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searchaux" style="display:none">Finnish entrepreneur and founder of Nokia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eduard Polón</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Polon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eduard_Polon.png/220px-Eduard_Polon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eduard_Polon.png/330px-Eduard_Polon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eduard_Polon.png/440px-Eduard_Polon.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A portrait of Eduard Polón painted by artist <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ulrik Wilhelm Eduard Polón</div><br />16 June 1861<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nastola" title="Nastola">Nastola</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-09-30)</span> (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Kagal_(Finnish_resistance_movement)" title="Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)">Kagal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category">Resistance against <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Russification of Finland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Edith Polón</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ulrik Polón (father)</li><li>Thérèse Strömm (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ulrik Wilhelm Eduard Polón</b> (16 June 1861 – 30 September 1930)<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_Timeline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy_Timeline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Finnish business leader<sup id="cite_ref-FlexMag_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlexMag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a political patriot during the country's years of oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Octava_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his leadership, a rubber industry was launched in the country. He was the founder, CEO, chairman of the board and majority shareholder of <a href="/wiki/Nokian_Tyres" title="Nokian Tyres">Suomen Kumitehdas Oy</a> or the Finnish Rubber Company. His group also designed and introduced a modern timber and cable market in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-FlexMag_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlexMag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interests were eventually known as the <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Octava_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polón opposed the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Russification of Finland</a> during the periods of oppression and was active in leading the resistance organization <a href="/wiki/Kagal_(Finnish_resistance_movement)" title="Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)">Kagal</a>. He was a representative of the bourgeois estate in the parliament from 1905 to 1906. His involvement in the resistance caused him to be deported to Russia in 1916–1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Octava_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polón was born in <a href="/wiki/Nastola" title="Nastola">Nastola</a> in 1861 to Ulrik Polón and Thérèse Strömm.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_Timeline_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy_Timeline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was of <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Finland">Polish</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at a Swedish lyceum in <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a>, becoming friends with his classmate, Werner Söderström, a bookseller who introduced him to a model of a money-making business when he established a publishing house. Polón helped him create a network of agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898, Polón participated in the founding of the rubber company Suomen Kumitehdas and became the company's deputy manager the following year. He served as CEO from 1900 to 1929 and from 1921 he was chairman of the board. It was decided to transfer the plant to the city of Nokia in 1904. Initially, the company faced major financial difficulties. As a result, a number of board members, led by Karl Alfred Paloheimo, wanted to oust Polón as CEO. Polón settled the dispute by buying the shares of Paloheimo and his other opponents and in 1915 became the company's majority shareholder.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the assets he acquired during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Polón created a group around Suomen Kumitehdas, which is now called <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Corporation">Nokia Corporation</a>. In 1918, Polón first acquired Nokia Ab, a <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood processing</a> and power generation company founded by Fredrik Idestam in the 1860s. In 1922, Suomen Kumitehdas, the rubber company, bought Suomen Kaapelitehdas, the Finnish Cable Works, founded by Arvid Wikström in 1912. The 1920s turned out to be a fruitful period of economic success for the Polón Group. Polón increased his prestige by making various donations for the benefit of the workers. This, however, did not prevent the company from drifting into serious labor difficulties in the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polón decided to name the company Nokia, the name of the town where the factories were based, in order to differentiate their products from Russian competitors. </p><p>Although the three companies mentioned were not formally merged owing to legal difficulties, the commercial success of Polón's investments created a "de facto group" or a cluster of three large companies in the early 1920s. The 'holding company' was operated by the board of directors of the Rubber Factory and by its CEO, owner and chairman of the board, Polón.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Of_Nokia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Of_Nokia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polón had to resign as CEO of the Suomen Kumitehdas in November 1929 after suffering from increasing symptoms of paralysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor Torsten Westerlund had long opposed the merging of the companies because he feared that the <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> forces in Finland would insist on <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> as the group had already become too large. The companies were officially merged with Nokia Ab in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Of_Nokia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Of_Nokia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_resistance_and_expulsion">Political resistance and expulsion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political resistance and expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png/220px-Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png/330px-Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png/440px-Kagaalin_j%C3%A4seni%C3%A4.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Members of Kagaal in Träskända Manor in Espoo on 10 April 1903. Eero Erkko second from the right, PE Svinhufvud behind the door and Eduard Polón second from the top.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Polon_Siperiassa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Eduard_Polon_Siperiassa.png/220px-Eduard_Polon_Siperiassa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Eduard_Polon_Siperiassa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Eduard Polón photographed for the Siberian deportation passport in 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first period of oppression, Polón participated in the resistance, becoming the leader of <a href="/wiki/Kagal_(Finnish_resistance_movement)" title="Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)">Kagal</a>. He was therefore forced to resign as Chancellor of the Prison Administration in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the periods of oppression, Polón represented the city of Helsinki in the bourgeois estate in the last days of the 1904–1905 and 1905–1906 estates. He was also a member of the Helsinki City Council from 1906 to 1911. <sup id="cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second oppression, Polón was expelled to Russia's governorate of Kostroma in 1916. He was able to return to Finland the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deportation did not discourage Polón, as he kept track of domestic affairs through correspondences and magazines that were filtered through the war censorship. He managed the Finnish Rubber Factory in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and traded shares on the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Stock Exchange">Helsinki Stock Exchange</a> which led to significant gains during his exile. Finland's best-known banker at the time was Polón's friend, Wilhelm Bensow, who twice traveled to Siberia to meet his customer.