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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage to Gustav Mahler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Gustav_Mahler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Walter_Gropius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Walter_Gropius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with Walter Gropius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Walter_Gropius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Franz_Werfel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Franz_Werfel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with Franz Werfel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Franz_Werfel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_icon_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_icon_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural icon in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_icon_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi-looted_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi-looted_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nazi-looted art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi-looted_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Alma_Problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Alma_Problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Alma Problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Alma_Problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As a composer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alma Mahler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ألما مالر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألما مالر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альма Малер-Верфель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альма Малер-Верфель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahlerov%C3%A1" title="Alma Mahlerová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alma Mahlerová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Maria_Schindler" title="Alma Maria Schindler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alma Maria Schindler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άλμα Μάλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλμα Μάλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلما مالر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلما مالر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A7%88_%EB%A7%90%EB%9F%AC" title="알마 말러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알마 말러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ալմա Մալեր-Վերֆել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալմա Մալեր-Վերֆել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler_Schindler" title="Alma Mahler Schindler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alma Mahler Schindler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="אלמה מאהלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלמה מאהלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альма Мария Малер-Верфель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альма Мария Малер-Верфель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C4%81lere" title="Alma Mālere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alma Mālere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Maria_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Maria Mahler-Werfel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alma Maria Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="الما مالر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الما مالر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="アルマ・マーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルマ・マーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler-Werfel" title="Alma Mahler-Werfel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alma Mahler-Werfel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Малер-Верфель, Альма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малер-Верфель, Альма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahlerov%C3%A1" title="Alma Mahlerová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alma Mahlerová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алма Малер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алма Малер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alma Mahler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian composer (1879–1964)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alma Mahler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg/220px-Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg/330px-Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg/440px-Alma_Mahler_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2191" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mahler in 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-08-31</span>)</span>31 August 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1964<span style="display:none">(1964-12-11)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Grinzing" title="Grinzing">Grinzing</a> Cemetery, Vienna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Austria</li> <li>United States (from 1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Composer</li><li>socialite</li><li>author</li><li>editor</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1902; died 1911)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1915; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1920)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929; died 1945)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alma Mahler-Werfel</b> (born <b>Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler</b>; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964) was an Austrian composer, author, editor, and <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a>. Musically active from her early years, she was the composer of nearly fifty songs for voice and piano, and works in other genres as well. 17 songs are known to have survived. At 15, she was mentored by <a href="/wiki/Max_Burckhard" title="Max Burckhard">Max Burckhard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She married composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> but he died in 1911. In 1915, Alma married <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, and they had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon Gropius</a>. Throughout her marriage to Gropius, Alma engaged in an affair with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>. Following her separation from Gropius, Alma and Werfel eventually married. </p><p>In 1938, after <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Nazi Germany annexed Austria</a>, Werfel and Alma fled, as it was unsafe for the Jewish Werfel. Eventually the couple settled in Los Angeles. In later years, her salon became part of the artistic scene, first in Vienna, then in Los Angeles and New York. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alma Maria Schindler was born on 31 August 1879 in Vienna, Austria, (then <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>) to the famous landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jakob_Schindler" title="Emil Jakob Schindler">Emil Jakob Schindler</a> and his wife Anna Sofie. She was tutored at home and brought up in the Catholic Church. In 1886, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Rudolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Rudolf">Crown Prince Rudolf</a> found interest in Emil Jakob Schindler's paintings and commissioned Schindler to take a trip with his family to the Adriatic coast to produce landscape paintings. In 1892, the family also traveled to the North Sea island of Sylt, where Emil Schindler died.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–7">: 1–7 </span></sup> </p><p>After her father's death, Alma focused on the piano. She studied composition and counterpoint with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Labor" title="Josef Labor">Josef Labor</a>, a blind organist who introduced her to a "great deal of literature". At 15, she was sent to school but attended for only a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–7">: 1–7 </span></sup> As she grew older, a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing. <a href="/wiki/Max_Burckhard" title="Max Burckhard">Max Burckhard</a>, a friend of Emil Schindler and director of Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Burgtheater" title="Burgtheater">Burgtheater</a> theater, became Alma's mentor. On Alma's 17th birthday, Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books. In 1895, Anna Schindler, Alma's mother, married <a href="/wiki/Carl_Moll" title="Carl Moll">Carl Moll</a>, Emil Schindler's student.