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id="toc-1970s,_1980s_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s,_1980s_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1970s, 1980s and 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s,_1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_and_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_and_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 2000s and 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_and_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergenekon_Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergenekon_Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Ergenekon Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergenekon_Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_with_Erdoğan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_with_Erdoğan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Split with Erdoğan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_with_Erdoğan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_request,_U.S.–Turkey_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_request,_U.S.–Turkey_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Extradition request, U.S.–Turkey tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition_request,_U.S.–Turkey_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt_asylum_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_asylum_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Egypt asylum proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_asylum_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Continuing aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Thought and activism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought_and_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Thought and activism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Thought_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_and_intercultural_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_and_intercultural_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Interfaith and intercultural dialogue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_and_intercultural_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolian_nationalism;_Turkish_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolian_nationalism;_Turkish_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Anatolian nationalism; Turkish Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolian_nationalism;_Turkish_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Kurdish issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Freedom of expression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Secularism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_bid_to_join_the_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_bid_to_join_the_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Turkish bid to join the EU </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_bid_to_join_the_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Women's roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8 Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaza_flotilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaza_flotilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.9 Gaza flotilla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaza_flotilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.10 Syrian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.11 Armenian genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_Up_(Colors_of_Peace)_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_Up_(Colors_of_Peace)_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rise Up (Colors of Peace) album </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_Up_(Colors_of_Peace)_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fethullah Gülen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح الله كولن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فتح الله كولن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99tullah_G%C3%BCl%C9%99n" title="Fətullah Gülən – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fətullah Gülən" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফেতহুল্লাহ গুলেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেতহুল্লাহ গুলেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Фәтхулла Гүлән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәтхулла Гүлән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхуллах Гюлен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фетхуллах Гюлен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Φετουλάχ Γκιουλέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φετουλάχ Γκιουλέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح‌الله گولن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتح‌الله گولن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%AB%ED%9B%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%9D%90_%EA%B7%88%EB%A0%8C" title="펫훌라흐 귈렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펫훌라흐 귈렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆեթուլլահ Գյուլեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեթուլլահ Գյուլեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="फ़तहुल्लाह गुलेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़तहुल्लाह गुलेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פטהוללה גולן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטהוללה גולן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფეთჰულაჰ გიულენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეთჰულაჰ გიულენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхуллаһ Гүлен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фетхуллаһ Гүлен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхуллах Гүлен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фетхуллах Гүлен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullahs_Gilens" title="Fethullahs Gilens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fethullahs Gilens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхулах Ѓулен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фетхулах Ѓулен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫത്ഹുല്ല ഗുലൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫത്ഹുല്ല ഗുലൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح الله كولن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فتح الله كولن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح‌الله گولن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فتح‌الله گولن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхуллах Гюлен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фетхуллах Гюлен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="फेतुल्लाह गुलेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फेतुल्लाह गुलेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="フェトフッラー・ギュレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェトフッラー・ギュレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح اللہ گولن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فتح اللہ گولن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح الله گلن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فتح الله گلن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Гюлен, Фетхуллах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гюлен, Фетхуллах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_Gylen" title="Fethullah Gylen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fethullah Gylen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح الله گولن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فتح الله گولن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%DA%B5%DA%B5%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86" title="فەتحوڵڵا گویلەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەتحوڵڵا گویلەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетулах Гулен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фетулах Гулен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பத்ஹுல்லா குலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்ஹுல்லா குலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Фәтхулла Гүлән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәтхулла Гүлән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Муҳаммад Фатҳуллоҳ Гюлен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммад Фатҳуллоҳ Гюлен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D2%90%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фетхуллах Ґюлен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фетхуллах Ґюлен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="فتح اللہ گولن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فتح اللہ گولن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fethullah Gülen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E8%BF%9E" title="法图拉·居连 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法图拉·居连" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fethullah Gülen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetullahgulen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fetullahgulen.png/220px-Fetullahgulen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Fetullahgulen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="395" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gülen in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muhammed Fethullah Gülen</div> (1941-04-27)27 April 1941 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pasinler,_Erzurum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasinler, Erzurum">Pasinler, Erzurum</a>, Turkey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 2024(2024-10-20) (aged 83) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Scholar</li> <li>author</li> <li>preacher</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Islam">Moderate Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish politics">Turkish politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li><li>Nuanced <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">Universal education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</a> among <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">people of the Book</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-kitab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl al-kitab">Ahl al-kitab</a>) and by extension all peoples<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nurcu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurcu">Nurcu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Essentials_of_the_Islamic_Faith" title="The Essentials of the Islamic Faith">The Essentials of the Islamic Faith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_King_Ikeda_Award_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi King Ikeda Award for Peace">Gandhi King Ikeda Award for Peace</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic thought">Islamic thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Muslim" title="Moderate Muslim">Moderate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fgulen.com">fgulen.