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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Derivatives of the hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives_of_the_hypothesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derivatives of the hypothesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives_of_the_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merger_of_two_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_two_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Merger of two planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_two_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_origin_of_the_Moon_as_a_post-impact_satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_origin_of_the_Moon_as_a_post-impact_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Immediate origin of the Moon as a post-impact satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_origin_of_the_Moon_as_a_post-impact_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Multiple impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synestia_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synestia_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Synestia hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synestia_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_hypotheses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other hypotheses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Accretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nuclear explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_theories_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_theories_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional theories and studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_theories_and_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional theories and studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_theories_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Origin of the Moon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entstehung_des_Mondes" title="Entstehung des Mondes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Entstehung des Mondes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1" title="أصل نشأة القمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصل نشأة القمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8" title="চাঁদের উৎপত্তি ও পরিবর্ধন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাঁদের উৎপত্তি ও পরিবর্ধন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Паходжанне Месяца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паходжанне Месяца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entstehung_des_Mondes" title="Entstehung des Mondes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entstehung des Mondes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen_de_la_Luna" title="Origen de la Luna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Origen de la Luna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilargiaren_jatorria" title="Ilargiaren jatorria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilargiaren jatorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_de_la_Lune" title="Formation de la Lune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formation de la Lune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun%C3%BAs_na_Geala%C3%AD" title="Bunús na Gealaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bunús na Gealaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լուսնի ծագում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուսնի ծագում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="चंद्रमा की उत्पत्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चंद्रमा की उत्पत्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal_mula_Bulan" title="Asal mula Bulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asal mula Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formazione_della_Luna" title="Formazione della Luna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formazione della Luna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origem_da_Lua" title="Origem da Lua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Origem da Lua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Происхождение Луны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Происхождение Луны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%27%C4%B1n_k%C3%B6keni" title="Ay'ın kökeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ay'ın kökeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Походження Місяця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Походження Місяця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%C4%83ng" title="Nguồn gốc Mặt Trăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguồn gốc Mặt Trăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="月球的起源 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="月球的起源" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theories explaining the formation of Earth's Moon</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cara-oculta-luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/290px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/435px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/580px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Moon's heavily cratered <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far-side</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>origin of the Moon</b> is usually explained by a Mars-sized body striking the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Debris_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris ring">debris ring</a> that eventually <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">collected</a> into a single <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, but there are a number of variations on this <a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">giant-impact hypothesis</a>, as well as alternative explanations, and research continues into how the Moon came to be formed.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140907_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140907-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proposed scenarios include captured body, fission, formed together (condensation theory, <a href="/wiki/Synestia" title="Synestia">synestia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimal</a> collisions (formed from asteroid-like bodies), and collision theories.<sup id="cite_ref-theories_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theories-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard giant-impact hypothesis suggests that a Mars-sized body called <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a> impacted the proto-Earth, creating a large <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">debris ring</a> around Earth, which then <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> to form the Moon. This collision also resulted in the 23.5° <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted axis</a> of the Earth, thus causing the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Verification of this source citation failed to find it supporting or even relevant to the material that cites it (December 2021)">irrelevant citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The Moon's <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">oxygen isotopic</a> ratios seem to be essentially identical to Earth's.<sup id="cite_ref-wiechert_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiechert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen isotopic ratios, which may be measured very precisely, yield a unique and distinct signature for each <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> body.<sup id="cite_ref-scott010312_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott010312-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Theia had been a separate <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanet</a>, it probably would have had a different oxygen isotopic signature than proto-Earth, as would the ejected mixed material.<sup id="cite_ref-moonwalk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moonwalk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Titanium_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium isotope">titanium isotope</a> ratio (<a href="/wiki/Titanium-50" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-50"><sup>50</sup>Ti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Titanium-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-47"><sup>47</sup>Ti</a>) appears so close to the Earth's (within 4 parts per million) that little if any of the colliding body's mass could have been part of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">Giant impact hypothesis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"One of the challenges to the longstanding theory of the collision, is that a Mars-sized impacting body, whose composition probably would have differed substantially from that of Earth, probably would have left Earth and the moon with different chemical compositions, which they are not." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—NASA<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/220px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/330px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg/440px-Lunar_Sample_61016_-_Big_Muley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>Lunar sample 61016, better known as "<a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Some theories have been stated that presume the proto-Earth had no large moons early in the formation of the Solar System, 4.425 billion years ago, Earth being basically rock and lava. <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanet</a> the size of Mars, hit Earth in such a way that it ejected a considerable amount of material away from Earth. Some proportion of these ejecta <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escaped</a> into space, but the rest consolidated into a single spherical body in orbit about Earth, creating the Moon. </p><p>The hypothesis requires a collision between a proto-Earth about 90% of the diameter of present Earth, and another body the diameter of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> (half of the terrestrial diameter and a tenth of its mass). The latter has sometimes been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>, the name of the mother of <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, the Moon <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. This size ratio is needed in order for the resulting system to have sufficient <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> to match the current orbital configuration. Such an impact would have put enough material into orbit around Earth to have eventually accumulated to form the Moon. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulations</a> show a need for a glancing blow, which causes a portion of the collider to form a long arm of material that then shears off. The asymmetrical shape of the Earth following the collision then causes this material to settle into an orbit around the main mass. The energy involved in this collision is impressive: possibly trillions of tonnes of material would have been vaporized and melted. In parts of the Earth, the temperature would have risen to 10,000 °C (18,000 °F). </p><p>The Moon's relatively small <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> core (compared to other <a href="/wiki/Rocky_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky planet">rocky planets</a> and moons in the Solar System) is explained by Theia's core mostly merging into that of Earth. The lack of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> in the lunar samples is also explained in part by the energy of the collision. The energy liberated during the reaccretion of material in orbit around Earth would have been sufficient to melt a large portion of the Moon, leading to the generation of a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">magma ocean</a>. </p><p>The newly formed Moon orbited at about one-tenth the distance that it does today, and spiraled outward because of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal friction">tidal friction</a> transferring angular momentum from the rotations of both bodies to the Moon's orbital motion. Along the way, the Moon's rotation became <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a> to Earth, so that one side of the Moon continually faces toward Earth. Also, the Moon would have collided with and incorporated any small preexisting satellites of Earth, which would have shared the Earth's composition, including isotopic abundances. The geology of the Moon has since been more independent of the Earth. </p><p>A 2012 study on the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> isotopes on the Moon found evidence for volatile depletion consistent with the giant-impact origin for Earth and the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a study was released that indicated that water in lunar magma is indistinguishable from that in <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrites</a> and nearly the same as that of Earth in <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_signature" title="Isotopic signature">isotopic composition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives_of_the_hypothesis">Derivatives of the hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivatives of the hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the giant-impact hypothesis explains many aspects of the Earth–Moon system, there are still a few unresolved problems, such as the Moon's volatile <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> not being as depleted as expected from such an energetic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue is lunar and Earth isotope comparisons. In 2001, the most precise measurement yet of the <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_signature" title="Isotopic signature">isotopic signatures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a> was published.<sup id="cite_ref-wiechert_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiechert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surprisingly, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> lunar samples carried an isotopic signature identical to Earth rocks, but different from other Solar System bodies. Because most of the material that went into orbit to form the Moon was thought to come from Theia, this observation was unexpected. In 2007, researchers from Caltech showed that the likelihood of Theia having an identical isotopic signature as the Earth is very small (less than 1 percent chance).<sup id="cite_ref-ps2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in 2012, an analysis of titanium isotopes in Apollo lunar samples showed that the Moon has the same composition as Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-test_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis#Difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">conflicts</a> with the Moon forming far from Earth's orbit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_two_planets">Merger of two planets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Merger of two planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To help resolve these problems, a theory published in 2012 posits that two bodies—each five times the size of Mars—collided, then recollided, forming a large disc of mixed debris that eventually formed Earth and the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_origin_of_the_Moon_as_a_post-impact_satellite">Immediate origin of the Moon as a post-impact satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Immediate origin of the Moon as a post-impact satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg/220px--ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="112" data-mwtitle="ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg/ARC-20221004-AAV3443-MoonOrigin-Social-NASAWeb-1080p_medium.oggtheora.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Simulation of the formation of the moon caused by a giant impact.