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id="toc-Audio_signal_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Architectural acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Electroacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_acoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_acoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Musical acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Psychoacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practitioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practitioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practitioner</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practitioner-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practitioner subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practitioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Education and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-disciplines_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-disciplines_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sub-disciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-disciplines_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_audio_engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_audio_engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable audio engineers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_audio_engineers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable audio engineers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_audio_engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mastering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mastering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mastering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mastering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Live sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Audio engineer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مهندس الصوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهندس الصوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99s_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisi" title="Səs mühəndisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səs mühəndisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Звукорежисьор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звукорежисьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijinour-ar-son" title="Ijinour-ar-son – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ijinour-ar-son" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyer_d%27%C3%A0udio" title="Enginyer d'àudio – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyer d'àudio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvukov%C3%BD_in%C5%BEen%C3%BDr" title="Zvukový inženýr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zvukový inženýr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toningenieur" title="Toningenieur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toningenieur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helire%C5%BEiss%C3%B6%C3%B6r" title="Helirežissöör – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helirežissöör" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ηχολήπτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηχολήπτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniero_de_audio" title="Ingeniero de audio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniero de audio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonin%C4%9Deniero" title="Soninĝeniero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soninĝeniero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مهندسی صدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur_du_son" title="Ingénieur du son – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingénieur du son" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EC%97%94%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="오디오 엔지니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오디오 엔지니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Հնչյունային օպերատոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչյունային օպերատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenjer_zvuka" title="Inženjer zvuka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Inženjer zvuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasawan_audio" title="Rekayasawan audio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rekayasawan audio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="טכנאי קול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכנאי קול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಶ್ರವಣ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರವಣ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Үн оператору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үн оператору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangm%C3%A9rn%C3%B6k" title="Hangmérnök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangmérnök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurutera_audio" title="Jurutera audio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jurutera audio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="レコーディング・エンジニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レコーディング・エンジニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioingeni%C3%B8r" title="Audioingeniør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Audioingeniør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioingeni%C3%B8r" title="Audioingeniør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Audioingeniør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynier_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99ku" title="Inżynier dźwięku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynier dźwięku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenheiro_de_som" title="Engenheiro de som – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenheiro de som" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginer_de_sunet" title="Inginer de sunet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginer de sunet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%91%D1%80" title="Звукорежиссёр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звукорежиссёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Audio engineer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvukov%C3%BD_in%C5%BEinier" title="Zvukový inžinier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zvukový inžinier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئەندازیاریی دەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی دەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BEenjer_zvuka" title="Inženjer zvuka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Inženjer zvuka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nisuunnittelija" title="Äänisuunnittelija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänisuunnittelija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineering&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">Audio engineering</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineer involved in the recording, reproduction, or reinforcement of sound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png/220px-Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png/330px-Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png/440px-Engineer_at_audio_console_at_Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>An audio engineer with audio console, at a recording session at the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Broadcasting Corporation">Danish Broadcasting Corporation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>audio engineer</b> (also known as a <b>sound engineer</b> or <b>recording engineer</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helps to produce a <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recording</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live performance</a>, balancing and adjusting sound sources using <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">dynamics processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">audio effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">mixing</a>, reproduction, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">reinforcement</a> of sound. Audio engineers work on the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-amp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-amp">pre-amp</a> knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer…"<sup id="cite_ref-hitquarters_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitquarters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sound engineering is increasingly viewed as a creative profession and art form, where musical instruments and technology are used to produce <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> for film, radio, television, music and video games.