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (27 April 1941 – 20 October 2024) was a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholar</a>, preacher, and leader of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-9">[9]</a> who as of 2016 had millions of followers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-15-7-2016-10">[10]</a> Gülen was an influential <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">neo-Ottomanist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">panethnicist</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13">[13]</a> Islamic poet, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social critic">social critic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> developing a <a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Nursian</a> theological perspective<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> that embraces democratic <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-13">[13]</a> Gülen was a local state <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> from 1959 to 1981<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helen_Rose_Fuchs_Ebaugh_p_26-17">[17]</a> and he was a citizen of Turkey until his <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a> by the Turkish government in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Over the years, Gülen became a <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist political figure</a> in Turkey prior to his being there as a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive" title="Fugitive">fugitive</a>. From 1999 until his death in 2024, Gülen lived in self-exile in the United States near <a href="/wiki/Saylorsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania">Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Gülen said his <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticisms</a> are focused upon individuals' faith and morality and a lesser extent toward political ends,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and self described as rejecting an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist political philosophy</a>, advocating instead for full participation within professions, society, and political life by religious and secular individuals who profess high moral or ethical principles and who wholly support <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular rule</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Gülen was described in the English-language media as an imam "who promoted a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work, and education" and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures".<a href="#cite_note-economist10808408-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 2003, a number of Gülen movement participants allied with <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>'s right wing <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP), providing the AKP political and sorely-needed administrative support.<a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> This political alliance worked together to weaken left-of-center <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist factions</a>, but fractured in 2011. Turkish prosecutors accused Gülen of attempts to overthrow the government by allegedly directing politically motivated corruption investigations by Gülen-linked investigators then in the judiciary,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> who illegally wiretapped the executive office of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish president">Turkish president</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-9">[9]</a> and Gülen's alleged instigations of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya.net-32">[32]</a> Gülen denied the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A Turkish criminal court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and Turkey demanded his extradition from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-trtworld.com-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> U.S. government officials did not believe he was associated with any <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist activity</a>, and requested evidence to be provided by the Turkish government to substantiate the allegations in the warrant requesting extradition, frequently rejecting Turkish calls for his extradition.<a href="#cite_note-aktif-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Gülen was wanted as a terrorist leader in Turkey<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> Muhammed Fethullah Gülen<a href="#cite_note-auto-48">[48]</a> was born in the village of Korucuk, near <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Çelik2010-50">[50]</a> to Ramiz and Refia Gülen,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There is some dispute over his date of birth. According to some accounts, usually older ones, he was born on 10 November 1938, while others state his birth was on 27 April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-begend-52">[52]</a> State documents support the 1941 date,<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-begend-52">[52]</a> which is now the accepted date,<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-begend-52">[52]</a> used on Gülen's English website.<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a> (Some commentators note that 10 November 1938 was the date of the death of the founder of modern Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, and suggest that the date was chosen for its political significance.<a href="#cite_note-renisl-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2013-53">[53]</a> An alternative explanation for the discrepancy offered by one of Gülen's close students, and biographer, was that his parents waited three years to register his birth.)<a href="#cite_note-hengul-54">[54]</a> Gülen's father was an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gulmov23-55">[55]</a> His mother taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> in their village, despite such informal religious instruction being banned by the <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-Ebaugh2009-56">[56]</a> Gülen's secular formal education ended when his family moved to another village.<a href="#cite_note-gulmov23-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurum <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a><a href="#cite_note-fg_edu-58">[58]</a> and was influenced by the ideas of Kurdish scholar <a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He gave his first sermon as a licensed state preacher in 1958, when he was in his teens.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Gülen was appointed an assistant imam at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, 6 August 1959, and thus joined in the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> where he served<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> until he retired from formal preaching duties in 1981. While Gülen was teaching at the <a href="/wiki/Kestanepazari_Qur%27anic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kestanepazari Qur'anic School">Kestanepazari Qur'anic School</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> in March 1971, <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">the Turkish military seized control</a> of the government in an attempt to quell domestic political violence. During its aftermath, Gülen was arrested for organizing a clandestine religious group based on his teachings and was imprisoned for seven months.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Gülen's influence in civil society and number of followers grew steadily during the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. In 1994, he participated in the founding of the Journalists and Writers Foundation<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and was given the title "honorary president" by the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He reportedly avoided making any comments about the forced closures of the Islamist Welfare Party in 1998<a href="#cite_note-biu.ac.il-66">[66]</a> or the Virtue Party in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-eupjournals.com-67">[67]</a> or meeting with the leaders of Islamic political parties,<a href="#cite_note-eupjournals.com-67">[67]</a> although he did meet with some of their politicians like <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_to_the_United_States">Coming to the United States</h3></div> In 1999, Gülen relocated to the United States for medical treatment,<a href="#cite_note-60min2012-68">[68]</a> and has remained there since.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> Turkish law of the time, intending to ensure modernity and secularism, non-state sanctioned religious endeavors were outlawed and Gülen was under investigation for subverting the government,<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> especially over remarks (aired after he immigrated to U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In June 1999, after Gülen had left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some Turkish television stations with recordings of Gülen saying, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The existing system is still in power. Our friends who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so that they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to carry out a nationwide restoration. However, they should wait until the conditions become more favorable. In other words, they should not come out too early.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></blockquote> Gülen was tried in absentia in 2000, and found guilty of conspiring to embed his supporters into the Turkish civil service in important governmental offices to overthrow the government.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> Gülen said his remarks were taken out of context,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and his supporters raised questions about the authenticity of the tape,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> which he said had been "manipulated". Gülen's conviction was reversed in 2008 under the new <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,<a href="#cite_note-60min2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74">[74]</a> a move that signaled cooperation between Erdoğan's AKP (whose Islamist ideas were becoming increasingly popular),<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> and Gülen's movement (whose media, banking and educational network in Turkey and elsewhere was becoming increasingly powerful).<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> Gülen applied for a "<a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">green card</a>", i.e. permanent residence in the United States in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> After <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001">11 September 2001</a>, the U.S. increased its scrutiny of its domestic Islamic religious groups. Objecting to Gulen's residency application were the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, the State Department, and the Department of Homeland Security. Gülen first based his claim to residency on his being an <a href="/wiki/Alien_of_extraordinary_ability" title="Alien of extraordinary ability">alien of extraordinary ability</a> as an education activist; the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> rejected it. Lawyers representing the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> argued that Gülen has no degree or training in the field of education and questioned laudatory opinions about Gülen, cited by his lawyers, that had been expressed by scholars at academics conferences funded by <a href="/wiki/Gulenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulenist">Gulenist</a> foundations. CIA National Intelligence Council former vice chairman <a href="/wiki/Graham_E._Fuller" title="Graham E. Fuller">Graham E. Fuller</a>, former CIA official George Fidas and former US Ambassador to Turkey <a href="/wiki/Morton_Abramowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton Abramowitz">Morton Abramowitz</a> wrote endorsement letters for Gülen's green card application in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The court ruled against the <a href="/wiki/USCIS" class="mw-redirect" title="USCIS">USCIS</a> and in Gülen's favor, granting Gülen his green card.