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id="toc-Rates_in_various_medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rates_in_various_medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rates in various medical conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rates_in_various_medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Complications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Complications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_influencing_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_influencing_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Factors influencing safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_influencing_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caesarean_or_vaginal_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesarean_or_vaginal_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Caesarean or vaginal delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesarean_or_vaginal_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_breech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_breech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Twin breech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_breech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turning_the_baby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turning_the_baby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Turning the baby</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turning_the_baby-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turning the baby subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turning_the_baby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_Labor_in_Breech_Presentation[35]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_Labor_in_Breech_Presentation[35]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mechanism of Labor in Breech Presentation<sup><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_Labor_in_Breech_Presentation[35]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A._Buttocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A._Buttocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>A. Buttocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A._Buttocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B._Shoulders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B._Shoulders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>B. Shoulders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B._Shoulders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C._Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>C. Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Breech birth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مجيء مقعدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجيء مقعدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porod_koncem_p%C3%A1nevn%C3%ADm" title="Porod koncem pánevním – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porod koncem pánevním" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgoriad_ffolennol" title="Esgoriad ffolennol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esgoriad ffolennol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckenendlage" title="Beckenendlage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beckenendlage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86" title="زایمان بریچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زایمان بریچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sentation_du_si%C3%A8ge" title="Présentation du siège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présentation du siège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungsang" title="Sungsang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungsang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96" title="לידת עכוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לידת עכוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyongsang" title="Nyongsang – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nyongsang" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%82" title="पायाळू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पायाळू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuitligging" title="Stuitligging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stuitligging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%A4%E4%BD%8D" title="骨盤位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨盤位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setef%C3%B8dsel" title="Setefødsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Setefødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seteleie" title="Seteleie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Seteleie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_pod%C5%82u%C5%BCne_miednicowe_p%C5%82odu" title="Położenie podłużne miednicowe płodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Położenie podłużne miednicowe płodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_p%C3%A9lvica" title="Apresentação pélvica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apresentação pélvica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Тазовое предлежание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тазовое предлежание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A4tila" title="Perätila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perätila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="การคลอดท่าก้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคลอดท่าก้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Sinh ngược – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh ngược" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%80%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%A8%A9" title="臀位分娩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臀位分娩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q813687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Breech_birth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Birth of a baby bottom first</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the brainwave abnormality, see <a href="/wiki/Breach_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Breach effect">breach effect</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Breech birth</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Breechpre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Breechpre.jpg/220px-Breechpre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Breechpre.jpg/330px-Breechpre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Breechpre.jpg/440px-Breechpre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Drawing of a frank breech from 1754 by <a href="/wiki/William_Smellie_(obstetrician)" title="William Smellie (obstetrician)">William Smellie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>breech birth</b> is when a baby is born bottom first instead of <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">head first</a>, as is normal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 3–5% of <a href="/wiki/Pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant women">pregnant women</a> at term (37–40 weeks pregnant) have a breech baby.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their higher than average rate of possible complications for the baby, breech births are generally considered higher risk.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breech births also occur in many other mammals such as dogs and horses, see <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_obstetrics" title="Veterinary obstetrics">veterinary obstetrics</a>. </p><p>Most babies in the breech position are delivered via <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> because it is seen as safer than being <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal birth">born vaginally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctors and <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> in the developing world often lack many of the skills required to safely assist women giving birth to a breech baby vaginally.