<sup id="cite_ref-macleans_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleans-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–10">: 8–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Alma met <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a> through Carl Moll. Moll and Klimt were both founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>, "a group organized for the purpose of breaking with Vienna's tradition-bound Imperial Academy of the visual arts". Klimt fell in love with Alma. While she initially was interested in Klimt, her desire cooled soon after. Klimt and Alma were friends until Klimt's death. In autumn 1900, Alma began studying composition with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>. Zemlinsky and Alma fell in love and kept their relationship a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–16">: 10–16 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg/170px-Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg/255px-Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg/340px-Gustav_Mahler_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Gustav Mahler in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Alma teased Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features, saying she could easily have "ten others" to replace him. She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would "bring short, degenerate Jew-children into the world".<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–35">: 16–35 </span></sup> As the relationship grew strained, Zemlinsky visited her less and less. On 7 November 1901, she attended <a href="/wiki/Berta_Zuckerkandl" title="Berta Zuckerkandl">Zuckerkandl's</a> salon where she began a flirtation with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>. In the month of November, while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky, she started an affair with Mahler. By 8 December, Mahler and Alma secretly were engaged; however, it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–35">: 16–35 </span></sup> The engagement was formally announced on 23 December.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Gustav_Mahler">Marriage to Gustav Mahler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage to Gustav Mahler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg/170px-Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg/255px-Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg/340px-Alma_Mahler_with_Maria_and_Anna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Alma Mahler with her daughters Maria (at left) and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna</a> (at right); cabinet card photo <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1906</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_1918_gropius_manon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Alma_1918_gropius_manon.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and Alma Mahler with their daughter <a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 March 1902, she married Gustav Mahler, who was 19 years her senior and the director of the Vienna Court Opera.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> With him she had two daughters, Maria Anna (1902–1907), who died of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna</a> (1904–1988), who later became a sculptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 233, 251">: 233, 251 </span></sup> Gustav was not interested in Alma's composition, desiring for her to abandon composing. Although one scholar disputes whether or not Gustav outright forbade Alma Mahler to compose,<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> the lengthy letter Gustav sent her on 19 December 1901 is emphatic that she must give up composing, and Alma did artistically stifle herself and embraced the role of a loving wife and supporter of her husband's music.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–54">: 48–54 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1910, after becoming severely depressed in the wake of Maria's death, Alma began an affair with the young architect <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> (later head of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>), whom she met during a rest at a spa.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gustav sought advice from <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> in August. The 2010 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a></i> suggests that Gustav's consultations with Freud might have focused on his curtailing of Alma's musical career as a major marital obstacle, but the actual content of these meetings is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-BostonReview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonReview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the emotional crisis in their marriage after Gustav's discovery of Alma's affair with Gropius, Gustav began to take a serious interest in Alma's musical compositions, regretting his earlier dismissive attitude and taking promotional actions. Gustav edited some of her songs (<i>Die stille Stadt</i>, <i>In meines Vaters Garten</i>, <i>Laue Sommernacht</i>, <i>Bei dir ist es traut</i>, <i>Ich wandle unter Blumen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–89">: 85–89 </span></sup> Upon his urging and under his guidance, Alma prepared five of her songs for publication (they were issued in 1910, by Gustav's own publisher, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113–119">: 113–119 </span></sup> </p><p>In February 1911, Gustav fell severely ill with an infection related to a heart defect that had been diagnosed several years earlier. He died on 18 May.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Walter_Gropius">Relationship with Walter Gropius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with Walter Gropius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Gustav's death, Alma did not immediately resume contact with Gropius. Between 1912 and 1914 she had a tumultuous affair with the artist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, who created works inspired by their relationship, including his painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_the_Wind" title="The Bride of the Wind">The Bride of the Wind</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83–85">: 83–85 </span></sup> Kokoschka's possessiveness wore on Alma, and the emotional vicissitudes of the relationship tired them both.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the coming of World War I, Kokoschka enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>. Alma subsequently distanced herself from Kokoschka and resumed contact with Walter Gropius, who was also serving in combat at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–95">: 85–95 </span></sup> She and Gropius married on 18 August 1915 in Berlin during one of his military leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–90">: 85–90 </span></sup> They had a daughter together, <a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon Gropius</a> (1916–1935), who grew up being friends with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Altmann" title="Maria Altmann">Maria Altmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Manon died of <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">polio</a> at the age of 18, composer <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> dedicated his newly composed <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a> to her, "In Memory of an Angel".<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239–242">: 239–242 </span></sup> </p><p>Alma became pregnant and gave birth to a son, Martin Carl Johannes Gropius (1918–1919). Gropius at first believed that the child was his, but Alma's ongoing affair with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a> was common knowledge in Vienna by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> Within a year, Alma and Gropius agreed to a divorce. In the meantime, Martin, who had been born prematurely, developed <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> and died at 10 months. Alma's divorce from Gropius became final in October 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Franz_Werfel">Relationship with Franz Werfel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with Franz Werfel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG/170px-Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG/255px-Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG/340px-Wohnung_von_Franz_Werfel_und_Alma_Mahler-Werfel_in_Sanary.JPG 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>House of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a> and Alma Mahler in <a href="/wiki/Sanary-sur-Mer" title="Sanary-sur-Mer">Sanary-sur-Mer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Gropius's military duties were still keeping him absent, Alma met and began an affair with Prague-born poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a> in the fall of 1917. She and Werfel began openly living together after her divorce from Gropius. However, she postponed marrying Werfel until 1929, after which she took the name Alma Mahler-Werfel.