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanist</a> Turkey in the 2000s, structural impediments to Muslims' participation in civil life were gradually lifted. Many of those educated in institutions sponsored by participants in civil-society endeavors that Gülen had inspired ended up as members of the Turkey's judiciary, its governmental apparatus, and its military. While Gulen's movement had consistently maintained that it stayed above politics, in the 2011 election its print and broadcast media suddenly came out in support of Erdogan and his party, leading to another big AKP victory.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> But as Turkey's secular state was dismantled, tension grew between Erdogan and Gulen beginning with Erdogan's closing down of Gulen's network of university prep schools.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> In the period just prior to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a>, Erdoğanism changed in its perception of Gülenism from that of sometimes ally to a dangerous rival, attempting to construct a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_state" title="Parallel state">parallel state</a> structure. On 19 December 2014, a Turkish court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen after over 20 journalists working for media outlets thought to be sympathetic to the Gülen movement were arrested. Gülen was accused of establishing and running an "armed terrorist group".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Before and after the attempted putsch, Gülenists became the greatest portion of those caught up in the massive <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">2016–present purges in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-69">[69]</a> Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and shut down Gulen's entire media and business empire in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-DW-6-4-2018-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3></div> Gülen had resided at the Hizmet movement-affiliated Chestnut Retreat Center, a 25-acre wooded estate in the <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Poconos</a> (within <a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Ross Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Saylorsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania">Saylorsburg</a>).<a href="#cite_note-poconorecord.com-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> About thirty people live and work on the estate, owned by the Golden Generation Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Never married, Gülen's own living quarters and study were within a pair of small rooms, whose rent he paid out of his publishing royalties and which contained a mattress on the floor, prayer mat, desk, bookshelves, and treadmill, within one of the estate's several structures, among which is a hall used as a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-poconorecord.com-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Gülen was reported to be in ill health. In 2017, reports identified four candidates to succeed Gulen, if necessary, in leadership of the Hizmet movement: Mehmet Ali Şengül, Cevdet Türkyolu, Osman Şimşek and Ahmet Kurucan.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews1-88">[88]</a> Gülen died at a hospital in Pennsylvania on 20 October 2024, at the age of 83.<a href="#cite_note-q236-89">[89]</a> He was being treated for heart and kidney failure at the time of his death.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Due to the political situation in Turkey, he was buried on the grounds of the Chestnut Retreat Center, contrary to his wish to be interred in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_Turkish_society_and_politics">Influence in Turkish society and politics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, also known as Hizmet ('Service') or Cemaat (pronounced Jamaat and meaning 'Community'), has millions of followers, as well as many more abroad. Beyond the schools established by Gülen's followers, many Gülenists held positions of power in Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">police forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">judiciary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes2-27-2014-envelope-94">[94]</a> Turkish and foreign analysts believe Gülen also has sympathizers in the Turkish parliament and that his movement controlled the widely read Islamic conservative <a href="/wiki/Zaman_(newspaper)" title="Zaman (newspaper)">Zaman</a> newspaper, the private <a href="/wiki/Bank_Asya" title="Bank Asya">Bank Asya</a> bank, the <a href="/wiki/Samanyolu_TV" title="Samanyolu TV">Samanyolu TV</a> television station, and many other media and business organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Confederation_of_Businessmen_and_Industrialists" title="Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists">Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists</a> (TUSKON).<a href="#cite_note-Dan_Bilefsky_and_Sebnem_Arsu-95">[95]</a> All have been shut down following the coup attempt. In March 2011, the Turkish government arrested the investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k" title="Ahmet Şık">Ahmet Şık</a> and seized and banned his book <a href="/wiki/The_Imam%27s_Army" title="The Imam's Army">The Imam's Army</a>, the culmination of Şık's investigation into Gülen and the Gülen movement.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Gülen taught a <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, deriving from <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a>'s teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith</a> dialogue among the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economist10808408-24">[24]</a> He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican<a href="#cite_note-Helen_Rose_Fuchs_Ebaugh_p_38-97">[97]</a> and some Jewish organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Toward_a_Global_Civilization-98">[98]</a> The Gülen movement's constituent local entities function independently from each other, existing, in the aggregate, as <a href="/wiki/Leaderless_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaderless activism">leaderless activist entities</a>. "I really don't know 0.1% of the people in this movement", Gülen has said. "I haven't done much. I have just spoken out on what I believe. Because it [Gülen's teachings] made sense, people grasped it themselves." "I opened one school to see if people liked it. So they created more schools."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The movement includes some theological staff as imams or spiritual counselors, although their identities are kept confidential due to such positions being illegal in Turkey. This has led some observers to argue that the movement includes a clandestine aspect.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s,_1980s_and_1990s">1970s, 1980s and 1990s</h3></div> Gülen opened an ışık evler or "light houses" (students' hostel offering scholarships for poorer scholars<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>) in 1976, with there being informal sohbets (Quranic discussions) available there for the students as well. Gülen encouraged like-minded individuals to follow suit, which became the genesis of the Gülen movement.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%9380)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–80)">political violence in Turkey</a> between the right and left in the 1970s, Gülen "invited people to practice tolerance and forgiveness."<a href="#cite_note-Balcip80-105">[105]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a>, in which the military targeted communists, Gülen gave his "explicit assent" to the coup,<a href="#cite_note-Balcip80-105">[105]</a> saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I want to also add that the architects of the coup also took some positive administrative decisions. They shook society to renew itself once again. They defeated the Communist movement which recruited some misguided youth who wanted Turkey to be under Soviet influence. They intentionally or unintentionally prevented our country from entering into quagmire and into a long bloody struggle. Moreover, they gave opportunities to some decent children of our homeland to serve our nation.<a href="#cite_note-Yavuz39-106">[106]</a></blockquote> Following the political violence of the preceding years, Gülen expected that the coup would reestablish stability and lead to a subsequent restoration of democracy. Gülen's assent to the coup later prompted criticism from <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkish liberals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Balcip80-105">[105]</a> Despite Gülen's support for the coup, the military authorities issued an <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a> against him, which was revoked by a "state security court" in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Yavuz39-106">[106]</a> In the 1980s and 1990s under <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a>, Gülen and his movement benefited from social and political reforms, managing "to turn his traditional and geographically confined faith movement into a nationwide educational and cultural phenomenon" that "attempted to bring 'religious' perspectives into the public sphere on social and cultural issues."<a href="#cite_note-Yavuz3940-107">[107]</a> The growth of the Gülen movement sparked opposition from both <a href="/wiki/Kemalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalists">Kemalists</a>, who perceived the movement as threatening to undermine secularism, and from more radical <a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamism in Turkey">Islamists</a> who viewed the movement as "accommodating" and "pro-American".<a href="#cite_note-Yavuz394041-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_and_2010s">2000s and 2010s</h3></div> Sharing Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>'s ambition to empower religious individuals in civil life previously disenfranchised in <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secular Turkey</a>, in 2003 a number of Gülen movement participants pivoted from the Turkish political center to become the junior partner with the newly ruling Erdoğan-led and center-right <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP), providing the party political and sorely-needed administrative support.<a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> This political alliance worked together to weaken left-of-center <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> factions in the judiciary, military, and police. It internally fractured in 2011, which became common knowledge by the time of the <a href="/wiki/2013_corruption_scandal_in_Turkey" title="2013 corruption scandal in Turkey">corruption investigations of highly placed members of Turkey's ruling party in 2013</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-trtworld.com-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Journal-28Dec2013-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergenekon_Trials">Ergenekon Trials</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(allegation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergenekon (allegation)">Ergenekon (allegation)</a></div> In 2005, a man affiliated with the Gülen movement approached U.S. Ambassador to Turkey <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Edelman" title="Eric S. Edelman">Eric S. Edelman</a> during a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a document supposedly detailing plans for an imminent coup against the government by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military">Turkish military</a>. However, the documents were soon found to be forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-NYtimes2-27-2014-envelope-94">[94]</a> Gülen affiliates state that the movement is "civic" in nature and that it does not have political aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Dan_Bilefsky_and_Sebnem_Arsu-95">[95]</a> However, he was accused of being the mastermind behind the <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(allegation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergenekon (allegation)">Ergenekon</a> trials by secularists, who see the trial's objective as weakening of Turkish military. Those who publicly said that the trial was a sham were subject to harassment by <a href="/wiki/Zaman_(newspaper)" title="Zaman (newspaper)">Zaman</a>, some examples being <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a><a href="#cite_note-Balyoz_Davası_ve_Gerçekler,_Rodrik_and_Dogan's_personal_blog-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhan_Cihaner" title="İlhan Cihaner">İlhan Cihaner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Split_with_Erdoğan">Split with Erdoğan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG/220px-MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG/330px-MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG/440px-MR.Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Erdoğan in 2010</figcaption></figure> Despite Gülen's and his followers' statements that the organization is non-political in nature, analysts believed that a number of corruption-related arrests made against allies of Erdoğan reflect a growing political power struggle between Gülen and Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes2-27-2014-influence-114">[114]</a> These arrests led to the <a href="/wiki/2013_corruption_scandal_in_Turkey" title="2013 corruption scandal in Turkey">2013 corruption scandal in Turkey</a>, which the ruling AKP's supporters (along with Erdoğan himself) and the opposition parties alike have said were choreographed by Gülen after Erdoğan's government came to the decision early in December 2013 to shut down many of his movement's private pre-university schools in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-27Jan-115">[115]</a> The Erdoğan government has said that the corruption investigation and comments by Gülen are the long term political agenda of Gülen's movement to infiltrate security, intelligence, and justice institutions of the Turkish state, a charge almost identical to the charges against Gülen by the Chief Prosecutor of Turkey in his trial in 2000 before Erdoğan's party had come into power.<a href="#cite_note-Dan_Bilefsky_and_Sebnem_Arsu-95">[95]</a> Gülen had previously been tried in absentia in 2000, and acquitted of these charges in 2008 under Erdoğan's AKP government.<a href="#cite_note-60min2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74">[74]</a> In emailed comments to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in January 2014, Gülen said that "Turkish people ... are upset that in the last two years democratic progress is now being reversed", but he denied being part of a plot to unseat the government.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-116">[116]</a> Later, in January 2014 in an interview with <a href="/wiki/BBC_World" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World">BBC World</a>, Gülen said "If I were to say anything to people I may say people should vote for those who are respectful to democracy, rule of law, who get on well with people. Telling or encouraging people to vote for a party would be an insult to peoples' intellect. Everybody very clearly sees what is going on."<a href="#cite_note-BBCIntGulen-117">[117]</a> On 28 October 2015, Ministry of Interior placed Gülen in the red category of the "most wanted terrorists list". The Ministry announced that a monetary reward of up to 10 million Turkish liras will be given to Gülen in this category.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> According to some commentators, Gülen is to Erdoğan what <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> was to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Ben Cohen of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">Jewish News Syndicate</a> wrote: "Rather like Leon Trotsky, the founder of the Soviet Red Army who was hounded and chased out of the USSR by Joseph Stalin, Gülen has become an all-encompassing explanation for the existential threats, as Erdogan perceives them, that are currently plaguing Turkey. Stalin saw the influence of 'Trotskyite counter-revolutionaries' everywhere, and brutally <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purged</a> every element of the Soviet apparatus. Erdogan is now doing much the same with the 'Gülenist terrorists.'"<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extradition_request,_U.S.–Turkey_tensions">Extradition request, U.S.–Turkey tensions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_government%E2%80%93G%C3%BClen_movement_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish government–Gülen movement conflict">Turkish government–Gülen movement conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purges_in_Turkey_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purges in Turkey (2016–present)">Purges in Turkey (2016–present)</a></div> Shortly after the botched coup attempt of 15 July 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish government">Turkish government</a> stated that the coup attempt had been organized by Gülen and/or <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">his movement</a>. Turkish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a> in late July 2016 told <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>: "Of course, since the leader of this terrorist organisation is residing in the United States, there are question marks in the minds of the people whether there is any U.S. involvement or backing. So America from this point on should really think how they will continue to cooperate with Turkey, which is a strategic ally for them in the region and world."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Gülen, who denied any involvement in the coup attempt and denounced it,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> has in turn accused Erdoğan of "turning a failed putsch into a slow-motion coup of his own against constitutional government."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On 19 July, an official request had been sent to the U.S. for the extradition of Fethullah Gülen.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On 23 July 2016, Turkey formally submitted a formal extradition request accompanied by certain documents as supporting evidence.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Senior U.S. officials said this evidence pertained to certain pre-coup alleged subversive activities.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On 19 September, Turkish government officials met with retired US Army Lt. General <a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Flynn" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael T. Flynn">Mike Flynn</a>, former CIA Director <a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">James Woolsey</a>, and others to discuss legal and potentially illegal ways such as <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearance</a> for removing Gülen from the US.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In March 2017, Flynn registered as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_agent" title="Foreign agent">foreign agent</a> for his 2016 lobbying work on behalf of the government of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> privately urged <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2017 to extradite Gülen.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> All Hizmet's schools, foundations and other entities in Turkey have been closed by the Turkish government following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-136">[136]</a> In addition, the Turkish government reportedly sought to pressure a number of foreign governments into shutting down schools and medical facilities allegedly associated with the Gülen movement including in Pakistan, Somalia, Germany, Indonesia, Nigeria and Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In Somalia, two large schools and a hospital linked to the movement have been shut down following a request by the Turkish administration.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Albania and Bosnia have also seen requests by Turkey to close or investigate Gülen-linked schools.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt_asylum_proposal">Egypt asylum proposal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Egypt–Turkey relations</a></div> In Egypt, MP Emad Mahrous called on the Egyptian government to grant asylum to Gülen. In the request, sent to Speaker of the House of Representatives Ali Abdel-Aal, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sherif_Ismail" title="Sherif Ismail">Sherif Ismail</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sameh_Shoukry" title="Sameh Shoukry">Sameh Shoukry</a> on 24 July 2016, Mahrous notes that "[Turkey] was a moderate Muslim country that has become an Islamist dictatorship at the hands of [Turkish president] <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and his affiliated <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> political party", arguing that it was highly distasteful that Erdoğan has requested Gülen's extradition from the United States while at the same time "giving shelter to hundreds of leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> terrorist organisation and members of other bloody militant Islamist groups which attack Egypt by day and night".<a href="#cite_note-GulenAsylum-140">[140]</a> Mahrous argues that Erdoğan has not only accused Gülen of plotting the failed coup attempt, but also used this allegation as an excuse to <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Turkish_purges" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 Turkish purges">engage in mass purges</a> against public institutions allegedly loyal to Gülen—"but at the same time Erdoğan has decided to turn Turkey into a media battleground against Egypt, with Turkish intelligence providing funds for several Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to attack Egypt". Mahrous stated that his advice to Gülen is to not wait until his extradition, but instead leave the United States and obtain permanent asylum in Egypt. Former Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> granted asylum to Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> following his arrival in Egypt from the US, regardless of the threats that were issued by Iran's ayatollahs during the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GulenAsylum-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuing_aftermath">Continuing aftermath</h4></div> In March 2017, former <a href="/wiki/CIA_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Director">CIA Director</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Woolsey" title="James Woolsey">James Woolsey</a> told <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> that he had been at a 19 September 2016 meeting with then Trump campaign advisor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Flynn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Flynn">Mike Flynn</a> with Turkey's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a>, and energy minister, <a href="/wiki/Berat_Albayrak" title="Berat Albayrak">Berat Albayrak</a>, where the possibility of Gulen's <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">abduction and forced rendition</a> to Turkey was discussed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Although no concrete kidnapping plan was discussed, Woolsey left the meeting, concerned that a general discussion about "a covert step in the dead of night to whisk this guy away" might be construed as illegal under American law.