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<li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance_and_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotic_resistance_and_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Antibiotic resistance and resurgence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance_and_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Dick_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dick_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>The Dick test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dick_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarlet fever</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlakenkoors" title="Skarlakenkoors – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skarlakenkoors" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حمى قرمزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمى قرمزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF-%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Կարմրախտ-Շառագոյն Տենդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարմրախտ-Շառագոյն Տենդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatin" title="Skarlatin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skarlatin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84(%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="قیزیل(مریضلیک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیزیل(مریضلیک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="আরক্ত জ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরক্ত জ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шкарлятына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкарлятына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шкарлятына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкарлятына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарлатина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скарлатина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzhienn-ruz" title="Terzhienn-ruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Terzhienn-ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1la" title="Spála – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spála" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlagensfeber" title="Skarlagensfeber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skarlagensfeber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharlach" title="Scharlach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scharlach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސްކާރލެޓް ހުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސްކާރލެޓް ހުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarlakid" title="Sarlakid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sarlakid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Οστρακιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οστρακιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatino" title="Skarlatino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skarlatino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskarlatina" title="Eskarlatina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskarlatina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9" title="مخملک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخملک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlatine" title="Scarlatine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scarlatine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiabhras_dearg" title="Fiabhras dearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiabhras dearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%ED%99%8D%EC%97%B4" title="성홍열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성홍열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Քութեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քութեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arlah" title="Šarlah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šarlah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatino" title="Skarlatino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skarlatino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam_Scarlet" title="Demam Scarlet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demam Scarlet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatss%C3%B3tt" title="Skarlatssótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skarlatssótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlattina" title="Scarlattina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scarlattina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="ქუნთრუშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქუნთრუშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarlach" title="Szarlach – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szarlach" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Қызамық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызамық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBreta" title="Sûreta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sûreta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарлатина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скарлатина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlatina" title="Scarlatina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scarlatina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlat%C4%ABna" title="Skarlatīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skarlatīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharlach" title="Scharlach – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Scharlach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatina" title="Skarlatina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skarlatina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarl%C3%A1t" title="Skarlát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skarlát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حمى قرمزيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمى قرمزيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam_marak" title="Demam marak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demam marak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodvonk_(ziekte)" title="Roodvonk (ziekte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roodvonk (ziekte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%B4%85%E7%86%B1" title="猩紅熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="猩紅熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlagensfeber" title="Skarlagensfeber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skarlagensfeber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%B0" title="ସ୍କାରଲେଟ ଜ୍ୱର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍କାରଲେଟ ଜ୍ୱର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarlatina" title="Skarlatina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skarlatina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82onica" title="Płonica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płonica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarlatina" title="Escarlatina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escarlatina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlatin%C4%83" title="Scarlatină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scarlatină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарлатина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скарлатина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scarlet fever" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arlach" title="Šarlach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šarlach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0krlatinka" title="Škrlatinka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škrlatinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="سوورەتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوورەتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Шарлах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шарлах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arlah" title="Šarlah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šarlah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulirokko" title="Tulirokko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulirokko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharlakansfeber" title="Scharlakansfeber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Scharlakansfeber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செங்காய்ச்சல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செங்காய்ச்சல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарлатина – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скарлатина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="స్కార్లెట్ జ్వరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్కార్లెట్ జ్వరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ไข้ดำแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไข้ดำแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᎦᎫᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎫᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_(hastal%C4%B1k)" title="Kızıl (hastalık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl (hastalık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Скарлатина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скарлатина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سرخ بخار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ بخار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_ban_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Bệnh ban đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh ban đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%BA%A2%E7%83%AD" title="猩红热 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="猩红热" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%B4%85%E7%86%B1" title="猩紅熱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猩紅熱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%A9%E7%BA%A2%E7%83%AD" title="猩红热 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猩红热" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180266#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scarlet fever (disambiguation)">Scarlet fever (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scarletina" redirects here. For the scarletina bolete, see <a href="/wiki/Neoboletus_luridiformis" title="Neoboletus luridiformis">Neoboletus luridiformis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Scarlet fever</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Scarlatina,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scarletina<sup id="cite_ref-SOED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Skarlatina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Skarlatina.jpg/220px-Skarlatina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Skarlatina.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry tongue">White strawberry tongue</a> in early stage</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scharlach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scharlach.JPG/220px-Scharlach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scharlach.JPG/330px-Scharlach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Scharlach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry tongue">Red strawberry tongue</a> seen in later stage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a>, fever, headaches, swollen <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical lymph node">lymph nodes in the neck</a>, characteristic rash<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">5–15 years old<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022A_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">Throat culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">Handwashing</a>, not sharing personal items, staying away from sick people<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotics</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penicillin_VK" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin VK">Penicillin VK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefalexin" title="Cefalexin">cefalexin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Typically good<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Scarlet fever</b>, also known as <b>scarlatina</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Group A streptococcus">Group A streptococcus</a> (GAS).