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic compositions of Earth and lunar rocks at the same time as the system's angular momentum, and the details of potential impact scenarios are hotly debated. Above a high resolution threshold for simulations, a study published in 2022 finds that giant impacts can immediately place a satellite with similar mass and iron content to the Moon into orbit far outside Earth's <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>. Even satellites that initially pass within the Roche limit can reliably and predictably survive, by being partially stripped and then torqued onto wider, stable orbits. Furthermore, the outer layers of these directly formed satellites are molten over cooler interiors and are composed of around 60% proto-Earth material. This could alleviate the tension between the Moon's Earth-like isotopic composition and the different signature expected for the impactor. Immediate formation opens up new options for the Moon's early orbit and evolution, including the possibility of a highly tilted orbit to explain the lunar inclination, and offers a simpler, single-stage scenario for the origin of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_impacts">Multiple impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multiple impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, Russian astrophysicist <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Горькавый, Николай Николаевич">Nikolai Gorkavyi</a> proposed a novel model titled the multiple large asteroid impacts model,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which found support from a notable group of Russian astronomers in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, in 2017, by planetary researchers at <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a> in Rehovot, Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general terms, the main idea of the model suggests that the Moon was formed as a result of a violent rain of large asteroids (1–100 km) that repeatedly hammered the fledgling Earth over millions of years. Such a series of smaller impacts, which were probably more common in the early Solar System, could blast enough rocky Earth debris into orbit to form a protosatellite disk which later forms into a small moonlet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As repeated impacts created more balls of debris, the moonlets could merge over time into one large moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synestia_hypothesis">Synestia hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synestia hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UC Davis</a> developed computer models demonstrating that one possible outcome of a <a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">planetary collision</a> is that it creates a <a href="/wiki/Synestia" title="Synestia">synestia</a>, a mass of vaporized rock and metal which forms a <a href="/wiki/Biconcave_disc" title="Biconcave disc">biconcave disc</a> extending beyond the lunar orbit. The synestia will eventually shrink and cool to accrete the satellite and reform the impacted planet.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Moon – <a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a> ("Ocean of Storms")</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/289px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/434px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/578px-14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="228" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a> – rectangular structure (visible – topography – <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL gravity gradients</a>) (October 1, 2014).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/107px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/161px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg/214px-PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a> – context.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/183px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/275px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg/366px-PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a> – closeup (artist's concept).</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_hypotheses">Other hypotheses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="style="font-size:"> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><b>Density</b><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Body</th> <th>Density<br />g/cm<sup>3</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury</td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venus</td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth</td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moon</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture">Capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This hypothesis states that the Moon was captured by the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model was popular until the 1980s, and some points in its favor are the Moon's size, orbit, and tidal locking.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One problem is understanding the capture mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A close encounter of two planetary bodies typically results in either collision or altered trajectories. For this hypothesis to work, there might have been a large <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> around the primitive Earth, which would slow the movement of the Moon by <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> before it could escape. The hypothesis may also explain the <a href="/wiki/Irregular_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular satellite">irregular satellite</a> orbits of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain the essentially identical <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> ratios of the two bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-wiechert_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiechert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-moon-to-scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Earth-moon-to-scale.svg/800px-Earth-moon-to-scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Earth-moon-to-scale.svg/1200px-Earth-moon-to-scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Earth-moon-to-scale.svg/1600px-Earth-moon-to-scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Earth and Moon to scale, 500 km per pixel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fission">Fission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the now discredited hypothesis that an ancient, rapidly spinning Earth expelled a piece of its mass.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (son of the famous biologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>) in 1879<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retained some popularity until Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian geologist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ampferer" title="Otto Ampferer">Otto Ampferer</a> in 1925 also suggested the emerging of the Moon as cause for <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> represented the scar of this event.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is known that the oceanic crust that makes up this ocean basin is relatively young, about 200 million years old or less, whereas the Moon is much older. The Moon does not consist of oceanic crust but of mantle material, which originated inside the proto-Earth in the Precambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg/220px-Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg/330px-Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg/440px-Lunar_Thorium_concentrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Thorium concentrations on the Moon, as mapped by <i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accretion">Accretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Accretion"></span>The hypothesis of accretion suggests that the Earth and the Moon formed together as a double system from the primordial <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Formation_of_the_Moon_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Formation_of_the_Moon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem with this hypothesis is that it does not explain the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system or why the Moon has a relatively small iron core compared to the Earth (25% of its radius compared to 50% for the Earth).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Formation_of_the_Moon_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Formation_of_the_Moon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_explosion">Nuclear explosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nuclear explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A more radical alternative hypothesis, published in 1997 by russian scientist Vladimir Anisichkin: "The Moon could have formed as a result of explosion of the Protoearth" proposes that the Moon may have been formed from the nuclear explosion of actinides located on the solid inner core of the Earth. Dutch scientists Rob de Meijer and Wim van Westrenen suggested in 2010 that the Moon may have formed from a nuclear explosion caused by the centrifugal force of an earlier, spinning proto-Earth. The centrifugal force would have concentrated heavy elements such as <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> on the equatorial plane and at the boundary between the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. If the concentrations of these radioactive elements were high enough, this could have led to a nuclear chain reaction that became supercritical, causing a nuclear explosion ejecting the Moon into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> has been observed on Earth at a much smaller scale. The fission hypothesis can adequately explain the similarities and differences in the elemental and isotopic compositions of the Earth and the Moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_theories_and_studies">Additional theories and studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additional theories and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/250px--Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="426" data-mwtitle="Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv/Evolution_of_the_Moon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEvolution_of_the_Moon.