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A spokesman for Flynn denied Woolsey's account, telling <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> that no nonjudicial removal had been discussed at the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In July 2017, one year after the anti-Erdoğan putsch, Gülen wrote: "Accusations against me related to the coup attempt are baseless, politically motivated slanders."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the 1990s, Gulen had been issued a special Turkish passport as a retired holder of the religious post, in the Turkish state religion of Sunni Islam, of <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>; in 2017 this passport was revoked.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Unless Gulen travels to Turkey by the end of September 2017, he will be <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On 26 September 2017, Gulen asked for a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> commission to investigate the 2016 coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Also, Gulen said in an interview with <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>: "To this day, I have stood against all coups. My respect for the military aside, I have always been against interventions. ... If any one among those soldiers had called me and told me of their plan, I would tell them, 'You are committing murder.' ... If they ask me what my final wish is, I would say the person [Erdogan] who caused all this suffering and oppressed thousands of innocents, I want to spit in his face."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On 28 September 2017, Erdoğan requested the U.S. to <a href="/wiki/Extradite" class="mw-redirect" title="Extradite">extradite</a> Gülen in exchange for American pastor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brunson" title="Andrew Brunson">Andrew Brunson</a>, under arrest in Turkey on charges related to Brunson's alleged affiliation with "<a href="/wiki/Fethullah%C3%A7%C4%B1_Ter%C3%B6r_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü">FETO</a>" (the Gulen movement); Erdoğan said, "You have a pastor too. Give him to us. ... Then we will try [Brunson] and give him to you".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr_swap-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> "You have a pastor too. ... You give us that one and we'll work with our judiciary and give back yours."<a href="#cite_note-npr_swap-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal judiciary</a> alone determines extradition cases in the U.S. An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan authority to approve the exchange of detained or convicted foreigners with people held in other countries. Asked about the suggested swap on 28 September 2017, <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Heather_Nauert" title="Heather Nauert">Heather Nauert</a> said: "I can't imagine that we would go down that road. ... We have received extradition requests for him [Gulen]." Anonymous US officials have said to reporters that the Turkish government has not yet provided sufficient evidence for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">U.S. Justice Department</a> to charge Gulen.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> As of September 2017, what Turkey had provided the U.S. was information about Gulen dating to before the 2016 coup attempt and Turkey was in the process of compiling information allegedly linking Gulen to the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> separately issued statements urging governments to avoid extraditions to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In November 2018, the Trump administration asked the U.S. Justice Department to explore what legal justifications could be used, should it decide to seek for Gulen to be deported.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> On 17 December 2018, the US Department of Justice announced the indictment of two men, alleging that they acted "in the United States as illegal agents of the Government of Turkey" and conspired "to covertly influence U.S. politicians and public opinion against" Fetullah Gulen.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The two men, former associates of ex-US national security adviser <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Michael Flynn</a>, used the now-dissolved Flynn Intel Group in an effort to discredit Gulen dating back to July 2016, according to the indictment.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In a February 2019 opinion piece, Gülen said, "[I]n Turkey, a vast arrest campaign based on guilt by association is ongoing. The number of victims of this campaign of persecution keeps increasing ... . Erdogan is draining the reputation that the Turkish Republic has gained in the international arena, pushing Turkey into the league of nations known for suffocating freedoms andjailing democratic dissenters. The ruling clique is exploiting diplomatic relations, mobilizing government personnel and resources to harass, haunt and abduct Hizmet movement volunteers all around the world."<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 2022, U.S. Senate candidate for Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a> predicted (to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>), "Gulen cannot be touched. There are no credible allegations that he was involved in the coup. He will stay in Pennsylvania."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought_and_activism">Thought and activism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiatives">Initiatives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement_schools" title="Gülen movement schools">Gülen movement schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Shared_Values" title="Alliance for Shared Values">Alliance for Shared Values</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> is a transnational Islamic civic society movement inspired by Gülen's teachings. His teachings about hizmet (altruistic service to the common good) have attracted a large number of supporters in Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and increasingly in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-163">[nb 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4></div> In his sermons, Gülen has reportedly stated: "Studying physics, mathematics, and chemistry is worshipping God."<a href="#cite_note-60min2012-68">[68]</a> With regard to terrorism, Gülen believes "The antidote is a religious education program that teaches the tradition in a holistic and contextualized way. To be able to resist the deceits of radical ideologues, young Muslims must understand the spirit of their scripture and the overarching principles of their Prophet's life".<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Gülen's followers have built over 1,000 schools around the world.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In Turkey, Gülen's schools are considered among the best: expensive modern facilities where the English language is taught from the first grade.<a href="#cite_note-60min2012-68">[68]</a> However, former teachers from outside the Gülen community have called into question the treatment of women and girls in Gülen schools, reporting that female teachers were excluded from administrative responsibilities, allowed little autonomy, and—along with girls from the sixth grade and up—segregated from male colleagues and pupils during break and lunch periods.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegelman-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interfaith_and_intercultural_dialogue">Interfaith and intercultural dialogue</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg/220px-Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg/330px-Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen_visiting_Ioannes_Paulus_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Gülen with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1998.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a></div> During the 1990s, he began to advocate interreligious tolerance and dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-Toward_a_Global_Civilization-98">[98]</a> He has personally met with leaders of other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Helen_Rose_Fuchs_Ebaugh_p_38-97">[97]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople</a>, and Israeli <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Bakshi-Doron" title="Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron">Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Gülen has said that he favors cooperation between followers of different religions as well as religious and secular elements within society. Among his strongest supporters and collaborators has been for years the Greek Orthodox Turcologist and professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a>. Gülen has shown sympathy towards certain demands of Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> minority, such as recognising their <a href="/wiki/Cemevi" title="Cemevi">cemevis</a> as official places of worship and supporting better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis "definitely enrich Turkish culture".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theology">Theology</h4></div> Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> His understanding of Islam tends to be moderate and mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Though he has never been a member of a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tarekat</a> and does not see tarekat membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish: hizmet)<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> to the common good of the community and the nation<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world;<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct dialogue with not just the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and people of other religions, but also with agnostics and atheists. Gülen's Sufism is greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> Quranic scholar <a href="/wiki/Said_Nursi" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursi">Said Nursi</a> (1877–1960), who advocated illuminating modern education and science through Islam. Gülen expands on Nursi to advocate what has been described as a "Turkish nationalist, state-centered and pro-business approach" centered on service (hizmet, in Turkish).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-136">[136]</a> Some participants within Gülen's movement have viewed Nursi's or Gülen's works as that of <a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddids</a> or "renewers" of Islam within their respective times.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Others have opined in more <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> terms, equating Gülen's work as assistance toward the prophesied <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> to come,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> albeit Gülen's spokespersons discourage broaching such speculation.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> and an official gülenist website hosts an article entitled "Claiming to be the Mahdi is Deviation".<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In 2016, Turkey's Religious Affairs Directorate (<a href="/wiki/Diyanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet">Diyanet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_G%C3%B6rmez" title="Mehmet Görmez">Mehmet Görmez</a>, said Gülen's is a "fake Mahdi movement".