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id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_vaginal_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_vaginal_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Benefits of vaginal delivery</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_vaginal_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of vaginal delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_vaginal_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stages of labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_complications_of_vaginal_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_complications_of_vaginal_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Risks and complications of vaginal delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_complications_of_vaginal_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications_to_vaginal_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications_to_vaginal_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contraindications to vaginal delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications_to_vaginal_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولادة مهبلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولادة مهبلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membys%E1%BA%BD_tako_rupi" title="Membysẽ tako rupi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Membysẽ tako rupi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto_vaginal" title="Parto vaginal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parto vaginal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="زایمان طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زایمان طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5" title="योनि प्रसव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योनि प्रसव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persalinan_normal" title="Persalinan normal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persalinan normal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parto_naturale" title="Parto naturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parto naturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വാഭാവിക പ്രസവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വാഭാവിക പ്രസവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersalin_melalui_faraj" title="Bersalin melalui faraj – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bersalin melalui faraj" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_f%C3%B6rlossning" title="Vaginal förlossning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vaginal förlossning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="การคลอดทางช่องคลอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคลอดทางช่องคลอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajinal_do%C4%9Fum" title="Vajinal doğum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vajinal doğum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADb%C3%AD_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8D_gboju_obo_(Vaginal_delivery)" title="Bíbí ọmọ gboju obo (Vaginal delivery) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bíbí ọmọ gboju obo (Vaginal delivery)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%94%A2" title="順產 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="順產" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Delivery through the vagina</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For vaginal delivery in pharmacology, see <a href="/wiki/Intravaginal_administration" title="Intravaginal administration">Intravaginal administration</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg/400px-2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="626" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg/600px-2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg/800px-2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>Sequence of images showing the stages of a <i>normal vaginal delivery</i> (NVD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png/290px-Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="580" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png/435px-Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png/580px-Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sequence of images showing stages of an <b>instrumental vaginal delivery</b></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vaginal delivery</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby">babies</a> in humans) through the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> (also called the "birth canal").<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most common method of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the preferred method of delivery, as it is correlated with lower <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> than <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean sections</a> (C-sections),<sup id="cite_ref-Desai_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is not clear whether this is causal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>70% of births in the United States in 2019 were vaginal deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global">Global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>80% of births globally in 2021 were vaginal deliveries, with rates varying from 95% in sub-Saharan Africa to 45% in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_of_vaginal_delivery">Benefits of vaginal delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefits of vaginal delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother">Mother</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mother"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benefits for the mother include </p> <ul><li>Avoiding surgery and resulting quicker recovery time and shorter hospital admission<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Quicker onset of lactation<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decreased complications in future pregnancies, including <a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">placenta previa</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infant">Infant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benefits for the infant include: </p> <ul><li>Develop microbiota from exposure to the bacteria from the mother's vagina, while the microbiota of babies born by <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> have more bacteria associated with hospital environments.<sup id="cite_ref-VaginalBirthMicrobiota_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaginalBirthMicrobiota-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decreased infant respiratory conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">infant respiratory distress syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">transient tachypnea of the newborn</a>, and respiratory-related <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">NICU</a> admissions<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improved immune function, possibly due to the infant's exposure to normal vaginal and gut bacteria during vaginal birth<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_vaginal_delivery">Types of vaginal delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of vaginal delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different types of vaginal deliveries have different terms: </p> <ul><li>A <i>spontaneous vaginal delivery</i> (<i>SVD</i>) occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a> woman goes into <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">labor</a> without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby without <a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">forceps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventouse">vacuum extraction</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Cesarean_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarean section">cesarean section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <i>induced vaginal delivery</i> is a delivery involving <a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">labor induction</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs">drugs</a> or manual techniques are used to initiate labor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaginal delivery can be either spontaneous or induced.</li> <li>An <i>assisted vaginal delivery</i> (<i>AVD</i>) or <i>instrumental vaginal delivery</i> occurs when a pregnant woman requires the use of special instruments such as forceps or a vacuum extractor to deliver her baby vaginally.