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, delivering all breech babies by caesarean section in developing countries is difficult to implement as there are not always resources available to provide this service.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regard to the fetal presentation during pregnancy, three periods have been distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first period, which lasts until the 24th gestational week, the incidence of a <a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)#Lie" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">longitudinal lie</a> increases, with equal proportions of breech or cephalic presentations from this lie. This period is characterized by frequent changes of presentations. The fetuses in breech presentation during this period have the same probability for breech and cephalic presentation at delivery. </p><p>During the second period, lasting from the 25th to the 35th gestational week, the incidence of cephalic presentation increases, with a proportional decrease of breech presentation. The second period is characterized by a higher than random probability that the fetal presentation during this period will also be present at the time of delivery. The increase of this probability is gradual and identical for breech and cephalic presentations during this period. </p><p>In the third period, from the 36th gestational week onward, the incidence of cephalic and breech presentations remain stable, i.e. breech presentation around 3–4% and cephalic presentation approximately 95%. In the general population, incidence of breech presentation at preterm corresponds to the incidence of breech presentation when birth occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A breech presentation at delivery occurs when the fetus does not turn to a cephalic presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure to change presentation can result from endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors involve fetal inability to adequately move, whereas exogenous factors refer to insufficient intrauterine space available for fetal movements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incidence of breech presentation is affected by both maternal and fetal diseases and medical conditions. When these factors are present, the probability of breech presentation is between 4% and 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rates_in_various_medical_conditions">Rates in various medical conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rates in various medical conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Fetal entities:</b> <ul><li>First twin 17–30%</li> <li>Second twin 28–39%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">Stillborn</a> 26%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome" title="Prader–Willi syndrome">Prader–Willi syndrome</a> 50%, <a href="/wiki/Werdnig%E2%80%93Hoffman_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Werdnig–Hoffman syndrome">Werdnig–Hoffman syndrome</a> 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a> 40%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">Fetal alcohol syndrome</a> 40%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Potter anomaly">Potter anomaly</a> 36%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellweger_syndrome" title="Zellweger syndrome">Zellweger syndrome</a> 27%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic dystrophy</a> 21%, <a href="/wiki/13_trisomy_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="13 trisomy syndrome">13 trisomy syndrome</a> 12%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_trisomy_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="18 trisomy syndrome">18 trisomy syndrome</a> 43%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_trisomy_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="21 trisomy syndrome">21 trisomy syndrome</a> 5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lange_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lange syndrome">de Lange syndrome</a> 10%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anencephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anencephalus">Anencephalus</a> 6–18%, <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">Spina bifida</a> 20–30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hydrocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital hydrocephalus">Congenital hydrocephalus</a> 24–37%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">Osteogenesis imperfecta</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyoplasia" title="Amyoplasia">Amyoplasia</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achondrogenesis" title="Achondrogenesis">Achondrogenesis</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">Amelia</a> 50%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">Craniosynostosis</a> 8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_agenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral agenesis">Sacral agenesis</a> 30.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogriposis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthrogriposis">Arthrogriposis</a> multiplex congenita 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_dysplasia#Acquired" title="Hip dysplasia">Congenital dislocation of the hip</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_sensory_neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary sensory neuropathy">Hereditary sensory neuropathy</a> type III 25%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centronuclear_myopathy" title="Centronuclear myopathy">Centronuclear myopathy</a> 16.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_pituitary_hormone_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency">Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency</a> 50%</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolated_pituitary_hormone_deficiency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolated pituitary hormone deficiency (page does not exist)">Isolated pituitary hormone deficiency</a> 20%</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectopic_posterior_pituitary_gland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectopic posterior pituitary gland (page does not exist)">Ectopic posterior pituitary gland</a> 33.3%</li> <li>Congenital bilateral <a href="/wiki/Perisilvian_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Perisilvian syndrome">perisilvian syndrome</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetric_fetal_growth_restriction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symmetric fetal growth restriction (page does not exist)">Symmetric fetal growth restriction</a> 40%</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asymmetric_fetal_growth_restriction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asymmetric fetal growth restriction (page does not exist)">Asymmetric fetal growth restriction</a> 40%</li> <li>Nonimmune <a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">hydrops fetalis</a> 15%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atresia_ani" class="mw-redirect" title="Atresia ani">Atresia ani</a> 18.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcephalus">Microcephalus</a> 15.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalocele" title="Omphalocele">Omphalocele</a> 12.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">Prematurity</a> 40%</li></ul></li> <li><b>Placental and amniotic fluid entities:</b> <ul><li>Amniotic sheet perpendicular to the placenta 50%</li> <li>Cornual–fundal implantation of the placenta 30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_previa" class="mw-redirect" title="Placenta previa">Placenta previa</a> 12.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligohydramnios" title="Oligohydramnios">Oligohydramnios</a> 17%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhydramnios" title="Polyhydramnios">Polyhydramnios</a> 15.8%</li></ul></li> <li><b>Maternal entities:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_arcuatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus arcuatus">Uterus arcuatus</a> 22.