<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatolian_nationalism;_Turkish_Islam">Anatolian nationalism; Turkish Islam</h4></div> Gülen defines <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a> by particular type of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> Muslim culture that is at the roots of the modern Turkish nation state, rather than by any specific ethnicity. He believes Turkish Islam (meaning "Sufism") an especially legitimate, if not an exclusively valid expression of the Islamic faith, especially with concern individuals of a Turkish background. Albeit Gülen ascribes positive characteristics to various localized entities, overall the tenor of Gülen's teachings warn against the human tendencies toward insularity or discriminations against people of other ethnicities, other branches of Islam, or other faiths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurdish_issues">Kurdish issues</h4></div> He was accused of being against the <a href="/wiki/Solution_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Solution process">peace process</a> that had aimed to resolve the long-running <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978-present)">Kurdish-Turkish conflict</a>. However, Gülen's supporters dismiss this claim, citing his work with many Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-gg5-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-2sa-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-fthg1-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_expression">Freedom of expression</h4></div> Excerpt from Gülen-penned op-ed in The New York Times: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The core tenets of a functioning democracy – the rule of law, respect for individual freedoms – are also the most basic of Islamic values bestowed upon us by God. No political or religious leader has the authority to take them away ... Speaking against oppression is a democratic right, a civic duty and for believers, a religious obligation. The Quran makes clear that people should not remain silent in the face of injustice: "O you who believe! Be upholders and standard-bearers of justice, bearing witness to the truth for God's sake, even though it be against your own selves, or parents or kindred".<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secularism">Secularism</h4></div> Gülen has criticized <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secularism in Turkey</a> as "reductionist materialism". However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam."<a href="#cite_note-European_Muslims-189">[188]</a> According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for".<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish_bid_to_join_the_EU">Turkish bid to join the EU</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession of Turkey to the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–European Union relations">Turkey–European Union relations</a></div> Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-European_Muslims-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_roles">Women's roles</h4></div> According to Aras and Caha, Gülen's views on women are "progressive".<a href="#cite_note-biu.ac.il-66">[66]</a> Gülen says the coming of Islam saved women, who "were absolutely not confined to their home and ... never oppressed" in the early years of the religion. He feels that extreme feminism, however, is "doomed to imbalance like all other reactionary movements" and eventually "being full of hatred towards men".<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h4></div> Gülen has condemned terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Gulen_peace_and_humanity-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> He warns against the phenomenon of arbitrary violence and aggression against civilians and said that it "has no place in Islam". He wrote a condemnation article in The Washington Post on 12 September 2001, one day after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, and stated that "A Muslim can not be a terrorist, nor can a terrorist be a true Muslim."<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Gülen lamented the "hijacking of Islam" by terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-Toward_a_Global_Civilization-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaza_flotilla">Gaza flotilla</h4></div> Gülen criticized the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Turkish-led Gaza flotilla</a> for trying to deliver aid without Israel's consent to Palestinians in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> He spoke of watching the news coverage of the deadly confrontation between Israeli commandos and multinational aid group members as its flotilla approached Israel's sea blockade of Gaza. He said, "What I saw was not pretty, it was ugly." He has since continued his criticism, saying later that the organizers' failure to seek accord with Israel before attempting to deliver aid was "a sign of defying authority, and will not lead to fruitful matters."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h4></div> Gülen is strongly against <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> While rejecting the Turkish government's desire to topple the Syrian government of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, Gülen supports <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">military intervention against ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_genocide">Armenian genocide</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div> Addressing the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in a 6 May 1965 letter, Gülen wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have known Armenian families and individuals during my childhood and working positions. I will not stop cursing the Great Genocide committed against Armenians in 1915. I know that among the people killed and massacred were many highly respected individuals, for whose memory I bow with respect. I curse with great grief the massacre of the sons of the Great Prophet Christ by ignorant individuals who call themselves Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> Gülen's official website<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] lists 44 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He writes the lead article for <a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_(magazine)" title="The Fountain (magazine)">The Fountain</a>, Yeni Ümit, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1z%C4%B1nt%C4%B1" title="Sızıntı">Sızıntı</a>, and Yağmur Islamic philosophical magazines. Several of his books have been translated into English.<a href="#cite_note-GulEng-204">[203]</a> <ul><li>The Messenger of God: Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597841374" title="Special:BookSources/1597841374">1597841374</a></li> <li>Reflections on the Qur'an: Commentaries on Selected Verses, Tughra Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597842648" title="Special:BookSources/1597842648">1597842648</a></li> <li>Toward Global Civilization Love and Tolerance, Tughra Books, 2010.</li> <li>From Seed to Cedar: Nurturing the Spiritual Needs in Children, Tughra Books, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597842788" title="Special:BookSources/1597842788">1597842788</a></li> <li>Terror and Suicide Attacks: An Islamic Perspective, Tughra Books, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932099743" title="Special:BookSources/1932099743">1932099743</a></li> <li>Journey to Noble Ideals: Droplets of Wisdom from the Heart (Broken Jug), Tughra Books, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597843482" title="Special:BookSources/1597843482">1597843482</a></li> <li>Speech and Power of Expression, Tughra Books, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597842168" title="Special:BookSources/1597842168">1597842168</a></li> <li>Selected Prayers of Prophet Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597842265" title="Special:BookSources/1597842265">1597842265</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> awarded its 2015 Gandhi King Ikeda Peace Award to Gülen in recognition of his lifelong dedication to promoting peace and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Gülen topped the 2008 Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll and came out as the most influential <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">thinker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Gülen was named as one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 Most Influential People</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a> basketball player <a href="/wiki/Enes_Kanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Enes Kanter">Enes Kanter</a> said that he was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish national basketball team">Turkish national basketball team</a> for his public support of Gülen.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Kanter was disowned by his family in 2016 due to his support for Gülen.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Gülen was listed as one of <a href="/wiki/The_500_Most_Influential_Muslims" title="The 500 Most Influential Muslims">the 500 most influential Muslims</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Islamic_Strategic_Studies_Centre" title="Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre">Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_Up_(Colors_of_Peace)_album">Rise Up (Colors of Peace) album</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rise-Up-Colors-of-Peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Rise-Up-Colors-of-Peace.jpg/220px-Rise-Up-Colors-of-Peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Rise-Up-Colors-of-Peace.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Cover of album Rise Up (Colors of Peace)</figcaption></figure> Rise Up (Colors of Peace) was a musical project to turn Gülen's poems and writings in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> into songs. A total of 50 poems were sent to various Muslim and non-Muslim artists from various countries, who were free to pick, and then compose and vocalize the poem chosen, record it in their own country and send it back for inclusion in the planned album. Reportedly, no restrictions were put on the artists in using instrumentation, despite reservations by stricter Muslim interpretations about music and use of musical instruments. The album Rise Up (Colors of Peace) turned into an album of world music encompassing various genres like <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian music">Indian music</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Hakan_Yavuz_&_Bayram_Balci2018" class="citation book cs1">M Hakan Yavuz & Bayram Balci (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uofupress.lib.utah.edu/turkeys-july-15th-coup/">Turkey's 15 July Coup: What Happened and Why</a>. Utah Series in Middle East Studies. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607816065" title="Special:BookSources/9781607816065"><bdi>9781607816065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+15+July+Coup%3A+What+Happened+and+Why&rft.series=Utah+Series+in+Middle+East+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781607816065&rft.au=M+Hakan+Yavuz+%26+Bayram+Balci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuofupress.lib.utah.edu%2Fturkeys-july-15th-coup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fgulen.com/en/what-went-wrong-with-turkey">"What Went Wrong with Turkey?"</a>. The Fountain. No. Special. <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey" title="Clifton, New Jersey">Clifton, New Jersey</a>: Blue Dome Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-9928">0967-9928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fountain&rft.atitle=What+Went+Wrong+with+Turkey%3F&rft.issue=Special&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0967-9928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffgulen.com%2Fen%2Fwhat-went-wrong-with-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruk_Mercan2017" class="citation book cs1">Faruk Mercan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jAgMQAACAAJ">No Return from Democracy: A Survey of Interviews with Fethullah Gulen</a>. Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1682060179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1682060179"><bdi>978-1682060179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Return+from+Democracy%3A+A+Survey+of+Interviews+with+Fethullah+Gulen&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1682060179&rft.au=Faruk+Mercan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jAgMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Hakan_Yavuz2013" class="citation book cs1">M. Hakan Yavuz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsTdpmviIQ4C">Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199927999" title="Special:BookSources/9780199927999"><bdi>9780199927999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Islamic+Enlightenment%3A+The+G%C3%BClen+Movement&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199927999&rft.au=M.+Hakan+Yavuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsTdpmviIQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsli_Aydıntaşbaş2016" class="citation book cs1">Asli Aydıntaşbaş (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_good_the_bad_and_the_gulenists7131">The good, the bad and the Gülenists: The Role of the Gulen Movement in Turkey's Coup Attempt</a>. European Council on Foreign Relations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-88-7"><bdi>978-1-910118-88-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+good%2C+the+bad+and+the+G%C3%BClenists%3A+The+Role+of+the+Gulen+Movement+in+Turkey%27s+Coup+Attempt&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-910118-88-7&rft.au=Asli+Ayd%C4%B1nta%C5%9Fba%C5%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.eu%2Fpublications%2Fsummary%2Fthe_good_the_bad_and_the_gulenists7131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Tittensor2014" class="citation book cs1">David Tittensor (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc7QAgAAQBAJ">The House of Service: The Gülen Movement and Islam's Third Way</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199336418" title="Special:BookSources/9780199336418"><bdi>9780199336418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Service%3A+The+G%C3%BClen+Movement+and+Islam%27s+Third+Way&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199336418&rft.au=David+Tittensor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhc7QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimur_Tinçurl2017" class="citation web cs1">Timur Tinçurl (26 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/turkish-guelen-movement-expanding-worldwide-opinions-differ-reasons-why">"Gülen movement: Creating an elite to lead the state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/D%2BC_Development_and_Cooperation" title="D+C Development and Cooperation">D+C Development and Cooperation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%BClen+movement%3A+Creating+an+elite+to+lead+the+state&rft.pub=D%2BC+Development+and+Cooperation&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.au=Timur+Tin%C3%A7url&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fturkish-guelen-movement-expanding-worldwide-opinions-differ-reasons-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimur_Tinç2017" class="citation web cs1">Timur Tinç (27 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.qantara.de/node/29833">"Creating an elite to lead the state: The Gulen movement in Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qantara.de" title="Qantara.de">Qantara.de</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creating+an+elite+to+lead+the+state%3A+The+Gulen+movement+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Qantara.de&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft.au=Timur+Tin%C3%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fnode%2F29833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Akyol2017" class="citation news cs1">Mustafa Akyol (7 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/turkey-finally-some-gulenists-speak-out.html">"Gulenists Speak Out at Last"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Gulenists+Speak+Out+at+Last&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.au=Mustafa+Akyol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2017%2F12%2Fturkey-finally-some-gulenists-speak-out.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> (a review of former Hizmet participants' scholarly commentary about the movement)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimul_Ahsan_Khan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maimul_Ahsan_Khan" title="Maimul Ahsan Khan">Maimul Ahsan Khan</a> (2011). The Vision and Impact of Fethullah Gulen: A New Paradigm for Social Activism. New York: Blue Dome. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-09-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-09-9"><bdi>978-1-935295-09-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+and+Impact+of+Fethullah+Gulen%3A+A+New+Paradigm+for+Social+Activism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Blue+Dome&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-09-9&rft.au=Maimul+Ahsan+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> In Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin) words, "One of the most striking operationalizations of Gulen's fusion of commitment and tolerance is the nature of the Gulen movement, as it is often called, which has established hundreds of schools in many countries as a consequence of his belief in the importance of knowledge, and example in the building of a better world. The schools are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense and to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda." Kurtz also cites in the same work the comments of Thomas Michel, General Secretary of the Vatican Secretariat for Inter-religious Dialogue, after a visit to a school in Mindanao, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where the local people suffered from a civil war, as follows: "In a region where kidnapping is a frequent occurrence, along with guerrilla warfare, summary raids, arrests, disappearances and killings by military and para-military forces, the school is offering Muslim and Christian Filipino children, along with an educational standard of high quality, a more positive way of living and relating to each other." Kurtz adds: "The purpose of the schools movement, therefore, is to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the world where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others ... It is significant to note that the movement has been so successful in offering high quality education in its schools, which recruit the children of elites and government officials, that it is beginning to lay the groundwork for high-level allies, especially in Central Asia, where they have focused much of their effort." See, Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance", Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379–381. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Specific citations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2013" class="citation web cs1">Horne, Matt (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidbcapes.com/articles/not-so-brief-articles/reclaiming-tolerance-a-j-conyers-and-fethullah-gulen/">"Reclaiming Tolerance: A. J. Conyers and Fethullah Gülen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Tolerance%3A+A.+J.+Conyers+and+Fethullah+G%C3%BClen&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidbcapes.com%2Farticles%2Fnot-so-brief-articles%2Freclaiming-tolerance-a-j-conyers-and-fethullah-gulen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjgibbs2015" class="citation web cs1">jgibbs (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418225404/https://theatlanticinstitute.org/atlanta/gandhi-king-ikeda-award-peace-ceremony">"Gandhi King Ikeda Award for Peace Ceremony"</a>. The Atlantic Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theatlanticinstitute.org/atlanta/gandhi-king-ikeda-award-peace-ceremony">the original</a> on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gandhi+King+Ikeda+Award+for+Peace+Ceremony&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Institute&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.au=jgibbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheatlanticinstitute.org%2Fatlanta%2Fgandhi-king-ikeda-award-peace-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rumiforum.org/fethullah-gulen-awarded-the-2015-gandhi-king-ikeda-peace-award/">"Fethullah Gulen Awarded the 2015 Gandhi King Ikeda Peace Award"</a>. Rumi Forum. 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fethullah+Gulen+Awarded+the+2015+Gandhi+King+Ikeda+Peace+Award&rft.pub=Rumi+Forum&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frumiforum.org%2Ffethullah-gulen-awarded-the-2015-gandhi-king-ikeda-peace-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Erol Nazim Gulay, The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuderija2014" class="citation book cs1">Duderija, Adis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q12oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT145">Maqasid al-Shari'a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137319418" title="Special:BookSources/9781137319418"><bdi>9781137319418</bdi></a>. <q>Still, Gulen repeatedly states that he propagates neither tajdīd, nor ijtihād, nor reform and that he is just a follower of Islam, simply a Muslim. He is very careful about divorcing himself from any reformist, political, or Islamist discourse. Gulen's conscious dislike of using Islam as a discursive political instrument, which was a distinct trait in Nursi as well, indicates an ethicalized approach to Islam from a spiritual perspective.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maqasid+al-Shari%27a+and+Contemporary+Reformist+Muslim+Thought%3A+An+Examination&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137319418&rft.aulast=Duderija&rft.aufirst=Adis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq12oBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/12/03/its-not-us-its-him/">"It's Not Us—It's Him"</a>. 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Not+Us%E2%80%94It%27s+Him&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2019%2F12%2F03%2Fits-not-us-its-him%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-users.ox.ac.uk-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-users.ox.ac.uk_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-users.ox.ac.uk_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErol_Nazim_Gulay2007" class="citation web cs1">Erol Nazim Gulay (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/GulayThesis.pdf">"The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam"</a> (PDF). St. Antony's College Oxford University. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theological+thought+of+Fethullah+Gulen%3A+Reconciling+Science+and+Islam&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=St.+Antony%27s+College+Oxford+University&rft.date=2007-05&rft.au=Erol+Nazim+Gulay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~metheses%2FGulayThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeker2016" class="citation news cs1">Peker, Emre (21 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-recep-tayyip-erdogan-turns-on-former-brother-in-arms-fethullah-gulen-1469058504">"Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turns on Former Brother-in-Arms Fethullah Gulen"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clement+M.+Henry%2C+Rodney+Wilson%2C+The+Politics+of+Islamic+Finance%2C+%28Edinburgh+University+Press+2004%29%2C+p.