<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022A_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signs and symptoms include a <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, fever, headache, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymphadenopathy" title="Cervical lymphadenopathy">swollen lymph nodes</a>, and a characteristic rash.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The face is flushed and the <a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">rash</a> is <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanch_(medical)" title="Blanch (medical)">blanching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically feels like <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a> and the tongue may be red and bumpy.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rash occurs as a result of <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> damage by <a href="/wiki/Exotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotoxins">exotoxins</a> produced by <i>S.pyogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jong2022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jong2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be hard to discern.<sup id="cite_ref-GovUK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovUK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scarlet fever develops in a small number of people who have <a href="/wiki/Strep_throat" class="mw-redirect" title="Strep throat">strep throat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_skin_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcal skin infection">streptococcal skin infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be spread when a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagnosis is typically confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">culturing swabs of the throat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> for scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevention is by frequent <a href="/wiki/Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">handwashing</a>, not sharing personal items, and staying away from other people when sick.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease is treatable with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, which reduce symptoms and spread, and prevent most complications.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good if treated.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include <a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, scarlet fever was a leading cause of death in children, but even before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the introduction of antibiotics, its severity was already declining. This decline is suggested to be due to better living conditions, the introduction of better control measures, or a decline in the virulence of the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Smallman2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smallman2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Detels2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detels2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, there have been signs of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>; there was an outbreak in Hong Kong in 2011 and in the UK in 2014, and occurrence of the disease rose by 68% in the UK between 2014 and 2018. Research published in October 2020 showed that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to more <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulent</a> strains of the bacterium.<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scarlet fever typically presents with a sudden onset of <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, fever, and <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>. Headache, nausea, vomiting and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a> may also be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessels2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessels2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarlet fever usually follows from a <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">group A streptococcal infection</a> that involves a <i>strep throat</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">streptococcal tonsillitis</a> or more usually <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">streptococcal pharyngitis</a>. Often these can present together, known as <i>pharyngotonsillitis</i>. The signs and symptoms are therefore those of a <i>strep throat</i> but these are followed by the inclusion of the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">widespread rash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rash usually appears one to two days later, but may appear before or up to seven days following feeling ill.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It generally hurts to swallow.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all cases present with a fever, the degree of tiredness may vary, the sore throat and tongue changes might be slight or absent, and in some the rash can be patchy rather than diffuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cough, hoarseness, runny nose, diarrhea, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a> are typically absent in scarlet fever; such symptoms indicate what is more likely a viral infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessels2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouth_and_throat">Mouth and throat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mouth and throat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pos_strep.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pos_strep.JPG/170px-Pos_strep.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pos_strep.JPG/255px-Pos_strep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pos_strep.JPG/340px-Pos_strep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Throat of a child with a positive throat culture for streptococcal pharyngitis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg/220px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg/330px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg/440px-Streptococcal_pharyngitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Streptococcal pharyngitis with red throat/uvula and spots on roof of mouth</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a> is usually associated with fatigue and a fever of over 39 °C (102.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessels2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tonsils may appear red and enlarged and are typically covered in <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The throat may be red with <a href="/wiki/Forchheimer_spots" title="Forchheimer spots">small red spots</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">roof of the mouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Palatine_uvula" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine uvula">uvula</a> can look red and swollen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30% to 60% of cases have associated enlarged and tender <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Cervical lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> in the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first two days of illness the tongue may have a whitish coating from which red swollen <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papillae" title="Lingual papillae">papillae</a> protrude, giving the appearance of a "white strawberry tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four to five days when the white coating sheds it becomes a "red strawberry tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptomatic appearance of the tongue is part of the rash that is characteristic of scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferri-2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferri-2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith-2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Usatine-2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usatine-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rash">Rash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_fever_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scarlet_fever_2.jpg/170px-Scarlet_fever_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scarlet_fever_2.jpg/255px-Scarlet_fever_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scarlet_fever_2.jpg/340px-Scarlet_fever_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Scarlet fever rash in light skin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg/170px-Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg/255px-Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg/340px-Scarlet_fever_rash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="3850" /></a><figcaption>Scarlet fever rash in dark skin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG/220px-Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG/330px-Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG/440px-Scarlet_fever_1.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Red cheeks and pale area around the mouth in scarlet fever</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_Fever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scarlet_Fever.jpg/170px-Scarlet_Fever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scarlet_Fever.jpg/255px-Scarlet_Fever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Scarlet_Fever.jpg/340px-Scarlet_Fever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Characteristic red cheeks and rash of scarlet fever</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic rash has been denoted as "scarlatiniform", and it appears as a diffuse redness of the skin with small bumps resembling goose bumps.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaspar-2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaspar-2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically appears as small <a href="/wiki/Macule" class="mw-redirect" title="Macule">flat spots</a> on the neck or torso before developing into <a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">small bumps</a> that spread to the arms and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tends to feel rough like sandpaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cheeks might look flushed with a pale area around the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scarlet fever rash generally looks red on white and pale skin, and might be difficult to visualise on brown or black skin, in whom the bumps are typically larger, the skin less like sandpaper, and the perioral pallor less obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palms and soles are spared.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reddened skin blanches when pressure is applied to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skin may feel itchy, but is not painful.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more <a href="/wiki/Pastia%27s_lines" title="Pastia's lines">intense redness</a> on the inside of skin folds and creases might be noticed.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2022_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are lines of <a href="/wiki/Petechia" title="Petechia">petechiae</a>, appearing as pink/red areas located in arm pits and elbow pits.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2020_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes around a week for the main rash to disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be followed by several weeks of peeling of the skin of typically fingers and toes.