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_unicornuatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus unicornuatus">Uterus unicornuatus</a> 33.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_bicornuatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus bicornuatus">Uterus bicornuatus</a> 34.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_didelphys" title="Uterus didelphys">Uterus didelphys</a> 30–41%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_septus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus septus">Uterus septus</a> 45.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a> uteri 9–20%</li> <li>Spinal cord injury 10%</li> <li>Carriers of <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a> 17%</li></ul></li> <li><b>Combination of two medical entities:</b> <ul><li>First twin in uterus with two bodies 14.29%</li> <li>Second twin in uterus with two bodies 18.52%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Also, women with previous caesarean deliveries have a risk of breech presentation at term twice that of women with previous vaginal deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest possible probability of breech presentation of 50% indicates that breech presentation is a consequence of random filling of the intrauterine space, with the same probability of breech and cephalic presentation in a longitudinally elongated uterus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of breech depend on how the baby's legs are lying.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A frank breech (otherwise known as an extended breech) is where the baby's legs are up next to its abdomen, with its knees straight and its feet next to its ears. This is the most common type of breech.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A complete breech (or flexed breech) is when the baby appears as though it is sitting crossed-legged with its legs bent at the hips and knees.<sup id="cite_ref-mayoclinic.org_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A footling breech is when one or both of the baby's feet are born first instead of the pelvis.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is more common in babies born prematurely or before their due date.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A kneeling breech is when the baby is born knees first.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition to the above, breech births in which the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> is the fetal denominator can be classified by the position of a fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-Konar2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konar2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus sacro-anterior, sacro-transverse and sacro-posterior positions all exist but left sacro-anterior is the most common presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Konar2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konar2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacro-anterior indicates an easier delivery compared to other forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umbilical <a href="/wiki/Cord_prolapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord prolapse">cord prolapse</a> may occur, particularly in the complete, footling, or kneeling breech.<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is caused by the lowermost parts of the baby not completely filling the space of the dilated cervix.<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the waters break <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">the amniotic sac</a>, it is possible for the umbilical cord to drop down and become compressed.<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complication severely diminishes <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> flow to the baby, so the baby needs to be delivered immediately so that he or she can breathe. In these circumstances a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is likely to be recommended. If there is a delay in delivery, the brain can be damaged. Among full-term, head-down babies, cord prolapse is quite rare, occurring in 0.4 percent. Among frank breech babies the incidence is 0.5 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among complete breeches 5 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among footling breeches 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Head entrapment is caused by the failure of the fetal head to negotiate the maternal midpelvis. At full term, the fetal bitrochanteric diameter (the distance between the outer points of the hips) is about the same as the biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the skull)—in simplest terms, the size of the hips is the same as the size of the head. The relatively larger buttocks dilate the cervix as effectively as the head does in the typical head-down presentation. In contrast, the relative head size of a <a href="/wiki/Preterm_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterm baby">preterm baby</a> is greater than the fetal buttocks. If the baby is preterm, it may be possible for the baby's body to emerge while the cervix has not dilated enough for the head to emerge. </p><p>Because the umbilical cord—the baby's oxygen supply—is significantly compressed while the head is in the pelvis during a breech birth, it is important that the delivery of the aftercoming fetal head not be delayed. If the arm is extended alongside the head, delivery will not occur. If this occurs, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B8vset%27s_manoeuvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Løvset's manoeuvre (page does not exist)">Løvset manoeuvre</a></i> may be employed, or the arm may be manually brought to a position in front of the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Løvset manoeuvre involves rotating the fetal body by holding the fetal pelvis. Twisting the body such that an arm trails behind the shoulder, it will tend to cross down over the face to a position where it can be reached by the obstetrician's finger, and brought to a position below the head. A similar rotation in the opposite direction is made to deliver the other arm. In order to present the smallest diameter (9.5 cm) to the pelvis, the baby's head must be flexed (chin to chest). If the head is in a deflexed position, the risk of entrapment is increased. Uterine contractions and maternal muscle tone encourage the head to flex. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen deprivation">Oxygen deprivation</a> may occur from either cord prolapse or prolonged compression of the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">cord</a> during birth, as in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_entrapment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Head entrapment (page does not exist)">head entrapment</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen deprivation">oxygen deprivation</a> is prolonged, it may cause permanent <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> damage (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. It has been suggested that a fast vaginal delivery would mean the risk of stopping baby's oxygen supply is reduced. However, there is not enough research to show this and a quick delivery might cause more harm to the baby than a conservative approach to the birth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Injury</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> may occur due to the rapid passage of the baby's head through the mother's <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. This causes rapid decompression of the baby's head. In contrast, a baby going through labor in the head-down position usually experiences gradual molding (temporary reshaping of the skull) over the course of a few hours. This sudden compression and decompression in breech birth may cause no problems at all, but it can injure the brain. This injury is more likely in <a href="/wiki/Preterm" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterm">preterm</a> babies. The fetal head may be controlled by a