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1938, following the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i>, Alma and Werfel, who was Jewish, were forced to flee Austria for France; they maintained a household in Sanary-sur-Mer on the French Riviera from the summer of 1938 until the spring of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163–171">: 163–171 </span></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German invasion and occupation of France</a> during World War II and the deportation of Jews and political adversaries to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, the couple were no longer safe in France and frantically sought to secure their emigration to the United States. In Marseille, they were contacted by <a href="/wiki/Varian_Fry" title="Varian Fry">Varian Fry</a>, an American journalist and emissary of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Rescue_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Rescue Committee">Emergency Rescue Committee</a>, a private American relief organization that aided refugee intellectuals and artists at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p><p>As exit visas could not be obtained, Fry and Unitarian <a href="/wiki/Waitstill_Sharp" title="Waitstill Sharp">Waitstill Sharp</a> arranged for the Werfels to journey on foot across the Pyrenees into Spain to evade the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> border officials. From Spain, Alma and Franz traveled to Portugal. They stayed in Monte Estoril, at the Grande Hotel D'Itália, between 8 September and 4 October 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, they boarded the S.S. <i>Nea Hellas</i> headed for New York City, arriving on 13 October.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually they settled in Los Angeles, where Alma continued her role as a hostess, bringing together <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, and many other artists. Werfel, who had enjoyed moderate renown in the US as an author, achieved popular success with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Bernadette_(novel)" title="The Song of Bernadette (novel)">The Song of Bernadette</a></i>, and the science fiction novel <i>Star of the Unborn</i>, published after his death. Werfel, who had experienced serious heart problems throughout his exile, died of a heart attack in California in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150–154">: 150–154 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_icon_in_the_US">Cultural icon in the US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural icon in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, Mahler-Werfel became a US citizen. Several years later she moved to New York City, where she remained a cultural figure. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, who was a champion of Gustav Mahler's music, stated in his <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton_lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Eliot Norton lectures">Charles Eliot Norton lectures</a> of 1973 that Mahler-Werfel had attended some of his rehearsals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, considering her to be a "living" link to both Mahler and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, dedicated his <i><a href="/wiki/Nocturne_(Britten)" title="Nocturne (Britten)">Nocturne for Tenor and Small Orchestra</a></i> to her.<sup id="cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> In 1951 Alma Mahler-Werfel moved to New York, where she had purchased four small condominiums in a house on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> (120 East 73rd Street). She lived herself on the third floor and used one apartment as a living room, the second as a bedroom.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka,_1912,_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG/220px-Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG/330px-Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG/440px-Portrait_of_Alma_Mahler_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1912%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC06553_local.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="3707" /></a><figcaption><i>Alma Mahler</i> by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Alma Mahler-Werfel died 11 December 1964 in New York City. She was buried on 8 February 1965 in the <a href="/wiki/Grinzing#Sights" title="Grinzing">Grinzing Cemetery</a> of Vienna in the same grave as her daughter Manon Gropius and a few steps away from Gustav Mahler.<sup id="cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153–154">: 153–154 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi-looted_art">Nazi-looted art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nazi-looted art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Mahler-Werfel's granddaughter requested that five artworks seized under the Nazis be restored to the family.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paintings were “A summer's night on the beach” (1902) by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a> and three landscapes by her great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jakob_Schindler" title="Emil Jakob Schindler">Emil Jakob Schindler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alma Werfel had loaned the paintings to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Galerie_Belvedere" title="Österreichische Galerie Belvedere">Oesterreichische Galerie</a> before fleeing the Nazis; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Moll" title="Carl Moll">Carl Moll</a>, a militant Nazi, gained control of them, selling the Munch to the Oesterreichische Galerie in 1940 and keeping the others until, fearing retribution from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, he committed suicide. Mahler-Werfel filed claims after the war but was only able to recover the <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a> portrait. When Austria modified its restrictive restitution laws, the granddaughter revived the claims.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria initially rejected the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a restitution battle that lasted six decades, Austria finally agreed to restitute the stolen Munch in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Alma_Problem">The Alma Problem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Alma Problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alma_Problem" title="Alma Problem">Alma Problem</a></div> <p>Mahler-Werfel's two books on Gustav Mahler influenced studies of the latter. As an articulate, well-connected, and influential woman who outlived her first husband by more than 50 years, Mahler-Werfel was for decades treated as the main authority on the mature Gustav Mahler's values, character, and day-to-day behavior, and her various publications quickly became the central source material for Mahler scholars and music-lovers alike. As scholars investigated her depiction of Mahler and her relationship with him, her accounts have increasingly been revealed as unreliable, false, and misleading. Nevertheless, the deliberate distortions have had a significant influence on several generations of scholars, interpreters, and music-lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-staking_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staking-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing the serious contradictions between Alma's accounts and other evidence, including her own diaries, several historians and biographers began to speak of the <a href="/wiki/Alma_Problem" title="Alma Problem">Alma Problem</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wood" title="Hugh Wood">Hugh Wood</a>: "Often she is the only witness, and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth. Everything that passed through her hands must be regarded as tainted".<sup id="cite_ref-staking_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staking-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countering this stance is that of musicologist Nancy Newman,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose study provides a "theoretical foundation" that "grounds extensive critique of both the conventions of <i>fin-de-siècle</i> Vienna and the chauvinism of late twentieth-century scholars." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_composer">As a composer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As a composer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alma played the piano from childhood and in her memoir (<i>Mein Leben</i>), reports that she first attempted composing at age eight in the beginning of 1888 on the Greek island of Corfu. She studied composition with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Labor" title="Josef Labor">Josef Labor</a> beginning in 1894 or 1895 and until 1901. She met <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a> in early 1900, began composition lessons with him that fall, and continued as his student until her engagement to Gustav Mahler in December 1901, after which she ceased composing. Until this time, she had composed or sketched mostly Lieder, but around 20 piano pieces and a small number of chamber music works, and a scene from an opera. She briefly resumed composing in 1910, but stopped in 1915. The chronology of her compositions is difficult to establish because she did not date her manuscripts<sup id="cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and destroyed many of them herself. Attempts to establish a chronological list of her works have been made by Susanne Rode-Breymann in 1999 and 2014 and by Knud Martner in 2018. </p><p>A total of 17 songs by her survive. Fourteen were published during her lifetime in three publications dated 1910, 1915, and 1924. The first two volumes appeared under the name Alma Maria Schindler-Mahler, and the last volume was published as "Fünf Gesänge" by Alma Maria Mahler; the cover of the 1915 set was illustrated by Oskar Kokoschka. Three additional songs were discovered in manuscripts posthumously; two of them were published in the year 2000, edited by Susan M. Filler, and one published in 2018, edited by Barry Millington. Her personal papers, including music manuscripts, are held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, the Austrian National Library in Vienna, and the Bavarian State Library in Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These songs have been performed and recorded regularly since the 1980s. Orchestral versions of the accompaniments have been produced. Seven songs were orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/David_Matthews_(composer)" title="David Matthews (composer)">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthews" title="Colin Matthews">Colin Matthews</a> (published by Universal Edition),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all 17 songs were orchestrated by Julian Reynolds,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Jorma_Panula" title="Jorma Panula">Jorma Panula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compositions cited from <i>Mahler, A Complete Songs</i> unless otherwise noted.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Five Songs for voice and piano (published in January 1911) <ul><li>(i) <i>Die stille Stadt</i> (The Quiet Town; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dehmel" title="Richard Dehmel">Richard Dehmel</a>)</li> <li>(ii) <i>In meines Vaters Garten</i> (In My Father's Garden; Erich Otto Hartleben)<br /><i>Note</i>: The original poem is entitled <i>Französisches Wiegenlied</i> or <i>Volkslied</i>, and was composed between May and August 1899.</li> <li>(iii) <i>Laue Sommernacht</i> (Mild Summer's Night; Bierbaum)<br /><i>Note</i>: The original title of the poem is <i>Gefunden</i>.</li> <li>(iv) <i>Bei dir ist es traut</i> (With You It Is Pleasant; <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a>)</li> <li>(v) <i>Ich wandle unter Blumen</i> (I Stroll Among Flowers; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Four Songs for voice and piano (published in June 1915) <ul><li>(i) <i>Licht in der Nacht</i> (Light in the Night; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Julius_Bierbaum" title="Otto Julius Bierbaum">Bierbaum</a>)</li> <li>(ii) <i>Waldseligkeit</i> (Woodland Bliss; Dehmel)</li> <li>(iii) <i>Ansturm</i> (Storm; Dehmel)</li> <li>(iv) <i>Erntelied</i> (Harvest Song; Gustav Falke)The original title is <i>Gesang am Morgen</i> (Song at Dawn).</li></ul></li> <li>Five Songs for voice and piano (published in April 1924)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>(i) <i>Hymne</i> (Hymn; <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a>)</li> <li>(ii) <i>Ekstase</i> (Ecstasy; Bierbaum)</li> <li>(iii) <i>Der Erkennende</i> (The Recognizer; <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel</a>)</li> <li>(iv) <i>Lobgesang</i> (Song of Praise; Dehmel)</li> <li>(v) <i>Hymne an die Nacht</i> (Hymn to the Night; Novalis)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Posthumously published</b> </p> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Leise weht ein erstes Blühn</i> (Softly Drifts a First Blossom; Rilke), for voice and piano (published 2000 by Susan M. Filler)</li> <li><i>Kennst du meine Nächte?</i> (Do You Know My Nights?; Leo Greiner), for voice and piano (published 2000 by Susan M. Filler)</li> <li><i>Einsamer Gang</i> (Lonely Walk, Leo Greiner), for voice and piano (published London 2018 by Barry Millington)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American satirist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> described her obituary as the "juiciest, spiciest, raciest" obituary he had ever read. It prompted him to write the ballad, "Alma", portraying her as "the loveliest girl in Vienna ... the smartest as well". Lehrer writes, "All modern women are jealous" of her "For bagging Gustav and Walter and Franz", each of whom came under her "spell".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1974 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(film)" title="Mahler (film)">Mahler</a></i>, by director <a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a>, Gustav Mahler, while on his last train journey, remembers the important events of his life, such as his relationship with his wife, the deaths of his brother and young daughter, and his trouble with the muses. In the film, Alma was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Hale" title="Georgina Hale">Georgina Hale</a> and Gustav by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Powell" title="Robert Powell">Robert Powell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Israeli writer <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Sobol" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Sobol">Joshua Sobol</a> and Austrian director <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Manker" title="Paulus Manker">Paulus Manker</a> created the polydrama <i><a href="/wiki/Alma_(play)" title="Alma (play)">Alma</a></i>. It played in Vienna for six successive seasons and toured with over 400 performances to Venice, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Petronell, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Semmering,_Austria" title="Semmering, Austria">Semmering</a>, Jerusalem, and Prague—all places where Mahler-Werfel had lived. The show was made into a three-part TV miniseries in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz" title="Mohammed Fairouz">Mohammed Fairouz</a> set the words of Alma Mahler in his song cycle <i>Jeder Mensch</i>. It premiered in a coupling with songs of Alma Mahler by mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Kate_Lindsey" title="Kate Lindsey">Kate Lindsey</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treatment of Mahler-Werfel's life was presented in the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beresford" title="Bruce Beresford">Bruce Beresford</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_the_Wind" title="Bride of the Wind">Bride of the Wind</a></i>, in which Alma was played by Australian actress <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Wynter" title="Sarah Wynter">Sarah Wynter</a>. Gustav Mahler was portrayed by British actor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce" title="Jonathan Pryce">Jonathan Pryce</a>. Swiss actor <a href="/wiki/Vincent_P%C3%A9rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Pérez">Vincent Pérez</a> portrayed Oskar Kokoschka.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, extracts from Alma's diaries were published, covering the years from 1898 to 1902, until the time she married Mahler. In the 2001 novel <i>The Artist's Wife</i> by Max Phillips, she tells her story from the afterlife, focusing on her complicated relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the German filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Percy_Adlon" title="Percy Adlon">Percy Adlon</a> and his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Adlon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Adlon (page does not exist)">Felix Adlon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Adlon" class="extiw" title="de:Felix Adlon">de</a>]</span> released their film <i>Mahler auf der Couch</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a></i>), which relates Gustav Mahler's tormented relationship with his wife, Alma, and his meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1910. In the film's introduction, the directors state, "That it happened is fact. How it happened is fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alma appears in chapter 6, "Montredon" of the 2019 novel, <i>The Flight Portfolio</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Orringer" title="Julie Orringer">Julie Orringer</a>. She and Werfel are depicted meeting with <a href="/wiki/Varian_Fry" title="Varian Fry">Varian Fry</a> to discuss the arrangements Fry is trying to make in order to effect their escape from France.