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2022_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desquamation process usually begins on the face and progresses downward on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, this peeling is the only sign that scarlet fever occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the case of scarlet fever is uncomplicated, recovery from the fever and clinical symptoms, other than the process of desquamation, occurs in 5–10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the desquamation, the skin will be left with a sunburned appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_presentations">Variable presentations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variable presentations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children younger than five years old may have atypical presentations and many of the common signs and symptoms may be missing or different. Children younger than 3 years old can present with nasal congestion and a lower grade fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants may present with symptoms of increased irritability and decreased appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complications, which can arise from scarlet fever when left untreated or inadequately treated, can be divided into two categories: suppurative and nonsuppurative.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2022_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suppuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppuration">Suppurative</a> complications: These are rare complications that arise either from direct spread to structures that are close to the primary site of infection, or spread through the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> or blood. In the first case, scarlet fever may spread to the pharynx. Possible problems from this method of spread include peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscesses, <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">mastoiditis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the second case, the streptococcal infection may spread through the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> or the blood to areas of the body further away from the pharynx. A few examples of the many complications that can arise from those methods of spread include <a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonsuppurative complications: These complications arise from certain subtypes of group A streptococci that cause an autoimmune response in the body through what has been termed <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mimicry" title="Molecular mimicry">molecular mimicry</a>. In these cases, the antibodies which the person's immune system developed to attack the group A streptococci are also able to attack the person's own tissues. The following complications result, depending on which tissues in the person's body are targeted by those antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaspar-2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaspar-2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_rheumatic_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute rheumatic fever">Acute rheumatic fever</a>: This is a complication that results 2–6 weeks after a group A streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents in developing countries, where antibiotic treatment of streptococcal infections is less common, as a febrile illness with several clinical manifestations, which are organized into what is called the <a href="/wiki/Jones_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones criteria">Jones criteria</a>. These criteria include arthritis, carditis, neurological issues, and skin findings. Diagnosis also depends on evidence of a prior group A streptococcal infection in the upper respiratory tract (as seen in streptococcal pharyngitis and scarlet fever). The carditis is the result of the immunologic response targeting the person's heart tissue, and it is the most serious sequela that develops from acute rheumatic fever. When this involvement of the heart tissue occurs, it is called <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic heart disease">rheumatic heart disease</a>. In most cases of rheumatic heart disease, the mitral valve is affected, ultimately leading to <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve stenosis">mitral stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The link to rheumatic fever and heart disease is a particular concern in Australia, because of the high prevalence of these diseases in <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poststreptococcal_glomerulonephritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis">Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis</a>: This is inflammation of the kidney, which presents 1–2 weeks after a group A streptococcal pharyngitis. It can also develop after an episode of <a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a> or any group A streptococcal infection in the skin (this differs from acute rheumatic fever which only follows group A streptococcal pharyngitis).<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanz-2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanz-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the result of the autoimmune response to the streptococcal infection affecting part of the kidney. Persons present with what is called acute <a href="/wiki/Nephritic_syndrome" title="Nephritic syndrome">nephritic syndrome</a>, in which they have high blood pressure, swelling, and urinary abnormalities. Urinary abnormalities include blood and protein found in the urine, as well as less urine production overall.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis: The presentation of arthritis after a recent episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis raises suspicion for acute rheumatic fever, since it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Jones_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones criteria">Jones criteria</a> for that separate complication. But, when the arthritis is an isolated symptom, it is referred to as poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. This arthritis can involve a variety of joints throughout the body, unlike the arthritis of acute rheumatic fever, which primarily affects larger joints such as the knee joints. It can present less than 10 days after the group A streptococcal pharyngitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strep throat spreads by close contact among people, via respiratory droplets (for example, saliva or nasal discharge).<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person in close contact with another person infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis has a 35% chance of becoming infected.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Usatine-2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usatine-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pyrogenic_exotoxin" title="Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin">streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is mainly responsible for the skin manifestation of the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These toxin-producing strains cause scarlet fever in people who do not already have antitoxin <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins – SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. The pyrogenic exotoxins, also called <i>erythrogenic toxins</i>, cause the <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythematous</a> rash of scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Medscape2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medscape2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage_T12" title="Bacteriophage T12">bacteriophage T12</a> is responsible for the production of speA.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, speA, is the one most commonly associated with cases of scarlet fever that are complicated by the immune-mediated sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith-2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These toxins are also known as "<a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">superantigens</a>" because they can cause an extensive immune response by activating some of the cells that are mainly responsible for the person's immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the body responds to the toxins it encounters by making antibodies, those antibodies will only protect against that particular subset of toxins. They will not necessarily completely protect a person from future group A streptococcal infections, because there are 12 different pyrogenic exotoxins that may be produced by the disease, and future infections may produce a different subset of those toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Microbiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disease is caused by secretion of <a href="/wiki/Pyrogen_(fever)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrogen (fever)">pyrogenic</a> exotoxins by the infecting <i>Streptococcus</i> bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Zabriskie1964_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabriskie1964-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krause2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erythrogenic_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrogenic toxin">Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A</a> (<i>speA</i>) is probably the best studied of these toxins. It is carried by the bacteriophage T12 which integrates into the streptococcal genome from where the toxin is transcribed. The phage itself integrates into a serine tRNA gene on the chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-McShan1997_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McShan1997-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The T12 virus itself has not been placed into a taxon by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. It has a double-stranded DNA genome and on morphological grounds appears to be a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Siphoviridae" title="Siphoviridae">Siphoviridae</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>speA</i> gene was cloned and sequenced in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks1986_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks1986-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 753 base pairs in length and encodes a 29.244 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">kilodalton</a> (kDa) <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. The protein contains a putative 30-amino-acid <a href="/wiki/Signal_peptide" title="Signal peptide">signal peptide</a>; removal of the signal sequence gives a predicted molecular weight of 25.787 kDa for the secreted protein. Both a promoter and a ribosome binding site (<a href="/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Shine-Dalgarno sequence">Shine-Dalgarno sequence</a>) are present upstream of the gene. A transcriptional terminator is located 69 bases downstream from the translational termination <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a>. The carboxy terminal portion of the protein exhibits extensive homology with the carboxy terminus of <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">enterotoxins B</a> and C1.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Streptococcal phages other than T12 may also carry the <i>speA</i> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu1991_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the presentation of scarlet fever can be clinically diagnosed, further testing may be required to distinguish it from other illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, history of a recent exposure to someone with <a href="/wiki/Strep_throat" class="mw-redirect" title="Strep throat">strep throat</a> can be useful in diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two methods used to confirm suspicion of scarlet fever; <a href="/wiki/Rapid_antigen_detection_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid antigen detection test">rapid antigen detection test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">throat culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid antigen detection test is a very <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">specific test</a> but not very sensitive. This means that if the result is positive (indicating that the group A strep antigen was detected and therefore confirming that the person has a group A strep pharyngitis), then it is appropriate to treat the people with scarlet fever with antibiotics. But, if the rapid antigen detection test is negative (indicating that they do not have group A strep pharyngitis), then a throat culture is required to confirm, as the first test could have yielded a <a href="/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" title="False positives and false negatives">false negative</a> result.