special two-handed grip called the <a href="/wiki/Mauriceau%E2%80%93Smellie%E2%80%93Veit_maneuver" title="Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit maneuver">Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit maneuver</a> or the elective application of forceps. This will be of value in controlling the rate of delivery of the head and reducing decompression. Related to potential head trauma, researchers have identified a relationship between breech birth and <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_c_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_c-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Squeezing the baby's abdomen can damage internal organs. Positioning the baby incorrectly while using forceps to deliver the after coming head can damage the spine or spinal cord. It is important for the birth attendant to be knowledgeable, skilled, and experienced with all variations of breech birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_influencing_safety">Factors influencing safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Factors influencing safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Birth attendant's skill (and experience with breech birth) – The skill of the doctor or midwife and the number of breech births previously assisted is of crucial importance. Many of the dangers in vaginal birth for breech babies come from mistakes made by birth attendants. With the majority of breech babies being delivered by cesarean section, there is more risk that birth attendants will lose their skills in delivering breech babies and therefore increase the risk of harm to the baby during vaginal delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Type of breech presentation – the frank breech has the most favorable outcomes in a vaginal birth, with many studies suggesting no difference in outcome compared to head-down babies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some studies, however, find that planned caesarean sections for all breech babies improve outcome. The difference may rest in part on the skill of the doctors who delivered babies in different studies.) Complete breech presentation is the next most favorable position, but these babies sometimes shift and become footling breeches during labour. Footling and kneeling breeches have a higher risk of cord prolapse and head entrapment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity (medicine)">Parity</a> – Parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth before. If a woman has given birth vaginally, her pelvis has "proven" it is big enough to allow a baby of that baby's size to pass through it. However, a head-down baby's head often molds (shifts its shape to fit the maternal pelvis) and so may present a smaller diameter than the same-size baby born breech.</li> <li>Fetal size in relation to maternal <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic</a> size – If the mother's pelvis is roomy and the baby is not large, this is favorable for vaginal breech delivery. However, prenatal estimates of the size of the baby and the size of the pelvis are unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperextension" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperextension">Hyperextension</a> of the fetal <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> – this can be evaluated with ultrasound. Less than 5% of breech babies have their heads in the "star-gazing" position, the face looking straight upwards and the back of the head resting against the back of the neck. Caesarean delivery is absolutely necessary because vaginal birth with the baby's head in this position confers a high risk of spinal cord trauma and death.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal development">Maturity</a> of the baby – Premature babies appear to be at higher risk of complications if delivered vaginally than if delivered by caesarean section.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Progress of labor – A spontaneous, normally progressing, straightforward labor requiring no intervention is a favorable sign.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Second <a href="/wiki/Twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Twins">twins</a> – If a first twin is born head down and the second twin is breech, the chances are good that the second twin can have a safe breech birth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg/220px-Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg/330px-Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg/440px-Beckenendlage_MRT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Breech birth position seen on <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As in <a href="/wiki/Labour_(childbirth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (childbirth)">labour</a> with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> begins to thin and open.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the more common breech presentations, the baby's bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and emerge from the vagina.<sup id="cite_ref-PatientInfoProlapsedCord_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatientInfoProlapsedCord-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblique" class="extiw" title="wikt:oblique">oblique</a> position, facing either the right or left side. The baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head. Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head. </p><p>In order to begin the birth, a descent of the podalic pole along with compaction and internal rotation needs to occur. This happens when the mother's <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other. At this point, the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs. Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did. At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back. Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby's head enters the maternal pelvis. The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions causes the baby's head to <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flex</a>, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>. </p><p>Due to the increased <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swollen</a>. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caesarean_or_vaginal_delivery">Caesarean or vaginal delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Caesarean or vaginal delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a baby is born bottom first there is more risk that the birth will not be straightforward and that the baby could be harmed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when the baby's head passes through the mother's pelvis the umbilical cord can be compressed which prevents delivery of oxygenated blood to the baby. Due to this and other risks, babies in breech position are often born by a planned caesarean section in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesarean section reduces the risk of harm or death for the baby if the baby is in breech position but does increase the risk of harm to the mother compared with a vaginal delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is best if the baby is in a head-down position so that they can be born vaginally with less risk of harm to both mother and baby. The next section is looking at <a href="/wiki/External_cephalic_version" title="External cephalic version">external cephalic version</a> (ECV), which is a method that can help the baby turn from a breech position to a head-down position. </p><p>Vaginal birth of a breech baby has its risks but caesarean sections are not always available or possible, a mother might arrive in the hospital at a late stage of her labour or may choose not to have a caesarean section. In these cases, it is important that the clinical skills needed to deliver breech babies are not lost so that mothers and babies are as safe as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with developed countries, planned caesarean sections have not produced as good results in developing countries – it is suggested that this is due to more breech vaginal deliveries being performed by experienced, skilled practitioners in these settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_breech">Twin breech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Twin breech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_breech.