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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1906–1939:_Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1906–1939:_Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1906–1939: Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1906–1939:_Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941–1945:_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941–1945:_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1941–1945: World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941–1945:_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise to power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promotion_to_the_Central_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_to_the_Central_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Promotion to the Central Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_to_the_Central_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advancement_under_Khrushchev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advancement_under_Khrushchev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Advancement under Khrushchev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advancement_under_Khrushchev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement_of_Khrushchev_as_Soviet_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_of_Khrushchev_as_Soviet_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Replacement of Khrushchev as Soviet leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_of_Khrushchev_as_Soviet_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964–1982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964–1982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1964–1982: Leader of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1964–1982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1964–1982: Leader of the Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1964–1982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideological_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ideological Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_growth_until_1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth_until_1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Economic growth until 1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth_until_1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_stagnation_until_1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_stagnation_until_1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic stagnation until 1982</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_stagnation_until_1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Agricultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_and_defense_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign and defense policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Invasion of Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>The Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino–Soviet_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino–Soviet_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Sino–Soviet relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino–Soviet_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet–U.S._relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–U.S._relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Soviet–U.S. relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–U.S._relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Intervention in Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Brezhnev_Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Brezhnev_Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>The Brezhnev Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Brezhnev_Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_of_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cult of personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Health problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Last years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personality traits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonid Brezhnev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnef" title="Leonid Brezjnef – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leonid Brezjnef" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Брежнев, Леонид Илиа-иԥа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Брежнев, Леонид Илиа-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81" title="ليونيد بريجنيف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليونيد بريجنيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Br%C3%A9zhnev" title="Leonid Brézhnev – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leonid Brézhnev" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD" title="লিওনিদ ব্রেজনেভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওনিদ ব্রেজনেভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леанід Ільіч Брэжнеў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леанід Ільіч Брэжнеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леанід Брэжнеў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леанід Брэжнеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Леонид Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnjev" title="Leonid Brežnjev – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leonid Brežnjev" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Br%C3%A9jnev" title="Leonid Bréjnev – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leonid Bréjnev" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Ilji%C4%8D_Bre%C5%BEn%C4%9Bv" title="Leonid Iljič Brežněv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leonid Iljič Brežněv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bresjnev" title="Leonid Bresjnev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leonid Bresjnev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Iljitsch_Breschnew" title="Leonid Iljitsch Breschnew – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leonid Iljitsch Breschnew" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86" title="Λεονίντ Μπρέζνιεφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεονίντ Μπρέζνιεφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Br%C3%A9zhnev" title="Leonid Brézhnev – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leonid Brézhnev" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C4%B5nev" title="Leonid Breĵnev – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leonid Breĵnev" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%D9%81" title="لئونید برژنف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئونید برژنف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onid_Brejnev" title="Léonid Brejnev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnev" title="Leonid Brezjnev – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leonid Brezjnev" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%88%EB%84%A4%ED%94%84" title="레오니트 브레즈네프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오니트 브레즈네프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AA%D5%B6%D6%87" title="Լեոնիդ Բրեժնև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոնիդ Բրեժնև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="लियोनिद ब्रेझ़नेव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लियोनिद ब्रेझ़नेव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnjev" title="Leonid Brežnjev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leonid Brežnjev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Ilyich_Brejnev" title="Leonid Ilyich Brejnev – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leonid Ilyich Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%C3%ADd_Brezhnev" title="Leoníd Brezhnev – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leoníd Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Il%27i%C4%8D_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Il'ič Brežnev – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leonid Il'ič Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="ליאוניד ברז'נייב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאוניד ברז'נייב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლეონიდ ბრეჟნევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეონიდ ბრეჟნევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Ильич Брежнев – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Леонид Ильич Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnyev" title="Leonid Brezhnyev – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leonid Brezhnyev" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Леонид Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonidas Brežnev – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leonidas Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%C4%ABds_Bre%C5%BE%C5%86evs" title="Leonīds Brežņevs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leonīds Brežņevs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Iljitsch_Brejnew" title="Leonid Iljitsch Brejnew – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leonid Iljitsch Brejnew" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Bre%C5%BEnevas" title="Leonidas Brežnevas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonidas Brežnevas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonyid_Iljics_Brezsnyev" title="Leonyid Iljics Brezsnyev – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leonyid Iljics Brezsnyev" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леонид Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="लियोनिद ब्रेझनेव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लियोनिद ब्रेझनेव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ლეონიდ ბრეჟნევი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეონიდ ბრეჟნევი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81" title="ليونيد بريجنيف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونيد بريجنيف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%D9%81" title="برژنف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برژنف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Леонид Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnev" title="Leonid Brezjnev – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leonid Brezjnev" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD" title="लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लियोनिद ब्रेझनेभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95" title="レオニード・ブレジネフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオニード・ブレジネフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Breschnjew" title="Leonid Breschnjew – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leonid Breschnjew" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bresjnev" title="Leonid Bresjnev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonid Bresjnev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnev" title="Leonid Brezjnev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leonid Brezjnev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਲਿਓਨਿਦ ਬ੍ਰੈਜ਼ਨੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਓਨਿਦ ਬ੍ਰੈਜ਼ਨੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81" title="لیوند بریژنیف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیوند بریژنیف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%D9%81" title="لئونید برژنف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لئونید برژنف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Il%27i%C4%8D_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Il'ič Brežnev – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Leonid Il'ič Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BCniew" title="Leonid Breżniew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leonid Breżniew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Ильич Брежнев – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Леонид Ильич Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брежнев, Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Брежнев Леонид Ильич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_I%C4%BEji%C4%8D_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Iľjič Brežnev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leonid Iľjič Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnjev" title="Leonid Brežnjev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leonid Brežnjev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8E%DA%A4" title="لیۆنید برێژنێڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆنید برێژنێڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежњев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леонид Брежњев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnjev" title="Leonid Brežnjev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leonid Brežnjev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnev" title="Leonid Brezjnev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonid Brezjnev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="லியோனீது பிரெசுனேவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோனீது பிரெசுனேவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Брежнев – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Леонид Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F" title="เลโอนิด เบรจเนฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลโอนิด เบรจเนฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Леонид Илич Брежнев – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Леонид Илич Брежнев" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leonid Brejnev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%94%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87" title="Брежнєв Леонід Ілліч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брежнєв Леонід Ілліч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Ilyich_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" title="勃列日涅夫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="勃列日涅夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%98%82%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" title="列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95" title="לעאניד ברעזשנעוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעאניד ברעזשנעוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Leonid Brezhnev" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%B2%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB" title="布里茲尼夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布里茲尼夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%98%82%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" title="列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEnev" title="Leonid Brežnev – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Leonid Brežnev" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q765165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brezhnev (disambiguation)">Brezhnev (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Leonid Brezhnev</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ua"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Леонид Брежнев</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatshoofden,_portretten,_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg/220px-Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg/330px-Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg/440px-Staatshoofden%2C_portretten%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1972</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 October 1964 – 10 November 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> <span class="nowrap">(as First Secretary)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kuznetsov_(politician)" title="Vasily Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasily Kuznetsov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Vasily Kuznetsov (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Secretariat" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Second Secretary of the<br />Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 July 1964 – 14 October 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Additional positions</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)#First_Secretaries" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 May 1955 – 6 March 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Яковлев, Иван Дмитриевич">Ivan Yakovlev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia#First_Secretaries" title="Communist Party of Moldavia">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldavia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 November 1950 – 16 April 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Coval" title="Nicolae Coval">Nicolae Coval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gladki" title="Dimitri Gladki">Dimitri Gladki</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-12-19</span>)</span>19 December 1906<br />Kamenskoye, Russian Empire <span class="nowrap">(now <a href="/wiki/Kamianske" title="Kamianske">Kamianske</a>, Ukraine)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-11-10)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zarechye,_Zarechye_Work_Settlement,_Odintsovsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Zarechye, Zarechye Work Settlement, Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast">Zarechye</a>, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Heart attack</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> (1929–1982)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Brezhneva" title="Viktoria Brezhneva">Viktoria Denisova</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Brezhneva" title="Galina Brezhneva">Galina Brezhneva</a> (daughter)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Brezhnev" title="Yuri Brezhnev">Yuri Brezhnev</a> (son)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Zarechye, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical">Metallurgical</a> engineer</li><li>civil servant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> (4)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev">Full list of awards and decorations</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonid Brezhnev's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg/116px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg/174px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg/232px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="69" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> <span class="nowrap">(1976–1982)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Soviet Union">Leader of the Soviet Union</a></b><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #D40000"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#D40000;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Leonid_Brezhnev_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#D40000;color: #FFCC00;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFCC00">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFCC00; text-decoration: inherit;">Leonid Brezhnev</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Mafia" title="Dnipropetrovsk Mafia">Dnipropetrovsk clan</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><b>First</b>, then <b>General Secretary of the CPSU</b></a><br /><small>1964–1982</small> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">Brezhnev Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li>Economic reforms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1973 Soviet economic reform">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Second economy of the Soviet Union">Shadow economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_Exhibition" title="Bulldozer Exhibition">Bulldozer Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal%E2%80%93Amur_Mainline" title="Baikal–Amur Mainline">Baikal–Amur Mainline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cult_of_personality">Cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev%27s_trilogy" title="Brezhnev's trilogy">Brezhnev's trilogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Programme" title="Food Programme">Food Programme</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavsky%E2%80%93Daniel_trial" title="Sinyavsky–Daniel trial">Sinyavsky–Daniel trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Punitive psychiatry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Foreign policy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">1962–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1979–1985</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span> </p> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leonid_Brezhnev" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leonid Brezhnev"><b>Media gallery</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonid_Brezhnev_series" title="Template:Leonid Brezhnev series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonid_Brezhnev_series" title="Template talk:Leonid Brezhnev series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonid_Brezhnev_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonid Brezhnev series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Soviet politician who served as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> from 1964 until his death in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1977 to 1982. His 18-year term as General Secretary was second only to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s in duration. </p><p>Brezhnev was born to a working-class family in <a href="/wiki/Kamianske" title="Kamianske">Kamenskoye</a> (now Kamianske, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) within the <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. After the results of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> were finalized with the creation of the Soviet Union, Brezhnev joined the Communist party's youth league in 1923 before becoming an official party member in 1929. When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">commissar</a> and rose rapidly through the ranks to become a major general during World War II. Following the war's end, Brezhnev was promoted to the party's Central Committee in 1952 and became a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> by 1957. In 1964, he consolidated enough power to replace <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary of the CPSU</a>, the most powerful position in the country. </p><p>During his tenure, Brezhnev's governance improved the Soviet Union's international standing while stabilizing the position of its ruling party at home. Whereas Khrushchev regularly enacted policies without consulting the Politburo, Brezhnev was careful to minimize dissent among the party elite by reaching decisions through consensus thereby restoring the semblance of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">collective leadership</a>. Additionally, while pushing for <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> between the two <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> superpowers, he achieved nuclear parity with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and strengthened Moscow's dominion over <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. Furthermore, the massive arms buildup and widespread military interventionism under Brezhnev's leadership substantially expanded Soviet influence abroad, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. By the mid-1970s, numerous observers argued the Soviet Union had surpassed the United States to become the world's strongest military power. </p><p>Conversely, Brezhnev's disregard for political reform ushered in an era of socioeconomic decline referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>. In addition to pervasive corruption and falling economic growth, this period was characterized by an increasing technological gap between the Soviet Union and the United States. </p><p>After 1975, Brezhnev's health rapidly deteriorated and he increasingly withdrew from international affairs despite maintaining his hold on power. He ultimately <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">died</a> on 10 November 1982 and was succeeded as general secretary by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>. Upon coming to power in 1985, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> denounced Brezhnev's government for its inefficiency and inflexibility before <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">launching a campaign</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisation">liberalise</a> the Soviet Union. Notwithstanding the backlash to his regime's policies in the mid-1980s, Brezhnev's rule has received consistently high approval ratings in public polls conducted in post-Soviet Russia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_early_career">Early life and early career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1906–1939:_Origins"><span id="1906.E2.80.931939:_Origins"></span>1906–1939: Origins</h3></div> <p>Brezhnev was born on 19 December 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Kamianske" title="Kamianske">Kamenskoye</a> (now Kamianske, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) within the <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Metalworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalworker">metalworker</a> Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) and his wife, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975). His parents lived in Brezhnevo (<a href="/wiki/Kursky_District,_Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursky District, Kursk Oblast">Kursky District, Kursk Oblast</a>, Russia) before moving to Kamenskoye. Brezhnev's ethnicity was given as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainian</a> in some documents, including his passport,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Russian in others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20026-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statement confirming that he regarded himself as a Russian can be found in his book <i>Memories</i> (1979), where he wrote: "And so, according to nationality, I am Russian, I am a proletarian, a hereditary metallurgist."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many youths in the years after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, he received a <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">technical education</a>, at first in <a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">land management</a> and then in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>. He graduated from the Kamenskoye Metallurgical <a href="/wiki/Tekhnikum" title="Tekhnikum">Technicum</a> in 1935<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical engineer">metallurgical engineer</a> in the iron and steel industries of eastern Ukraine. </p><p>Brezhnev joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> youth division, the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>, in 1923, and the Party itself in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20026-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1935 to 1936 he completed the compulsory term of military service. After taking courses at a tank school, he served as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> in a tank factory. </p><p>During Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Brezhnev was one of many <a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatchiks</a> who exploited the resulting openings in the government and the party to advance rapidly in the regime's ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20026-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, he became director of the Dniprodzerzhynsk Metallurgical Technicum (a technical college) and was transferred to the regional center of <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Dnipropetrovsk</a>. In May 1937, he became deputy chairman of the Kamenskoye city soviet. In May 1938, after <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> had taken control of the Ukrainian communist party, he was appointed head of the propaganda department of the Dnipropetrovsk regional communist party, and later, in 1939, a regional Party Secretary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in charge of the city's defense industries. Here, he took the first steps toward building a network of supporters which came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Mafia" title="Dnipropetrovsk Mafia">Dnipropetrovsk Mafia</a>" that would greatly aid his rise to power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1945:_World_War_II"><span id="1941.E2.80.931945:_World_War_II"></span>1941–1945: World War II</h3></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">invaded the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, Brezhnev was, like most middle-ranking Party officials, immediately drafted. He worked to evacuate Dnipropetrovsk's industries before the city fell to the Germans on 26 August, and then was assigned as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>. In October, Brezhnev was made deputy of political administration for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Southern_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Southern Front">Southern Front</a>, with the rank of Brigade-Commissar (Colonel).