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, the throat culture is the current "gold standard" for diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serologic testing</a> seeks evidence of the antibodies that the body produces against the streptococcal infection, including antistreptolysin-O and antideoxyribonuclease B. It takes the body 2–3 weeks to make these antibodies, so this type of testing is not useful for diagnosing a current infection. But it is useful when assessing a person who may have one of the complications from a previous streptococcal infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Usatine-2013_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usatine-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throat cultures done after antibiotic therapy can show if the infection has been removed. These throat swabs, however, are not indicated, because up to 25% of properly treated individuals can continue to carry the streptococcal infection while being asymptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanz-2018_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanz-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scarlet fever might appear similar to <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_disease" title="Kawasaki disease">Kawasaki disease</a>, which has a characteristic red but not white strawberry tongue, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcal_scarlet_fever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staphylococcal scarlet fever (page does not exist)">staphylococcal scarlatina</a> which does not have the strawberry tongue at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conditions that might appear similar include <a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">impetigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hand-foot-and-mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-foot-and-mouth disease">hand-foot-and-mouth disease</a>, and may be distinguished by the pattern of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2022_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Viral <a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">exanthem</a>: Viral infections are often accompanied by a rash which can be described as <a href="/wiki/Morbilliform" title="Morbilliform">morbilliform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maculopapular_rash" title="Maculopapular rash">maculopapular</a>. This type of rash is accompanied by a prodromal period of cough and runny nose in addition to a fever, indicative of a viral process.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaspar-2015_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaspar-2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Allergic or <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>: The erythematous appearance of the skin will be in a more localized distribution rather than the diffuse and generalized rash seen in scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Usatine-2013_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usatine-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruption</a>: These are potential side effects of taking certain drugs such as penicillin. The reddened maculopapular rash which results can be itchy and be accompanied by a fever.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kawasaki disease: Children with this disease also present with a strawberry tongue and undergo a desquamative process on their palms and soles. However, these children tend to be younger than five years old, their fever lasts longer (at least five days), and they have additional clinical criteria (including signs such as conjunctival redness and cracked lips), which can help distinguish this from scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a>: Both streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria can cause this syndrome. Clinical manifestations include diffuse rash and desquamation of the palms and soles. It can be distinguished from scarlet fever by low blood pressure, lack of sandpaper texture for the rash, and multi-organ system involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a>: This is a disease that occurs primarily in young children due to a toxin-producing strain of the bacteria <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The abrupt start of the fever and diffused sunburned appearance of the rash can resemble scarlet fever. However, this rash is associated with tenderness and large blister formation. These blisters easily pop, followed by causing the skin to peel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Staphylococcal scarlet fever: The rash is identical to the streptococcal scarlet fever in distribution and texture, but the skin affected by the rash will be tender.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One method is long-term use of antibiotics to prevent future group A streptococcal infections. This method is only indicated for people who have had complications like recurrent attacks of acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. Antibiotics are limited in their ability to prevent these infections since there are a variety of subtypes of group A streptococci that can cause the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are currently no vaccines available, the vaccine approach has a greater likelihood of effectively preventing group A streptococcal infections in the future because vaccine formulations can target multiple subtypes of the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vaccine developed by George and Gladys Dick in 1924 was discontinued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> due to poor efficacy and the introduction of antibiotics. Difficulties in vaccine development include the considerable strain variety of group A streptococci present in the environment and the amount of time and number of people needed for appropriate trials for safety and efficacy of any potential vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been several attempts to create a vaccine in the past few decades. These vaccines, which are still in the development phase, expose the person to proteins present on the surface of the group A streptococci to activate an immune response that will prepare the person to fight and prevent future infections.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There used to be a diphtheria scarlet fever vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, however, found not to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This product was discontinued by the end of World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antibiotics to combat the streptococcal infection are the mainstay of treatment for scarlet fever. Prompt administration of appropriate antibiotics decreases the length of illness. Peeling of the outer layer of skin, however, will happen despite treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main goals of treatment is to prevent the child from developing one of the suppurative or nonsuppurative complications, especially acute rheumatic fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As long as antibiotics are started within nine days, it is very unlikely for the child to develop acute rheumatic fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibiotic therapy has not been shown to prevent the development of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.<sup id="cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important reason for prompt treatment with antibiotics is the ability to prevent transmission of the infection between children. An infected individual is most likely to pass on the infection to another person during the first two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanz-2018_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanz-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A child is no longer contagious (able to pass the infection to another child) after 24 hours of antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antibiotic of choice is <a href="/wiki/Penicillin_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin V">Penicillin V</a> which is taken by mouth. In countries without a liquid Penicillin V product, children unable to take tablets can be given <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a> which comes in a liquid form and is equally effective. Duration of treatment is 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Langlois-2011_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langlois-2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benzathine_penicillin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzathine penicillin G">Benzathine penicillin G</a> can be given as a one time intramuscular injection as another alternative if swallowing pills is not possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferri-2018-1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferri-2018-1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the person is allergic to the family of antibiotics which both penicillin and amoxicillin are a part of (<a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotics">beta-lactam antibiotics</a>), a first generation <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker2013_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cephalosporin antibiotics, however, can still cause adverse reactions in people whose allergic reaction to penicillin is a <a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I hypersensitivity reaction">Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction</a>. In those cases it is appropriate to choose <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker2013_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tonsillectomy" title="Tonsillectomy">Tonsillectomy</a>, although once a reasonable treatment for recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, is not indicated, as a person can still be infected with group A streptococcus without their tonsils.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanz-2018_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanz-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic_resistance_and_resurgence">Antibiotic resistance and resurgence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antibiotic resistance and resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">drug-resistant</a> strain of scarlet fever, resistant to <a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a> antibiotics such as <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>, but retaining drug-sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, emerged in Hong Kong in 2011, accounting for at least two deaths in that city—the first such in over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-APo_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APo-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 60% of circulating strains of the group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever in Hong Kong are resistant to macrolide antibiotics, according to Professor <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung" title="Yuen Kwok-yung">Yuen Kwok-yung</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong University">Hong Kong University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> department. Previously, observed <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">resistance</a> rates had been 10–30%; the increase is likely the result of overuse of macrolide antibiotics in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was also an outbreak in the UK in 2014, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> reported a 68% increase in the number of <i>S. pyogenes</i> identified in laboratory reports between 2014 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New research published in October 2020 indicates that the bacterium appears to be getting more robust after being infected with viruses,<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically the North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) (group A Streptococcus, GAS).