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Twin_breech.gif/220px-Twin_breech.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Twin_breech.gif/330px-Twin_breech.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Twin_breech.gif/440px-Twin_breech.gif 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Twin breech (vertex and non-vertex twins)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In twin pregnancies, it is very common for one or both babies to be in the breech position. Most often twin babies do not have the chance to turn around because they are born prematurely. If both babies are in the breech position and the mother has gone into labour early, a cesarean section may be the best option. About 30–40% of twin pregnancies result in only one baby being in the breech position. If this is the case, the babies can be born vaginally. After the first baby who is not in the breech position is delivered, the baby who is presented in the breech position may turn itself around, if this does not happen another procedure may performed called the breech extraction. The breech extraction is the procedure that involves the obstetrician grabbing the second twin's feet and pulling him/her into the birth canal. This will help with delivering the second twin vaginally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, if the second twin is larger than the first, complications with delivering the second twin vaginally may arise and a cesarean section should be offered. At times, the first twin (the twin closest to the birth canal) can be in the breech position with the second twin being in the cephalic position (vertical). When this occurs, risks of complications are higher than normal. In particular, a serious complication is known as <a href="/wiki/Locked_twins" title="Locked twins">Locked twins</a>. This is when both babies interlock their chins during labour. When this happens an urgent cesarean section is recommended<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turning_the_baby">Turning the baby</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turning the baby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turning the baby, technically known as <a href="/wiki/External_cephalic_version" title="External cephalic version">external cephalic version</a> (ECV), is when the baby is turned by gently pressing the mother's abdomen to push the baby from a bottom first position, to a head first position. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to press with more force. <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECV does not always work, but it does improve the mother's chances of giving birth to her baby vaginally and avoiding a cesarean section. The World Health Organisation recommends that women should have a planned cesarean section only if an ECV has been tried and did not work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women who have an ECV when they are 36–40 weeks pregnant are more likely to have a vaginal delivery and less likely to have a cesarean section than those who do not have an ECV.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning the baby before this time makes a head first birth more likely but ECV before the due date can increase the risk of early or premature birth which can cause problems to the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are treatments that can be used which might affect the success of an ECV. Drugs called beta-stimulant tocolytics help the woman's muscles to relax so that the pressure during the ECV does not have to be so great. Giving the woman these drugs before the ECV improves the chances of her having a vaginal delivery because the baby is more likely to turn and stay head down.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other treatments such as using sound, pain relief drugs such as epidural, increasing the fluid around the baby and increasing the amount of fluids to the woman before the ECV could all effect its success but there is not enough research to make this clear.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_Labor_in_Breech_Presentation[35]"><span id="Mechanism_of_Labor_in_Breech_Presentation.5B35.5D"></span>Mechanism of Labor in Breech Presentation<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mechanism of Labor in Breech Presentation[35]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a breech delivery, the process involves a sequential progression of movements for the buttocks, shoulders, and head to facilitate the baby's passage through the birth canal. Here's a breakdown of each stage: </p> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A._Buttocks">A. Buttocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: A. Buttocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Engagement:</b> <ul><li>The buttocks engage in the oblique diameter of the pelvic inlet.</li> <li>The bitrochanteric diameter (approximately 10 cm) leads during this phase.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Descent:</b> <ul><li>The buttocks descend until the anterior buttock reaches the pelvic floor.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Internal Rotation:</b> <ul><li>The anterior buttock rotates to align behind the symphysis pubis.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Further Descent and Lateral Flexion:</b> <ul><li>The anterior hip passes under the symphysis pubis.</li> <li>This is followed by the posterior hip, enabling the delivery of the trunk and lower limbs.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Restitution:</b> <ul><li>After delivery, the buttocks return to their original oblique position.</li></ul></li></ol> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="B._Shoulders">B. Shoulders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: B. Shoulders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Engagement:</b> <ul><li>The shoulders engage with the bisacromial diameter (approximately 12 cm) aligning in the same oblique diameter as the buttocks.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Descent and Internal Rotation:</b> <ul><li>The shoulders rotate into the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet.</li> <li>Simultaneously, the fetal trunk externally rotates.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Delivery:</b> <ul><li>The posterior shoulder delivers first, followed by the anterior shoulder as the trunk flexes.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Restitution and External Rotation:</b> <ul><li>The shoulders rotate back to realign the fetal trunk in a dorsoanterior position.</li></ul></li></ol> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="C._Head">C. Head</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: C. Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Engagement:</b> <ul><li>The fetal head engages in either the opposite oblique or transverse diameter.</li> <li>The suboccipitofrontal diameter (approximately 10 cm) leads this phase.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Descent with Flexion:</b> <ul><li>As the head descends, flexion intensifies.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Internal Rotation:</b> <ul><li>The occiput rotates anteriorly, positioning itself behind the symphysis pubis.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Descent and Flexion for Delivery:</b> <ul><li>The subocciput hinges beneath the symphysis pubis.</li> <li>Delivery of the head occurs through flexion, with the chin, mouth, nose, forehead, and occiput emerging sequentially.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Expulsion:</b> <ul><li>The final expulsion of the head depends on maternal bearing-down efforts rather than uterine contractions.