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Germans occupied <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 1942, Brezhnev was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> as deputy head of political administration of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Front">Transcaucasian Front</a>. In April 1943 he became head of the Political Department of the 18th Army. Later that year, the 18th Army became part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a>, as the Red Army regained the initiative and advanced westward through Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy198180_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy198180-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Front's senior political commissar was <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, who had supported Brezhnev's career since the prewar years. Brezhnev had met Khrushchev in 1931, shortly after joining the Party, and as he continued his rise through the ranks, he became Khrushchev's protégé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds200084_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds200084-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war in Europe, Brezhnev was chief political commissar of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Ukrainian_Front" title="4th Ukrainian Front">4th Ukrainian Front</a>, which entered <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in May 1945, after the German <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">surrender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_to_the_Central_Committee">Promotion to the Central Committee</h3></div> <p>Brezhnev left the Soviet Army with the rank of major general in August 1946. In May 1946, he was appointed the first secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a> regional party committee, where his deputy was <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a>, one of the most important members of the <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Mafia" title="Dnipropetrovsk Mafia">Dnipropetrovsk Mafia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After working on reconstruction projects in Ukraine, he returned to Dnipropetrovsk in January 1948 as regional first party secretary. In 1950 Brezhnev became a deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>, the Soviet Union's highest legislative body. In July that year he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a> and appointed Party First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Moldova">Communist Party of Moldova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was responsible for completing the introduction of collective agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>, a loyal addition to the "mafia", was working in Moldova as head of the <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> department, and one of the officials Brezhnev brought with him from Dnipropetrovsk was the future USSR Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shchelokov" title="Nikolai Shchelokov">Nikolai Shchelokov</a>. </p><p>In 1952, Brezhnev met with <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> who subsequently promoted him to the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> as a candidate member of the Presidium (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20027_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20027-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made him a member of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a>. Following Stalin's death in March 1953, Brezhnev was demoted to first deputy head of the political directorate of the Army and Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advancement_under_Khrushchev">Advancement under Khrushchev</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035,_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0628-0015-035%2C_Nikita_S._Chruschtschow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and Brezhnev's main patron.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev's patron Khrushchev succeeded Stalin as General Secretary, while Khrushchev's rival <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> succeeded Stalin as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers" title="Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a>. Brezhnev sided with Khrushchev against Malenkov, but only for several years. In February 1954, he was appointed second secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">Communist Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a>, and was promoted to General Secretary in May, following Khrushchev's victory over Malenkov. On the surface his brief was simple: to make the new lands agriculturally productive. In reality, Brezhnev became involved in the development of the Soviet missile and nuclear arms programs, including the <a href="/wiki/Baykonur_Cosmodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykonur Cosmodrome">Baykonur Cosmodrome</a>. The initially successful <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a> soon became unproductive and failed to solve the growing Soviet food crisis. Brezhnev was recalled to Moscow in 1956. The harvest in the years following the Virgin Lands Campaign was disappointing, which would have hurt his political career had he remained in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1956 Brezhnev returned to Moscow and was made candidate member of the Politburo assigned in control of the defence industry, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">space program</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Baykonur_Cosmodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykonur Cosmodrome">Baykonur Cosmodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, and capital construction.<sup id="cite_ref-soyouthinkyoucandance_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soyouthinkyoucandance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was now a senior member of Khrushchev's entourage, and in June 1957 he backed Khrushchev in his struggle with Malenkov's Stalinist old guard in the Party leadership, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a>". Following the Stalinists' defeat, Brezhnev became a full member of the Politburo. In May 1960, he was promoted to the post of Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a>, making him the nominal head of state, although the real power resided with Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and Premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughFainsod1979371_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughFainsod1979371-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement_of_Khrushchev_as_Soviet_leader">Replacement of Khrushchev as Soviet leader</h3></div> <p>Khrushchev's position as Party leader was secure until about 1962, but as he aged, he grew more erratic and his performance undermined the confidence of his fellow leaders. The Soviet Union's mounting economic problems also increased the pressure on Khrushchev's leadership. Brezhnev remained outwardly loyal to Khrushchev, but became involved in a 1963 plot to remove him from power, possibly playing a leading role. Also in 1963, Brezhnev succeeded <a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a>, another Khrushchev protégé, as Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>, positioning him as Khrushchev's likely successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev made him <a href="/wiki/Second_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Second Secretary</a>, or deputy party leader, in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003616_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003616-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kekkonen_kuuntelee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kekkonen_kuuntelee.jpg/340px-Kekkonen_kuuntelee.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Kekkonen_kuuntelee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev (center) partaking in a hunting outing with Khrushchev (far left) and Finnish president <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> (second from right) in 1963, one year before Khrushchev's ousting.</figcaption></figure> <p>After returning from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in October 1964, Khrushchev, unaware of the plot, went on holiday in <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a> resort on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Upon his return, his Presidium officers congratulated him for his work in office. <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> visited Khrushchev, hinting that he should not be too complacent about his present situation. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Semichastny</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009376_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009376-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a crucial part of the conspiracy, as it was his duty to inform Khrushchev if anyone was plotting against his leadership. <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ignatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ignatov">Nikolay Ignatov</a>, whom Khrushchev had sacked, discreetly requested the opinion of several <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> members. After some false starts, fellow conspirator <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a> phoned Khrushchev on 12 October and requested that he return to Moscow to discuss the state of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet agriculture">Soviet agriculture</a>. Finally, Khrushchev understood what was happening, and said to Mikoyan, "If it's me who is the question, I will not make a fight of it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009377_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009377-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a minority headed by Mikoyan wanted to remove Khrushchev from the office of First Secretary but retain him as the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers</a>, the majority, headed by Brezhnev, wanted to remove him from active politics altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009377_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009377-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> appealed to the Central Committee, blaming Khrushchev for economic failures, and accusing him of <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntarism</a> and immodest behavior. Influenced by Brezhnev's allies, Politburo members voted on 14 October to remove Khrushchev from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman20035_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman20035-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of the Central Committee wanted him to undergo punishment of some kind, but Brezhnev, who had already been assured the office of the General Secretary, saw little reason to punish Khrushchev further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009378-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev was appointed First Secretary on the same day, but at the time was believed to be a transitional leader, who would only "keep the shop" until another leader was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeal1975164_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeal1975164-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and Mikoyan was retained as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200316_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev and his companions supported the general party line taken after Stalin's death but felt that Khrushchev's reforms had removed much of the Soviet Union's stability. One reason for Khrushchev's ouster was that he continually overruled other party members, and was, according to the plotters, "in contempt of the party's collective ideals". The Soviet newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> wrote of new enduring themes such as <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>, scientific planning, consultation with experts, organisational regularity and the ending of schemes. When Khrushchev left the public spotlight, there was no popular commotion, as most Soviet citizens, including the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, anticipated a period of <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">stabilization</a>, steady development of Soviet society and continuing economic growth in the years ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009378-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/George_W._Breslauer" title="George W. Breslauer">George W. Breslauer</a> has compared Khrushchev and Brezhnev as leaders. He argues they took different routes to build legitimate authority, depending on their personalities and the state of public opinion. Khrushchev worked to decentralize the government system and empower local leadership, which had been wholly subservient; Brezhnev sought to centralize authority, going so far as to weaken the roles of the other members of the Central Committee and the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1964–1982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union"><span id="1964.E2.80.931982:_Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union"></span>1964–1982: Leader of the Soviet Union</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership in the Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._Kosygin_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A._Kosygin_1967.jpg/145px-A._Kosygin_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A._Kosygin_1967.jpg/218px-A._Kosygin_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A._Kosygin_1967.jpg/290px-A._Kosygin_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Alexei Kosygin</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg/145px-Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg/218px-Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Nikolai_Podgorny_Bundesarchiv_cropped-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nikolai Podgorny</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Upon replacing Khrushchev as the party's First Secretary, Brezhnev became the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> supreme authority of the Soviet Union. However, he was initially forced to govern as part of an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate#Soviet_Union" title="Triumvirate">Triumvirate</a> (also known by its Russian name <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union#List_of_troikas" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Troika</a></i>) alongside the country's <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Secretariat" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee</a> and later <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Presidium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Khrushchev's disregard for the rest of the Politburo upon combining his leadership of the party with that of the Soviet government, a plenum of the Central Committee in October 1964 forbade any single individual from holding both the offices of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009378-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement would persist until the late 1970s when Brezhnev firmly secured his position as the most powerful figure in the Soviet Union. </p><p>During his consolidation of power, Brezhnev first had to contend with the ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a>, the former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and current head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Control_Commission" title="People's Control Commission">Party-State Control Committee</a>. In early 1965, Shelepin began calling for the restoration of "obedience and order" within the Soviet Union as part of his own bid to seize power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2003379_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2003379-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards this end, he exploited his control over both state and party organs to leverage support within the regime. Recognizing Shelepin as an imminent threat to his position, Brezhnev mobilized the Soviet collective leadership to remove him from the Party-State Control Committee before having the body dissolved altogether on 6 December 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder1993110_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder1993110-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg/320px-RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg/480px-RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg/640px-RIAN_archive_36535_Secretary_general_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee_Leonid_Brezhnev_after_speaking_at_the_VLKSM_Central_Committee_plenary_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev following a speech to the 1968 Komsomol Central Committee plenary session in his capacity as General Secretary. By then, he had reestablished the post as the top authority in both name and practice.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1965, Brezhnev had Podgorny removed from the Secretariat, thereby significantly curtailing the latter's ability to build support within the party apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder199379–80_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder199379–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing years, Podgorny's network of supporters was steadily eroded as the protégés he cultivated in his rise to power were removed from the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1977, Brezhnev was secure enough in his position to replace Podgorny as head of state and remove him from the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After sidelining Shelepin and Podgorny as threats to his leadership in 1965, Brezhnev directed his attentions to his remaining political rival, Alexei Kosygin. In the 1960s, U.S. National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Kissinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> initially perceived Kosygin to be the dominant leader of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet foreign policy">Soviet foreign policy</a> in the Politburo. Within the same timeframe, Kosygin was also in charge of economic administration in his role as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. However, his position was weakened following his enactment of several economic reforms in 1965 that collectively came to be known within the Party as the "<a href="/wiki/Kosygin_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosygin reform">Kosygin reforms</a>". Due largely to coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> (whose sharp departure from the Soviet model led to its armed suppression in 1968), the reforms provoked a backlash among the party's old guard who proceeded to flock to Brezhnev and strengthened his position within the Soviet leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Brezhnev further expanded his authority following a clash with Second Secretary Mikhail Suslov and other party officials who thereafter never challenged his supremacy within the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev was adept at politics within the Soviet power structure. He was a team player and never acted rashly or hastily. Unlike Khrushchev, he did not make decisions without substantial consultation from his colleagues, and was always willing to hear their opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon200210_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon200210-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1970s, Brezhnev consolidated his domestic position. In 1977, he forced the retirement of Podgorny and became once again Chairman of the Presidium of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>, making this position equivalent to that of an executive president. While Kosygin remained Premier until shortly before his death in 1980 (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a> as Premier), Brezhnev was the dominant figure in the Soviet Union from the mid-1970s<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until his death in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideological_Development">Ideological Development</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real socialism</a></div> <p>Brezhnev has defined the iconic "Developed Socialism" as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialism">Soviet-style socialism</a>, which he believed had successfully constructed socialism in the Soviet Union and reached <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s transition stage from socialism to communism. Brezhnev emphasized the advanced technological developments in the USSR with full electrification of the country, the use of nuclear power in production, computer planning, as well as a highly mechanized agriculture. He believed that all social strata within the USSR were closer to each other than ever before due to the highly developed productive force in the country. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> has, according to Brezhnev, moved towards a people's government. Brezhnev believed that all socialist countries would go through the same socialist development and social transformation of the Soviet model regardless of their national and material conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repression">Repression</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov,_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_101740_Yury_Andropov%2C_Chairman_of_KGB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_KGB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the KGB">chairman of the KGB</a> who presided over the pervasive crackdown under Brezhnev's regime</figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev's stabilization policy included ending the <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalizing</a> reforms of Khrushchev, and clamping down on cultural freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009380_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009380-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Khrushchev years, Brezhnev had supported the leader's denunciations of Stalin's arbitrary rule, the rehabilitation of many of the victims of Stalin's purges, and the cautious liberalization of Soviet intellectual and cultural policy. However, as soon as he became leader of the Soviet Union, he began to reverse this process, and developed an increasingly authoritarian and conservative attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009381_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009381-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1970s, there were an estimated 5,000 political and religious prisoners across the Soviet Union, living in grievous conditions and suffering from malnutrition. Many of these prisoners were <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">considered by the Soviet state to be mentally unfit</a> and were hospitalized in <a href="/wiki/Mental_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental asylum">mental asylums</a> across the Soviet Union. Under Brezhnev's rule, the KGB infiltrated most, if not all, anti-government organisations, which ensured that there was little to no opposition against him or his power base. However, Brezhnev refrained from the all-out violence seen under Stalin's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009382_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009382-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of the writers <a href="/wiki/Yuli_Daniel" title="Yuli Daniel">Yuli Daniel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sinyavsky" title="Andrei Sinyavsky">Andrei Sinyavsky</a> in 1966, the first such public trials since Stalin's reign, marked the reversion to a repressive cultural policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009381_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009381-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> the state security service (in the form of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>) regained some of the powers it had enjoyed under Stalin, although there was no return to the purges of the 1930s and 1940s, and Stalin's legacy remained largely discredited among the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009382_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009382-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economics">Economics</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Economic_growth_until_1973">Economic growth until 1973</h5></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 15px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Period </th> <th style="line-height:100%">Annual GNP growth <br /><small>(according to<br />the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>)</small> </th> <th style="line-height:100%"><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Annual NMP growth</a><br /><small>(according to<br /><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Khanin" title="Grigorii Khanin">Grigorii Khanin</a>)</small> </th> <th style="line-height:100%">Annual NMP growth<br /><small>(according to<br />the USSR)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1965 </td> <td>4.8<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.4<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6.5<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1970 </td> <td>4.9<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.1<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1975 </td> <td>3.0<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.2<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1980 </td> <td>1.9<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.0<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.2<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1985 </td> <td>1.8<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.6<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.5<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1960 and 1970, Soviet agriculture output increased by 3% annually. Industry also improved: during the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Eighth Five-Year Plan</a> (1966–1970), the output of factories and mines increased by 138% compared to 1960. While the Politburo became aggressively <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">anti-reformist</a>, Kosygin was able to convince both Brezhnev and the politburo to leave the reformist communist leader <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> alone because of an economic reform entitled <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">New Economic Mechanism</a> (NEM), which granted limited permission for the establishment of retail markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009385_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009385-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, another approach was taken in 1970 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>; he believed that the government needed Western loans to facilitate the rapid growth of heavy industry. The Soviet leadership gave its approval for this, as the Soviet Union could not afford to maintain its massive subsidy for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> in the form of cheap oil and gas exports. The Soviet Union did not accept all kinds of reforms, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1968 in response to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009386_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009386-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Brezhnev, the Politburo abandoned Khrushchev's <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> experiments. By 1966, two years after taking power, Brezhnev abolished the <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkhoz" title="Sovnarkhoz">Regional Economic Councils</a>, which were organized to manage the regional economies of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009389_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009389-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Ninth Five-Year Plan</a> delivered a change: for the first time industrial consumer products out-produced industrial capital goods. Consumer goods such as watches, furniture and radios were produced in abundance. The plan still left the bulk of the state's investment in industrial capital-goods production. This outcome was not seen as a positive sign for the future of the Soviet state by the majority of top party functionaries within the government; by 1975 consumer goods were expanding 9% slower than industrial capital-goods. The policy continued despite Brezhnev's commitment to make a rapid shift of investment to satisfy Soviet consumers and lead to an even higher standard of living. This did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009407_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009407-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1928–1973, the Soviet Union was growing economically at a faster pace than the United States and Western Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, objective comparisons are difficult. The USSR was hampered by the effects of World War II, which had left most of the western USSR in ruins; however, Western aid and Soviet espionage in the period 1941–1945 (culminating in cash, material and equipment deliveries for military and industrial purposes) had allowed the Russians to leapfrog many Western economies in the development of advanced technologies, particularly in the fields of nuclear technology, radio communications, agriculture and heavy manufacturing. By the early 1970s, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest industrial capacity, and produced more steel, oil, <a href="/wiki/Pig-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig-iron">pig-iron</a>, cement and tractors than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009397_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009397-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1973, the Soviet economy was expanding at a faster rate than that of the American economy (albeit by a very small margin). The USSR also kept a steady pace with the economies of Western Europe. Between 1964 and 1973, the Soviet economy stood at roughly half the output per head of Western Europe and a little more than one third that of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, the process of catching up with the rest of the West came to an end as the Soviet Union fell further and further behind in computer technology, which proved decisive for the Western economies.