+236&rft.pub=Eupjournals.com&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupjournals.com%2Fbook%2F978-0-7486-1837-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075824/http://en.fgulen.com/content/view/973/14">"Gülen's answers to claims made based on the video tapes taken from some of his recorded speeches"</a>. Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site. 24 September 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.fgulen.com/content/view/973/14/">the original</a> on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fethullah+G%C3%BClen%27s+Official+Web+Site&rft.atitle=G%C3%BClen%27s+answers+to+claims+made+based+on+the+video+tapes+taken+from+some+of+his+recorded+speeches&rft.date=2001-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.fgulen.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F973%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Dogan Koc, Strategic Defamation of Fethullah Gülen: English Vs. Turkish, p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761859306" title="Special:BookSources/0761859306">0761859306</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235413/https://wwrn.org/article.php?idd=21432">"Wwrn.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwrn.org/article.php?idd=21432">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wwrn.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwrn.org%2Farticle.php%3Fidd%3D21432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilkins" class="citation magazine cs1">Filkins, Dexter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/17/turkeys-thirty-year-coup">"Turkey's Thirty-Year Coup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Thirty-Year+Coup&rft.aulast=Filkins&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2016%2F10%2F17%2Fturkeys-thirty-year-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> see Joshua D. Hendrick: Gülen: The Ambiguous Politics of Market Islam in Turkey and the World. New York University Press, 2013, 58–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrick2014" class="citation book cs1">Hendrick, Joshua D. (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nwTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Gülen: The Ambiguous Politics of Market Islam in Turkey and the World</a>. 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Amman, Jordan: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957-428-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9957-428-37-2"><bdi>978-9957-428-37-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+500%3A+The+World%27s+500+Most+Influential+Muslims%2C+2012&rft.place=Amman%2C+Jordan&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=The+Royal+Islamic+Strategic+Studies+Centre&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9957-428-37-2&rft.aulast=Schleifer&rft.aufirst=Abdallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFethullah_Gülen" class="citation web cs1">Fethullah Gülen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231950/http://en.fgulen.com/press-room/news/4538-todays-zaman-islamic-scholar-gulens-poems-turned-into-songs-for-international-album">"Islamic scholar Gülen's poems turned into songs for international album"</a>. Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.fgulen.com/press-room/news/4538-todays-zaman-islamic-scholar-gulens-poems-turned-into-songs-for-international-album">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fethullah+G%C3%BClen%27s+Official+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Islamic+scholar+G%C3%BClen%27s+poems+turned+into+songs+for+international+album&rft.au=Fethullah+G%C3%BClen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.fgulen.com%2Fpress-room%2Fnews%2F4538-todays-zaman-islamic-scholar-gulens-poems-turned-into-songs-for-international-album&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> General references: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123015034/http://www.forbes.com/business/2008/01/18/turkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html">"Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/business/2008/01/18/turkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Gulen+Inspires+Muslims+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fbusiness%2F2008%2F01%2F18%2Fturkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfaithradio.org/node/491">"Turkey's Champion of Interfaith Dialogue"</a>. Interfaith Radio.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408">"Global Muslim networks – How far they have travelled"</a>. The Economist.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808433">"Fethullah Gulen – A farm boy on the world stage"</a>. The Economist.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709063632/http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514">"Turkish Islamic preacher – threat or benefactor?"</a>. Reuters.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ei=5124&en=625b88103a702f94&ex=1367640000&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all">"Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam"</a>. The New York Times.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/18/world/europe/18iht-19oxan-Turkishpreacherprofile.9324128.html">"Fethullah Gulen profile"</a>. The New York Times.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113023209/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4408">"Fethullah Gulen as a Top Public Intellectual"</a>. Foreign Policy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/episodes/january-21-2011/gulen-movement/7949/">Profile</a>. Religion and Ethics. PBS. 21 January 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/world/magazine/79062/global-turkey-imam-fethullah-gulen">"The Global Imam"</a>. The New Republic.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817141459/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html">"The Fethullah Gülen Movement: Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?"</a>. Qantara.de.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919100055/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html">"Fethullah Gülen and his Liberal 'Turkish Islam' movement"</a>. MERIA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028004718/http://www.meforum.org/article/404">"Turkish Islam's Moderate Face"</a>. The Middle East Forum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition">"Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger"</a>. The Middle East Forum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml">The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213015820/http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php">The Nurcu Movement in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Jon Pahl (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fethullah_Gulen/q6ORDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Fethullah Gülen: A Life of Hizmet</a>, Blue Dome Press. ISBN: 9781682065259</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fgulen.com/en">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niagarafoundation.org/niagara/fethullah-gulen/">Fethullah Gulen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsv.org/about-us/hizmet-and-fethullah-gulen/">Hizment and Fethullah Gulen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loveisaverbmovie.com/movie/">Love is a Verb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729124058/http://www.loveisaverbmovie.com/movie/">Archived</a> 29 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2014), a film directed by Terry Spencer Hesser <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUranli,_Arzu_Kaya2014" class="citation news cs1">Uranli, Arzu Kaya (13 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/arzu-kaya-uranli/yes-love-is-a-verb-turkey_b_5490691.html">"Yes, Love Is a Verb!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Love+Is+a+Verb%21&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft.au=Uranli%2C+Arzu+Kaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Farzu-kaya-uranli%2Fyes-love-is-a-verb-turkey_b_5490691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_is_a_verb/">"Love is a Verb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Love+is+a+Verb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Flove_is_a_verb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3181886/">IMDb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/who-fethullah-g%C3%BClen-13504.html">Who Is Fethullah Gülen?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802161113/http://www.city-journal.org/html/who-fethullah-g%C3%BClen-13504.html">Archived</a> 2 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFethullah_Gulen2017" class="citation news cs1">Fethullah Gulen (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-turkey-i-no-longer-know/2017/05/15/bda71c62-397c-11e7-8854-21f359183e8c_story.html">"The Turkey I No Longer Know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> (<a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Turkey+I+No+Longer+Know&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.au=Fethullah+Gulen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fthe-turkey-i-no-longer-know%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2Fbda71c62-397c-11e7-8854-21f359183e8c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Multi-media</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Crowther_&_Leela_Jacinto2017" class="citation news cs1">Philip Crowther & Leela Jacinto (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20170718-interview-fethullah-gulen-turkey-failed-coup-not-worried-extradition-erdogan-trump">"Exclusive: US-exiled cleric Gulen says he knew about Turkey's 'Flynn bribes'"</a> (video of interview). <a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+US-exiled+cleric+Gulen+says+he+knew+about+Turkey%27s+%27Flynn+bribes%27&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.au=Philip+Crowther+%26+Leela+Jacinto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20170718-interview-fethullah-gulen-turkey-failed-coup-not-worried-extradition-erdogan-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Crowther_&_Leela_Jacinto2017" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Philip Crowther & Leela Jacinto (19 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20170718-gulen-admits-meeting-key-man-turkey-coup-plot-dismisses-erdogan-senseless-claims">Gulen admits meeting key figure in Turkey coup plot, dismisses Erdogan's 'senseless' claims</a> (video of interview). <a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulen+admits+meeting+key+figure+in+Turkey+coup+plot%2C+dismisses+Erdogan%27s+%27senseless%27+claims&rft.pub=France24&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft.au=Philip+Crowther+%26+Leela+Jacinto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20170718-gulen-admits-meeting-key-man-turkey-coup-plot-dismisses-erdogan-senseless-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFethullah+G%C3%BClen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></li> <li>Tashih al-I'tiqad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn Muḥāmmad</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al- Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent <a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488200#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117727423">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84312808">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/381987/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxYHqtFqgrhXk98xCYT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122500148">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96036931">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14500316s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14500316s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00962556">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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