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using a <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a> and a sound reinforcement system for music concerts, theatre, sports games and corporate events. </p><p>Alternatively, <i>audio engineer</i> can refer to a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> or professional <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> who holds an engineering degree and who designs, develops and builds audio or musical technology working under terms such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electronic/electrical engineering</a> or (musical) <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisegeek_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisegeek-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> audio engineers invent new technologies, audio software, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-soundonsound.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundonsound.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They might design acoustical simulations of rooms, shape algorithms for <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a>, specify the requirements for <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">public address</a> systems, carry out research on audible sound for <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> manufacturers, and other advanced fields of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Salford_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Salford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_engineering_schools" title="Category:Audio engineering schools">Category:Audio engineering schools</a></div> <p>Audio engineers working in research and development may come from backgrounds such as <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">broadcast engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> topics, which then allows students to apply these concepts while pursuing a career developing audio technologies. Audio training courses provide knowledge of technologies and their application to <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement systems</a>, but do not have sufficient mathematical and scientific content to allow someone to obtain employment in research and development in the audio and acoustic industry.<sup id="cite_ref-acoustics.salford.ac.uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acoustics.salford.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogStudioLongshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/RogStudioLongshot.jpg/220px-RogStudioLongshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/RogStudioLongshot.jpg/330px-RogStudioLongshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/RogStudioLongshot.jpg/440px-RogStudioLongshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Noted audio engineer <a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(recording_engineer)" title="Roger Nichols (recording engineer)">Roger Nichols</a> at a vintage Neve recording console</figcaption></figure> <p>Audio engineers in research and development usually possess a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">architectural acoustics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Careers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Careers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively they might work in audio companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphone</a> manufacturer), or other industries that need audio expertise (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> manufacturer), or carry out research in a university. Some positions, such as <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">faculty (academic staff)</a> require a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> a <i>Toningenieur</i> is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-disciplines">Sub-disciplines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sub-disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS (<a href="/wiki/Physics_and_Astronomy_Classification_Scheme" title="Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme">Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme</a>) coding used by the <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a> with some revision.<sup id="cite_ref-Acoustical_Society_of_America_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acoustical_Society_of_America-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio_signal_processing">Audio signal processing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Audio signal processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audio engineers develop <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of much audio production such as <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> or perceptual coding (e.g. <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>). Alternatively, the algorithms might perform <a href="/wiki/Echo_cancellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo cancellation">echo cancellation</a>, or identify and categorize audio content through <a href="/wiki/Music_information_retrieval" title="Music information retrieval">music information retrieval</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_fingerprint" title="Acoustic fingerprint">acoustic fingerprint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohlmann_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohlmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architectural_acoustics">Architectural acoustics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architectural acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG/220px-AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG/330px-AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG/440px-AcousticDiscsRoyalAlbertHall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a> is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room.<sup id="cite_ref-Morfey_2001_32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morfey_2001_32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Templeton_1993_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templeton_1993-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Careers_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Careers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electroacoustics">Electroacoustics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electroacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glastofriday2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Glastofriday2003.jpg/220px-Glastofriday2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Glastofriday2003.jpg/330px-Glastofriday2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Glastofriday2003.jpg/440px-Glastofriday2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Pyramid Stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems and recording technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-ASA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>), sound systems in architectural acoustics, <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_field_synthesis" title="Wave field synthesis">wave field synthesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">vehicle audio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musical_acoustics">Musical acoustics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Musical acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a> is concerned with researching and describing the science of music. In audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>; the human voice (the physics and <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a>); <a href="/wiki/Physical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical modeling">physical modeling</a> of musical instruments; <a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">room acoustics</a> of concert venues; <a href="/wiki/Music_information_retrieval" title="Music information retrieval">music information retrieval</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">music therapy</a>, and the perception and cognition of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Technical_Committee_on_Musical_Acoustics_TCMU_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America_ASA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_Committee_on_Musical_Acoustics_TCMU_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America_ASA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bader_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bader-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psychoacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a> is the scientific study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether an audio design is successful, such as whether a <a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">binaural recording</a> sounds immersive.