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a> was apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_stagnation_until_1982">Economic stagnation until 1982</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, was attributed to a compilation of factors, including the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">"arms race"</a>; the Soviet Union's decision to participate in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> (thus abandoning the idea of economic isolation) while ignoring changes occurring in Western societies; increased authoritarianism in Soviet society; the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>; the bureaucracy's transformation into an undynamic <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a>; lack of economic reform; pervasive political corruption, and other structural problems within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20021–2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20021–2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, social stagnation was stimulated by the growing demands of unskilled workers, labor shortages and a decline in productivity and labor discipline. While Brezhnev, albeit "sporadically",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, attempted to reform the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">economy</a> in the late 1960s and 1970s, he failed to produce any positive results. One of these reforms was the <a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">economic reform of 1965</a>, initiated by Kosygin, though its origins are often traced back to the Khrushchev Era. The reform was ultimately cancelled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>, though the Committee admitted that economic problems did exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999341_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1999341-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After becoming leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev would characterize the economy under Brezhnev's rule as "the lowest stage of socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on its surveillance, the CIA reported that the Soviet economy peaked in the 1970s upon reaching 57% of American GNP. However, beginning around 1975, economic growth began to decline at least in part due to the regime's sustained prioritization of heavy industry and military spending over <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">consumer goods</a>. Additionally, Soviet agriculture was unable to feed the urban population, let alone provide for a rising standard of living which the government promised as the fruits of "mature socialism" and on which industrial productivity depended. Ultimately, the GNP growth rate slowed to 1% to 2% per year. As GNP growth rates decreased in the 1970s from the level held in the 1950s and 1960s, they likewise began to lag behind that of Western Europe and the United States. Eventually, the stagnation reached a point that the United States began growing an average of 1% per year above the growth rate of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stagnation of the Soviet economy was fueled even further by the Soviet Union's ever-widening technological gap with the West. Due to the cumbersome procedures of the centralized planning system, Soviet industries were incapable of the innovation needed to meet public demand.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottChapter3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottChapter3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was especially notable in the field of computers. In response to the lack of uniform standards for peripherals and digital capacity in the Soviet computer industry, Brezhnev's regime ordered an end to all independent computer development and required all future models to be based on the IBM/360.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth14_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth14-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the adoption of the IBM/360 system, the Soviet Union was never able to build enough platforms, let alone improve on its design.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its technology continued to fall behind the West, the Soviet Union increasingly resorted to pirating Western designs.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth14_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth14-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last significant reform undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_fifth_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosygin's fifth government">Kosygin government</a>, and some believe in the pre-<i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> era, was a joint decision of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers named "Improving planning and reinforcing the effects of the economic mechanism on raising the effectiveness in production and improving the quality of work", more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979 reform</a>. The reform, in contrast to the 1965 reform, sought to increase the central government's economic involvement by enhancing the duties and responsibilities of the ministries. With Kosygin's death in 1980, and due to his successor <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a>'s conservative approach to economics, very little of the reform was actually carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eleven%E2%80%93th_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven–th Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Eleventh Five-Year Plan</a> of the Soviet Union delivered a disappointing result: a change in growth from 5 to 4%. During the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Tenth Five-Year Plan</a>, there had been target of 6.1% growth, but this was not met. Brezhnev was able to defer economic collapse by trading with Western Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union still outproduced the United States in the heavy industry sector during the Brezhnev era. Another dramatic result of Brezhnev's rule was that certain <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries became more economically advanced than the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007276_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007276-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_policy">Agricultural policy</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/200px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/300px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/400px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4689" data-file-height="3221" /></a><figcaption>USSR postage stamp of 1979, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev's agricultural policy reinforced traditional ways of organizing collective farms and enforced output quotas centrally. Although there was a record-high state investment in farming during the 1970s, the evaluation of agricultural output continued to focus on the grain harvest. Despite some improvement, there were still problems such as insufficient domestic production of fodder crops and a declining sugar beet harvest. Brezhnev attempted to address these issues by increasing state investment and allowing privately owned plots to be larger. However, these actions were not effective in solving fundamental problems like a shortage of skilled workers, a ruined rural culture, and inappropriate farm machinery for small collective farms. A significant reform was necessary, but it was not supported due to ideological and political considerations. </p><p>Brezhnev's agricultural policy reinforced the conventional methods for organizing the <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farms</a>. Output quotas continued to be imposed centrally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009400_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009400-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev's policy of amalgamating farms was continued by Brezhnev, because he shared Khrushchev's belief that bigger <a href="/wiki/Kolkhozes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkhozes">kolkhozes</a> would increase productivity. Brezhnev pushed for an increase in state investments in farming, which amounted to an all-time high in the 1970s of 27% of all state investment – this figure did not include investments in farm equipment. In 1981 alone, 33 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a> (by contemporary exchange rate) was invested into agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009401-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural output in 1980 was 21% higher than the average production rate between 1966 and 1970. <a href="/wiki/Cereal_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal crop">Cereal crop</a> output increased by 18%. These improved results were not encouraging. In the Soviet Union the criterion for assessing agricultural output was the grain harvest. The import of cereal, which began under Khrushchev, had in fact become a normal <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a> by Soviet standards. When Brezhnev had difficulties sealing commercial trade agreements with the United States, he went elsewhere, such as to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Trade was necessary because the Soviet Union's domestic production of <a href="/wiki/Fodder_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fodder crop">fodder crops</a> was severely deficient. Another sector that was hitting the wall was the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> harvest, which had declined by 2% in the 1970s. Brezhnev's way of resolving these issues was to increase state investment. Politburo member <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Gennady Voronov</a> advocated for the division of each farm's workforce into what he called "links".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009401-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "links" would be entrusted with specific functions, such as to run a farm's dairy unit. His argument was that the larger the work force, the less responsible they felt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009401-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program had been proposed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a> in the 1940s and had been opposed by Khrushchev before and after Stalin's death. Voronov was also unsuccessful; Brezhnev turned him down, and in 1973 he was removed from the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimentation with "links" was not disallowed on a local basis, with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, the then First Secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee, experimenting with links in his region. In the meantime, the Soviet government's involvement in agriculture was, according to Robert Service, otherwise "unimaginative" and "incompetent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing mounting problems with agriculture, the Politburo issued a resolution titled, "On the Further Development of Specialisation and Concentration of Agricultural Production on the Basis of Inter-Farm Co-operation and Agro-Industrial Integration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution ordered <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhozes</a> close to each other to collaborate in their efforts to increase production. In the meantime, the state's subsidies to the food-and-agriculture sector did not prevent bankrupt farms from operating and rises in the price of produce were offset by rises in the cost of oil and other resources. By 1977, oil cost 84% more than it did in the late 1960s. The cost of other resources had also climbed by the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev's answer to these problems was to issue two decrees, one in 1977 and one in 1981, which called for an increase in the maximum size of privately owned plots within the Soviet Union to half a hectare. These measures removed important obstacles for the expansion of agricultural output but did not solve the problem. Under Brezhnev, private plots yielded 30% of the national agricultural production when they cultivated only 4% of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">the land</a>. This was seen by some as proof that de-collectivization was necessary to prevent Soviet agriculture from collapsing, but leading Soviet politicians shrank from supporting such drastic measures due to ideological and political interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying problems were the growing shortage of skilled workers, a wrecked rural culture, the payment of workers in proportion to the quantity rather than the quality of their work, and too large farm machinery for the small collective farms and the roadless countryside. In the face of this, Brezhnev's only options were schemes such as large land reclamation and irrigation projects, or of course, radical reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009403_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009403-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Society">Society</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets,_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg/290px-RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg/435px-RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg/580px-RIAN_archive_734809_Members_of_Moscow%27s_Soviets%2C_Communist_and_civic_organisations_attend_International_Women%27s_Day_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev at International Women's Day celebrations, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the eighteen years that Brezhnev ruled the Soviet Union, average income per head increased by half; three-quarters of this growth came in the 1960s and early 1970s. During the second half of Brezhnev's premiership, the average income per head grew by one-quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200245_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200245-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the Brezhnev period, income per head increased by 3.5% per annum; slightly less growth than what it had been the previous years. This can be explained by Brezhnev's reversal of most of Khrushchev's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption per head rose by an estimated 70% under Brezhnev, but with three-quarters of this growth happening before 1973 and only one-quarter in the second half of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200248_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200248-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the increase in consumer production in the early Brezhnev era can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Kosygin_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosygin reform">Kosygin reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the USSR's economic growth stalled in the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies#Housing_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">housing quality</a> improved significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa199828_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa199828-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1989_p._83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1989_p.-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of paying more attention to the economy, the Soviet leadership under Brezhnev tried to improve the living standard in the Soviet Union by extending <a href="/wiki/Social_benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Social benefits">social benefits</a>. This led to an increase, though a minor one, in public support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard of living in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR) had fallen behind that of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (GSSR) and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (ESSR) under Brezhnev; this led many Russians to believe that the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Government">Soviet Government</a> were hurting the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Russia">Russian population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009423_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009423-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state usually moved workers from one job to another, which ultimately became an ineradicable feature in the Soviet industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009416_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009416-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government industries such as factories, mines and offices were staffed by undisciplined personnel who put a great effort into not doing their jobs; this ultimately led, according to Robert Service, to a "work-shy workforce".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009417_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009417-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Government had no effective counter-measure; it was extremely difficult, if not impossible to replace ineffective workers because of the country's lack of unemployment. </p><p>While some areas improved during the Brezhnev era, the majority of civilian services deteriorated and living conditions for Soviet citizens fell rapidly. Diseases were on the rise<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009417_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009417-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the decaying healthcare system. The living space remained rather small by <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> standards, with the average Soviet person living on 13.4 square metres. Thousands of Moscow inhabitants became homeless, most of them living in shacks, doorways and parked trams. Nutrition ceased to improve in the late 1970s, while rationing of staple food products returned to <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009418_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009418-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state provided recreation facilities and annual holidays for hard-working citizens. <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Trade unions in the Soviet Union">Soviet trade unions</a> rewarded hard-working members and their families with beach vacations in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009421_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009421-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social rigidification became a common feature of Soviet society. During the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> era in the 1930s and 1940s, a common labourer could expect promotion to a <a href="/wiki/White_collar_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar workers">white-collar</a> job if he studied and obeyed Soviet authorities. In Brezhnev's Soviet Union this was not the case. Holders of attractive positions clung to them as long as possible; mere incompetence was not seen as a good reason to dismiss anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009422_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009422-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, too, the Soviet society Brezhnev passed on had become static.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009427_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009427-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_and_defense_policies">Foreign and defense policies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Srpen68)Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg/280px-%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg/420px-%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg/560px-%28Srpen68%29Horici_sovetsky_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet T-55 tank catches fire while battling Czech protesters during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first crisis for Brezhnev's regime came in 1968, with the attempt by the Communist leadership in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>, to liberalize the Communist system (<a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, Brezhnev publicly denounced the Czechoslovak leadership as "<a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a>" and "anti-Soviet". Despite his hardline public statements, Brezhnev was not the one pushing hardest for the use of military force in Czechoslovakia when the issue was before the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archival evidence suggests that Brezhnev<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially sought a temporary compromise with the reform-friendly Czechoslovak government when their dispute came to a head. However, in the end, Brezhnev concluded that he would risk growing turmoil domestically and within the Eastern bloc if he abstained or voted against Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009399_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009399-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As pressure mounted on him within the Soviet leadership to "re-install a revolutionary government" within Prague, Brezhnev ordered the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, and Dubček's removal in August. Following the Soviet intervention, he met with Czechoslovak reformer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohumil_%C5%A0imon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohumil Šimon (page does not exist)">Bohumil Šimon</a>, then a member of the Politburo of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak Communist Party</a>, and said, "If I had not voted for Soviet armed assistance to Czechoslovakia you would not be sitting here today, but quite possibly I wouldn't either."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contrary to the stabilizing effect envisioned by Moscow, the invasion served as a catalyst for further dissent in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Vietnam_War">The Vietnam War</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg/260px-North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg/390px-North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg/520px-North_Vietnamese_SA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnamese troops pose in front of a Soviet <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75</a> missile launcher</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the rule of Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet Union initially supported <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> out of "fraternal solidarity". However, as the war escalated, Khrushchev urged the North Vietnamese leadership to give up the quest of liberating <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. He continued by rejecting an offer of assistance made by the North Vietnamese government, and instead told them to enter negotiations in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200285–86_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200285–86-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Khrushchev's ousting, Brezhnev resumed aiding the communist resistance in Vietnam. In February 1965, Premier Kosygin visited <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> with a dozen Soviet air force generals and economic experts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200286-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the war, Brezhnev's regime would ultimately ship $450 million worth of arms annually to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> privately suggested to Brezhnev that he would guarantee an end to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> hostility if Brezhnev would guarantee a North Vietnamese one. Brezhnev was interested in this offer initially but rejected the offer upon being told by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> that the North Vietnamese were not interested in a diplomatic solution to the war. The <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Administration">Johnson administration</a> responded to this rejection by expanding the American presence in Vietnam, but later invited the USSR to negotiate a treaty concerning arms control. The USSR did not respond, initially because of the power struggle between Brezhnev and Kosygin over which figure had the right to represent Soviet interests abroad, and later because of the escalation of the "dirty war" in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200286-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1967, Johnson offered to make a deal with <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, and said he was prepared to end U.S. bombing raids in North Vietnam if Ho ended his infiltration of South Vietnam. The U.S. bombing raids halted for a few days and Kosygin publicly announced his support for this offer. The North Vietnamese government failed to respond, and because of this, the U.S. continued its raids in North Vietnam. After this event, Brezhnev concluded that seeking diplomatic solutions to the ongoing war in Vietnam was hopeless. Later in 1968, Johnson invited Kosygin to the United States to <a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference_(1967)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassboro Summit Conference (1967)">discuss ongoing problems</a> in Vietnam and the arms race. The summit was marked by a friendly atmosphere, but there were no concrete breakthroughs by either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286–87_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200286–87-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the Sino–Soviet border conflict, the Chinese continued to aid the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese">North Vietnamese</a> regime. However, with the death of Ho Chi Minh in 1969, China's strongest link to North Vietnam was gone. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> had been elected President of the United States. While having been known for his anti-communist rhetoric, Nixon said in 1971 that the U.S. "<i>must</i> have relations with Communist China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plan was for a slow withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, while still retaining the government of South Vietnam. The only way he thought this was possible was by improving relations with both Communist China and the USSR. He later made a visit to Moscow to negotiate a treaty on <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, but on Vietnam nothing could be agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, years of Soviet military aid to North Vietnam finally bore fruit when collapsing morale among U.S. forces ultimately compelled their complete withdrawal from South Vietnam by 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby making way for the country's unification under communist rule two years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sino–Soviet_relations"><span id="Sino.E2.80.93Soviet_relations"></span>Sino–Soviet relations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/280px-Ceausescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/420px-Ceausescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ceausescu.jpg/560px-Ceausescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (left) and Brezhnev (right) with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> in Bucharest, 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">foreign relations</a> with the People's Republic of China quickly deteriorated after <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s attempts to reach a <i>rapprochement</i> with more liberal Eastern European states such as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and with the west.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Brezhnev consolidated his power base in the 1960s, China was descending into crisis because of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, which led to the decimation of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and other ruling offices. Brezhnev, a pragmatic politician who promoted the idea of "stabilization", could not comprehend why Mao would start such a "self-destructive" drive to finish the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>, according to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Brezhnev had problems of his own in the form of Czechoslovakia whose sharp deviation from the Soviet model prompted him and the rest of the Warsaw Pact to invade their Eastern Bloc ally. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, involving the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Marxism">reformist</a> government there, the Soviet leadership proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>: any threat to "socialist rule" in any state of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> was a threat to all of them, and would justify the intervention of fellow socialist states to forcibly remove the threat. The references to "<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>" meant control by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a> that were loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new policy increased tension not only with the Eastern Bloc, but also the Asian communist states. By 1969, relations with other communist countries had deteriorated to a level where Brezhnev was not even able to gather five of the fourteen ruling communist parties to attend an international conference in Moscow. In the aftermath of the failed conference, the Soviets concluded, "there was no leading center of the international communist movement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005104_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005104-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> repudiated the Brezhnev Doctrine in the late 1980s, as the Kremlin accepted the peaceful overthrow of Soviet rule in all its <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state#Post-World_War_II" title="Satellite state">satellite countries</a> in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1969, the deterioration in bilateral relations culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_border_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet border conflict">Sino–Soviet border conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005104_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005104-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sino–Soviet split had chagrined Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> a great deal, and for a while he refused to accept its irrevocability; he briefly visited Beijing in 1969 due to the increase of <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">tension</a> between the USSR and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007194–195_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007194–195-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s, both the Chinese and the Soviets were issuing statements calling for a normalization of relations between the two states. The conditions given to the Soviets by the Chinese were the reduction of Soviet military presence in the Sino–Soviet border, the withdrawal of Soviet troops in Afghanistan and the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>; furthermore, China also wanted the Soviets to end their support for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasion_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia</a>. Brezhnev responded in his March 1982 speech in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> where he called for the normalization of relations. Full Sino–Soviet normalization of relations would prove to take years, until the last Soviet ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, came to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005105_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005105-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet–U.S._relations"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93U.S._relations"></span>Soviet–U.S. relations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev,_November_24,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/250px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/375px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/500px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3527" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev (seated right) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> Gerald Ford signing a joint <a href="/wiki/Message" title="Message">communiqué</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT</a> treaty in Vladivostok.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his eighteen years as <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leader of the USSR</a>, Brezhnev's signature foreign policy innovation was the promotion of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>. While sharing some similarities with approaches pursued during the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>, Brezhnev's policy significantly differed from Khrushchev's precedent in two ways. The first was that it was more comprehensive and wide-ranging in its aims, and included signing agreements on arms control, crisis prevention, East–West trade, European security and human rights. The second part of the policy was based on the importance of equalizing the military strength of the United States and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-z265_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z265-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense spending under Brezhnev between 1965 and 1970 increased by 40%, and annual increases continued thereafter. In the year of Brezhnev's death in 1982, 12% of GNP was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">spent on the military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200290_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200290-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Brezhnev the Soviet Union's military budget increased eightfold, resulting in the possession of the largest number of ICBMs, nuclear warheads, aircraft, tanks, conventional forces and more military assets. This build up led numerous observers – including Western ones – to argue that by the mid-1970s the USSR had surpassed the United States as the world's strongest military power.<sup id="cite_ref-b449_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b449-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shlapentokh_2017_p._118_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shlapentokh_2017_p._118-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_Publications_1982_p._112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_Publications_1982_p.-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a>, Brezhnev and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/SALT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT I">SALT I</a> Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the agreement set limits on each side's development of nuclear missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second part of the agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>, banned both countries from designing systems to intercept incoming missiles so neither the U.S. or the Soviet Union would be emboldened to strike the other without fear of nuclear retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-fonertreaty_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonertreaty-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1970s, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>'s policy of détente towards the Soviet Union was faltering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The détente had rested on the assumption that a "linkage" of some type could be found between the two countries, with the U.S. hoping that the signing of <a href="/wiki/SALT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT I">SALT I</a> and an increase in Soviet–U.S. trade would stop the aggressive growth of communism in the third world. This did not happen, as evidenced by Brezhnev's continued military support for the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">communist guerillas</a> fighting against the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200875_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200875-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Kissinger,_Leonid_Brezhnev,_President_Gerald_Ford,_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/300px-Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/450px-Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/600px-Henry_Kissinger%2C_Leonid_Brezhnev%2C_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev (second from left in front row) poses for the press in 1975 during negotiations for the Helsinki Accords</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> lost the presidential election to <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200876_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200876-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American foreign policies became more overtly aggressive in vocabulary towards the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">communist world</a>. Attempts were also made to stop funding for repressive anti-communist governments and organizations the United States supported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at first standing for a decrease in all defense initiatives, the later years of Carter's presidency would increase spending on the U.S. military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200876_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200876-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Brezhnev authorized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Carter, following the advice of his <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Adviser (United States)">National Security Adviser</a> <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, denounced the intervention, describing it as the "most serious danger to peace since 1945".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. stopped all grain exports to the Soviet Union and boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> held in Moscow. The Soviet Union responded by boycotting the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> held in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Brezhnev's rule, the Soviet Union reached the peak of its political and strategic power in relation to the United States. As a result of the limits agreed to by both superpowers in the first SALT Treaty, the Soviet Union obtained parity in nuclear weapons with the United States for the first time in the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as a result of negotiations during the Helsinki Accords, Brezhnev succeeded in securing the legitimization of Soviet hegemony over Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHidenMadeSmith2008209_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidenMadeSmith2008209-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intervention_in_Afghanistan">Intervention in Afghanistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">communist revolution</a> in Afghanistan in 1978, authoritarian actions forced upon the populace by the Communist regime led to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">Afghan civil war</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> leading the popular backlash against the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar199715_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar199715-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union was worried that they were losing their influence in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, so after a KGB report claimed that Afghanistan could be taken in a matter of weeks, Brezhnev and several top party officials agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">full intervention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary researchers tend to believe that Brezhnev had been misinformed on the situation in Afghanistan.His health had decayed, and proponents of direct military intervention took over the majority group in the Politburo by cheating and using falsified evidence. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> They advocated a relatively moderate scenario, maintaining a cadre of 1,500 to 2,500 Soviet military advisers and technicians in the country (which had already been there in large numbers since the 1950s),<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they disagreed on sending regular army units in hundreds of thousands of troops. Some believe that Brezhnev's signature on the decree was obtained without telling him the full story, otherwise he would have never approved such a decision. Soviet ambassador to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a> believed that the real mastermind behind the invasion, who misinformed Brezhnev, was Mikhail Suslov.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev's personal physician Mikhail Kosarev later recalled that Brezhnev, when he was in his right mind, in fact resisted the full-scale intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairmen_of_the_State_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma">Deputy Chairman of the State Duma</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> stated officially that despite the military solution being supported by some, hardline Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a> was the only Politburo member who insisted on sending regular army units.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military">Soviet military</a> establishment were opposed to any sort of active Soviet military presence in Afghanistan, believing that the Soviet Union should leave <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghan politics</a> alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Brezhnev_Doctrine">The Brezhnev Doctrine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020,_Berlin,_VII._SED-Parteitag,_2.Tag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/290px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/435px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/580px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0418-0001-020%2C_Berlin%2C_VII._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev at a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Party congress</a> in East Berlin in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring's</a> suppression, Brezhnev announced that the Soviet Union had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of its satellites to "safeguard socialism". This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2008XXIV_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley2008XXIV-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was really a restatement of existing Soviet policy, as enacted by Khrushchev in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary in 1956</a>. Brezhnev reiterated the doctrine in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> on 13 November 1968:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Brezhnev, Speech to the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party in November 1968</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Later in 1980, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">political crisis</a> emerged in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200811_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200811-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>. The Soviet Union and other states of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> were unsure how to handle the situation, but <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> pressed for military action. In a formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> report suggested the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet military</a> were mobilizing for an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200814_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200814-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980–81 representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> nations met at the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200821_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrnePaczkowski200821-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. Notwithstanding the absence of a Soviet military intervention, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> ultimately gave in to Moscow's demands by imposing a <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">state of war</a>, the Polish version of martial law, on 13 December 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_personality">Cult of personality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev">Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrezhnevPortrait2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BrezhnevPortrait2.png/220px-BrezhnevPortrait2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BrezhnevPortrait2.png/330px-BrezhnevPortrait2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/BrezhnevPortrait2.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Brezhnev during his years in power</figcaption></figure> <p>The last years of Brezhnev's rule were marked by a growing <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">personality cult</a>. His love of medals (he received over 100) was well known, so in December 1966, on his 60th birthday, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>. Brezhnev received the award, which came with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> and the Gold Star, three more times in celebration of his birthdays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20028_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20028-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his 70th birthday he was awarded the rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a>, the Soviet Union's highest military honour. After being awarded the rank, he attended an 18th Army Veterans meeting, dressed in a long coat and saying "Attention, the Marshal is coming!" He also conferred upon himself the rare <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Victory" title="Order of Victory">Order of Victory</a> in 1978, which was posthumously revoked in 1989 for not meeting the criteria for citation. A promotion to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a>, planned for Brezhnev's seventy-fifth birthday, was quietly shelved due to his ongoing health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev's eagerness for undeserved glory was shown by his poorly written memoirs recalling his military service during World War II, which treated the <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Zemlya" title="Malaya Zemlya">minor battles</a> near <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a> as a decisive military theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009403_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009403-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his book's apparent weaknesses, it was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin Prize for Literature">Lenin Prize for Literature</a> and was hailed by the <a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Soviet press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was followed by <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev%27s_trilogy" title="Brezhnev's trilogy">two other books</a>, one on the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_problems">Health problems</h3></div> <p>Brezhnev's personality cult was growing at a time when his health was in rapid decline. His physical condition was deteriorating; he had been a heavy smoker until the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had become addicted to <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">sleeping pills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">tranquilizers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017585–589_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017585–589-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had begun <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">drinking to excess</a>. His niece <a href="/wiki/Lyubov_Brezhneva" title="Lyubov Brezhneva">Lyubov Brezhneva</a> attributed his dependencies and overall decline to severe depression caused by, in addition to the stress of his job and the general situation of the country, an extremely unhappy family life, with near-daily conflicts with his wife and children, in particular his troubled daughter <a href="/wiki/Galina_Brezhneva" title="Galina Brezhneva">Galina</a>, whose erratic behavior, failed marriages and involvement in corruption took a heavy toll on Brezhnev's mental and physical health. Brezhnev had considered divorcing his wife and disowning his children many times, but intervention from his extended family and the Politburo, fearing negative publicity, managed to dissuade him. </p><p>Over the years Brezhnev had become <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">overweight</a>. From 1973 until his death, his <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> underwent chronic deterioration and he had several minor strokes as well as <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>. In 1975 he suffered his first heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When receiving the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, Brezhnev walked shakily and fumbled his words. According to one American intelligence expert, United States officials knew for several years that Brezhnev had suffered from severe <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> and believed he had suffered from other unspecified ailments as well. In 1977, American intelligence officials publicly suggested that Brezhnev had also been suffering from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> from decades of heavy smoking,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as chronic <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reported to have been fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker</a> to control his heart rhythm abnormalities. On occasion, he was known to have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">memory loss</a>, speaking problems and had difficulties with coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, "All of this is also reported to be taking its toll on Brezhnev's mood. He is said to be depressed, despondent over his own failing health and discouraged by the death of many of his long-time colleagues. To help, he has turned to regular counseling and hypnosis by an <a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Davitashvili" title="Eugenia Davitashvili">Assyrian woman</a>, a sort of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>’s memoir, My Life, an incident occurred in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a> during a reception for Brezhnev at the <a href="/wiki/Auezov_Theater" title="Auezov Theater">Auezov Theater</a>. About a thousand guests had gathered, and after they were seated, <a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a> proposed a toast to Brezhnev. However, as soon as the guests raised their glasses, Brezhnev unexpectedly stood up and headed toward the exit, prompting the entire republic’s leadership to follow him. Brezhnev walked outside, approached his car, and within a minute, the motorcade was on its way. Nazarbayev noted that it was evident Brezhnev had forgotten the purpose of his visit, but those around him pretended not to notice his frail state.