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roz_Chast" title="Roz Chast">Roz Chast</a>, drew a comic serial entitled "The Inescapable Thingness"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> online magazine regarding the doll that <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a> had made of Alma after their affair had ended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">The Holocaust in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Amalie_Lieser" title="Henriette Amalie Lieser">Henriette Amalie Lieser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nos. 1, 3 and 4 were orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Klenau" title="Paul von Klenau">Paul von Klenau</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> in 1924 and were premiered in Vienna on 22 September 1924 by tenor Laurenz Hofer and conductor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Reichwein" title="Leopold Reichwein">Leopold Reichwein</a>. The songs were performed again at a broadcast in the Vienna Radio on 17 February 1929 by tenor Anton Maria Topitz and conductor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Nilius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Nilius (page does not exist)">Rudolf Nilius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Nilius" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Nilius">de</a>]</span>. On this occasion an interview with Alma Mahler was broadcast. Scores and parts are presumably lost.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanne Rode-Breymann: Die Komponistin Alma Mahler-Werfel (Hannoversche Hefte zur Theatergeschichte, Doppelheft 10, 158 Seiten), Niedersächsisches Staatstheater, Hannover 1999, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931266-06-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-931266-06-0">3-931266-06-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alma_Mahler_Muse_to_Genius_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson1983" class="citation book cs1">Monson, Karen (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almamahlermuseto00mons"><i>Alma Mahler Muse to Genius</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-32213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-32213-0"><bdi>978-0-395-32213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+Mahler+Muse+to+Genius&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-395-32213-0&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmamahlermuseto00mons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macleans-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macleans_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes2020" class="citation news cs1">Geddes, John (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/the-long-dark-past-behind-the-national-gallerys-latest-acquisition/">"The long, dark past behind the National Gallery's latest acquisition"</a>. Maclean's<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+long%2C+dark+past+behind+the+National+Gallery%27s+latest+acquisition&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fthe-long-dark-past-behind-the-national-gallerys-latest-acquisition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malevolent_muse-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malevolent_muse_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hilmes" title="Oliver Hilmes">Hilmes, Oliver</a> (2015). <i>Malevolent Muse: The Life of Alma Mahler</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-789-0"><bdi>978-1-55553-789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malevolent+Muse%3A+The+Life+of+Alma+Mahler&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-789-0&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Nancy (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/jams/article-abstract/75/1/39/120394/AlmaToo-The-Art-of-Being-Believed">"#AlmaToo: The Art of Being Believed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a></i>. <b>75</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjams.2022.75.1.39">10.1525/jams.2022.75.1.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248463724">248463724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=%23AlmaToo%3A+The+Art+of+Being+Believed&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjams.2022.75.1.39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248463724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fjams%2Farticle-abstract%2F75%2F1%2F39%2F120394%2FAlmaToo-The-Art-of-Being-Believed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostonReview-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BostonReview_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ty_Burr" title="Ty Burr">Burr, Ty</a> (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/2012/11/29/movie-review-mahler-the-couch/eSGxOPPjqBYXlPyZ2n6dLN/story.html">"Movie review: <i>Mahler on the Couch</i>"</a>. <i>Boston.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe_Media_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe Media Partners">Boston Globe Media Partners</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Movie+review%3A+Mahler+on+the+Couch&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Ty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fmovies%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fmovie-review-mahler-the-couch%2FeSGxOPPjqBYXlPyZ2n6dLN%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_art_of_being_loved-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_art_of_being_loved_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiroud1991" class="citation book cs1">Giroud, Françoise (1991). <i>Alma Mahler or the Art of Being Loved</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816156-1"><bdi>978-0-19-816156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+Mahler+or+the+Art+of+Being+Loved&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816156-1&rft.aulast=Giroud&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qrinfopoint.com/CNWMDPU/">"Card – Alma Mahler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exiles_Memorial_Center" title="Exiles Memorial Center">Exiles Memorial Center</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exiles+Memorial+Center&rft.atitle=Card+%E2%80%93+Alma+Mahler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqrinfopoint.com%2FCNWMDPU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis Island Passenger Registration Records.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was photographed in such rehearsals by Alfred Eisenstaedt, see e.g. the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euterpe.blog.br/musica-e-artes/as-fotografias-de-alfred-eisenstaedt">Euterpe</a> blog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classical-music.com/composers/a-musical-tour-of-new-york-where-are-the-composers-houses-in-the-big-apple/">"A musical tour of New York: Where are the composers' houses in the Big Apple?"</a>. <i>www.classical-music.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.classical-music.com&rft.atitle=A+musical+tour+of+New+York%3A+Where+are+the+composers%27+houses+in+the+Big+Apple%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Fcomposers%2Fa-musical-tour-of-new-york-where-are-the-composers-houses-in-the-big-apple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/archive/mahler-werfel-case-revived-and-put-on-hold">"Mahler-Werfel restitution case revived, and put on hold"</a>. <i>www.theartnewspaper.com</i>. 30 September 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theartnewspaper.com&rft.atitle=Mahler-Werfel+restitution+case+revived%2C+and+put+on+hold&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farchive%2Fmahler-werfel-case-revived-and-put-on-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2006" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (9 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/arts/design/09munc.html">"After 60 Years, Austria Will Return a Munch Work to a Mahler Heir"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+60+Years%2C+Austria+Will+Return+a+Munch+Work+to+a+Mahler+Heir&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F09%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F09munc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330074132/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/archive/mahler-werfel-case-revived-and-put-on-hold">"Mahler-Werfel restitution case revived, and put on hold | The Art Newspaper"</a>. 30 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/archive/mahler-werfel-case-revived-and-put-on-hold">the original</a> on 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahler-Werfel+restitution+case+revived%2C+and+put+on+hold+%7C+The+Art+Newspaper&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farchive%2Fmahler-werfel-case-revived-and-put-on-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/30/rorycarroll">"Mahler's family loses battle over Nazi loot"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 30 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824021913/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/30/rorycarroll">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mahler%27s+family+loses+battle+over+Nazi+loot&rft.date=1999-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Foct%2F30%2Frorycarroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2018" class="citation web cs1">Riding, Alan (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/arts/design/09munc.html?