination%20and%20targeted%20killing&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+9%E2%80%9311%3A+The+New+Legal+Landscape&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60838-2&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQP1Bq7HVQtwC%26q%3DThe%2BImpact%2Bof%2B9%2F11%2Band%2Bthe%2BNew%2BLegal%2BLandscape%3A%2BThe%2BDay%2BThat%2BChanged%2BEverything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos_Guiora2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Guiora" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos Guiora">Amos Guiora</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/cwrint36&div=20&id=&page=">"Targeted Killing as Active Self-Defense"</a>. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 36 (319). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114062931/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fcwrint36&div=20&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2015. 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Retrieved 29 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fatal+Choices%3A+Israel%27s+Policy+of+Targeted+Killing&rft.date=2002-09&rft.au=Steven+R.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiu.ac.il%2FSOC%2Fbesa%2Fdavid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-176"><a href="#cite_ref-google3_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory_Miller2007" class="citation book cs1">Rory Miller (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5lnAAAAMAAJ&q=assassination+%22targeted+killing%22">Ireland and the Middle East: trade, society and peace</a>. Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2868-5"><bdi>978-0-7165-2868-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623041336/http://books.google.com/books?id=i5lnAAAAMAAJ&q=assassination+%22targeted+killing%22&dq=assassination+%22targeted+killing%22&hl=en&ei=9dDrS8z2JIH7lwf_84i1CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=13&ved=0CGAQ6AEwDA">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013. 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Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress&rft.pub=law.umaryland.edu&rft.aulast=Grimmett&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umaryland.edu%2Fmarshall%2Fcrsreports%2Fcrsdocuments%2FRS22357_01042006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The Hill: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rollcall.com/white-house/obama-has-authority-to-bomb-iraq-without-congress-because-aumf-never-expired/?dcz=">"Obama Could Bomb Iraq Without Congress Because War Authorization Never Expired"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608090244/http://blogs.rollcall.com/white-house/obama-has-authority-to-bomb-iraq-without-congress-because-aumf-never-expired/?dcz=">Archived</a> 8 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 12 June 2014. Accessed 17 February 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotsman98-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Scotsman98_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranson1998" class="citation news cs1">Branson, Louise (14 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235638/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18675087.html">"Campaign to eliminate Saddam gains speed"</a>. The Scotsman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18675087.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2016. 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Retrieved 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+The+very+model+of+a+rogue+state&rft.date=2001-10-31&rft.au=Ibrahim+Nafie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2001%2F557%2Fop1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/18/drone-strikes-us-violate-law-un">Drone strikes by US may violate international law, says UN </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130214320/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/18/drone-strikes-us-violate-law-un">Archived</a> 30 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Guardian. 18 October 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/10/un-report-independent-investigations-drone-attacks">UN report calls for independent investigations of drone attacks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224410/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/10/un-report-independent-investigations-drone-attacks">Archived</a> 24 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 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Harvard National Security Journal. 1: 166. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol-1_Blum-Heymann_Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+National+Security+Journal&rft.atitle=Law+and+Policy+of+Targeted+Killing&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Gabriella+and+Philip+Heymann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardnsj.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F06%2FVol-1_Blum-Heymann_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahms2018" class="citation book cs1">Abrahms, Max (2018). Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 151–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192539441" title="Special:BookSources/9780192539441"><bdi>9780192539441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Rebels%3A+The+Science+of+Victory+in+Militant+History&rft.pages=151-164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780192539441&rft.aulast=Abrahms&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byman-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_193-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_193-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Byman, Daniel (July–August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman">"Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 92 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619152211/http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Why+Drones+Work%3A+The+Case+for+Washington%27s+Weapon+of+Choice&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013-07%2F2013-08&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F2013%2F06%2F17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronin_FA-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_FA_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_FA_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_FA_194-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_FA_194-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, Audrey Kurth (July–August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail">"Why Drones Fail: When Tactics Drive Strategy"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 92 (4): 44–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713065224/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Why+Drones+Fail%3A+When+Tactics+Drive+Strategy&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=2013-07%2F2013-08&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Audrey+Kurth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F139454%2Faudrey-kurth-cronin%2Fwhy-drones-fail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Targeted_killing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Targeted killing at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/targeted_killing" class="extiw" title="wikt:targeted killing">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Targeted_killing" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Targeted killing">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Targeted_killing" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Targeted killing">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Targeted_killing" class="extiw" title="q:Targeted killing">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Targeted_killing" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Targeted killing">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> This list is in chronological order broken down by publication areas <dl><dt>Monographs</dt></dl> <ul><li>Anna Goppel (2013): Killing Terrorists. A Moral and Legal Analysis. De Gruyter, Berlin.</li> <li>Jordan, Jenna. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=30621">Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations.</a> Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Thomas, Ward J. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethicsofdestruct00thom">The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations</a>. Cornell University Press.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Scahill" title="Jeremy Scahill">Jeremy Scahill</a> and The Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> (2016). The Assassination Complex: Inside the Government’s Secret Drone Warfare Program. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501144134" title="Special:BookSources/9781501144134">9781501144134</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanksRaven-Hansen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Banks, William C.; Raven-Hansen, Peter (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610075158/http://www.insct.syr.edu/research/publications/faculty_publications/Banks/Targeted%20Killing%20and%20Assassination.pdf">"Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework"</a> (PDF). University of Richmond Law Review. 37: 667. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insct.syr.edu/research/Publications/faculty_publications/Banks/Targeted%20Killing%20and%20Assassination.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Richmond+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Targeted+Killing+and+Assassination%3A+The+U.S.+Legal+Framework&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=667&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Raven-Hansen%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsct.syr.edu%2Fresearch%2FPublications%2Ffaculty_publications%2FBanks%2FTargeted%2520Killing%2520and%2520Assassination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiora2004" class="citation journal cs1">Guiora, Amos (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222065805/http://www.pegc.us/archive/Journals/Guiora_Targeted_Killing_Case_West_Sp_2005.doc">"Targeted Killing as active self-defense"</a>. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 36: 319. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegc.us/archive/Journals/Guiora_Targeted_Killing_Case_West_Sp_2005.doc">the original</a> on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Targeted+Killing+as+active+self-defense&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=319&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Guiora&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegc.us%2Farchive%2FJournals%2FGuiora_Targeted_Killing_Case_West_Sp_2005.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Statman, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eskesta.haifa.ac.il/Departments/philo/faculty_pages/statman/papers%20in%20english/E23.pdf">"Targeted Killing"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Inquiries_in_Law" title="Theoretical Inquiries in Law">Theoretical Inquiries in Law</a>. 5: 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1565-3404.1090">10.2202/1565-3404.1090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201122053">201122053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Inquiries+in+Law&rft.atitle=Targeted+Killing&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1565-3404.1090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201122053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Statman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feskesta.haifa.ac.il%2FDepartments%2Fphilo%2Ffaculty_pages%2Fstatman%2Fpapers%2520in%2520english%2FE23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Byman, Daniel (March–April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930135246/http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/cpass/Articles/BymanTargetedKillings.pdf">"Do targeted killings work?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 85 (2). Council on Foreign Relations: 95–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031914">10.2307/20031914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031914">20031914</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/cpass/Articles/BymanTargetedKillings.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Do+targeted+killings+work%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-111&rft.date=2006-03%2F2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.georgetown.edu%2Fsfs%2Fcpass%2FArticles%2FBymanTargetedKillings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafezHatfield2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hafez, Mohammed; Hatfield, Joseph (September 2006). "Do Targeted Assassinations Work? 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Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 29 (4): 359–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100600641972">10.1080/10576100600641972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109665115">109665115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Do+Targeted+Assassinations+Work%3F+A+Multivariate+Analysis+of+Israel%27s+Controversial+Tactic+during+Al-Aqsa+Uprising&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-382&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10576100600641972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109665115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>James Igoe Walsh (2018) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402390.2017.1393035?forwardService=showFullText&tokenAccess=gai9k7aAg2tBbaY5xkPT&tokenDomain=eprints&doi=10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1393035&doi=10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1393035&journalCode=fjss20">The rise of targeted killing</a>," Journal of Strategic Studies, 41:1–2, 143–159</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasic2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vlasic, Mark V. 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Georgetown Journal of International Law. 43 (2): 259–333. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-5200">1550-5200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Assassination+%26+Targeted+Killing+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+and+Post-Bin+Laden+Legal+Analysis&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-333&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1550-5200&rft.aulast=Vlasic&rft.aufirst=Mark+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDear2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dear, Keith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:44cd3d0b-ae1e-48bc-9d98-dcebf8dc6e43">"Beheading the Hydra? Does Killing Terrorist or Insurgent Leaders Work?"</a>. Defence Studies Journal. 13 (3): 293–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702436.2013.845383">10.1080/14702436.2013.845383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154170644">154170644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Beheading+the+Hydra%3F+Does+Killing+Terrorist+or+Insurgent+Leaders+Work%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-337&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14702436.2013.845383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154170644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A44cd3d0b-ae1e-48bc-9d98-dcebf8dc6e43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlager,_Scott_A.Govern,_Kevin_H.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schlager, Scott A. & Govern, Kevin H. 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XXV (2): 147–206. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2341756">2341756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=%27Guns+for+Hire%2C+Death+on+Demand%27%3A+The+Permissibility+of+U.S.+Outsourcing+of+Drone+Attacks+to+Civilian+Surrogates+of+the+Armed+Forces+and+Challenges+to+Traditional+Just+War+Theory&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-206&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2341756%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Schlager%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=Govern%2C+Kevin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thomas, Ward J. 2000. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1162/016228800560408" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1162/016228800560408">Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.</a>" International Security, vol. 25. no. 1: 105–133.