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohlmann_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohlmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speech">Speech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The production, computer processing and perception of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> is an important part of audio engineering. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study.<sup id="cite_ref-Speech_Communication_Technical_Committee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speech_Communication_Technical_Committee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practitioner">Practitioner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Practitioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_(963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Warsaw_%28963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">Live sound mixing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg/220px-FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg/330px-FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg/440px-FOH_Pete_Keppler_with_digidesign_VENUE_Profile_live_digital_mixer_and_Genelec_monitoring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Front_of_house" title="Front of house">front of house</a> position, mixing sound for a band</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of terms are used to describe audio engineers who install or operate <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reinforcement">sound reinforcement</a>, or sound <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> equipment, including large and small format <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">consoles</a>. Terms such as <i>audio technician</i>, <i>sound technician</i>, <i>audio engineer</i>, <i>audio technologist</i>, <i>recording engineer</i>, <i>sound mixer</i>, <i>mixing engineer</i> and <i>sound engineer</i> can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production; for instance, a <i>sound engineer</i> or <i>recording engineer</i> is commonly listed in the credits of commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies). These titles can also refer to technicians who maintain professional audio equipment. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> to any individual not a registered member of a <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">professional engineering licensing body</a>. </p><p>In the recording studio environment, a sound engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">masters</a> sound by technical means to realize the creative vision of the artist and <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a>. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> for <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, live sound reinforcement, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, and broadcasting. In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer are often the same person. </p><p>In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber,_D.M._1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber,_D.M._1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_training">Education and training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_engineering_schools" title="Category:Audio engineering schools">Category:Audio engineering schools</a></div> <p>Audio engineers come from backgrounds or postsecondary training in fields such as audio, <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>, broadcasting, music, or electrical engineering. Training in audio engineering and sound recording is offered by colleges and universities. Some audio engineers are <a href="/wiki/Autodidact" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodidact">autodidacts</a> with no formal training, but who have attained professional skills in audio through extensive on-the-job experience. </p><p>Audio engineers must have extensive knowledge of audio engineering principles and techniques. For instance, they must understand how audio signals travel, which equipment to use and when, how to mic different instruments and amplifiers, which microphones to use and how to position them to get the best quality recordings. In addition to technical knowledge, an audio engineer must have the ability to problem-solve quickly. The best audio engineers also have a high degree of creativity that allows them to stand out amongst their peers. In the music realm, an audio engineer must also understand the types of sounds and tones that are expected in musical ensembles across different genres—<a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, for example. This knowledge of musical style is typically learned from years of experience listening to and mixing music in recording or live sound contexts. For education and training, there are audio engineering schools all over the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Audio_Mission" title="Women's Audio Mission">Women's Audio Mission</a> (WAM), a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco dedicated to the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women in music</a> production and the recording arts, less than 5% of the people working in the field of sound and media are women.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the <a href="/wiki/Grammys" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammys">Grammys</a>" and none won either award.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rogers" title="Susan Rogers">Susan Rogers</a>, audio engineer and professor at <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, women interested in becoming an audio engineer face "a boys' club, or a guild mentality".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK "Music Producers' Guild says less than 4% of its members are women" and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts, "only 6% of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's Audio Mission was started in 2003 to address the lack of women in <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> by training over 6,000 women and girls in the recording arts and is the only professional recording studio built and run by women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable recording projects include the Grammy Award-winning <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelique_Kidjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique Kidjo">Angelique Kidjo</a> (2014 Grammy winner), author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to "Dirty Wars",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van-Ahn Vo (NPR's top 50 albums of 2013), Grammy-nominated <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lawrence Quartet">St. Lawrence Quartet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> artists <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Tagaq" title="Tanya Tagaq">Tanya Tagaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Man" title="Wu Man">Wu Man</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There certainly are efforts to chronicle women's role and history in audio. Leslie Gaston-Bird wrote Women in Audio,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes 100 profiles of women in audio through history. Sound Girls is an organization focused on the next generation of women in audio, but also has been building up resources and directories of women in audio.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womeninsound.com/">Women in Sound</a> is another organization that has been working to highlight women and nonbinary people in all areas of live and recorded sound through an online zine and podcast featuring interviews of current audio engineers and producers. </p><p>One of the first women to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music label was <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Jackson" title="Cordell Jackson">Cordell Jackson</a> (1923–2004). <a href="/wiki/Trina_Shoemaker" title="Trina Shoemaker">Trina Shoemaker</a> is a mixer, record producer and <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineer</a> who became the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album,_Non-Classical" title="Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical">Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album</a> in 1998 for her work on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_Sessions" title="The Globe Sessions">The Globe Sessions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gail_Davies" title="Gail Davies">Gail Davies</a> was the first female producer in <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the 1970s and 1980s including "<a href="/wiki/Someone_Is_Looking_for_Someone_Like_You" title="Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You">Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Heartache" title="Blue Heartache">Blue Heartache</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Be_There_(If_You_Ever_Want_Me)" title="I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)">I'll Be There (If You Ever Want Me)</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nashvillescene.