_r=3">"Munch Painting – Marina Mahler – Report"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504131404/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/arts/design/09munc.html?_r=3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Paris, Nov. 8 — After an on-and-off restitution battle lasting six decades, the Austrian Culture Ministry agreed on Wednesday to return a painting by Edvard Munch, 'Summer Night on the Beach', to Marina Mahler. She is the granddaughter of the composer Gustav Mahler and his wife, Alma, who originally owned the oil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Munch+Painting+%E2%80%93+Marina+Mahler+%E2%80%93+Report&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F09%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F09munc.html%3F_r%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-staking-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-staking_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-staking_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Wood2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wood" title="Hugh Wood">Hugh Wood</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rodoni.ch/mahler/mahler-to-alma.pdf">"Part Three: Reviews for <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i> – 7 Gustav Mahler to Alma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Staking Out the Territory and Other Writings on Music</i>. Cosman Keller Art and Music Trust. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955608711" title="Special:BookSources/9780955608711"><bdi>9780955608711</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710133215/https://www.rodoni.ch/mahler/mahler-to-alma.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+Three%3A+Reviews+for+The+Times+Literary+Supplement+%E2%80%93+7+Gustav+Mahler+to+Alma&rft.btitle=Staking+Out+the+Territory+and+Other+Writings+on+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Cosman+Keller+Art+and+Music+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780955608711&rft.au=Hugh+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodoni.ch%2Fmahler%2Fmahler-to-alma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705091005/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/photos/mahler/">"Mahler-Werfel Papers"</a>. <i>Penn Libraries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/photos/mahler/">the original</a> on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Libraries&rft.atitle=Mahler-Werfel+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.upenn.edu%2Fcollections%2Frbm%2Fphotos%2Fmahler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/02/alma-schindler-problem-gustav-mahler">"The Alma problem"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Alma+problem&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2010%2Fdec%2F02%2Falma-schindler-problem-gustav-mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical-music.com/review/mahler-zemlinsky">"Zemlinsky: Songs (complete, orch. Julian Reynolds) (Charlotte Margiono; Members of the…) | Classical music review from Classical-Music.com"</a>. <i>www.classical-music.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.classical-music.com&rft.atitle=Zemlinsky%3A+Songs+%28complete%2C+orch.+Julian+Reynolds%29+%28Charlotte+Margiono%3B+Members+of+the%E2%80%A6%29+%7C+Classical+music+review+from+Classical-Music.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Freview%2Fmahler-zemlinsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler,_A_Complete_Songs_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2013" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Patrick (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/mahler-a-complete-songs">"Mahler, A Complete Songs"</a>. <i>www.gramophone.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gramophone.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mahler%2C+A+Complete+Songs&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Freview%2Fmahler-a-complete-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiller2018" class="citation book cs1">Filler, Susan M. (2018). <i>Alma Mahler and Her Contemporaries</i>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317397977" title="Special:BookSources/9781317397977"><bdi>9781317397977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+Mahler+and+Her+Contemporaries&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781317397977&rft.aulast=Filler&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostridge2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Bostridge, Mark (8 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-loveliest-girl-in-vienna/">"The loveliest girl in Vienna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+loveliest+girl+in+Vienna&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Bostridge&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-loveliest-girl-in-vienna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=tom+lehrer+alma+mahler+lyrics&sca_esv=d4768e3d9c71eb29&source=hp&ei=gFWlZ-GvGbOk5NoPk-mV0Ao&iflsig=ACkRmUkAAAAAZ6VjkNipQcTKr_tsSv0Y-wb3WOsPqtq2&oq=tom+lehrer+alma&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ig90b20gbGVocmVyIGFsbWEqAggCMgUQLhiABDIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMggQABiABBiiBDIFEAAY7wVIvjVQAFiNG3AAeACQAQCYAXugAboJqgEEMTQuMbgBAcgBAPgBAZgCD6AC9wnCAg4QLhiABBixAxjRAxjHAcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIOEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYigXCAgsQLhiABBixAxiDAcICERAuGIAEGLEDGNEDGIMBGMcBwgIOEC4YgAQYsQMYgwEYigXCAggQABiABBixA8ICBRAAGIAEwgIIEC4YgAQYsQPCAgsQLhiABBjRAxjHAcICBBAAGAOYAwCSBwQxNC4xoAek6QE&sclient=gws-wiz">"Alma" lyrics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/mahler">"Festival De Cannes"</a>. <i>Festival Cannes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+Cannes&rft.atitle=Festival+De+Cannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Ffilms%2Fmahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alma-mahler.at/engl/sobol/sobol.html">"Joshua Sobol"</a>. <i>ALMA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALMA&rft.atitle=Joshua+Sobol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alma-mahler.at%2Fengl%2Fsobol%2Fsobol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/09/mohammed_fairou.php">"Mohammed Fairouz: An Interview"</a>. <i>Opera Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opera+Today&rft.atitle=Mohammed+Fairouz%3A+An+Interview&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operatoday.com%2Fcontent%2F2010%2F09%2Fmohammed_fairou.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koehler, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?EbscoContent=dGJyMMTo50SeprA4y9fwOLCmr1Cep7BSsau4SLOWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGuskyurK5IuePfgeyx43zx1%2BqE&T=P&P=AN&S=R&D=f3h&K=4603708">"BRIDE OF THE WIND"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <b>383</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=BRIDE+OF+THE+WIND&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.ebscohost.com%2FContentServer.asp%3FEbscoContent%3DdGJyMMTo50SeprA4y9fwOLCmr1Cep7BSsau4SLOWxWXS%26ContentCustomer%3DdGJyMPGuskyurK5IuePfgeyx43zx1%252BqE%26T%3DP%26P%3DAN%26S%3DR%26D%3Df3h%26K%3D4603708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer" class="citation web cs1">Boxer, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/07/08/reviews/010708.08boxert.html">"The Merry Widow"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Merry+Widow&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F07%2F08%2Freviews%2F010708.08boxert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWitt2012" class="citation news cs1">DeWitt, David (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/mahler-on-the-couch-directed-by-percy-and-felix-adlon.html">"When Mahler Met Freud <i>Mahler on the Couch</i>, Directed by Percy and Felix Adlon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Mahler+Met+Freud+Mahler+on+the+Couch%2C+Directed+by+Percy+and+Felix+Adlon&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=DeWitt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fmovies%2Fmahler-on-the-couch-directed-by-percy-and-felix-adlon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZHwugEACAAJ"><i>The Flight Portfolio</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307959409" title="Special:BookSources/9780307959409"><bdi>9780307959409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flight+Portfolio&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780307959409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZHwugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChast2024" class="citation web cs1">Chast, Roz (1 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/humor/sketchbook/the-inescapable-thingness">"The Inescapable Thingness"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Inescapable+Thingness&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft.aulast=Chast&rft.aufirst=Roz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fhumor%2Fsketchbook%2Fthe-inescapable-thingness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlma+Mahler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Alma