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon suffering a stroke in 1975, Brezhnev's ability to lead the Soviet Union was significantly compromised. As his ability to define Soviet foreign policy weakened, he increasingly deferred to the opinions of a hardline <a href="/wiki/Brain_trust" title="Brain trust">brain trust</a> comprising KGB Chairman <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, longtime foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a>, and Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a> (who was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Dmitriy Ustinov</a> in 1976).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrutents1998502_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrutents1998502-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017533_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017533-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Health kept doctors by Brezhnev's side at all times, and he was brought back from near death on several occasions. At this time, most senior officers of the CPSU wanted to keep Brezhnev alive. Even though an increasing number of officials were frustrated with his policies, no one in the regime wanted to risk a new period of domestic turmoil which might be caused by his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009404_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009404-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western commentators started guessing who Brezhnev's heir apparent was. The most notable candidates were Mikhail Suslov and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a>, who were both older than Brezhnev, and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Fyodor Kulakov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>, who were younger; Kulakov died of <a href="/wiki/Natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural causes">natural causes</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesson1978252_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesson1978252-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_and_death">Last years and death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg/260px-Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg/390px-Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Prunariu_with_Brezhnev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Photo of an ailing Brezhnev (second from left) on 1 June 1981, a year before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev's health worsened in the winter of 1981–82. While the Politburo was pondering the question of who would succeed, all signs indicated that the ailing leader was dying. The choice of the successor would have been influenced by Suslov, but he died at the age of 79 in January 1982. Andropov took Suslov's seat in the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee Secretariat</a>; by May, it became obvious that Andropov would make a bid for the office of the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>. With the help of fellow <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> associates, he started circulating rumors that political corruption had become worse during Brezhnev's tenure as leader, in an attempt to create an environment hostile to Brezhnev in the Politburo. Andropov's actions showed that he was not afraid of Brezhnev's wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009426_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009426-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March 1982 Brezhnev received a <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a> and fractured his right <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> while touring a factory in Tashkent, after a metal <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balustrade</a> collapsed under the weight of a number of factory workers, falling on top of Brezhnev and his security detail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017591,_593_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchattenberg2017591,_593-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident was reported in Western media as Brezhnev having suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a month-long recovery, Brezhnev worked intermittently through November. On 7 November 1982, he was present standing on the <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a>'s balcony during the annual military parade and demonstration of workers commemorating the 65th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event marked Brezhnev's final public appearance before dying three days later after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009426_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009426-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was honored with a state funeral after a three-day period of nationwide mourning. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin's Mausoleum and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin_Wall" title="Moscow Kremlin Wall">Moscow Kremlin Wall</a>. A number of countries including Cuba, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Afghanistan, India and others had declared national mourning over his death.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National and international statesmen from around the globe attended his funeral. His wife and family were also present.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev was dressed for burial in his Marshal's uniform along with his medals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009426_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009426-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg/170px-Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg/255px-Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg/340px-Leonid_brezhnev_grave_kremlin_wall_necropolis_july_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Brezhnev's tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev presided over the Soviet Union for longer than any other person except <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. He is remembered for donning the mantle of a peacemaker and a common-sense statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_Casey_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_Casey-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often criticised for the prolonged Era of Stagnation, in which fundamental economic problems were ignored and the Soviet political system was allowed to decline. During Mikhail Gorbachev's tenure as leader there was a sharp increase in criticism of Brezhnev's leadership, including claims that he followed "a fierce neo-Stalinist line" while consistently failing to modernize the country and change with the times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20022_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20022-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intervention in Afghanistan, which was one of the major decisions of his career, also significantly undermined both the international standing and the internal strength of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley200877-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev fared better when compared to his successors and predecessors in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20025_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20025-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1999 poll, he ranked as the best Russian leader of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20025_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20025-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an opinion poll by VTsIOM in 2007 the majority of Russians chose to live during the Brezhnev era rather than any other period of 20th century Soviet history.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosbalt.ru_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosbalt.ru-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> poll conducted in 2013, Brezhnev beat <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and Joseph Stalin (respectively) as Russia's favorite leader in the 20th century with 56% approval.<sup id="cite_ref-RIA_Novosti_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIA_Novosti-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another poll in 2013, Brezhnev was voted the best Russian leader of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolyandr_2013_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolyandr_2013-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">Rating Sociological Group</a> poll, 47% of Ukrainian respondents had a positive opinion of Brezhnev.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">stagnation hypothesis</a> is generally accepted with regards to the rule of Brezhnev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20026_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20026-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_traits">Personality traits</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg/170px-Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg/255px-Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg/340px-Leonid_Brezhnev_by_Edmund_S._Valtan_ppmsc.07952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Brezhnev by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Valtman" title="Edmund S. Valtman">Edmund S. Valtman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a> emphasizes the bureaucratic mentality and personality strengths that enabled Brezhnev to gain power. He was loyal to his friends, vain in desiring ceremonial power, and refused to control corruption inside the party. Especially in foreign affairs, Brezhnev increasingly took all major decisions into his own hands, without telling his colleagues in the Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deliberately presented a different persona to different people, culminating in the systematic glorification of his own career.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev's vanity made him the target of many <a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">political jokes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20029-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> warned him of this, but Brezhnev replied, "If they are poking fun at me, it means they like me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200229_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200229-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In keeping with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_fraternal_kiss" title="Socialist fraternal kiss">traditional socialist greetings</a>, Brezhnev kissed many politicians on the lips during his career. One of these occasions, with <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, was the subject of <i><a href="/wiki/My_God,_Help_Me_to_Survive_This_Deadly_Love" title="My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love">My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love</a></i>, a mural painted on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> after its opening and dismantlement.<sup id="cite_ref-corbis_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbis-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brezhnev's main passion was driving foreign cars given to him by leaders of state from across the world. He usually drove these between his <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> and the Kremlin with, according to historian Robert Service, flagrant disregard for public safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009384_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009384-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When visiting the United States for a summit with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1973, he expressed a wish to drive around Washington in a <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Continental" title="Lincoln Continental">Lincoln Continental</a> that Nixon had just given him; upon being told that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> would not allow him to do this, he said "I will take the flag off the car, put on dark glasses, so they can't see my eyebrows and drive like any American would" to which <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> replied "I have driven with you and I don't think you drive like an American!"<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9,_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/170px-%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/255px-%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/%D0%9B._%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%81_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Young Brezhnev with his wife <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Brezhneva" title="Viktoria Brezhneva">Viktoria</a>, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Brezhnev was married to <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Brezhneva" title="Viktoria Brezhneva">Viktoria Denisova</a> (1908–1995). He had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Galina_Brezhneva" title="Galina Brezhneva">Galina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009384_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009384-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a son, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Brezhnev" title="Yuri Brezhnev">Yuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiesa199123_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiesa199123-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His niece <a href="/wiki/Lyubov_Brezhneva" title="Lyubov Brezhneva">Lyubov Brezhneva</a> published a memoir in 1995 which claimed that Brezhnev worked systematically to bring privileges to his family in terms of appointments, apartments, private luxury stores, private medical facilities and immunity from prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev had an apartment at 26 <a href="/wiki/Kutuzovsky_Prospekt" title="Kutuzovsky Prospekt">Kutuzovsky Prospekt</a>, the same building in which <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> lived.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev">Awards and decorations received by Leonid Brezhnev</a></div> <p>Brezhnev received several accolades and honours from his home country and foreign countries. Among his foreign honours are the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_honours_system#Special_Decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi honours system">Bangladesh Liberation War Honour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic">Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_post-Stalinist_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western specialists believe that the <a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">net material product</a> (NMP; Soviet version of <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> [GNP]) contained distortions and could not accurately determine a country's economic growth; according to some, it greatly exaggerated growth. Because of this, several specialists created GNP figures to estimate Soviet growth rates and to compare Soviet growth rates with the growth rates of capitalist countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200735_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200735-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grigorii Khanin published his growth rates in the 1980s as a "translation" of NMP to GNP. His growth rates were (as seen above) much lower than the official figures, and lower than some Western estimates. His estimates were widely publicized by conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> as, for instance, <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> of Washington, D.C. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, Khanin's estimates led several agencies to criticize the estimates made by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). Since then the CIA has often been accused over overestimating Soviet growth. In response to the criticism of CIA's work, a panel led by economist <a href="/wiki/James_R._Millar" title="James R. Millar">James R. Millar</a> was established to check out if this was in fact true. The panel concluded that the CIA were based on facts, and that "Methodologically, Khanin's approach was naive, and it has not been possible for others to reproduce his results."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200739_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200739-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Boretsky, a <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> economist, criticized the CIA estimates to be too low. He used the same CIA methodology to estimate West German and American growth rates. The results were 32% below the official GNP growth for West Germany, and 13 below the official GNP growth for the United States. In the end, the conclusion is the same, the Soviet Union grew rapidly economically until the mid-1970s, when a systematic crisis began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200740_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200740-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>Growth figures for the Soviet economy varies widely (as seen below):</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Eighth Five-Year Plan</a> (1966–1970)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gross national product (GNP): 5.2%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 5.3%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> (GNI): 7.1%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">Capital investments</a> in agriculture: 24%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Ninth Five-Year Plan</a> (1971–1975)</dt></dl> <ul><li>GNP: 3.7%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GNI: 5.1%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Labour productivity: 6%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnot198867_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnot198867-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Capital investments in agriculture: 27%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Tenth Five-Year Plan</a> (1976–1980)</dt></dl> <ul><li>GNP: 2.7%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010322-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GNP: 3%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Labour productivity: 3.2%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnot198867_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnot198867-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">Eleventh Five-Year Plan</a> (1981–1985)</dt></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1964 to 8 April 1966. The office was renamed back to General Secretary at the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd Party Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been its name from 1922 to 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200959_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200959-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Ilyich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Brezhnev</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Леонид Ильич Брежнев</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lʲɪɐˈnʲit<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨˈlʲjidʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/87\/Ru-Leonid_Ilich_Brezhnev.ogg\/Ru-Leonid_Ilich_Brezhnev.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Leonid Ilich Brezhnev.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Ru-Leonid_Ilich_Brezhnev.ogg/Ru-Leonid_Ilich_Brezhnev.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Leonid_Ilich_Brezhnev.ogg" title="File:Ru-Leonid Ilich Brezhnev.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Leonid Illich Brezhniev</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id<span class="wrap"> </span>iˈl⁽ʲ⁾ːidʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrɛʒnʲeu̯]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199748_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCauley1997">McCauley 1997</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200959-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200959_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brezhnev">"Brezhnev"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJessup1998" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, John E. (11 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&dq=Leonid+Ilyich+Brezhnev+10+november+1982&pg=PA91"><i>An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9"><bdi>978-0-313-28112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Conflict+and+Conflict+Resolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28112-9&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhP7jJAkTd9MC%26dq%3DLeonid%2BIlyich%2BBrezhnev%2B10%2Bnovember%2B1982%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/a/ac/Brezhnev_LI_ListKadr_1942.jpg">"Wikimedia commons: L.I. Brezhnev military card"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+commons%3A+L.I.+Brezhnev+military+card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fru%2Fa%2Fac%2FBrezhnev_LI_ListKadr_1942.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brezhnev_LI_OrKrZn_NagrList_1942.jpg?uselang=ru">"File:Brezhnev LI OrKrZn NagrList 1942.jpg"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3ABrezhnev+LI+OrKrZn+NagrList+1942.jpg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABrezhnev_LI_OrKrZn_NagrList_1942.jpg%3Fuselang%3Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brezhnev_LI_Pasport_1947.jpg?uselang=en">"File:Brezhnev LI Pasport 1947.jpg"</a>. 11 June 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3ABrezhnev+LI+Pasport+1947.jpg&rft.date=1947-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABrezhnev_LI_Pasport_1947.jpg%3Fuselang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Brezhnev_LI_OrOtVo_NagrList_1943.jpg"><i>Brezhnev LI OrOtVo NagrList 1943.jpg</i></a> (image). 18 September 1943 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+LI+OrOtVo+NagrList+1943.jpg&rft.date=1943-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F9%2F97%2FBrezhnev_LI_OrOtVo_NagrList_1943.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20026-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20026_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacon2002">Bacon 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supol.narod.ru/archive/books/Breznev/zshizn.htm">"ЖИЗНЬ ПО ЗАВОДСКОМУ ГУДКУ"</a>. <i>supol.narod.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supol.narod.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%AC+%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%9A%D0%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupol.narod.ru%2Farchive%2Fbooks%2FBreznev%2Fzshizn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCauley199747_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCauley1997">McCauley 1997</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenReeves1993192_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenReeves1993">Green & Reeves 1993</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy198180-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy198180_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy1981">Murphy 1981</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds200084-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds200084_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilds2000">Childs 2000</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon20027-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon20027_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacon2002">Bacon 2002</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soyouthinkyoucandance-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soyouthinkyoucandance_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough,_Jerry_F.1982" class="citation news cs1">Hough, Jerry F. (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49">"Soviet succession and policy choices"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i>. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Soviet+succession+and+policy+choices&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1982-11&rft.au=Hough%2C+Jerry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQoAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughFainsod1979371-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughFainsod1979371_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoughFainsod1979">Hough & Fainsod 1979</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003616-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003616_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009376-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009376_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009377-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009377_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009377_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman20035-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman20035_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009378-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009378_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeal1975164-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeal1975164_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNeal1975">McNeal 1975</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200316-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200316_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Breslauer, <i>Khrushchev and Brezhnev As Leaders</i> (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacon2002">Bacon 2002</a>, p. 32 "In the mid-1960s appraisals of Brezhnev centered on the new leadership of the Soviet Union as a whole. Just as in the early Khrushchev years, it was not immediately apparent after 1964 who wielded how much power in the Soviet hierarchy. The immediate talk was of a triumvirate of Brezhnev at the head of the Communist Party, Kosygin as prime minister (Chairman of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers), and ― after December 1965 ― Podgorny as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels1998">Daniels 1998</a>, p. 36 "Podgorny, a longtime member of the [party] apparatus, joined the Secretariat in 1963 with Brezhnev, which made him also figure as a candidate for supreme power. At first number-three in the post-Khrushchev troika, along with the new Secretary-General Brezhnev and Prime Minister Kosygin, Podgorny rose more recently to the number-two position in Communist protocol, after Brezhnev but ahead of Kosygin. Overall, this history indicates that the post of President of the Republic, long a merely honorary one, ha[d] acquired growing importance and influence in the Communist hierarchy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2003379-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2003379_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2003">Service 2003</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder1993110-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder1993110_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoeder1993">Roeder 1993</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder199379–80-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder199379–80_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoeder1993">Roeder 1993</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillerton1992">Willerton 1992</a>, p. 68 "Podgorny's Khar'kov network was among the largest of the Brezhnev period. Its size reflected both Podgorny's important role in Ukraine during the 1950s and early 1960s as well as his status as Brezhnev's main political rival. Podgorny developed this network not only while he was moving up in the Ukrainian party apparatus, but also during his career as Ukrainian party boss (1957 to 1963)...An investigation of the Khar'kov party organization and publication of a CPSU [Central Committee] declaration on its deficiencies in 1965 severely weakened this elite cohort. Highly placed protégés only moved downward during the Brezhnev period. [Vitaly] Titov, who had headed the Party Organs Department and had been promoted as a party Secretary in 1962, was quickly demoted in 1965 from the CPSU Secretariat and transferred to head the troubled Kazakh party organization. Podgorny's successor in Ukraine, Piotr Shelest, was ultimately ousted in favor of Brezhnev's longtime protégé, Shcherbitsky. Shelest's position in the all-union party hierarchy was never an especially important one, although his position had merited a brief membership in the Politburo. [¶]Those Podgorny associates who became CC members had moved up from Khar'kov and Kiev in the 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. Some advanced to Moscow with Podgorny...Nearly all were 'retired' either when Shelest was ousted or when Podgorny was removed in 1977."