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesa_Boudin" title="Chesa Boudin">Chesa Boudin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Boudin_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boudin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Brady" title="Jordan Brady">Jordan Brady</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brady_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_Garrison" title="Becky Garrison">Becky Garrison</a><sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Joel_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joel-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Michaels" title="Bret Michaels">Bret Michaels</a><sup id="cite_ref-Michaels_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nero_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nero-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatum_O%27Neal" title="Tatum O'Neal">Tatum O'Neal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oneal_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oneal-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shields" title="David Shields">David Shields</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shields_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sinatra_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinatra-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II, German Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Zamora" title="Pedro Zamora">Pedro Zamora</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zappa_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zappa-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitic birth</a>, another abnormal birth position</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000623.htm">"Breech birth: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Breech+birth%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Fpatientinstructions%2F000623.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hof2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hof2015_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmeyrHannahLawrie2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmeyr, GJ; Hannah, M; Lawrie, TA (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6505736">"Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>7</b> (7): CD000166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD000166.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6505736">6505736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26196961">26196961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Planned+caesarean+section+for+term+breech+delivery.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD000166&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6505736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26196961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD000166.pub2&rft.aulast=Hofmeyr&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Hannah%2C+M&rft.au=Lawrie%2C+TA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6505736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttonHofmeyrDowswell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, EK; Hofmeyr, GJ; Dowswell, T (29 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9188447">"External cephalic version for breech presentation before term"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2015</b> (7): CD000084. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD000084.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD000084.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9188447">9188447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26222245">26222245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=External+cephalic+version+for+breech+presentation+before+term.&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD000084&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9188447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26222245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD000084.pub3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=EK&rft.au=Hofmeyr%2C+GJ&rft.au=Dowswell%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9188447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConde-Agudelo" class="citation web cs1">Conde-Agudelo, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301111100/http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/childbirth/breech/acaguide/en/">"Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery: RHL commentary (last revised: 8 September 2003)"</a>. <i>The WHO Reproductive Health Library</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StratOG&rft.atitle=First+stage&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratog.rcog.org.uk%2Ftutorial%2Feasi-resource%2Ffirst-stage-4909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClain2016" class="citation web cs1">McClain, L (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betterbirthblog.org/breech/breech-faq/will-my-newborn-be-different/">"Will my newborn be different? – Better Birth Blog"</a>. <i>Better Birth Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Birth+Blog&rft.atitle=Will+my+newborn+be+different%3F+%E2%80%93+Better+Birth+Blog&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=McClain&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterbirthblog.org%2Fbreech%2Fbreech-faq%2Fwill-my-newborn-be-different%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellspan.org/getImage.ashx?id=161458">"Twin Breech"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+Breech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellspan.org%2FgetImage.ashx%3Fid%3D161458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCluverGyteSinclairDowswell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cluver, C; Gyte, GM; Sinclair, M; Dowswell, T; Hofmeyr, GJ (9 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10363414">"Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2</b> (2): CD000184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD000184.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD000184.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10019.1%2F104301">10019.1/104301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10363414">10363414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674710">25674710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+helping+to+turn+term+breech+babies+to+head+first+presentation+when+using+external+cephalic+version.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD000184&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10363414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25674710&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10019.1%2F104301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD000184.pub4&rft.aulast=Cluver&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Gyte%2C+GM&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+M&rft.au=Dowswell%2C+T&rft.au=Hofmeyr%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10363414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nursingnote.in/2024/11/breech-presentation.html">"Breech Presentation: Definition,Type, Etiology and Mechanism for 3rd Year GNM A Complete Note"</a>. <i>Nursing Note</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nursing+Note&rft.atitle=Breech+Presentation%3A+Definition%2CType%2C+Etiology+and+Mechanism+for+3rd+Year+GNM+A+Complete+Note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursingnote.in%2F2024%2F11%2Fbreech-presentation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boudin-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boudin_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgoren,_Jodi2002" class="citation news cs1">Wilgoren, Jodi (9 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/09/us/from-a-radical-background-a-rhodes-scholar-emerges.html">"From a Radical Background, A Rhodes Scholar Emerges"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+a+Radical+Background%2C+A+Rhodes+Scholar+Emerges&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft.au=Wilgoren%2C+Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F09%2Fus%2Ffrom-a-radical-background-a-rhodes-scholar-emerges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brady_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humorcode.com/i-am-comic-director-jordan-brady-on-spit-takes-and-the-downside-of-supportive-audiences">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Am Comic' Director Jordan Brady on Spit Takes and the Downside of Supportive Audiences"</a>. <i>Interview</i>. The Humor Code. 