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nashvillescene.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she moved to <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> in 1976, men "didn't want to work for a woman" and she was told women in the city were "still barefoot, pregnant and [singing] in the vocal booth."<sup id="cite_ref-nashvillescene.com_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nashvillescene.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jonell Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994, with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area, she was told "You're a woman, and we already had one"—a reference to <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Waldman" title="Wendy Waldman">Wendy Waldman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nashvillescene.com_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nashvillescene.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KK Proffitt, a studio "owner and chief engineer", states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth. At a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a>, Proffitt was told to "shut up" by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-nashvillescene.com_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nashvillescene.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proffitt said she "finds sexism rampant in the industry".<sup id="cite_ref-nashvillescene.com_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nashvillescene.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable women include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Robinson" title="Sylvia Robinson">Sylvia Robinson</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rogers" title="Susan Rogers">Susan Rogers</a>, engineer for <i><a href="/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)" title="Purple Rain (album)">Purple Rain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genya_Ravan" title="Genya Ravan">Genya Ravan</a>, producer <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead Boys">The Dead Boys</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Young,_Loud_and_Snotty" title="Young, Loud and Snotty">Young, Loud and Snotty</a></i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Derbyshire" title="Delia Derbyshire">Delia Derbyshire</a>, British electronics pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lari_White" title="Lari White">Lari White</a>, a co-producer on <a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a>'s <i>White Trash With Money</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ann_Jones" title="Leslie Ann Jones">Leslie Ann Jones</a>, recording engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Massy" title="Sylvia Massy">Sylvia Massy</a>, engineer and producer for Tool, System of a Down, and Johnny Cash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gabriel" title="Ethel Gabriel">Ethel Gabriel</a>, producer and record executive <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Victor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-disciplines_2">Sub-disciplines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sub-disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four distinct steps to the commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of the production. </p> <ul><li>Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.</li> <li>Recording engineer – the engineer who records sound.</li> <li>Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber,_D.M._1995_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber,_D.M._1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a> – a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common to record a commercial record at one studio and have it mixed by different engineers in other studios.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastering engineer">Mastering engineer</a> – the person who masters the final mixed stereo tracks (or sometimes a series of audio stems, which consists in a mix of the main sections) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Limiting">limiting</a> to fine-tune the sound timbre and dynamics and to achieve a louder recording.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a> – broadly an artist who produces soundtracks or sound effects content for media.</li> <li>Live sound engineer <ul><li>Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1.<sup id="cite_ref-Front_of_House_FOH_Engineer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Front_of_House_FOH_Engineer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a person dealing with <a href="/wiki/Live_sound_mixing" title="Live sound mixing">live sound reinforcement</a>. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the <a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">foldback sound</a>. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_G._1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_G._1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.</li> <li>Foldback or <a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a> – a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term <i>foldback</i> comes from the old practice of <i>folding back</i> audio signals from the <a href="/wiki/Front_of_house" title="Front of house">front of house</a> (FOH) mixing console to the stage so musicians can hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears so they can satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition, most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and often must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.</li> <li>Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems, which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a <i>crew chief</i> on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of <a href="/wiki/System_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="System engineering">system engineering</a>, which typically requires a college degree.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a> – a person in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> who mixes audio tracks for <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roomcorrect-mag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roomcorrect-mag.png/220px-Roomcorrect-mag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roomcorrect-mag.png/330px-Roomcorrect-mag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roomcorrect-mag.png/440px-Roomcorrect-mag.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Correcting a room's frequency response</figcaption></figure> <p>An audio engineer is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multi-track recorders and workstations, plug-ins and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is increasingly important for the audio engineer to understand software and hardware integration, from synchronization to analog to digital transfers. In their daily work, audio engineers use many tools, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tape_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape machine">Tape machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">Digital-to-analog converters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstations</a> (DAWs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_plug-in" title="Audio plug-in">Audio plug-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compressors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio data compressors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal processor">Signal processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">Preamplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_audio_engineers">Notable audio engineers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable audio engineers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording">Recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:#aaa 1px solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align: center">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Albini" title="Steve Albini">Steve Albini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Anderson_(sound_engineer)" title="Jim Anderson (sound engineer)">Jim Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Aron" title="Dave Aron">Dave Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Massy" title="Sylvia Massy">Sylvia Massy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Bishop">Michael J. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bottrell" title="Bill Bottrell">Bill Bottrell</a></li> <li>David Bottrill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Burk" title="Helmut Burk">Helmut Burk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Burgess" title="Iain Burgess">Iain Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Britz" title="Chuck Britz">Chuck Britz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_(Bischoff)_Brown" title="Patrick (Bischoff) Brown">Patrick Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Brown_(record_producer)" title="Terry Brown (record producer)">Terry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burns_(audio_engineer)" title="John Burns (audio engineer)">John Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Caple" title="Ian Caple">Ian Caple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dru_Castro" title="Dru Castro">Dru Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Catero" title="Fred Catero">Fred Catero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cicala" title="Roy Cicala">Roy Cicala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Clearmountain" title="Bob Clearmountain">Bob Clearmountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Congleton" title="John Congleton">John Congleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crossey" title="Mike Crossey">Mike Crossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Date" title="Terry Date">Terry Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Davis_(music_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Davis (music producer)">Nick Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Schutter" title="Charles De Schutter">Charles De Schutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Douglas_(record_producer)" title="Jack Douglas (record producer)">Jack Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dowd" title="Tom Dowd">Tom Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood (producer)">Mark "Flood" Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Emerick" title="Geoff Emerick">Geoff Emerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Endino" title="Jack Endino">Jack Endino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Everett" title="Shawn Everett">Shawn Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ezrin" title="Bob Ezrin">Bob Ezrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Ferguson" title="David R. Ferguson">David R. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fisk" title="Steve Fisk">Steve Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Fridmann" title="Dave Fridmann">Dave Fridmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Gatica" title="Humberto Gatica">Humberto Gatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Van_Gelder" title="Rudy Van Gelder">Rudy Van Gelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Godrich" title="Nigel Godrich">Nigel Godrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Grean" title="Doug Grean">Doug Grean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(record_producer)" title="James Guthrie (record producer)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Guzauski" title="Mick Guzauski">Mick Guzauski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Halee" title="Roy Halee">Roy Halee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Heider" title="Wally Heider">Wally Heider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hentschel" title="David Hentschel">David Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bones_Howe" title="Bones Howe">Bones Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_(recording_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Jackson (recording engineer)">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Johns" title="Andy Johns">Andy Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Johns" title="Glyn Johns">Glyn Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ann_Jones" title="Leslie Ann Jones">Leslie Ann Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshi_Kasai" title="Toshi Kasai">Toshi Kasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kernon" title="Neil Kernon">Neil Kernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquire_King" title="Jacquire King">Jacquire King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kramer" title="Eddie Kramer">Eddie Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Ladanyi" title="Greg Ladanyi">Greg Ladanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Le_Guil" title="Maxime Le Guil">Maxime Le Guil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lock_(sound_engineer)" title="James Lock (sound engineer)">James Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lord-Alge" title="Chris Lord-Alge">Chris Lord-Alge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lord-Alge" title="Tom Lord-Alge">Tom Lord-Alge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinda_Lowe" title="Malinda Lowe">Malinda Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Mack" title="Reinhold Mack">Reinhold Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Marciano" title="Mike Marciano">Mike Marciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Maserati" title="Tony Maserati">Tony Maserati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Massenburg" title="George Massenburg">George Massenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_J._McNulty" title="Mario J. McNulty">Mario J. McNulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Meek" title="Joe Meek">Joe Meek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Morozov_(Russian_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Morozov (Russian singer)">Yuri Morozov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moulder" title="Alan Moulder">Alan Moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mullin" title="Jack Mullin">Jack Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Murzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeny Murzin">Evgeny Murzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(recording_engineer)" title="Roger Nichols (recording engineer)">Roger Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clif_Norrell" title="Clif Norrell">Clif Norrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Tumay" title="Alex Tumay">Alex Tumay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Northfield" title="Paul Northfield">Paul Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Paczosa" title="Gary Paczosa">Gary Paczosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Padgham" title="Hugh Padgham">Hugh Padgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_(sound_engineer)" title="Robert Parker (sound engineer)">Robert Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Parsons" title="Alan Parsons">Alan Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Pensado" title="Dave Pensado">Dave Pensado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Peterzell" title="Lynn Peterzell">Lynn Peterzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Platt" title="Tony Platt">Tony Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resul_Pookutty" title="Resul Pookutty">Resul Pookutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Porter_(sound_engineer)" title="Bill Porter (sound engineer)">Bill Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Putnam" title="Bill Putnam">Bill Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rock" title="Bob Rock">Bob Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ramone" title="Phil Ramone">Phil Ramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emitt_Rhodes" title="Emitt Rhodes">Emitt Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Robb_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Robb (producer)">Bruce Robb (producer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rogers" title="Susan Rogers">Susan Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Salem" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Salem">Scott Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Scheiner" title="Elliot Scheiner">Elliot Scheiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheps" title="Andrew Scheps">Andrew Scheps</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Schmitt" title="Al Schmitt">Al Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scholz" title="Tom