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 403 "[In 1965] Podgorny took Mikoyan’s place as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, combining that with his Politburo membership. He held both offices until Brezhnev felt strong enough unceremoniously to remove him in 1977. By then Brezhnev decided he had waited long enough to add the dignity of becoming formal head of state to his party leadership."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerrier2020">Guerrier 2020</a>, p. 1314 "In 1977 Brezhnev engineered Podgorny's removal from the Politburo and then from the chairmanship of the Supreme Soviet on June 16. Brezhnev assumed the chairmanship himself while remaining first secretary, thus gaining diplomatic status as head of state while also maintaining the real power that came as leader of the CPSU."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009403_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacon2002">Bacon 2002</a>, pp. 13–14 "By the end of the [1960s], T.H. Rigby argued that a stable oligarchic system had developed in the Soviet Union, centered around Brezhnev, Podgorny, and Kosygin[;] plus Central Committee secretaries Mikhail Suslov and Andrei Kirilenko. Accurate though this assessment was at the time, its publication coincided with the further strengthening of Brezhnev's position by means of an apparent clash with Suslov. [¶] At a Central Committee plenum in December 1969, Brezhnev gave a frank speech on economic matters, which had not been agreed with other Politburo members in advance. This independent line both surprised and angered colleagues, particularly Suslov, Shelepin, and first deputy prime minister Kiril Mazurov, who wrote a joint letter critical of the speech which they intended to be discussed at the next Plenum in March 1970. Brezhnev, however, exerted pressure on Suslov and his colleagues, the Plenum was postponed, the letter withdrawn, and the General Secretary emerged with greater authority and pledges of authority from his erstwhile critics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon200210-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacon200210_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacon2002">Bacon 2002</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillerton1992">Willerton 1992</a>, pp. 62–63 "The Brezhnev network constituted a broad coalition of politicians and interests which was in an organizational position to structure the [Soviet] policy agenda. Trusted subordinates guided those state organizations critical to the realization of the Brezhnev program. Meanwhile, members of this network linked a number of important regional party organizations, both within the RSFSR and outside it, to the regime in Moscow...In general, network members headed the [Central Committee] departments responsible for cadres, party work, and important sectors of the economy. By the mid-1970s, the Politburo members and CPSU secretaries supervising these departments were all Brezhnev protégés. From an organizational standpoint, the Brezhnev-led network of patronage factions was the dominant element in the [Soviet] national leadership..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid2015" class="citation web cs1">Leonid, Brezhnev (2 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1980-2/our-little-father/our-little-father-texts/brezhnev-on-the-theory-of-developed-socialism/">"Brezhnev on the Theory of Developed Socialism"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. World Marxist Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Brezhnev+on+the+Theory+of+Developed+Socialism&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft.aulast=Leonid&rft.aufirst=Brezhnev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1980-2%2Four-little-father%2Four-little-father-texts%2Fbrezhnev-on-the-theory-of-developed-socialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009380-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009380_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009381-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009381_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009381_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999339_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakwa1999">Sakwa 1999</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009382-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009382_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009382_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200240_47-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200735-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200735_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotzWeir2007">Kotz & Weir 2007</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200739-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200739_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotzWeir2007">Kotz & Weir 2007</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200740-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotzWeir200740_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotzWeir2007">Kotz & Weir 2007</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKort2010322-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKort2010322_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKort2010">Kort 2010</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergson1985192_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergson1985">Bergson 1985</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallotShaw198151_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPallotShaw1981">Pallot & Shaw 1981</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegren1998252_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWegren1998">Wegren 1998</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnot198867-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnot198867_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnot198867_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnot1988">Arnot 1988</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009385-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009385_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009386-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009386_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009389-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009389_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009407-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009407_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009397-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009397_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200247_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._JudyRobert_W._Clough1989" class="citation book cs1">Richard W. Judy; Robert W. Clough (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vUopRmnXcC&pg=PA252"><i>in Marshall C. Yovits, ed. "Advances in Computers" vol. 29</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080566610" title="Special:BookSources/9780080566610"><bdi>9780080566610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=in+Marshall+C.+Yovits%2C+ed.+%22Advances+in+Computers%22+vol.+29&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780080566610&rft.au=Richard+W.+Judy&rft.au=Robert+W.+Clough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2vUopRmnXcC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Tompson2014" class="citation book cs1">William J. Tompson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8UeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>The Soviet Union under Brezhnev</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 78–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317881728" title="Special:BookSources/9781317881728"><bdi>9781317881728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+under+Brezhnev&rft.pages=78-82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317881728&rft.au=William+J.+Tompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8UeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20021–2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20021–2_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1999341-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa1999341_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakwa1999">Sakwa 1999</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200228_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007275_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliverAldcroft2007">Oliver & Aldcroft 2007</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottChapter3-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScottChapter3_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane1994" class="citation book cs1">Shane, Scott (1994). "What Price Socialism? An Economy Without Information". <i>Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 75 to 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-048-1"><bdi>978-1-56663-048-1</bdi></a>. <q>It was not the gas pedal but the steering wheel that was failing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Price+Socialism%3F+An+Economy+Without+Information&rft.btitle=Dismantling+Utopia%3A+How+Information+Ended+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=75+to+98&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-048-1&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbth14-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbth14_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbth14_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTer-Ghazaryan2014" class="citation news cs1">Ter-Ghazaryan, Aram (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2014/09/24/computers_in_the_ussr_a_story_of_missed_opportunities_40073.html">"Computers in the USSR: A story of missed opportunities"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond the Headlines</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023155446/https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2014/09/24/computers_in_the_ussr_a_story_of_missed_opportunities_40073.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=Computers+in+the+USSR%3A+A+story+of+missed+opportunities&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Ter-Ghazaryan&rft.aufirst=Aram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fscience_and_tech%2F2014%2F09%2F24%2Fcomputers_in_the_ussr_a_story_of_missed_opportunities_40073.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. Cortada, "Public Policies and the Development of National Computer Industries in Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, 1940—80." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2009) 44#3 pp: 493–512, especially page 509-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Cain, "Computers and the Cold War: United States restrictions on the export of computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2005) 40#1 pp: 131–147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036313">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrey_Kolesnikov2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrey Kolesnikov (17 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.ru/ekonomika-column/vlast/61265-predshestvennik-gaidara?page=0,0">"30 лет назад умер Алексей Косыгин"</a> [A reformer before Yegor Gaidar? Kosygin died for 30 years ago]. <i>Forbes Russia</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Russia&rft.atitle=30+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.au=Andrey+Kolesnikov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.ru%2Fekonomika-column%2Fvlast%2F61265-predshestvennik-gaidara%3Fpage%3D0%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007276-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverAldcroft2007276_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliverAldcroft2007">Oliver & Aldcroft 2007</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009400-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009400_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009401-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009401_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009402-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009402_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009403-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009403_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009403_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200245-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200245_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200248-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200248_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/Labs/Ecohist/OB8/slavkina.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Анализ динамики показателей уровня жизни населения</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Moscow+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.msu.ru%2FLabs%2FEcohist%2FOB8%2Fslavkina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa199828-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa199828_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakwa1998">Sakwa 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_1989_p.-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1989_p._83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1989" class="citation book cs1">Miller, W.G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Toward a More Civil Society?: The USSR Under Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev : an Assessment by the American Committee on U.S.-Soviet Relations</i></a>. Ballinger. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88730-220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88730-220-6"><bdi>978-0-88730-220-6</bdi></a>. <q>Brezhnev's economic programs had led to increases of industrial productivity as well as higher standards of living for most Soviet citizens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+More+Civil+Society%3F%3A+The+USSR+Under+Mikhail+Sergeevich+Gorbachev+%3A+an+Assessment+by+the+American+Committee+on+U.S.-Soviet+Relations&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Ballinger&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88730-220-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009423-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009423_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009416-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009416_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009417-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009417_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009417_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009418-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009418_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009421-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009421_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009422-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009422_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009427-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009427_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerdMoroney20035_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerdMoroney2003">Herd & Moroney 2003</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009398_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009399-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009399_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200285–86-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200285–86_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoth2002">Loth 2002</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200286-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoth2002">Loth 2002</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarinDvoretsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Sarin, Oleg; Dvoretsky, Lev (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari"><i>Alien Wars: The Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989</i></a></span>. Presidio Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari/page/93">93–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891414216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891414216"><bdi>978-0891414216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Wars%3A+The+Soviet+Union%27s+Aggressions+Against+the+World%2C+1919+to+1989&rft.pages=93-4&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0891414216&rft.aulast=Sarin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Dvoretsky%2C+Lev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falienwarssovietu00sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoth200286–87-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoth200286–87_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoth2002">Loth 2002</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonErnst200750–51_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonErnst2007">Anderson & Ernst 2007</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Shelby L. 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Pantheon Books. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394747613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394747613"><bdi>978-0394747613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+War%3A+Vietnam%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Modern+Historical+Experience&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0394747613&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofwarviet00kolk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1971" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (12 September 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30B1FF7355B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9">"Khrushchev's human dimensions brought him to power and to his downfall"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9C%3A+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%E2%80%94+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.pub=Rosbalt.ru&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosbalt.ru%2F2007%2F04%2F25%2F294470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIA_Novosti-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIA_Novosti_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130522/181291682/Brezhnev-Pips-Lenin-as-Russia%27s-Favorite-20th-Century-Ruler.html">"Brezhnev Beats Lenin as Russia's Favorite 20th Century Ruler"</a>. RIA Novosti. 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+Beats+Lenin+as+Russia%27s+Favorite+20th+Century+Ruler&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rian.ru%2Frussia%2F20130522%2F181291682%2FBrezhnev-Pips-Lenin-as-Russia%2527s-Favorite-20th-Century-Ruler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolyandr_2013-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolyandr_2013_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolyandr2013" class="citation web cs1">Kolyandr, Alexander (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2013/05/22/brezhnev-tops-list-of-most-popular-20th-century-moscow-rulers/">"Brezhnev Tops List of Most Popular 20th-Century Moscow Rulers"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Brezhnev+Tops+List+of+Most+Popular+20th-Century+Moscow+Rulers&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.aulast=Kolyandr&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Femergingeurope%2F2013%2F05%2F22%2Fbrezhnev-tops-list-of-most-popular-20th-century-moscow-rulers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/survey-shows-ukrainians-most-negatively-regard-stalin-lenin-and-gorbachev.html">"Survey shows Ukrainians most negatively regard Stalin, Lenin and Gorbachev"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i>. 20 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Survey+shows+Ukrainians+most+negatively+regard+Stalin%2C+Lenin+and+Gorbachev&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fsurvey-shows-ukrainians-most-negatively-regard-stalin-lenin-and-gorbachev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20026-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle20026_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Medvedev, "Brezhnev-A Bureaucrats Profile", <i>Dissent</i> (Spring 1983): 224–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dornberg, <i> Brezhnev: The Masks of Power</i> (1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200229-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconSandle200229_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaconSandle2002">Bacon & Sandle 2002</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corbis-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corbis_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420081848/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-21927891/kiss-of-soviet-leader-brezhnev-and-east">"Kiss of Soviet Leader Brezhnev and East German President Honecker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Entertainment Network">Corbis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-21927891/kiss-of-soviet-leader-brezhnev-and-east">the original</a> on 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiss+of+Soviet+Leader+Brezhnev+and+East+German+President+Honecker&rft.pub=Corbis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbisimages.com%2Fstock-photo%2Frights-managed%2F42-21927891%2Fkiss-of-soviet-leader-brezhnev-and-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span> Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and East German President Erich Honecker kiss on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the German Democratic Republics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE083888/president-brezhnev-kissing-jimmy-carter">"President Brezhnev Kissing Jimmy Carter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Brezhnev+Kissing+Jimmy+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbisimages.com%2Fstock-photo%2Frights-managed%2FBE083888%2Fpresident-brezhnev-kissing-jimmy-carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615191913/http://www.diomedia.com/public/;jsessionid=96EF87F3269069A54FE271059D67DA19.worker2en/10715239/imageDetails.html">"Dubcek and Brezhnev"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diomedia.com/public/;jsessionid=96EF87F3269069A54FE271059D67DA19.worker2en/10715239/imageDetails.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dubcek+and+Brezhnev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diomedia.com%2Fpublic%2F%3Bjsessionid%3D96EF87F3269069A54FE271059D67DA19.worker2en%2F10715239%2FimageDetails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19820301&id=CP0yAAAAIBAJ&pg=5262,8257">"Brezhnev Hugs Poland's Ruler"</a>. <i>The Deseret News</i>. Associatged Press. 1 March 1982. p. 1 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Brezhnev+Hugs+Poland%27s+Ruler&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1982-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D336%26dat%3D19820301%26id%3DCP0yAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5262%2C8257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2009384-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009384_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2009384_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2009">Service 2009</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair. <i>Kissinger's Year: 1973</i>. pp. 159–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger%27s+Year%3A+1973&rft.pages=159-160&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiesa199123-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiesa199123_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiesa1991">Chiesa 1991</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luba Brezhnev, <i>The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past</i> (1995). Discussion of Party corruption covered in Konstantin M. Simis, <i>USSR: The Corrupt Society</i> (1982) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/825581">Online review</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlezkine2017" class="citation book cs1">Slezkine, Yuri (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_KnDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA926"><i>The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 926. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06911-927-27" title="Special:BookSources/978-06911-927-27"><bdi>978-06911-927-27</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Government%3A+A+Saga+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=926&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-06911-927-27&rft.aulast=Slezkine&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_KnDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommy_O'callaghan2018" class="citation web cs1">Tommy O'callaghan (10 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/329294-russian-leader-homes-peter-great-gorbachev">"Peter I's cottage to Gorbachev's lavish dacha: Russian leaders' residences in pictures"</a>. rbth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+I%27s+cottage+to+Gorbachev%27s+lavish+dacha%3A+Russian+leaders%27+residences+in+pictures&rft.pub=rbth&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.au=Tommy+O%27callaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F329294-russian-leader-homes-peter-great-gorbachev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Leonid Brezhnev</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leonid+Brezhnev">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leonid+Brezhnev&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonErnst2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David L.; Ernst, John (2007). <i>The War That Never Ends: New Perspectives on the Vietnam War</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813124735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813124735"><bdi>978-0813124735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Never+Ends%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0813124735&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Ernst%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnot1988" class="citation book cs1">Arnot, Bob (1988). <i>Controlling Soviet Labour: Experimental Change from Brezhnev to Gorbachev</i>. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtPqnvz7XAQC&pg=PA67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873324700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873324700"><bdi>978-0873324700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Soviet+Labour%3A+Experimental+Change+from+Brezhnev+to+Gorbachev&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0873324700&rft.aulast=Arnot&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2002" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Edwin (2002). "Reconsidering Brezhnev". In Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark (eds.). <i>Brezhnev Reconsidered</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333794630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333794630"><bdi>978-0333794630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+Brezhnev&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0333794630&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconSandle2002" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark, eds. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brezhnevreconsid0000unse/mode/2up"><i>Brezhnev Reconsidered</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333794630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333794630"><bdi>978-0333794630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brezhnev+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0333794630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrezhnevreconsid0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergson1985" class="citation book cs1">Bergson, Abram (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovieteconomytow0000unse_z5k3"><i>The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-335053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-335053-9"><bdi>978-0-04-335053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Economy%3A+Toward+the+Year+2000&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-04-335053-9&rft.aulast=Bergson&rft.aufirst=Abram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovieteconomytow0000unse_z5k3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Breslauer, George W. <i>Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders</i> (1982).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (2009). <i>The Rise & Fall of Communism</i>. New York City, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061138799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061138799"><bdi>978-0061138799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Communism&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0061138799&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrutents1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brutents, Karen N. (1998). <i>Тридцать лет на Старой площади (Thirty Years on the Old Square)</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Международные отношения (International Relations). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-0957-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7133-0957-2"><bdi>978-5-7133-0957-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1263966220">1263966220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%28Thirty+Years+on+the+Old+Square%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28International+Relations%29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1263966220&rft.isbn=978-5-7133-0957-2&rft.aulast=Brutents&rft.aufirst=Karen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnePaczkowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Malcolm; Paczkowski, Andrzej (2008). <i>From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980–1981</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9637326844" title="Special:BookSources/978-9637326844"><bdi>978-9637326844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Solidarity+to+Martial+Law%3A+The+Polish+Crisis+of+1980%E2%80%931981&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9637326844&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiesa1991" class="citation book cs1">Chiesa, Giuliettlo (1991). <i>Time of Change: Insider's View of Russia's Transformation</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850433057" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850433057"><bdi>978-1850433057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+of+Change%3A+Insider%27s+View+of+Russia%27s+Transformation&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1850433057&rft.aulast=Chiesa&rft.aufirst=Giuliettlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2000" class="citation book cs1">Childs, David (2000). <i>The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet communism since 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415171816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415171816"><bdi>978-0415171816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Red+Flags%3A+European+Social+Democracy+and+Soviet+communism+since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0415171816&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crump, Thomas. <i>Brezhnev and the Decline of the Soviet Union</i> (Routledge, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifMJAgAAQBAJ&dq=+Leonid+Brezhnev&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Dallin, David. <i>Soviet foreign policy after Stalin</i> (1961) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietforeignpol00dall">online</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1998" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert Vincent (1998). <i>Russia's Transformation: Snapshots of a Crumbling System</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8709-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8709-0"><bdi>0-8476-8709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Transformation%3A+Snapshots+of+a+Crumbling+System&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8476-8709-0&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dönninghaus, Victor, and Andrei Savin. "Leonid Brezhnev: Public Display Versus the Sacrality of Power", <i>Russian Studies in History</i> 52.4 (2014): 71–93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2753/RSH1061-1983520404">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gaddis, John Lewis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd"><i>The Cold War: A New History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594200625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594200625"><bdi>978-1594200625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1594200625&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarnewhistor00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenReeves1993" class="citation book cs1">Green, William; Reeves, W. Robert (1993). <i>The Soviet Military Encyclopedia: A–F</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813314297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813314297"><bdi>978-0813314297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Military+Encyclopedia%3A+A%E2%80%93F&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0813314297&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Reeves%2C+W.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrier2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guerrier, Steven W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBAFEAAAQBAJ">"Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich (1903-1983)"</a>. In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). <i>The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440860768" title="Special:BookSources/9781440860768"><bdi>9781440860768</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Podgorny%2C+Nikolai+Viktorovich+%281903-1983%29&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440860768&rft.aulast=Guerrier&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBAFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdMoroney2003" class="citation book cs1">Herd, Graeme P.; Moroney, Jennifer D. (2003). <i>Security Dynamics in the former Soviet Bloc</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297325"><bdi>978-0415297325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Dynamics+in+the+former+Soviet+Bloc&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415297325&rft.aulast=Herd&rft.aufirst=Graeme+P.&rft.au=Moroney%2C+Jennifer+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenMadeSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Made, Vahur; Smith, David J. (2008). <i>The Baltic Question during the Cold War</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415569347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415569347"><bdi>978-0415569347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Question+during+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415569347&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Made%2C+Vahur&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsby,_R.2023" class="citation book cs1">Hornsby, R. (2023). <i>The Soviet Sixties</i>. 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Hassan (1997). <i>Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520208933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520208933"><bdi>978-0520208933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+Soviet+Invasion+and+the+Afghan+Response%2C+1979%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0520208933&rft.aulast=Kakar&rft.aufirst=M.+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbergFaust2005" class="citation book cs1">Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). <i>China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects</i>. <a href="/wiki/UBC_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UBC Press">UBC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588262486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588262486"><bdi>978-1588262486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+World+Politics%3A+Policies%2C+Processes%2C+Prospects&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1588262486&rft.aulast=Kornberg&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Faust%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kort" title="Michael Kort">Kort, Michael</a> (2010). <i>The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2387-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-2387-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Colossus%3A+History+and+Aftermath&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2387-4&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kotkin, Stephen. <i>Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000</i> (2nd ed., 2008) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195368649/">excerpt</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzWeir2007" class="citation book cs1">Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (2007). <i>Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70146-4"><bdi>978-0-415-70146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Path+from+Gorbachev+to+Putin%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Soviet+System+and+the+New+Russia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-70146-4&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft.au=Weir%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoth2002" class="citation book cs1">Loth, Wilfried (2002). <i>Overcoming the Cold War: a history of détente, 1950–1991</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97111-6"><bdi>978-0-333-97111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+the+Cold+War%3A+a+history+of+d%C3%A9tente%2C+1950%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-97111-6&rft.aulast=Loth&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley1997" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (1997). <i>Who's who in Russia since 1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1"><bdi>0-415-13898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Russia+since+1900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-13898-1&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2008" class="citation book cs1">McCauley, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaamericacol00mcca"><i>Russia, America and the Cold War, 1949–1991</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582279360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582279360"><bdi>978-0582279360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+America+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1949%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0582279360&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaamericacol00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeal1975" class="citation book cs1">McNeal, Robert (1975). <i>The Bolshevik Tradition: Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev</i>. Spectrum. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001VLGRB8">B001VLGRB8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+Tradition%3A+Lenin%2C+Stalin%2C+Khrushchev%2C+Brezhnev&rft.pub=Spectrum&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001VLGRB8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=McNeal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Magnúsdóttir, Rósa. "The Lives and Times of Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev." <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 21.1 (2020): 207–217. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/28/article/747875/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1981" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Paul J. (1981). <i>Brezhnev: Soviet Politician</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899500027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899500027"><bdi>978-0899500027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brezhnev%3A+Soviet+Politician&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0899500027&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverAldcroft2007" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Michael J.; Aldcroft, Derek Howard (2007). <i>Economic Disasters of the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848441583" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848441583"><bdi>978-1848441583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Disasters+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1848441583&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Aldcroft%2C+Derek+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.bookshome.net/book/3299571/e53580">Кто поставил Горбачёва? (Who put Gorbachev?)</a>(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807112401/https://ru.bookshome.net/book/3299571/e53580">Archived</a> 7 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ISBN 978-5-699-40627-2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallotShaw1981" class="citation book cs1">Pallot, Judith; Shaw, Denis (1981). <i>Planning in the Soviet Union</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-571-6"><bdi>978-0-85664-571-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-571-6&rft.aulast=Pallot&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder1993" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Philip G. (1993). <i>Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691019428" title="Special:BookSources/0691019428"><bdi>0691019428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Sunset%3A+The+Failure+of+Soviet+Politics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0691019428&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rutland, Peter, and Victoria Smolkin-Rothrock. "Looking Back at Brezhnev." <i>Russian History</i> 41.3 (2014): 299–306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ruhi/41/3/article-p299_1.xml">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa1998" class="citation book cs1">Sakwa, Richard (1998). <i>Soviet Politics in Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415071536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415071536"><bdi>978-0415071536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Politics+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415071536&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa1999" class="citation book cs1">Sakwa, Richard (1999). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: 1917–1991</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582784659" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582784659"><bdi>978-0582784659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0582784659&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schattenberg, Susanne. "Emotions and Play-acting in the Cold War: How Leonid Brezhnev Won and Lost the West’s Trust", <i>Soviet and Post-Soviet Review</i> 45.3 (2018): 313–341. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/spsr/45/3/article-p313_313.xml">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchattenberg2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schattenberg, Susanne (2017). <i>Leonid Breschnew: Staatsmann und Schauspieler im Schatten Stalins: eine Biographie</i> (in German). Wien: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag" title="Böhlau Verlag">Böhlau Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7788%2F9783412509934">10.7788/9783412509934</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-50209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-50209-6"><bdi>978-3-412-50209-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041432319">1041432319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186937428">186937428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonid+Breschnew%3A+Staatsmann+und+Schauspieler+im+Schatten+Stalins%3A+eine+Biographie&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041432319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186937428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7788%2F9783412509934&rft.isbn=978-3-412-50209-6&rft.aulast=Schattenberg&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schattenberg, Susanne (2021). <i>Brezhnev: The Making of a Statesman</i>. I.B. Tauris.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2003). <i>A History of Modern Russia: From Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01801-X"><bdi>0-674-01801-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Russia%3A+From+Nicholas+II+to+Vladimir+Putin&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01801-X&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2009). <i>History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century</i> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books Ltd">Penguin Books Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674034938" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674034938"><bdi>978-0674034938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Russia%3A+From+Tsarism+to+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674034938&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28a%20history%20of%20Russia%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Robert%20service%29">online</a>).</li> <li>Szumski, Jakub. "Leonid Brezhnev and Edward Gierek: The making and breaking of an uneven friendship." <i>The Soviet and post-Soviet Review</i> 45.3 (2018): 253–286. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/58235422/10.1163_18763324-20181290.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman, William</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevmanhis00taub"><i>Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393051445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393051445"><bdi>978-0393051445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+The+Man+and+His+Era&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0393051445&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhrushchevmanhis00taub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegren1998" class="citation book cs1">Wegren, Stephen (1998). <i>Agriculture and the State in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8585-3"><bdi>978-0-8229-8585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agriculture+and+the+State+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Russia&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8585-3&rft.aulast=Wegren&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesson1978" class="citation book cs1">Wesson, Robert G. (1978). <i>Lenin's Legacy: The Story of the CPSU</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817969226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817969226"><bdi>978-0817969226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Legacy%3A+The+Story+of+the+CPSU&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0817969226&rft.aulast=Wesson&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillerton1992" class="citation book cs1">Willerton, John P. (1992). <i>Patronage and Politics in the USSR</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521392888" title="Special:BookSources/0521392888"><bdi>0521392888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patronage+and+Politics+in+the+USSR&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521392888&rft.aulast=Willerton&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemtsov1989" class="citation book cs1">Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chernenkolastbol00zemt"><i>Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-260-6"><bdi>0-88738-260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chernenko%3A+The+Last+Bolshevik%3A+The+Soviet+Union+on+the+Eve+of+Perestroika&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88738-260-6&rft.au=Zemtsov%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchernenkolastbol00zemt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok2007" class="citation book cs1">Zubok, Vladislav Martinovich (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failedempiresovi00zubo"><i>A Failed Empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press">UNC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807859582" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807859582"><bdi>978-0807859582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Failed+Empire%3A+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+Cold+War+from+Stalin+to+Gorbachev&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0807859582&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav+Martinovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailedempiresovi00zubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Brezhnev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zubok, Vladislav. "‘Do not think I am soft…’: Leonid Brezhnev." in <i>Mental Maps in the Era of Détente and the End of the Cold War 1968–91</i> (2015): 6-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137500960_2">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Leonid Brezhnev</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leonid_Brezhnev" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Leonid Brezhnev">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" class="extiw" title="q:Leonid Brezhnev">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leonid_Brezhnev" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leonid Brezhnev">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765165" class="extiw" title="d:Q765165">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=qBrezhnev">Archival footage of Leonid Brezhnev – Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804021102/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FBrezhnev%2C+Leonid">Annotated Bibliography for Leonid Brezhnev from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OurSoursePeaceandSocialism"><i>Our Course: Peace and Socialism</i>. Collection of Brezhnev's 1973 speeches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026205938/http://cccp.tv/person/leonid_brezhnev/">CCCP TV Videoprograms with L. Brezhnev on Soviet TV portal</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/society/20061219/57182352.html">Brezhnev's rules in 14 points by RIA Novosti</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230483213.pdf">The Anti-Imperialist Empire: Soviet Nationality Policies under Brezhnev</a> by Jason A. Roberts, 2015</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Naidenov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Naidenov (page does not exist)">Pavel Naidenov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the Regional Party Committee of Dnipropetrovsk </b><br />1947–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Coval" title="Nicolae Coval">Nicolae Coval</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Moldova">Communist Party of Moldova</a> </b><br />1950–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gladki" title="Dimitri Gladki">Dimitri Gladki</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">Communist Party of Kazakhstan</a> </b><br />1955–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Yakovlev_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Yakovlev (politician) (page does not exist)">Ivan Yakovlev</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Second_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />15 July 1964–14 October 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a><br /><small>(as First Secretary between 1964 and 1966)</small> </b><br />14 October 1964 – 10 November 1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_SFSR#Heads_of_party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Russian SFSR">Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee<br />of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> </b><br />1964–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> </b><br />7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> </b><br />16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Leonid_Brezhnev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Leonid_Brezhnev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Leonid Brezhnev</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Era_of_Stagnation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stagnation_Era" title="Template talk:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stagnation Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Era_of_Stagnation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">Events (1964–1982)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">1968 Red Square demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings" title="1977 Moscow bombings">1977 Moscow bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Soviet constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-81">Exercise Zapad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">Events (1982–1985)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYAN" class="mw-redirect" title="RYAN">RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 false nuclear alarm incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cotton_scandal" title="Uzbek cotton scandal">Uzbek cotton scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politburo members<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shvernik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shvernik">Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Troika</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governments of the Soviet Union">Governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_First_Government" title="Kosygin's First Government">Kosygin's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Second_Government" title="Kosygin's Second Government">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Third_Government" title="Kosygin's Third Government">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fourth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fourth Government">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosygin%27s_Fifth_Government" title="Kosygin's Fifth Government">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_First_Government" title="Tikhonov's First Government">Tikhonov's 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonov%27s_Second_Government" title="Tikhonov's Second Government">2nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1973 Soviet economic reform">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1979 Soviet economic reform">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Programme" title="Food Programme">Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_Soviet_economic_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 Soviet economic reform (page does not exist)">1984</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eighth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">8th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ninth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">9th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)">10th plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Eleventh five-year plan (Soviet Union)">11th plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Kalinin</a> (1922–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Shvernik</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Voroshilov</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brezhnev</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> (1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Podgorny</a> (1965–1977)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brezhnev</a> (1977–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a> (1983–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a> (1984–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> (1988–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Kuznetsov</a> (1977–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Demichev</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Lukyanov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Yanayev</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1912–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1924–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (Mar.