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEvolution_of_the_Moon.ogv&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEvolution_of_the_Moon.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEvolution_of_the_Moon.ogv&lang=pap&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pap" label="Papiamentu ‪(pap)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEvolution_of_the_Moon.ogv&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Evolution of the Moon</i> video by NASA circa 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, it was theorized that a second moon existed 4.5 billion years ago, and later had an impact with the Moon, as a part of the accretion process in the formation of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One hypothesis, presented only as a possibility, was that the Earth captured the Moon from Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-taken_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead dating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> fragments shows the age of the Moon to be about 4.51 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A team of researchers of the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument on NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) spacecraft concluded that the Moon's subsurface may be richer in metals, like iron and titanium, more than scientists had believed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020 scientists report that the Moon formed 4.425 ±0.025 bya, about 85 million years later than thought, and that it hosted an <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">ocean of magma</a> for substantially longer than previously thought (for ~200 million years).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 November 2023, scientists reported that, according to computer simulations, remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanet</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>, could be inside the Earth, left over from a collision with the Earth in ancient times, and afterwards becoming the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20231101_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231101-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20231101_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20231101-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed moons of Earth</a> – Claims that Earth may have other natural satellites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side of the Moon</a> – Hemisphere of the Moon that always faces away from Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology of the Moon</a> – Structure and composition of the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> – Hypothesized astronomical event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> – NASA robotic spacecraft orbiting the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a> – theoretical description of motion of Earth's moon<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">Magma ocean</a> – general description of magma oceans and their formation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a> – Proposed NASA mission to the Moon<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-scientific hypotheses</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/moon_formation.html">"NASA Lunar Scientists Develop New Theory on Earth and Moon Formation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518082920/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/moon_formation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-18.</cite><span 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(10 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7351470">"A long-lived magma ocean on a young Moon"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (28): eaba8949. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.8949M">2020SciA....6.8949M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aba8949">10.1126/sciadv.aba8949</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7351470">7351470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32695879">32695879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+long-lived+magma+ocean+on+a+young+Moon&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=eaba8949&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7351470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.8949M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32695879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aba8949&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Maurice&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Tosi%2C+N.&rft.au=Schwinger%2C+S.&rft.au=Breuer%2C+D.&rft.au=Kleine%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7351470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Moon" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text and images are available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20231101-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20231101_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2023" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/science/moon-formation-theia.html">"A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests - Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231101232849/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/science/moon-formation-theia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+%27Big+Whack%27+Formed+the+Moon+and+Left+Traces+Deep+in+Earth%2C+a+Study+Suggests+-+Two+enormous+blobs+deep+inside+Earth+could+be+remnants+of+the+birth+of+the+moon.&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F11%2F01%2Fscience%2Fmoon-formation-theia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Moon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20231101-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20231101_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan,_Qian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Qian; et al. (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06589-1">"Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>623</b> (7985): 95–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.623...95Y">2023Natur.623...95Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06589-1">10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37914947">37914947</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231102061800/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06589-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Moon-forming+impactor+as+a+source+of+Earth%27s+basal+mantle+anomalies&rft.volume=623&rft.issue=7985&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37914947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06589-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.623...95Y&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-023-06589-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Moon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Moon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/SolarSys/lunaform.html">Lunar formation</a> Case Western Reserve University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.airspacemag.com/moon/2012/09/hit-and-run-science/">The Once and Future Moon (September 28, 2012)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107061117/http://blogs.airspacemag.com/moon/2012/09/hit-and-run-science/">Archived</a> January 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/moon-forming-impact-theory-rescued-1.11610">Nature - Moon-forming impact theory rescued</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/90px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/135px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/180px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">Limb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Origin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102486#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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