Mahler, <i>My Life, My Loves: Memoirs of Alma Mahler</i> Vermilon Books, reprint edition (February 1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312025403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312025403">978-0312025403</a></li> <li><i>Alma Mahler-Werfel, Diaries 1898–1902</i> (ed. and translator, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaumont" title="Antony Beaumont">Antony Beaumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Rode-Breymann" title="Susanne Rode-Breymann">Susanne Rode-Breymann</a>) <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a> (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571193400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571193400">978-0571193400</a></li> <li>Alma Mahler-Werfel, 'And the bridge is love' Hutchinson of London, first published September 1959, third impression April 1960</li> <li><i>Gustav Mahler, Letters to his Wife [1901–11]</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a> and Günther Weiss, in Collaboration with Knud Martner. First complete edition, revised and translated by Antony Beaumont (Faber and Faber, London 2004)</li> <li>Susanne Rode-Breymann, <i>Die Komponistin Alma Mahler-Werfel</i> (Hanover, 1999)</li> <li>Susanne Rode-Breymann, <i>Alma Mahler-Werfel. Muse, Gattin, Witwe</i> (C. H. Beck, Munich 2014)</li> <li>Susanne Keegan, <i>The Bride of the Wind. The Life and Times of Alma Mahler-Werfel</i>. (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1983; Secker & Warburg, London 1984, 348 pages).</li> <li>"Walter Gropius" in Nicholas Fox Weber, <i>The Bauhaus Group: Six Masters of Modernism</i> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300169843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300169843">978-0300169843</a> The chapter opens with her story. pp. 1–5, 11–15, 27–42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a>, "Femme Vitale: Alma Mahler-Werfel, a woman with qualities". <i>The New Yorker</i>, February 10, 2025, pp. 18-23.</li> <li>Jörg Rothkamm, "'A husband and wife who are both composers'? An unpublished song version of the so-called "Erntelied" ("Gesang am Morgen") in the hand of Gustav Mahler in light of the correspondence between Alma Mahler and Walter Gropius." In: <i>News about Mahler Research</i> 72, 2018, pp. 7–34.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Mahler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alma_Mahler" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Finding aid to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl575">Mahler-Werfel papers </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713101547/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl575">Archived</a> 13 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/">University of Pennsylvania Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=481333">Franz Werfel Family papers</a> at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sophpm_music/index.3.html">Free recordings of her works</a> at the Sophie database</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mahler,_Alma" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Mahler, Alma">Free scores by Alma Mahler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWFEy1lVUMI"><span class="plainlinks">"Alma – The loveliest girl in Vienna"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Year_That_Was" title="That Was the Year That Was">That Was the Year That Was</a> (1965)</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gustav_Mahler" title="Template:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gustav_Mahler" title="Template talk:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gustav_Mahler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gustav_Mahler300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Gustav_Mahler" title="List of compositions by Gustav Mahler">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">No. 1 (<i>Titan</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">No. 2 (<i>Resurrection</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)">No. 4</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Symphony_No._4_discography" title="Mahler Symphony No. 4 discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)">No. 6 (<i>Tragic</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">No. 7 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">No. 8 (<i>Symphony of a Thousand</i>)</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Symphony_No._8_discography" title="Mahler Symphony No. 8 discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde" title="Das Lied von der Erde"><i>Das Lied von der Erde</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)">No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Mahler)">No. 10</a> <small>(unfinished)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Mahler)" title="Piano Quartet (Mahler)">Piano Quartet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_klagende_Lied" title="Das klagende Lied">Das klagende Lied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lieder_und_Ges%C3%A4nge_(Mahler)" title="Lieder und Gesänge (Mahler)">Lieder und Gesänge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lieder_eines_fahrenden_Gesellen" title="Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen">Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Mahler)">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCckert-Lieder" title="Rückert-Lieder">Rückert-Lieder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindertotenlieder" title="Kindertotenlieder">Kindertotenlieder</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Mahler</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler_Jugendorchester" title="Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester">Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(crater)" title="Mahler (crater)">Mahler (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Mahler Chamber Orchestra">Mahler Chamber Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Spur" title="Mahler Spur">Mahler Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_Musicale_Mahler" title="Médiathèque Musicale Mahler">Médiathèque Musicale Mahler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(film)" title="Mahler (film)">Mahler</a></i> (1974 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_the_Wind" title="Bride of the Wind">Bride of the Wind</a></i> (2001 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a></i> (2010 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alma Mahler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna Mahler</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mahler" title="Arthur Mahler">Arthur Mahler</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mahler" title="Fritz Mahler">Fritz Mahler</a> (father's cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Mahler" title="Otto Mahler">Otto Mahler</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Blaukopf" title="Kurt Blaukopf">Kurt Blaukopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Carr_(writer)" title="Jonathan Carr (writer)">Jonathan Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Ratz" title="Erwin Ratz">Erwin Ratz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Paul Stefan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Problem" title="Alma Problem">Alma Problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Mahler_cycle" title="Bernstein–Mahler cycle">Bernstein–Mahler cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_MahlerFest" title="Colorado MahlerFest">Colorado MahlerFest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_hut_of_Gustav_Mahler_(Attersee)" title="Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Attersee)">Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Attersee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_hut_of_Gustav_Mahler_(W%C3%B6rthersee)" title="Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Wörthersee)">Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Wörthersee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler_Conducting_Competition" title="Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition">Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler%27s_orchestration_of_Beethoven%27s_Symphony_No._9" title="Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9">Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repertory_of_the_Vienna_Court_Opera_under_Gustav_Mahler" title="Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler">Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Earth_(ballet)" title="Song of the Earth (ballet)"><i>Song of the Earth</i></a> (ballet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gustav_Mahler" title="Category:Gustav Mahler">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Walter_Gropius106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walter_Gropius" title="Template:Walter Gropius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walter_Gropius" title="Template