<sup id="cite_ref-ncarticle_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncarticle-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found three new genes, acquired from viruses, which cause development of "<a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">superantigens</a>" targeting <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, resulting in a more virulent strain of the bacterium.<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vaccine that will protect against the 180 to 200 types of bacteria causing the disease has been worked on for over 20 years, but as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a safe one had not yet been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-abcvirus_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scarlet fever occurs equally in both males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-Usatine-2013_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usatine-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are most commonly infected, typically between 5–15 years old. Although streptococcal infections can happen at any time of year, infection rates peak in the winter and spring months, typically in colder climates.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The morbidity and mortality of scarlet fever has declined since the 18th and 19th centuries when there were epidemics of this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1900 the mortality rate in multiple places reached 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessels2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency of scarlet fever cases has also been declining over the past century. </p><p>There have been several reported outbreaks of the disease in various countries in the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for these increases remains unclear in the medical community. Between 2013 and 2016 population rates of scarlet fever in England increased from 8.2 to 33.2 per 100,000 and hospital admissions for scarlet fever increased by 97%.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further increases in the reporting of scarlet fever cases have been noted in England during the 2021–2022 season (September to September) and so far also in the season 2022–2023.<sup id="cite_ref-GovUK2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovUK2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has reported an increase in scarlet fever (and iGAS – invasive GAS cases) in England, and other European countries during this time. Increases have been reported in France and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, cases of scarlet fever are not reported, but as of December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> was looking at a possible increase in the numbers of invasive GAS infections reported in children.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late December 2022, the CDC's <a href="/wiki/Health_Alert_Network" title="Health Alert Network">Health Alert Network</a> issued an advisory on the reported increases in invasive GAS infections.<sup id="cite_ref-HAN_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAN-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unclear when a description of this disease was first recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolleston1928_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolleston1928-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, writing around 400 BC, described the condition of a person with a reddened skin and fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti-2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first unambiguous description of the disease in the medical literature appeared in the 1553 book <i>De Tumoribus praeter Naturam</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> anatomist and physician <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Filippo_Ingrassia" title="Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia">Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia</a>, where he referred to it as <i>rossalia</i>. He also made a point to distinguish that this presentation had different characteristics from <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti-2016_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was redescribed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weyer" title="Johann Weyer">Johann Weyer</a> during an epidemic in lower Germany between 1564 and 1565; he referred to it as <i>scarlatina anginosa</i>. The first unequivocal description of scarlet fever appeared in a book by Joannes Coyttarus of <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De febre purpura epidemiale et contagiosa libri duo</i></span>, which was published in 1578 in Paris. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sennert" title="Daniel Sennert">Daniel Sennert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> described the classical 'scarlatinal desquamation' in 1572 and was also the first to describe the early <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, scarlatinal <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a> associated with the disease.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1675 the term that has been commonly used to refer to scarlet fever, "scarlatina", was written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham" title="Thomas Sydenham">Thomas Sydenham</a>, an English physician.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti-2016_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg/170px-Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg/255px-Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg/340px-Bad_F%C3%BCssing_-_Friedhof_Safferstetten_-_Kirche_St._Andreas_-_Gedenktafel_Familie_Berger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bad_F%C3%BCssing" title="Bad Füssing">Bad Füssing</a>, Germany: Memorial to the local innkeeper's four children, who all died during a local wave of scarlet fever in 1858–59</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bright_(physician)" title="Richard Bright (physician)">Richard Bright</a> was the first to recognize the involvement of the renal system in scarlet fever.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The association between streptococci and disease was first described in 1874 by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Billroth" title="Theodor Billroth">Theodor Billroth</a>, discussing people with skin infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti-2016_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billroth also coined the genus name <i>Streptococcus</i>. In 1884 <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Rosenbach" title="Friedrich Julius Rosenbach">Friedrich Julius Rosenbach</a> edited the name to its current one, <i>Streptococcus pyogenes,</i> after further looking at the bacteria in the skin lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferretti-2016_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferretti-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organism was first cultured in 1883 by the German surgeon <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fehleisen" title="Friedrich Fehleisen">Friedrich Fehleisen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1884, the German physician <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loeffler" title="Friedrich Loeffler">Friedrich Loeffler</a> was the first to show the presence of streptococci in the throats of people with scarlet fever. Because not all people with pharyngeal streptococci developed scarlet fever, these findings remained controversial for some time. The association between streptococci and scarlet fever was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Dochez" title="Alphonse Dochez">Alphonse Dochez</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Dick" title="George Frederick Dick">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Dick" title="Gladys Dick">Gladys Dick</a> in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-dochez1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dochez1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1884, the world's first convalescent home for people with scarlet fever was opened at Brockley Hill, Stanmore, founded by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wardell" title="Mary Wardell">Mary Wardell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nil_Filatov" title="Nil Filatov">Nil Filatov</a> (in 1895) and Clement Dukes (in 1894) described an exanthematous disease which they thought was a form of <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>, but in 1900, Dukes described it as a separate illness which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Dukes%27_disease" title="Dukes' disease">Dukes' disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duke_original_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duke_original-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filatov's disease, or fourth disease. However, in 1979, Keith Powell identified it as in fact the same illness as the form of scarlet fever which is caused by staphylococcal exotoxin and is known as <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11214144_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11214144-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid367152_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid367152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4252715_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4252715-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11441870_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11441870-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever_serum" title="Scarlet fever serum">Scarlet fever serum</a> from horses' blood was used in the treatment of children beginning in 1900 and reduced mortality rates significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-horse_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horse-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, Austrian <a href="/wiki/Pediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatrician">pediatrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a> postulated that disease-causing immune complexes were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a> that followed scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber2006_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber2006-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a> were discovered in 1915 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Twort" title="Frederick Twort">Frederick Twort</a>. His work was overlooked and bacteriophages were later rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Felix_d%27Herelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix d'Herelle">Felix d'Herelle</a> in 1917. The specific association of scarlet fever with the group A streptococci had to await the development of <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lancefield" title="Rebecca Lancefield">Rebecca Lancefield</a>'s streptococcal grouping scheme in the 1920s. George and Gladys Dick showed that cell-free filtrates could induce the erythematous reaction characteristic of scarlet fever, proving that this reaction was due to a toxin. Karelitz and Stempien discovered that extracts from human serum globulin and placental globulin can be used as lightening agents for scarlet fever and this was used later as the basis for the Dick test. The association of scarlet fever and bacteriophages was described in 1926 by Cantacuzène (<a href="/wiki/Ioan_Cantacuzino" title="Ioan Cantacuzino">Ioan Cantacuzino</a>) and Bonciu.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantacuzène1926_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantacuzène1926-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a widespread epidemic of scarlet fever in 1922. Amongst the victims of this epidemic was <a href="/wiki/Agathe_Whitehead" title="Agathe Whitehead">Agathe Whitehead</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever_serum" title="Scarlet fever serum">antitoxin for scarlet fever</a> was developed in 1924. The discovery of penicillin and its subsequent widespread use significantly reduced the mortality of this once-feared disease. The first toxin which causes this disease was cloned and sequenced in 1986 by Weeks and Ferretti.