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually performed when the pregnancy does not progress during the second stage of labor. If the goal is to avoid the adverse effects of pushing that a cardiac patient may experience, it may also be performed in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both spontaneous and induced vaginal delivery can be assisted. Examples of instruments to assist delivery include <a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_forceps" title="Obstetrical forceps">obstretical forceps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_extraction" title="Vacuum extraction">vacuum extraction with a vacuum cup device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages_of_labor">Stages of labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stages of labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of labor">Stages of labor</a></div> <p>Labor is characterized by uterine contractions which push the fetus through the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">birth canal</a> and results in delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor is divided into three stages. </p> <ol><li><i>First stage of labor</i> starts with the onset of contractions and finishes when the cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stage can further be divided into latent and active labor. The latent phase is defined by cervical dilation of 0 to 6 cm. The active phase is defined by cervical dilation of 6 cm to 10 cm.</li> <li><i>Second stage of labor</i> starts when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm and finishes with the birth of the baby. This stage is characterized by strong contractions and active pushing by the mother. It can last from 20 minutes to 2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Third stage of labor</i> starts after the birth of the baby and is finished when the placenta is delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can last from 5 to 30 minutes.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_complications_of_vaginal_delivery">Risks and complications of vaginal delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Risks and complications of vaginal delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complications of vaginal delivery can be grouped into the following criteria; failure to progress, abnormal fetal heart rate tracing, intrapartum hemorrhage, and post-partum hemorrhage. </p><p><i>Failure to progress</i> occurs when the labor process slows or stops entirely, indicated by slowed cervical dilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai_2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors that place a woman's pregnancy at higher risk include advanced maternal age, Premature Rupture of Membranes (<a href="/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes" title="Prelabor rupture of membranes">PROM</a>) and induction of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheiner_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheiner_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitocin, a synthetic version of oxytocin, is often administered to induce labour. Oxytocin is a natural hormone and a <a href="/wiki/Uterotonic" title="Uterotonic">uterotonic agent</a> which stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and initiate labour. <sup id="cite_ref-Husain2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husain2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cesarean section is also commonly considered when the pregnancy fails to progress.<sup id="cite_ref-James2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Abnormal fetal heart tracing</i> suggests that the fetus's heart rate has slowed during labor due to head compression, cord compression, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a> or anemia.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai_2021_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uterine_tachysystole" title="Uterine tachysystole">Uterine tachysystole</a>, the most common adverse effect of oxytocin (usually as a result of a problematic dosage), can result in nonreassuring fetal heart tracing. It can usually be reversed when oxytocin infusion is decreased or stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Bienstock2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bienstock2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the abnormal fetal heart rate persists, and uterine tachysystole continues, <a href="/wiki/Tocolytic" title="Tocolytic">tocolytic</a> remedies, such as <a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">terbutaline</a>, may be used. Afterward, if beneficial and uterine tone has returned to baseline and fetal status is stable, oxytocin as a labor augmenting agent may be resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbe2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persistence of an abnormal fetal heart rate may also indicate that a cesarean section is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Keenan-Lindsay2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keenan-Lindsay2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Intrapartum_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrapartum haemorrhage">Intrapartum hemorrhage</a></i> is characterized by the presence of copious blood during labor. The bleeding may be due to placental abruption, uterine rupture, placenta accrete, undiagnosed placenta previa, or vasa previa.<sup id="cite_ref-Desai_2021_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cesarean section is indicated. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Post-partum hemorrhage</a></i> is defined by the loss of at least 1,000 mL of blood accompanied with symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a> within 24 hours after delivery. Typically, the first symptom is excessive bleeding accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>. Significant loss of blood may also result in <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, nausea, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">dyspnea</a>, and chest pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 3% and 5% of women giving birth vaginally will experience post-partum hemorrhage. Risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">fetal macrosomia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>, and prolonged labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevention consists of administering oxytocin (<a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_(medication)" title="Oxytocin (medication)">Pitocin</a>) at delivery and early umbilical cord clamping.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-partum hemorrhage is usually attributed to uterus atony, when the uterus fails to contract after delivering the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of discrepancies in diagnostic criteria and <a href="/wiki/Human_variability" title="Human variability">human variability</a>, there is wide variation in data on maternal and fetal death associated with poor progress.<sup id="cite_ref-James2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 1 in 10 women with assisted vaginal births develop an infection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preventive <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> are recommended to women who have had an assisted vaginal birth by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis has showed that preventive antibiotics reduce the risk of infection after an assisted vaginal birth, irrespective of whether a woman has had a <a href="/wiki/Perineal_tear" title="Perineal tear">perineal tear</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">episiotomy</a>, or both. Delays in receiving antibiotics also increases the risk of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications_to_vaginal_delivery">Contraindications to vaginal delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contraindications to vaginal delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spontaneous vaginal delivery at term is the preferred outcome of pregnancy, and according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, will be recommended if there are no evidence-based clinical indications for <a href="/wiki/Cesarean_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarean section">Cesarean section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Federation_of_Gynecology_and_Obstetrics_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federation_of_Gynecology_and_Obstetrics-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some contraindications for vaginal delivery that would result in conversion to Cesarean delivery. The decision to switch to Cesarean delivery is made by the health care provider and mother and is sometimes delayed until the mother is in labor. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></i> presentations occur when the fetus's buttocks or lower extremities are poised to deliver before the fetus's upper extremities or head. The three types of breech positions are footling breech, frank breech, and complete breech. These births occur in 3% to 4% of all term pregnancies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually result in Cesarean sections because it is more difficult to deliver the baby through the birth canal and there is a lack of expertise in vaginal breech delivery and therefore fewer vaginal breech deliveries performed. It is also associated with cord prolapse and an elevated risk for birth defects in breech babies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversy and debate surround the topic due to different views on the preferred route of delivery when breech presentation occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray2021_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mattuizzi2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattuizzi2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some health professionals believe that vaginal breech delivery can be a safe alternative to planned Cesarean in certain instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray2021_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Complete <a href="/wiki/Placenta_previa" class="mw-redirect" title="Placenta previa">placenta previa</a></i> occurs when the placenta covers the opening of the cervix. If placenta previa is present at the time of delivery, vaginal delivery is contraindicated because the placenta is blocking the fetus's passageway to the vaginal canal. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">Herpes simplex virus</a> with active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms</i> is a contraindication for vaginal delivery so as to avoid mother-fetal transfer of HSV lesions. </p><p><i>Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (<a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>) infection</i> is a contraindication for vaginal delivery to avoid mother-fetal transfer of human immunodeficiency virus.<sup id="cite_ref-AAFP_VaginalDelivery_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAFP_VaginalDelivery-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Vaginal_birth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarian section">Caesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Patterson_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPattersonWinslowMatus2008" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson DA, Winslow M, Matus CD (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0801/p336.html">"Spontaneous vaginal delivery"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 336–41. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18711948">18711948</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_relating_to_pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Template:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Template talk:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obstetrical_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obstetrical procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_relating_to_pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures relating to <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold%27s_maneuvers" title="Leopold's maneuvers">Leopold's maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fetal tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_scan" title="Nuchal scan">Nuchal scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_scan" title="Anomaly scan">Anomaly scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-rump_length" title="Crown-rump length">Crown-rump length</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_movement#Monitoring_fetal_movement" title="Fetal movement">Fetal movement counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_stress_test" title="Contraction stress test">Contraction stress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibroacoustic_stimulation" title="Vibroacoustic stimulation">Vibroacoustic stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_profile" title="Biophysical profile">Biophysical profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid_index" title="Amniotic fluid index">Amniotic fluid index</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sampling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_test" title="Triple test">Triple test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_test#Quadruple_test" title="Triple test">Quad test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetoscopy" title="Fetoscopy">Fetoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_scalp_blood_testing" title="Fetal scalp blood testing">Fetal scalp blood testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_scalp_stimulation_test" title="Fetal scalp stimulation test">Fetal scalp stimulation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_umbilical_cord_blood_sampling" title="Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling">Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_denaturation_test" title="Alkali denaturation test">Apt test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleihauer%E2%80%93Betke_test" title="Kleihauer–Betke test">Kleihauer–Betke test</a></li> <li>Lung maturity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecithin%E2%80%93sphingomyelin_ratio" title="Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio">Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_body_count" title="Lamellar body count">Lamellar body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_fibronectin" title="Fetal fibronectin">Fetal fibronectin test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_surgery" title="Fetal surgery">Fetal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetendo" title="Fetendo">Fetendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalic_version" title="Podalic version">Podalic version</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_cephalic_version" title="External cephalic version">External cephalic version</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnioinfusion" title="Amnioinfusion">Amnioinfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaginal delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operative_vaginal_delivery" title="Operative vaginal delivery">Assisted vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_rupture_of_membranes" title="Artificial rupture of membranes">Artificial rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphysiotomy" title="Symphysiotomy">Symphysiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_forceps" title="Obstetrical forceps">Obstetrical forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_extraction" title="Vacuum extraction">Vacuum extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_device" title="Odon device">Odon device</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia#Procedures" title="Shoulder dystocia">Dystocia management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McRoberts_maneuver" title="McRoberts maneuver">McRoberts maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_screw_maneuver" title="Wood's screw maneuver">Wood's screw maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavanelli_maneuver" title="Zavanelli maneuver">Zavanelli maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Third_stage:_placenta_delivery" title="Childbirth">Third stage of labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_expulsion#Manual_placenta_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placenta expulsion">Manual placenta removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_delivery_on_maternal_request" title="Caesarean delivery on maternal request">On maternal request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXIT_procedure" title="EXIT procedure">EXIT procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitative_hysterotomy" title="Resuscitative hysterotomy">Resuscitative hysterotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">Hysterectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Lynch_suture" title="B-Lynch suture">B-Lynch suture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&oldid=1249325575">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_delivery&oldid=1249325575</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Childbirth" 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