talk:Walter Gropius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walter_Gropius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walter Gropius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Walter_Gropius106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory</a> (1911–1913) (with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(architect)" title="Adolf Meyer (architect)">Adolf Meyer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_Dessau" title="Bauhaus Dessau">Bauhaus Dessau</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill_Centre" title="Kurt Weill Centre">Kurt Weill Centre</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_March_Dead" title="Monument to the March Dead">Monument to the March Dead</a> (1922, destroyed, 1936; reconstructed, 1947) (with <a href="/wiki/Fred_Forb%C3%A1t" title="Fred Forbát">Fred Forbát</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/66_Old_Church_Street,_Chelsea" title="66 Old Church Street, Chelsea">66 Old Church Street, Chelsea</a> (1935–1936) (with <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Fry" title="Maxwell Fry">Maxwell Fry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gropius_House" title="Gropius House">Gropius House</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_M._Hagerty_House" title="Josephine M. Hagerty House">Josephine M. Hagerty House</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impington_Village_College" title="Impington Village College">Impington Village College</a> (1938–1939) (with <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Fry" title="Maxwell Fry">Maxwell Fry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldenmark" title="Waldenmark">Waldenmark</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alan_I_W_Frank_House" title="The Alan I W Frank House">The Alan I W Frank House</a> (1939–1940) (with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_City_Terrace" title="Aluminum City Terrace">Aluminum City Terrace</a> (completion, 1942) (with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter-Gropius-Haus_(Berlin)" title="Walter-Gropius-Haus (Berlin)">Walter-Gropius-Haus (Berlin)</a> (1957) (with <a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a> and Wils Ebert)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reese_Hospital" title="Michael Reese Hospital">Michael Reese Hospital</a> (original plan for 8 buildings, 1946–1959; demolished 2009-2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gropiusstadt" title="Gropiusstadt">Gropiusstadt</a> (buildings complex, completion, 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Athens" title="Embassy of the United States, Athens">Embassy of the United States, Athens</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">MetLife Building</a> (1959–1963) (with Richard Roth and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building</a> (1963–1966) (with <a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a> and Samuel Glaser)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_East" title="Tower East">Tower East</a> (completion, 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Museum_of_Art" title="Huntington Museum of Art">Huntington Museum of Art</a> (enlargement project, 1968–1970, with <a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Carras" title="Porto Carras">Porto Carras</a> (original project, 1973–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other buildings (supporting work)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fsiedlung_Siemensstadt" title="Großsiedlung Siemensstadt">Großsiedlung Siemensstadt</a> (1929–1931) (co-authorship with six architects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thacher_Junior_High_School" title="Peter Thacher Junior High School">Peter Thacher Junior High School</a> (main authorship by <a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_High_School" title="Wayland High School">Wayland High School</a> (1959–1960) (main authorship by Herbert Gallagher and John "Chip" Harkness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Sinai_%E2%80%93_Oheb_Shalom_Congregation" title="Har Sinai – Oheb Shalom Congregation">Temple Oheb Shalom</a> (completion, 1960) (consulting architect to Sheldon I. Leavitt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_and_its_Sites_in_Weimar,_Dessau_and_Bernau" title="Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau">Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Back_Bay_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Back Bay Center">The Back Bay Center</a> (unrealised project, 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werkbund_Exhibition_(1914)" title="Werkbund Exhibition (1914)">Werkbund Exhibition (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_the_Wind" title="Bride of the Wind">Bride of the Wind</a></i> (2001 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gropius" title="Martin Gropius">Martin Gropius</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alma Mahler</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manon_Gropius" title="Manon Gropius">Manon Gropius</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_Gropius_Johansen" title="Ati Gropius Johansen">Ati Gropius Johansen</a> (stepdaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(architect)" title="Adolf Meyer (architect)">Adolf Meyer</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Fry" title="Maxwell Fry">Maxwell Fry</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> (collaborator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156898#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156898#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156898#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120237003">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34578412">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/537/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd3RJKK9VJVHQpxBPxXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11857633X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002491">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12622656n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12622656n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460603">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mahler, Alma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV000606">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35600267">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005290&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX972718">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/73325">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069715408">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90343538">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000073070&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000287404&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042636">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018H9053">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpqhmt1rz6q25">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810560137105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/282980">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264967005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000196311">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521393206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14518778">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02957338?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500102737">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3f96a4b5-4b66-4987-b1e3-444fd5795aa8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/472651">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/146840">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11857633X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1010194">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11857633X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11857633X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027648923">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zg737c">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41008869">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-qg28n","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.963","walltime":"1.119","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13147,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":136433,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15748,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145326,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1010.204 1 -total"," 27.07% 273.499 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 26.11% 263.726 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.79% 149.436 27 Template:Rp"," 13.85% 139.952 27 Template:R/superscript"," 12.51% 126.369 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 10.27% 103.712 2 Template:Plainlist"," 9.61% 97.033 3 Template:Marriage"," 8.68% 87.671 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 8.55% 86.400 6 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