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polón accumulated substantial wealth through successful stock investments and was a major shareholder in many companies. He performed charitable work, donating to <a href="/wiki/Marttaliitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Marttaliitto">Marttaliitto</a>, among others. He also served as Marttaliitto's anchor investor. </p><p>Former president <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a> wanted to award Polón the title of Finland's first <a href="/wiki/Vuorineuvos" title="Vuorineuvos">mountain councilor</a>, but Polón refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polón's was married to the writer Edith Polón. They had six children, one of whom died young. His wife predeceased him in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polón's eldest son, Eino Polón, went to Germany in January 1916 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger movement">Jäger movement</a>. It was one of the reasons for his father's expulsion. The younger son, Tauno, was expelled together with Eduard Polón. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polón died in Helsinki's <a href="/wiki/Kaivopuisto" title="Kaivopuisto">Kaivopuisto</a> on 30 September 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Genealogy_Timeline-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_Timeline_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_Timeline_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Eduard-Pol%C3%B3n/6000000001230876550">"Eduard Polón"</a>. <i>Geni</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geni&rft.atitle=Eduard+Pol%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FEduard-Pol%25C3%25B3n%2F6000000001230876550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlexMag-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlexMag_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlexMag_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrydiffer.com/which-country-is-the-founder-of-nokia/">"Which Country is the Founder of Nokia"</a>. <i>CountryDiffer.com: Knowledge About Countries Differences</i>. 14 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CountryDiffer.com%3A+Knowledge+About+Countries+Differences&rft.atitle=Which+Country+is+the+Founder+of+Nokia&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrydiffer.com%2Fwhich-country-is-the-founder-of-nokia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Octava_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Octava_Encyclopedia_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Otava Great Encyclopedia</i> (Otava 1967 ed.). p. part 6, column 1381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otava+Great+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=part+6%2C+column+1381&rft.edition=Otava+1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography_(Finnish)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_(Finnish)_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/4331">"Polón, Eduard (1861 - 1930)"</a>. <i>kansallisbiografia.fi</i>. Finnish Literature Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kansallisbiografia.fi&rft.atitle=Pol%C3%B3n%2C+Eduard+%281861+-+1930%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fkansallisbiografia%2Fhenkilo%2F4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarjalainen2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karjalainen, Hannu (23 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksml.fi/paikalliset/2735095">"Jussi Jalonen - Haavoitettu ritari"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Keskisuomalainen" title="Keskisuomalainen">Keskisuomalainen</a></i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keskisuomalainen&rft.atitle=Jussi+Jalonen+-+Haavoitettu+ritari&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft.aulast=Karjalainen&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksml.fi%2Fpaikalliset%2F2735095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Of_Nokia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_Of_Nokia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_Of_Nokia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäikiö2001" class="citation book cs1">Häikiö, Martti (2001). <i>History of Nokia Corporation</i>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-37-3467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-37-3467-1"><bdi>978-951-37-3467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Nokia+Corporation&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-951-37-3467-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4iki%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Martti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduard+Pol%C3%B3n" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akseli_Biography_of_Polon_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916163712/http://www.akseli.tampere.fi/nokia/tehdas/polon.htm">"Biography of Eduard Polón"</a>. <i>www.akseli.tampere.fi</i>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nokia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nokia" title="Template:Nokia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nokia" title="Template talk:Nokia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nokia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nokia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nokia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Bell_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Bell Labs">Nokia Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Technologies">Nokia Technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nokia_2023.svg/170px-Nokia_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nokia_2023.svg/255px-Nokia_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nokia_2023.svg/340px-Nokia_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGP_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="NGP Capital">NGP Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia#Nuage_Networks" title="Nokia">Nuage Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Nokia#Acquisitions" title="List of acquisitions by Nokia">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopplr" title="Dopplr">Dopplr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthmine" title="Earthmine">earthmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpocket" title="Enpocket">Enpocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F5_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="F5 Networks">F5 Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellisync" title="Intellisync">Intellisync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsilon_Networks" title="Ipsilon Networks">Ipsilon Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaCarta" title="MetaCarta">MetaCarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrowerks" title="Metrowerks">Metrowerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navteq" title="Navteq">Navteq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarra_Inc." title="Novarra Inc.">Novarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazes" title="Plazes">Plazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redback_Networks" title="Redback Networks">Redback Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalado" title="Scalado">Scalado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Siemens Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarterphone" title="Smarterphone">Smarterphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbian_Software" title="Symbian Software">Symbian Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Technophone">Technophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapster_(software)" title="Trapster (software)">Trapster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolltech">Trolltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twango" title="Twango">Twango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withings" title="Withings">Withings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Nokia#Divestments" title="List of acquisitions by Nokia">Divestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Here (company)">Here</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Data">Nokia Data</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Devices_%26_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Devices & Services">Nokia Devices & Services</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViewSonic" title="ViewSonic">Nokia Display Products</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokian_Footwear" title="Nokian Footwear">Nokian Footwear</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokian_Tyres" title="Nokian Tyres">Nokian Tyres</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_Development_Frameworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt Development Frameworks">Qt Development Frameworks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertu" title="Vertu">Vertu</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Desenvolvimento_Tecnol%C3%B3gico" title="Instituto de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico">Instituto de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapelitehdas" title="Kaapelitehdas">Kaapelitehdas</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Arena_(Tel_Aviv)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Arena (Tel Aviv)">Nokia Arena (Tel Aviv)</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Arena_(Tampere)" title="Nokia Arena (Tampere)">Nokia Arena (Tampere)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia House">Nokia House</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Theater_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Theater (New York)">Nokia Theater (New York)</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Theatre_at_Grand_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Theatre at Grand Prairie">Nokia Theatre at Grand Prairie</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Theatre_L.A._Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Theatre L.A. Live">Nokia Theatre L.A. Live</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esko_Aho" title="Esko Aho">Esko Aho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Ahtisaari" title="Marko Ahtisaari">Marko Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Ala-Pietil%C3%A4" title="Pekka Ala-Pietilä">Pekka Ala-Pietilä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Alahuhta" title="Matti Alahuhta">Matti Alahuhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_Baldauf" title="Sari Baldauf">Sari Baldauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Beresford-Wylie" title="Simon Beresford-Wylie">Simon Beresford-Wylie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksi_Eeben" title="Aleksi Eeben">Aleksi Eeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Ehrnrooth" title="Casimir Ehrnrooth">Casimir Ehrnrooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Elop" title="Stephen Elop">Stephen Elop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Green_(technologist)" title="Richard Green (technologist)">Richard Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_D._Gupte" title="Lalita D. Gupte">Lalita D. Gupte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapio_Hakanen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapio Hakanen">Tapio Hakanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt R. Holmström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Iannucci" title="Robert Iannucci">Robert Iannucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Idestam" title="Fredrik Idestam">Fredrik Idestam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Kagermann" title="Henning Kagermann">Henning Kagermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_Kairamo" title="Kari Kairamo">Kari Kairamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olli-Pekka_Kallasvuo" title="Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo">Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Kivek%C3%A4s" title="Lauri Kivekäs">Lauri Kivekäs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Lundmark" title="Pekka Lundmark">Pekka Lundmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._McDowell" title="Mary T. McDowell">Mary T. McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nuovo" title="Frank Nuovo">Frank Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarkko_Oikarinen" title="Jarkko Oikarinen">Jarkko Oikarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorma_Ollila" title="Jorma Ollila">Jorma Ollila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Rantanen" title="Paavo Rantanen">Paavo Rantanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Savander" title="Niklas Savander">Niklas Savander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Scardino" title="Marjorie Scardino">Marjorie Scardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Siilasmaa" title="Risto Siilasmaa">Risto Siilasmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Suri" title="Rajeev Suri">Rajeev Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mika_Tiivola" title="Mika Tiivola">Mika Tiivola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anssi_Vanjoki" title="Anssi Vanjoki">Anssi Vanjoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iiro_Viinanen" title="Iiro Viinanen">Iiro Viinanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simo_Vuorilehto" title="Simo Vuorilehto">Simo Vuorilehto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Weckman" title="Verner Weckman">Verner Weckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Westerlund" title="Björn Westerlund">Björn Westerlund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Microsoft Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMD_Global" title="HMD Global">HMD Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapelitehdas" title="Kaapelitehdas">Kaapelitehdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_tune" title="Nokia tune">Nokia tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbian_Foundation" title="Symbian Foundation">Symbian Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile" title="Alcatel Mobile">Alcatel Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>1</sup><i>Sold</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nokia" title="Category:Nokia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nokia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nokia">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nokia" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Nokia">Wikinews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russification" title="Template:Russification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russification" title="Template talk:Russification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By annexed territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Azerbaijan" title="Russification">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Romania_(Bessarabia/Moldova)" title="Russification">Bessarabia/Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russification_program" title="Great Russification program">Great Russification program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Latvia" title="Russification">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Lithuania_and_Poland" title="Russification">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers of Russification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov" title="Nikolay Bobrikov">Nikolay Bobrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Russification activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastus Kalinouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Razin" title="Albert Razin">Albert Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atner_Khuzangai" title="Atner Khuzangai">Atner Khuzangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_orthography_reform_of_1933" title="Belarusian orthography reform of 1933">Belarusian orthography reform of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Russia" title="Russification">Russification in modern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Ukrainian orthography of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valuev_Circular" title="Valuev Circular">Valuev Circular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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