Scholz">Tom Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Scott_(producer)" title="Jim Scott (producer)">Jim Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Scott" title="Ken Scott">Ken Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Hong_Seetoo" title="Da-Hong Seetoo">Da-Hong Seetoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Sengpiel" title="Eberhard Sengpiel">Eberhard Sengpiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Shipley" title="Mike Shipley">Mike Shipley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Smith_(record_producer)" title="Norman Smith (record producer)">Norman Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Sridhar" title="H. Sridhar">H. Sridhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Steinmetz" title="Chris Steinmetz">Chris Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Stone_(record_producer)" title="Mike Stone (record producer)">Mike Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Street" title="Stephen Street">Stephen Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Swedien" title="Bruce Swedien">Bruce Swedien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Szymczyk" title="Bill Szymczyk">Bill Szymczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Terry_(recording_engineer)" title="Mike Terry (recording engineer)">Mike Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_Tiers" title="Wharton Tiers">Wharton Tiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devin_Townsend" title="Devin Townsend">Devin Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Townshend" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Townshend">Ken Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Thornalley" title="Phil Thornalley">Phil Thornalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Travis_(producer)" title="John Travis (producer)">John Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_B._Tretow" title="Michael B. Tretow">Michael B. Tretow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Varnals" title="Derek Varnals">Derek Varnals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Venable" title="Robert Venable">Robert Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Visconti" title="Tony Visconti">Tony Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Wallace_(producer)" title="Andy Wallace (producer)">Andy Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Wallin" title="Dan Wallin">Dan Wallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilson_(musician)" title="Jonathan Wilson (musician)">Jonathan Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mastering">Mastering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mastering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:#aaa 1px solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align: center">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Coyne_(music_engineer)" title="Tom Coyne (music engineer)">Tom Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Dean_(record_producer)" title="Mike Dean (record producer)">Mike Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Gray_(mastering_engineer)" title="Kevin Gray (mastering engineer)">Kevin Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Grundman" title="Bernie Grundman">Bernie Grundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hoffman_(audio_engineer)" title="Steve Hoffman (audio engineer)">Steve Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Jensen" title="Ted Jensen">Ted Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Dale Becker">Dale Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Katz" title="Bob Katz">Bob Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ludwig" title="Bob Ludwig">Bob Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mills" title="Rodney Mills">Rodney Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peckham" title="George Peckham">George Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Weston" title="Bob Weston">Bob Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Lurssen" title="Gavin Lurssen">Gavin Lurssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bozzi" title="Mike Bozzi">Mike Bozzi</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_sound">Live sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Live sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:#aaa 1px solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align: center">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Healy_(soundman)" title="Dan Healy (soundman)">Dan Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mick" title="Big Mick">"Big Mick" Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jackson_(audio_engineer)" title="Bruce Jackson (audio engineer)">Bruce Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Porter_(sound_engineer)" title="Bill Porter (sound engineer)">Bill Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Rat" title="Dave Rat">Dave Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owsley_Stanley" title="Owsley Stanley">Owsley Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Schutter" title="Charles De Schutter">Charles De Schutter</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_engineers" title="Category:Audio engineers">Category:Audio engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acoustical_engineers" title="Category:Acoustical engineers">Category:Acoustical engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Professional_Sound" title="Institute of Professional Sound">Institute of Professional Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_restoration" title="Audio restoration">Audio restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiography" title="Audiography">Audiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_engineer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldav.com/education/which-type-sound-engineer-are-you-destined-be">"Which Type Of Sound Engineer Are You Destined To Be?"</a>. <i>www.sheffieldav.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sheffieldav.com&rft.atitle=Which+Type+Of+Sound+Engineer+Are+You+Destined+To+Be%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldav.com%2Feducation%2Fwhich-type-sound-engineer-are-you-destined-be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudio+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDBaTI32bMM"><i>The difference between a producer and an audio engineer</i></a>, 10 October 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/lDBaTI32bMM">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+difference+between+a+producer+and+an+audio+engineer&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlDBaTI32bMM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudio+engineer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hitquarters-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hitquarters_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719152337/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Phil_Ek_Interview.html">"Interview with Phil Ek"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a>. 25 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Phil_Ek_Interview.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_engineers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio engineers">Audio engineers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Calculations03.htm">Audio engineering formulas and calculators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/broadcast-and-sound-engineering-technicians.htm">Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians</a> at the US Department of Labor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recordproduction.com/producers_and_engineers.htm">Recording engineer video interviews</a></li> 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toningenieur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4375554-9">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toningenieurin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7859952-0">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99003386">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124564341">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124564341">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532638305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033726124">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/Bioprocess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">MEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">and Control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering" title="Category:Engineering">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Engineering" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Engineering">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" 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