–Dec. 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (<i>acting</i>, Aug. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Administrative Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Cadres_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Cadres Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Foreign Cadres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heavy Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light-_and_Food_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light- and Food Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Light- and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Machine Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisational-party_Work_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisational-party Work of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Organisational-party Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning_and_Financial_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planning and Financial Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Planning and Financial Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Political Administration of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Science and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Consumers%27_Services_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade and Consumers' Services Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Trade and Consumers' Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportation-Communications_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportation-Communications Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Transportation-Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kommunist" title="Kommunist">Bolshevik / Kommunist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_conference_of_1905" title="Tampere conference of 1905">1st (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">2nd (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">3rd (Aug. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">4th (Nov. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">5th (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">6th (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">7th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (May 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (Dec. 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_All-Union_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Aug.–Oct. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Oct.–Dec. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central<br />Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Collegium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by<br />Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Auditing Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara" title="Communist Party of Bukhara">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Khorezm" title="Communist Party of Khorezm">Khorezmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kirghizia" title="Communist Party of Kirghizia">Kirghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Communist Party of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia" title="Communist Party of Moldavia">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Transcaucasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of Transcaucasia (page does not exist)">Transcaucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkestan" title="Communist Party of Turkestan">Turkestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Communist Party of Turkmenistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan" title="Communist Party of Uzbekistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Obkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okrug_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okrug committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Okrugkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Gorkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Raikom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Partkom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_(Soviet_Union)" title="Young Pioneers (Soviet Union)">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ban on factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism" title="Group of Democratic Centralism">Group of Democratic Centralism</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a> (1921–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> (1923–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a> (1923–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> (1924–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a> (1926–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtsov-Lominadze_Affair" title="Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair">Left-Right Bloc</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_affair" title="Ryutin affair">Union of Marxist-Leninists</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)" title="Soyuz (faction)">Soyuz</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Communists_and_Non-Partisans" title="Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans">Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Russian_Revolutionary_Social_Democracy_Abroad" title="League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad">League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Social-Democratic_Union" title="Siberian Social-Democratic Union">Siberian Social-Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Social_Democrats_Abroad" title="Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad">Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Marshals of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Marshals of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marshals of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshals of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Tukhachevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yegorov_(soldier)" title="Alexander Yegorov (soldier)">Yegorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher" title="Vasily Blyukher">Blyukher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Timoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Kulik" title="Grigory Kulik">Kulik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Shaposhnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Vasilevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Konev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Govorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Rokossovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Malinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Tolbukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" title="Kirill Meretskov">Meretskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Sokolovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Bagramyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Biryuzov" title="Sergey Biryuzov">Biryuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Yeryomenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Moskalenko" title="Kirill Moskalenko">Moskalenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Chuikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov" title="Matvei Zakharov">Zakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Golikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krylov_(marshal)" title="Nikolay Krylov (marshal)">Krylov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yakubovsky" title="Ivan Yakubovsky">Yakubovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Batitsky" title="Pavel Batitsky">Batitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Koshevoy" title="Pyotr Koshevoy">Koshevoy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kulikov" title="Viktor Kulikov">Kulikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ogarkov" title="Nikolai Ogarkov">Ogarkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Akhromeyev" title="Sergey Akhromeyev">Akhromeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Kurkotkin" title="Semyon Kurkotkin">Kurkotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Yazov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Moldova" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MoldovanPresidents" title="Template:MoldovanPresidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MoldovanPresidents" title="Template talk:MoldovanPresidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MoldovanPresidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MoldovanPresidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Moldova" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Leaders of Moldova</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Republic</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Ion Inculeț</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Borodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotr Borodin">Piotr Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Salogor" title="Nikita Salogor">Nikita Salogor</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Coval" title="Nicolae Coval">Nicolae Coval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gladki" title="Dimitri Gladki">Dimitri Gladki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinovie_Serdiuk" title="Zinovie Serdiuk">Zinovie Serdiuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bodiul" title="Ivan Bodiul">Ivan Bodiul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semion_Grossu" title="Semion Grossu">Semion Grossu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Lucinschi" title="Petru Lucinschi">Petru Lucinschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Eremei" title="Grigore Eremei">Grigore Eremei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Snegur" title="Mircea Snegur">Mircea Snegur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Lucinschi" title="Petru Lucinschi">Petru Lucinschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin" title="Vladimir Voronin">Vladimir Voronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Ghimpu" title="Mihai Ghimpu">Mihai Ghimpu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Filat" title="Vlad Filat">Vlad Filat</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Lupu" title="Marian Lupu">Marian Lupu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Timofti" title="Nicolae Timofti">Nicolae Timofti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dodon" title="Igor Dodon">Igor Dodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Kazakhstan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Heads of state of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of leaders of Kazakhstan">Leaders of Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">First Secretary</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Mirzoyan" title="Levon Mirzoyan">Levon Mirzoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Skvortsov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Skvortsov (politician)">Nikolay Skvortsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Borkov" title="Gennady Borkov">Gennady Borkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumabay_Shayakhmetov" title="Zhumabay Shayakhmetov">Zhumabay Shayakhmetov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li>Ivan Yakovlev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Belyaev_(politician)" title="Nikolai Belyaev (politician)">Nikolai Belyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Yusupov" title="Ismail Yusupov">Ismail Yusupov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Kolbin" title="Gennady Kolbin">Gennady Kolbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><br />(Chairman of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Kazakhstan" title="Security Council of Kazakhstan">Security Council</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1981–1986)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1976–1981)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/25th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1976–1981)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Fyodor Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1971–1976)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1971–1976)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/24th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1971–1976)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Gennady Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kulakov" title="Fyodor Kulakov">Fyodor Kulakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1966–1971)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1966–1971)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/23rd_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1966–1971)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Gennady Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1961–1966)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1961–1966)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1961–1966)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Gennady Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Leonid Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1959)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1959)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1956–1959)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Belyaev_(politician)" title="Nikolai Belyaev (politician)">Nikolai Belyaev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Kalnb%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Jānis Kalnbērziņš">Jānis Kalnbērziņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pospelov" title="Pyotr Pospelov">Pyotr Pospelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1952–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andrianov_(politician)" title="Vasily Andrianov (politician)">Vasily Andrianov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ignatyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Ignatyev">Semyon Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malyshev" title="Vyacheslav Malyshev">Vyacheslav Malyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailov_(politician)" title="Nikolai Mikhailov (politician)">Nikolai Mikhailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Chesnokov_(politician)" title="Dmitry Chesnokov (politician)">Dmitry Chesnokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Shkiryatov" title="Matvei Shkiryatov">Matvei Shkiryatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Zverev" title="Arseny Zverev">Arseny Zverev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kabanov" title="Ivan Kabanov">Ivan Kabanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patolichev" title="Nikolai Patolichev">Nikolai Patolichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pegov" title="Nikolai Pegov">Nikolai Pegov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Alexander Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tevosian" title="Ivan Tevosian">Ivan Tevosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yudin" title="Pavel Yudin">Pavel Yudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet–Afghan_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Template:Soviet–Afghan War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Template talk:Soviet–Afghan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet–Afghan War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet–Afghan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahideen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unity_of_Afghanistan_Mujahideen" title="Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen">Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shura-e_Nazar" title="Shura-e Nazar">Shura-e Nazar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat" title="Maktab al-Khidamat">Maktab al-Khidamat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Islami Khalis">Hezb-e Islami Khalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity Party of Afghanistan">Hezb-e Wahdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittehad i-Islami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahideen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari" title="Abdul Ali Mazari">Abdul Ali Mazari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Afghan_leader)" title="Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)">Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Wardak" title="Abdul Rahim Wardak">Abdul Rahim Wardak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Afghanistan" title="1979 in Afghanistan">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Afghanistan" title="1980 in Afghanistan">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Afghanistan" title="1981 in Afghanistan">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Afghanistan" title="1982 in Afghanistan">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Afghanistan" title="1983 in Afghanistan">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Afghanistan" title="1984 in Afghanistan">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_Afghanistan" title="1985 in Afghanistan">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_Afghanistan" title="1986 in Afghanistan">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_Afghanistan" title="1987 in Afghanistan">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_Afghanistan" title="1988 in Afghanistan">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_Afghanistan" title="1989 in Afghanistan">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Storm-333">Operation Storm-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khost" title="Siege of Khost">Siege of Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjshir_offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjshir offensives">Panjshir offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Urgun" title="Siege of Urgun">Siege of Urgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maravar_Pass" title="Battle of Maravar Pass">Battle of Maravar Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaber_uprising" title="Badaber uprising">Badaber uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zhawar" title="Battles of Zhawar">Battles of Zhawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaji" title="Battle of Jaji">Battle of Jaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arghandab_(1987)" title="Battle of Arghandab (1987)">Battle of Arghandab (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magistral" title="Operation Magistral">Operation Magistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Hill_3234" title="Battle for Hill 3234">Battle for Hill 3234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arrow" title="Operation Arrow">Operation Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Hoot_uprising" title="3 Hoot uprising">3 Hoot uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_student_protests_in_Kabul" title="1980 student protests in Kabul">Kabul students' uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_aircraft_losses_during_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet aircraft losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War_in_popular_culture" title="Soviet–Afghan War in popular culture">War in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_Mujahideen_during_Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military equipment used by Mujahideen during Soviet-Afghan War">Military equipment used by Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_War_Memorial,_Kyiv" title="Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv">Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films about war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War_films" title="List of Soviet–Afghan War films">List of films</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_9th_Company" title="The 9th Company">The 9th Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Breakdown" title="Afghan Breakdown">Afghan Breakdown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afghantsi" title="Afghantsi">Afghantsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Costs_Paid" title="All Costs Paid">All Costs Paid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(1988_film)" title="The Beast (1988 film)">The Beast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cargo_200_(film)" title="Cargo 200 (film)">Cargo 200</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War_(film)" title="Charlie Wilson's War (film)">Charlie Wilson's War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner_(film)" title="The Kite Runner (film)">The Kite Runner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Daylights" title="The Living Daylights">The Living Daylights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain_(2015_film)" title="The Magic Mountain (2015 film)">The Magic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peshavar_Waltz" title="Peshavar Waltz">Peshavar Waltz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambo_III" title="Rambo III">Rambo III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_from_Afghanistan" title="Pictures from Afghanistan">Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Lake_(film)" title="Bitter Lake (film)">Bitter Lake (documentary)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Category:Soviet–Afghan War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soviet–Afghan War">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template talk:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 – 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Pro-government</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dragunsky" title="David Dragunsky">David Dragunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Shayevich" title="Adolf Shayevich">Adolf Shayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanik" title="Charles Vanik">Charles Vanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Dinitz" title="Simcha Dinitz">Simcha Dinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Levanon" title="Nehemiah Levanon">Nehemiah Levanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Lapidot" title="Yehuda Lapidot">Yehuda Lapidot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Israel)" title="Channel 9 (Israel)">Channel 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russification" title="Template:Russification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russification" title="Template talk:Russification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By annexed territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Azerbaijan" title="Russification">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Romania_(Bessarabia/Moldova)" title="Russification">Bessarabia/Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russification_program" title="Great Russification program">Great Russification program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Latvia" title="Russification">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Lithuania_and_Poland" title="Russification">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers of Russification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov" title="Nikolay Bobrikov">Nikolay Bobrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Russification activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastus Kalinouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n" title="Eduard Polón">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Razin" title="Albert Razin">Albert Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atner_Khuzangai" title="Atner Khuzangai">Atner Khuzangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_orthography_reform_of_1933" title="Belarusian orthography reform of 1933">Belarusian orthography reform of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Russia" title="Russification">Russification in modern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Ukrainian orthography of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valuev_Circular" title="Valuev Circular">Valuev Circular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russification" title="Category:Russification">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000000937478">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42034622">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40110/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhCD3bkPxtxKdcbvfKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118515136">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084765">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11893880z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11893880z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434335">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35021769">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210130&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000084936&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000031000">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/17224">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068849494">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051724">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042616&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=129782">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlf9cq2wl5dfg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662090405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259049305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041308">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511702106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13940738">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0239363X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a77b02e5-b079-4b65-a8f9-1caee429ea64">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795910">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118515136.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118515136">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026751011">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583022">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66t21bm">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=37684">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\R\BrezhnevLeonid">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Brezhnev&oldid=1258350940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Brezhnev&oldid=1258350940</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russification" title="Category:Russification">Russification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Category:Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1982_deaths" title="Category:1982 deaths">1982 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kamianske" title="Category:People from Kamianske">People from Kamianske</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Category:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate">People from 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href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_of_the_Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Candidates of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Candidates of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_of_the_Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Candidates of the Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Candidates of the Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a 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