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Newspapers</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofaer2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_D._Sofaer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham D. Sofaer">Sofaer, Abraham</a> (26 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Responses-to-Terrorism-Targeted-killing-is-a-2775845.php">"Responses to Terrorism/Targeted killing is a necessary option"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829072847/http://articles.sfgate.com/2004-03-26/opinion/17416329_1_self-defense-killings-deadly-force">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Responses+to+Terrorism%2FTargeted+killing+is+a+necessary+option&rft.date=2004-03-26&rft.aulast=Sofaer&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Fopenforum%2Farticle%2FResponses-to-Terrorism-Targeted-killing-is-a-2775845.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2006" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Eben (25 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/cfr/international/slot3_012506.html?pagewanted=print">"Q&A: Targeted Killings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Targeted+Killings&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Eben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fcfr%2Finternational%2Fslot3_012506.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenfield2006" class="citation news cs1">Blumenfield, Laura (27 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14536281">"In Israel, leaders struggle with targeted killings; Moral, legal quandaries mark decision to use select weapon against terror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511184641/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14536281/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Israel%2C+leaders+struggle+with+targeted+killings%3B+Moral%2C+legal+quandaries+mark+decision+to+use+select+weapon+against+terror&rft.date=2006-08-27&rft.aulast=Blumenfield&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna14536281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarghouti2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barghouti" title="Mustafa Barghouti">Barghouti, Mustafa</a> (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/opinion/08iht-edbarghouti.1.6056658.html">"Targeted killing won't bring peace"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Targeted+killing+won%27t+bring+peace&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=Barghouti&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F08%2Fopinion%2F08iht-edbarghouti.1.6056658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDromi2010" class="citation news cs1">Dromi, Uri (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/24/opinion/24iht-eduri_ed3_.html">"A targeted killing: How else is Israel meant to deal with terror?"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+targeted+killing%3A+How+else+is+Israel+meant+to+deal+with+terror%3F&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft.aulast=Dromi&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F24%2Fopinion%2F24iht-eduri_ed3_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcott2012" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen (21 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un">"Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur: US policy of using drone strikes to carry out targeted killings 'may encourage other states to flout international law'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Drone+strikes+threaten+50+years+of+international+law%2C+says+UN+rapporteur%3A+US+policy+of+using+drone+strikes+to+carry+out+targeted+killings+%27may+encourage+other+states+to+flout+international+law%27&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjun%2F21%2Fdrone-strikes-international-law-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScahill2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Scahill" title="Jeremy Scahill">Scahill, Jeremy</a> (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/drone-papers_561ed361e4b0c5a1ce61f463">"The Drone Papers: Secret military documents expose the inner workings of Obama's drone wars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Drone+Papers%3A+Secret+military+documents+expose+the+inner+workings+of+Obama%27s+drone+wars.&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Scahill&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fdrone-papers_561ed361e4b0c5a1ce61f463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>NGOs</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222065804/http://www.for.org.uk/files/drones-conv-killing.pdf">"Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the 'Playstation' Mentality"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a>. September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.for.org.uk/files/drones-conv-killing.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convenient+Killing%3A+Armed+Drones+and+the+%27Playstation%27+Mentality&rft.pub=Fellowship+of+Reconciliation&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.for.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Fdrones-conv-killing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Government and UN reports</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston2010" class="citation web cs1">Alston, Philip (28 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf">"Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Addendum Study on targeted killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Council, Fourteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Special+Rapporteur+on+extrajudicial%2C+summary+or+arbitrary+executions%3A+Addendum+Study+on+targeted+killings+%28A%2FHRC%2F14%2F24%2FAdd.6%29&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Council%2C+Fourteenth+session+Agenda+item+3+Promotion+and+protection+of+all+human+rights%2C+civil%2C+political%2C+economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%2C+including+the+right+to+development&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fhrcouncil%2Fdocs%2F14session%2FA.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"> Third party briefing papers on the report: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2010" class="citation web cs1">McClure, Kevin (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817104158/http://govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu/wordpress/?p=3332">"UN official says 'targeted killings' fall into 'accountability vacuum' (Blog by Government Documents Librarian for the Downtown Campus Library at the Chicago-Kent College of Law)"</a>. govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu/wordpress/?p=3332">the original</a> on 17 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+official+says+%27targeted+killings%27+fall+into+%27accountability+vacuum%27+%28Blog+by+Government+Documents+Librarian+for+the+Downtown+Campus+Library+at+the+Chicago-Kent+College+of+Law%29&rft.pub=govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovdocsblog.kentlaw.edu%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fp%3D3332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja2010" class="citation journal cs1">Raja, Kanaga (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107172909/http://twnside.org.sg/title2/resurgence/2010/237/human1.htm">"UN expert criticises targeted killings, US drone attacks"</a>. Third World Resurgence (237): 32–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/resurgence/2010/237/human1.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Resurgence&rft.atitle=UN+expert+criticises+targeted+killings%2C+US+drone+attacks&rft.issue=237&rft.pages=32-35&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Kanaga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twnside.org.sg%2Ftitle2%2Fresurgence%2F2010%2F237%2Fhuman1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATargeted+killing" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="targeted_killings_by_county" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="targeted_killings_by_county" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">targeted killings by county</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li>Gaza–Israel conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">by Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></li> <li>Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" 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