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks1986_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks1986-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incidence of scarlet fever was reported to be increasing in countries including England, Wales, South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Hong Kong in the 2010s; the cause had not been established as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases were also reported to be increasing after the easing of restrictions due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID pandemic">COVID pandemic</a> that started in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dick_test">The Dick test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Dick test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dick test, developed in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/George_F._Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Dick">George F. Dick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Dick" title="Gladys Dick">Gladys Dick</a>, was used to identify those susceptible to scarlet fever.<sup id="cite_ref-Dick1924_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dick1924-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dick test involved injecting a diluted strain of the streptococci known to cause scarlet fever; a reaction in the skin at the injection site identified people susceptible to developing scarlet fever. The reaction could be seen four hours after the injection, but was more noticeable after 24 hours. If no reaction was seen in the skin, then the person was assumed not to be at risk from the disease, having developed immunity to it.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_(1891).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otto Kalischer wrote a doctoral thesis on scarlet fever in 1891."><img alt="Otto Kalischer wrote a doctoral thesis on scarlet fever in 1891." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg/122px-%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg/183px-%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg/244px-%C3%9Cber_die_Nierenver%C3%A4nderungen_bei_Scharlach_%281891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kalischer" title="Otto Kalischer">Otto Kalischer</a> wrote a doctoral thesis on scarlet fever in 1891.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_(FDA_178)_(8211297109).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1930s American poster attempting to curb the spread of such diseases as scarlet fever by regulating milk supply"><img alt="A 1930s American poster attempting to curb the spread of such diseases as scarlet fever by regulating milk supply" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg/127px-Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg/190px-Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg/254px-Poster_-_%22Regulation_of_the_Milk_Supply%22_%28FDA_178%29_%288211297109%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="6424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1930s American poster attempting to curb the spread of such diseases as scarlet fever by regulating milk supply</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_(1881-1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gladys Henry Dick (pictured) and George Frederick Dick developed an antitoxin and vaccine for scarlet fever in 1924 which were later eclipsed by penicillin in the 1940s."><img alt="Gladys Henry Dick (pictured) and George Frederick Dick developed an antitoxin and vaccine for scarlet fever in 1924 which were later eclipsed by penicillin in the 1940s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg/137px-Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg/205px-Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg/274px-Gladys_Rowena_Henry_Dick_%281881-1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="3317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Henry_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladys Henry Dick">Gladys Henry Dick</a> <i>(pictured)</i> and <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Dick" title="George Frederick Dick">George Frederick Dick</a> developed an <a href="/wiki/Antitoxin" title="Antitoxin">antitoxin</a> and vaccine for scarlet fever in 1924 which were later eclipsed by penicillin in the 1940s.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_fever&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CDC2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2022_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215154656/https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/scarlet-fever.html">"Scarlet Fever: All You Need to Know"</a>. <i>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 31 October 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/scarlet-fever.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Scarlet+Fever%3A+All+You+Need+to+Know&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fgroupastrep%2Fdiseases-public%2Fscarlet-fever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOED_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Shorter Oxford English dictionary</i>. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939666/">"Scarlet Fever"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939666">29939666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323045123/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29939666/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Scarlet+Fever&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29939666&rft.aulast=Pardo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Perera%2C+Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29939666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zitelli2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zitelli2023_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelsWilliams2023" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Marian `G.; Williams, John V. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">"21. Life-threatening skin and soft tissue infections"</a>. In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). <i>Netter's Infectious Diseases</i> (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-71159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-71159-3"><bdi>978-0-323-71159-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422223823/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21.+Life-threatening+skin+and+soft+tissue+infections&rft.btitle=Netter%27s+Infectious+Diseases&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-323-71159-3&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Amy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8skEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovUK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GovUK_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet">"Scarlet fever: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211193420/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/scarlet-fever-factsheet">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Scarlet+fever%3A+symptoms%2C+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fscarlet-fever-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment%2Fscarlet-fever-factsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smallman2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smallman2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallman-Raynor2012" class="citation book cs1">Smallman-Raynor, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMnN4fZrj70C&pg=PA48"><i>Atlas of epidemic Britain: a twentieth century picture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199572922" title="Special:BookSources/9780199572922"><bdi>9780199572922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214073450/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMnN4fZrj70C&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+epidemic+Britain%3A+a+twentieth+century+picture&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199572922&rft.aulast=Smallman-Raynor&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMnN4fZrj70C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detels2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Detels2015_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelteWilliamsHitchcock2017" class="citation book cs1">Welte, Alex; Williams, Brian; Hitchcock, Gavin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA648">"5.18. Mathematical models of transmission and control of infectious agents"</a>. In Detels, Roger; Gulliford, Martin; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool; Tan, Chorh Chuan (eds.). <i>Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health</i>. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">648–</span>650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871930-4"><bdi>978-0-19-871930-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141814/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA648">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.18.+Mathematical+models+of+transmission+and+control+of+infectious+agents&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Global+Public+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E648-%3C%2Fspan%3E650&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871930-4&rft.aulast=Welte&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Williams%2C+Brian&rft.au=Hitchcock%2C+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7H8yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcvirus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcvirus_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2020" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Holly (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-08/scarlet-fever-incidence-on-the-rise-bacteria-infected-by-viruses/12740806">"Scarlet fever is making a comeback after being infected with a toxic virus, researchers say"</a>. <i>ABC News (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712213203/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-08/scarlet-fever-incidence-on-the-rise-bacteria-infected-by-viruses/12740806">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.atitle=Scarlet+fever+is+making+a+comeback+after+being+infected+with+a+toxic+virus%2C+researchers+say&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-10-08%2Fscarlet-fever-incidence-on-the-rise-bacteria-infected-by-viruses%2F12740806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessels2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wessels, Michael R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333418/#pharyngitis.Clinical_features">"Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever"</a>. <i>Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations</i>. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26866221">26866221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303033712/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333418/#pharyngitis.Clinical_features">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Streptococcus+pyogenes%3A+Basic+Biology+to+Clinical+Manifestations&rft.atitle=Pharyngitis+and+Scarlet+Fever&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26866221&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK333418%2F%23pharyngitis.Clinical_features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew2020-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew2020_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesElstonTreatRosenbach2020" class="citation book cs1">James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259">"14. Bacterial infections"</a>. <i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</i> (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 259-260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-54753-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-54753-6"><bdi>978-0-323-54753-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516190231/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Bacterial+infections&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=259-260&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-323-54753-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Elston%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Treat%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Rosenbach%2C+Misha+A.