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interview&rft.atitle=%27I+Am+Comic%27+Director+Jordan+Brady+on+Spit+Takes+and+the+Downside+of+Supportive+Audiences&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumorcode.com%2Fi-am-comic-director-jordan-brady-on-spit-takes-and-the-downside-of-supportive-audiences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison,_Becky2008" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Becky (1 Jan 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ax9i4ExsVcUC&q=%22was+born+breech%22&pg=PA133"><i>The New Atheist Crusaders and Their Unholy Grail: The Misguided Quest to Destroy Your Faith</i></a>. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418574550" title="Special:BookSources/9781418574550"><bdi>9781418574550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Atheist+Crusaders+and+Their+Unholy+Grail%3A+The+Misguided+Quest+to+Destroy+Your+Faith&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9781418574550&rft.au=Garrison%2C+Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dax9i4ExsVcUC%26q%3D%2522was%2Bborn%2Bbreech%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joel-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joel_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Goldman2013" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Goldman (26 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/magazine/billy-joel-on-not-working-and-not-giving-up-drinking.html">"Billy Joel on not working, not giving up drinking and not caring what Elton John says about any of it"</a>. <i>New York Times Magazine</i>. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Billy+Joel+on+not+working%2C+not+giving+up+drinking+and+not+caring+what+Elton+John+says+about+any+of+it&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft.au=Andrew+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F26%2Fmagazine%2Fbilly-joel-on-not-working-and-not-giving-up-drinking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span> Joel attributes the need for double hip replacement surgery to "probably being born with dysplasia." He explains that he was a breech baby and that forceps may have displaced his hips.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKennain,_Mike2010" class="citation web cs1">McKennain, Mike (26 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesheetnews.com/2010/02/26/great-balls-of-wax/">"Great balls of wax"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+balls+of+wax&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft.au=McKennain%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesheetnews.com%2F2010%2F02%2F26%2Fgreat-balls-of-wax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span> Allegedly said, "I was born feet first, and I've been jumpin' ever since."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michaels-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Christine2012" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Christine (15 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422020132/http://bretmichaels.com/site-news/news2/music-for-your-soul-april-15-2012/">"Music for your soul"</a>. <i>His website</i>. Bret Michaels. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretmichaels.com/site-news/news2/music-for-your-soul-april-15-2012">the original</a> on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=His+website&rft.atitle=Music+for+your+soul&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretmichaels.com%2Fsite-news%2Fnews2%2Fmusic-for-your-soul-april-15-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nero-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nero_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeffcken,_Katherine_A.Dickison,_Sheila_KathrynHallett,_Judith_P.2000" class="citation book cs1">Geffcken, Katherine A.; Dickison, Sheila Kathryn; <a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Hallett" title="Judith P. Hallett">Hallett, Judith P.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqDXq3voR_gC&q=%22was+born+breech%22+nero&pg=PA496"><i>Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865164574" title="Special:BookSources/9780865164574"><bdi>9780865164574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Her+Monuments%3A+Essays+on+the+City+and+Literature+of+Rome+in+Honor+of+Katherine+A.+Geffcken&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780865164574&rft.au=Geffcken%2C+Katherine+A.&rft.au=Dickison%2C+Sheila+Kathryn&rft.au=Hallett%2C+Judith+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqDXq3voR_gC%26q%3D%2522was%2Bborn%2Bbreech%2522%2Bnero%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oneal-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oneal_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neal,_Tatum2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Neal, Tatum (4 Oct 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu"><i>A Paper Life</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060751029" title="Special:BookSources/9780060751029"><bdi>9780060751029</bdi></a>. <q>i was born breech.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Paper+Life&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005-10-04&rft.isbn=9780060751029&rft.au=O%27Neal%2C+Tatum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaperlife00tatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shields_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields,_David2009" class="citation book cs1">Shields, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vKZt_e3WQkC&q=breech&pg=PA2"><i>The Thing about Life Is That One Day You'll Be Dead</i></a>. Random House LLC. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307387967" title="Special:BookSources/9780307387967"><bdi>9780307387967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thing+about+Life+Is+That+One+Day+You%27ll+Be+Dead&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780307387967&rft.au=Shields%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vKZt_e3WQkC%26q%3Dbreech%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinatra-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinatra_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantopietro,_Tom2009" class="citation book cs1">Santopietro, Tom (10 Nov 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=el-U8apn90UC&q=%22frank+sinatra%22+breech+birth&pg=PA12"><i>Sinatra in Hollywood</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429964746" title="Special:BookSources/9781429964746"><bdi>9781429964746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinatra+in+Hollywood&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.isbn=9781429964746&rft.au=Santopietro%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Del-U8apn90UC%26q%3D%2522frank%2Bsinatra%2522%2Bbreech%2Bbirth%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilhelm-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam,_William_L.2001" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, William L. (2001). <i>The Kaiser's merchant ships in World War I</i>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+merchant+ships+in+World+War+I&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Putnam%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Winick,_Judd" class="mw-redirect" title="Winick, Judd">Winick, Judd</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_and_Me:_Friendship,_Loss,_and_What_I_Learned" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro and Me: Friendship, Loss, and What I Learned">Pedro and Me: Friendship, Loss, and What I Learned</a></i>. Henry Holt & Co. pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zappa-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zappa_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles,_Barry2004" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Barry (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zappa0000mile"><i>Zappa</i></a></span>. Grove Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zappa0000mile/page/5">5</a>. <q>was born breech.