&rft.au=Neuhaus%2C+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEaEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessels2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2016_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2016" class="citation book cs1">Wessels, Michael R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharyngitis+and+Scarlet+Fever&rft.btitle=Streptococcus+pyogenes%3A+Basic+Biology+to+Clinical+Manifestations&rft.place=Oklahoma+City+%28OK%29&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Health+Sciences+Center&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26866221&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK333418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarlet+fever" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferri-2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferri-2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2018" class="citation book cs1">Ferri, Fred (2018). <i>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018</i>. 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180266" class="extiw" title="d:Q180266">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#107294155">1B50</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A38">A38</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=034.1">034.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/012541">012541</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012541">D012541</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29032.htm">29032</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/scarlet-fever-pro">Scarlet fever</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_infections,_symptoms_and_signs_related_to_viruses71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Template:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Template talk:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_cutaneous_conditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral cutaneous conditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skin_infections,_symptoms_and_signs_related_to_viruses71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin infections</a>, symptoms and signs related to <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphaherpesvirinae" title="Alphaherpesvirinae">Alpha.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_whitlow" title="Herpetic whitlow">Herpetic whitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_gladiatorum" title="Herpes gladiatorum">Herpes gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes simplex keratitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpetic sycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">Neonatal herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">Genital herpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_sore" title="Cold sore">Cold sore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_herpeticum" title="Eczema herpeticum">Eczema herpeticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_esophagitis" title="Herpes esophagitis">Herpetiform esophagitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_gingivostomatitis" title="Herpetic gingivostomatitis">Herpetic gingivostomatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus" title="Varicella zoster virus">VZV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Chickenpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Herpes zoster oticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster_ophthalmicus" title="Herpes zoster ophthalmicus">Ophthalmic zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Disseminated herpes zoster">Disseminated herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">Zoster-associated pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_varicella-like_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified varicella-like syndrome">Modified varicella-like syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Betaherpesvirinae" title="Betaherpesvirinae">Beta.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_herpesvirus_6" title="Human herpesvirus 6">Human herpesvirus 6</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Roseolovirus" title="Roseolovirus">Roseolovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roseola" title="Roseola">Exanthema subitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseola_vaccinia" title="Roseola vaccinia">Roseola vaccinia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalic inclusion disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae" title="Gammaherpesvirinae">Gamma.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthopoxvirus" title="Orthopoxvirus">Ortho.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Variola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastrim">Alastrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeypox_virus" title="Monkeypox virus">Monkeypox virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mpox" title="Mpox">Monkeypox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">Cowpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinia virus">Vaccinia virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinia" title="Vaccinia">Vaccinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_vaccinia" title="Generalized vaccinia">Generalized vaccinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema_vaccinatum" title="Eczema vaccinatum">Eczema vaccinatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_vaccinia" title="Progressive vaccinia">Progressive vaccinia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalopox" title="Buffalopox">Buffalopox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parapoxvirus" title="Parapoxvirus">Para.</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmyard_pox" title="Farmyard pox">Farmyard pox</a>: <a href="/wiki/Milker%27s_nodule" title="Milker's nodule">Milker's nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_papular_stomatitis" title="Bovine papular stomatitis">Bovine papular stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravaccinia_virus" title="Paravaccinia virus">Pseudocowpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orf_(disease)" title="Orf (disease)">Orf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealpox" title="Sealpox">Sealpox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yatapoxvirus" title="Yatapoxvirus">Yatapoxvirus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum_virus" title="Molluscum contagiosum virus">Molluscum contagiosum virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">Papillomaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="HPV94" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a>/<a href="/wiki/Plantar_wart" title="Plantar wart">plantar wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heck%27s_disease" title="Heck's disease">Heck's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">Genital wart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_condyloma_acuminatum" title="Giant condyloma acuminatum">giant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_papillomatosis" title="Laryngeal papillomatosis">Laryngeal papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_wart" title="Butcher's wart">Butcher's wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowenoid_papulosis" title="Bowenoid papulosis">Bowenoid papulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis" title="Epidermodysplasia verruciformis">Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_wart" title="Flat wart">Verruca plana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_wart" title="Pigmented wart">Pigmented wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucae_palmares_et_plantares" title="Verrucae palmares et plantares">Verrucae palmares et plantares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_papillomavirus" title="Bovine papillomavirus">Bovine papillomavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_sarcoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine sarcoid">Equine sarcoid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parvoviridae" title="Parvoviridae">Parvoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvovirus_B19" title="Parvovirus B19">Parvovirus B19</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_disease" title="Fifth disease">Erythema infectiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocytopenia" title="Reticulocytopenia">Reticulocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papular_purpuric_gloves_and_socks_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome">Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyomaviridae" title="Polyomaviridae">Polyomaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">Merkel cell polyomavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel cell carcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rubivirus" title="Rubivirus">Matonaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubella_virus" title="Rubella virus">Rubella virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">Congenital rubella syndrome</a> ("German measles")</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphavirus" title="Alphavirus">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphavirus_infection" title="Alphavirus infection">Alphavirus infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Picornavirus" title="Picornavirus">Picornaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_A_virus" title="Coxsackie A virus">Coxsackie A virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand,_foot,_and_mouth_disease" title="Hand, foot, and mouth disease">Hand, foot, and mouth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpangina" title="Herpangina">Herpangina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease_virus" title="Foot-and-mouth disease virus">Foot-and-mouth disease virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_exanthem_disease" title="Boston exanthem disease">Boston exanthem disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_periflexural_exanthem_of_childhood" title="Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood">Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-vaccination_follicular_eruption" title="Post-vaccination follicular eruption">Post-vaccination follicular eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipsch%C3%BCtz_ulcer" title="Lipschütz ulcer">Lipschütz ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruptive_pseudoangiomatosis" title="Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis">Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichodysplasia_spinulosa" title="Trichodysplasia spinulosa">Viral-associated trichodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianotti%E2%80%93Crosti_syndrome" title="Gianotti–Crosti syndrome">Gianotti–Crosti syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Template:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> (low-<a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">G+C</a>) <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Bacterial diseases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive bacterial infection">G+</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillales">Lactobacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hemolytic streptococci">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optochin" title="Optochin">optochin</a> susceptible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">S. pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">optochin resistant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viridans_streptococci" title="Viridans streptococci">Viridans streptococci</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mitis" title="Streptococcus mitis">S. mitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">S. mutans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_oralis" title="Streptococcus oralis">S. oralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguinis" title="Streptococcus sanguinis">S. sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sobrinus" title="Streptococcus sobrinus">S. sobrinus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus_group" title="Streptococcus