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zappa&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Miles%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzappa0000mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreech+birth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breech_birth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2031173.stm">Breech birth controversies in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glowm.com/resource-type/resource/skills/title/vaginal-breech-delivery/resource-doc/1545">GLOWM video demonstrating vaginal breech delivery techniques</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813687" class="extiw" title="d:Q813687">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/O32.1">O32.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/O64.1">O64.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/O80.1">O80.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/O83.0">O83.0</a>, P03.0</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=652.1">652.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001946">D001946</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1631.htm">1631</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002060.htm">002060</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3272-overview">med/3272</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic868.htm#">emerg/868</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Template:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Template talk:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pathology of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">puerperium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_with_abortive_outcome" title="Pregnancy with abortive outcome">Pregnancy with<br />abortive outcome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_loss" title="Embryo loss">Embryo loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_resorption" title="Fetal resorption">Fetal resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">hypertensive disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational hypertension">Gestational hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">Pre-eclampsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HELLP_syndrome" title="HELLP syndrome">HELLP syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other, predominantly<br /> related to pregnancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">dermatoses of pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_pemphigoid" title="Gestational pemphigoid">Gestational pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo_herpetiformis" title="Impetigo herpetiformis">Impetigo herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linea_nigra" title="Linea nigra">Linea nigra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_gestationis" title="Prurigo gestationis">Prurigo gestationis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_urticarial_papules_and_plaques_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy">Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_marks" title="Stretch marks">Stretch marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorea_gravidarum" title="Chorea gravidarum">Chorea gravidarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_thrombocytopenia" title="Gestational thrombocytopenia">Gestational thrombocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal care related to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic cavity">amniotic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligohydramnios" title="Oligohydramnios">Oligohydramnios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhydramnios" title="Polyhydramnios">Polyhydramnios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Hicks_contractions" title="Braxton Hicks contractions">Braxton Hicks contractions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_hematoma" title="Chorionic hematoma">Chorionic hematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constriction_ring_syndrome" title="Constriction ring syndrome">Constriction ring syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamniotic_twins" title="Monoamniotic twins">Monoamniotic twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes" title="Prelabor rupture of membranes">Prelabor rupture of membranes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antepartum_bleeding" title="Antepartum bleeding">Antepartum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumvallate_placenta" title="Circumvallate placenta">Circumvallate placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochorionic_twins" title="Monochorionic twins">Monochorionic twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_accreta_spectrum" title="Placenta accreta spectrum">Placenta accreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_abruption" title="Placental abruption">Placental abruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication" title="Obstetric labor complication">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid_embolism" title="Amniotic fluid embolism">Amniotic fluid embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopelvic_disproportion" title="Cephalopelvic disproportion">Cephalopelvic disproportion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labour" title="Obstructed labour">Obstructed labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia" title="Shoulder dystocia">Shoulder dystocia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_distress" title="Fetal distress">Fetal distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked_twins" title="Locked twins">Locked twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management_during_childbirth" title="Pain management during childbirth">Pain management during childbirth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_accreta_spectrum" title="Placenta accreta spectrum">Placenta accreta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postmature birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_inversion" title="Uterine inversion">Uterine inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_rupture" title="Uterine rupture">Uterine rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_praevia" title="Vasa praevia">Vasa praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_atony" title="Uterine atony">Uterine atony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puerperal_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal disorder">Puerperal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_milk_supply" title="Low milk supply">Low milk supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">Cracked nipples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_engorgement" title="Breast engorgement">Breast engorgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth-related_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder">Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis_diastasis" title="Pubic symphysis diastasis">Pubic symphysis diastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripartum_cardiomyopathy" title="Peripartum cardiomyopathy">Peripartum cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infections" title="Postpartum infections">Postpartum infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_thyroiditis" title="Postpartum thyroiditis">Postpartum thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerperal_mastitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal mastitis">Puerperal mastitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Concomitant conditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disorders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity_during_pregnancy" title="Sexual activity during pregnancy">Sexual activity during pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth_and_the_puerperium" title="Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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