anginosus group"><i>S. anginosus</i> group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic streptococci">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> susceptible: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">S. pyogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scarlet fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bacitracin resistant, <a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">S. agalactiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)#Gamma" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus#Group_D_(enterococci)_*variable_in_hemolysis" title="Streptococcus">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium" title="Enterococcus faecium">Enterococcus faecium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat+</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin" title="Novobiocin">novobiocin</a> susceptible</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>novobiocin resistant</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food poisoning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>motile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>nonmotile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridial_necrotizing_enteritis" title="Clostridial necrotizing enteritis">Clostridial necrotizing enteritis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides" title="Clostridioides">Clostridioides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile" title="Clostridioides difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> [<i>Clostridium difficile</i>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous colitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia</a></i> (non-spore forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia magna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmataceae" title="Mycoplasmataceae">Mycoplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaeroplasmatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeroplasmatales">Anaeroplasmatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae" title="Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae">Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erysipeloid" title="Erysipeloid">Erysipeloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood" title="Template:Numbered Diseases of Childhood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood" title="Template talk:Numbered Diseases of Childhood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numbered Diseases of Childhood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Diseases_of_Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbered Diseases of Childhood">Numbered Diseases of Childhood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">First Disease (Measles)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Disease (Scarlet Fever)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Third Disease (Rubella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes%27_disease" title="Dukes' disease">Fourth Disease (Dukes' Disease)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_disease" title="Fifth disease">Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseola" title="Roseola">Sixth Disease (Roseola)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Template talk:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial skin disease">Bacterial skin disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Gram +ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection">Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_intertrigo" title="Streptococcal intertrigo">Streptococcal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chronic_recurrent_erysipelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic recurrent erysipelas">Chronic recurrent erysipelas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scarlet fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Erythrasma" title="Erythrasma">Erythrasma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_gangrenosa" title="Dermatitis gangrenosa">Dermatitis gangrenosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipeloid_of_Rosenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysipeloid of Rosenbach">Erysipeloid of Rosenbach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Mycobacterium-<br />related</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_lepromatous_leprosy" title="Borderline lepromatous leprosy">Borderline lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_leprosy" title="Borderline leprosy">Borderline leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Borderline tuberculoid leprosy">Borderline tuberculoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_induratum" title="Erythema induratum">Erythema induratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepromatous_leprosy" title="Lepromatous leprosy">Lepromatous leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_scrofulosorum" title="Lichen scrofulosorum">Lichen scrofulosorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">Lupus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">Miliary tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_complex_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection"><i>Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_haemophilum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium haemophilum infection"><i>Mycobacterium haemophilum</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_kansasii_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium kansasii infection"><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papulonecrotic_tuberculid" title="Papulonecrotic tuberculid">Papulonecrotic tuberculid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_inoculation_tuberculosis" title="Primary inoculation tuberculosis">Primary inoculation tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_growing_mycobacterium_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid growing mycobacterium infection">Rapid growing mycobacterium infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrofuloderma" title="Scrofuloderma">Scrofuloderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_cutis_orificialis" title="Tuberculosis cutis orificialis">Tuberculosis cutis orificialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_verrucosa_cutis" title="Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis">Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_gumma" title="Tuberculous gumma">Tuberculous gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Tuberculoid leprosy">Tuberculoid leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_actinomycosis" title="Cutaneous actinomycosis">Cutaneous actinomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocardiosis" title="Nocardiosis">Nocardiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_diphtheria_infection" title="Cutaneous diphtheria infection">Cutaneous diphtheria infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_infection" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection"><i>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_JK_corynebacterium_sepsis" title="Group JK corynebacterium sepsis">Group JK corynebacterium sepsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram -ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_typhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic typhus">Endemic typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytotropic_anaplasmosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_spotted_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean spotted fever">Mediterranean spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroya_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroya fever">Oroya fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonococcemia" title="Gonococcemia">Gonococcemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_gonococcal_dermatitis" title="Primary gonococcal dermatitis">Primary gonococcal dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Pasteurella_hemolytica_infection" title="Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection">Cutaneous <i>Pasteurella hemolytica</i> infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcemia">Meningococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gamma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis" title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> cellulitis</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonal_pyoderma" title="Pseudomonal pyoderma">Pseudomonal pyoderma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_hot-foot_syndrome" title="Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome"><i>Pseudomonas</i> hot-foot syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub_folliculitis" title="Hot tub folliculitis">Hot tub folliculitis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ecthyma_gangrenosum" title="Ecthyma gangrenosum">Ecthyma gangrenosum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Green_nail_syndrome" title="Green nail syndrome">Green nail syndrome</a> </span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syphilid" title="Syphilid">Syphilid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancre" title="Chancre">Chancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinta_(disease)" title="Pinta (disease)">Pinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bejel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejel">Bejel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat-bite_fever" title="Rat-bite fever">Rat-bite fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">Lymphogranuloma venereum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_folliculitis" title="Gram-negative folliculitis">Gram-negative folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_toe_web_infection" title="Gram-negative toe web infection">Gram-negative toe web infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified <br /> pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periapical_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapical abscess">Periapical abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil/furuncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_furunculosis" title="Hospital furunculosis">Hospital furunculosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">Carbuncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic paronychia">Pyogenic paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_cellulitis" title="Perianal cellulitis">Perianal cellulitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Acute lymphadenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilonidal_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilonidal cyst">Pilonidal cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyoderma" title="Pyoderma">Pyoderma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_pustular_folliculitis" title="Superficial pustular folliculitis">Superficial pustular folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycosis_vulgaris" title="Sycosis vulgaris">Sycosis vulgaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimple" title="Pimple">Pimple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthyma" title="Ecthyma">Ecthyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitted_keratolysis" title="Pitted keratolysis">Pitted keratolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichomycosis_axillaris" title="Trichomycosis axillaris">Trichomycosis axillaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_undermining_burrowing_ulcer" title="Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer">Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis_nostras" title="Elephantiasis nostras">Elephantiasis nostras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blistering_distal_dactylitis" title="Blistering distal dactylitis">Blistering distal dactylitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botryomycosis" title="Botryomycosis">Botryomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyomyositis" title="Pyomyositis">Pyomyositis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis-like_pyoderma" title="Blastomycosis-like pyoderma">Blastomycosis-like pyoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_impetigo" title="Bullous 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