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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Motorcycle fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorcycle_fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Stock market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meta-analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meta-analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Meta-analyses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meta-analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sleep quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>In animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>In plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar effect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_lunar" title="Efecte lunar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte lunar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5neeffekten" title="Måneeffekten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Måneeffekten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_lunar" title="Efecto lunar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto lunar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="اثر ماه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_lunaire" title="Influence lunaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Influence lunaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_bulan" title="Efek bulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaneffect" title="Maaneffect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maaneffect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_lunar" title="Efeito lunar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito lunar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лунарни ефекат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лунарни ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / 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href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2710" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_by_the_Sea" title="Moonrise by the Sea">Moonrise by the Sea</a></i>. Biologists as well as artists and poets have long thought about the Moon's influence on living creatures.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>lunar effect</b> is a purported correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day <a href="/wiki/Lunar_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar cycle">lunar cycle</a> and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. A considerable number of studies have examined the effect on humans. By the late 1980s, there were at least 40 published studies on the purported lunar-lunacy connection,<sup id="cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottonKelly1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least 20 published studies on the purported lunar-birthrate connection.<sup id="cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartensKelly1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature reviews and metanalyses have found no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottonKelly1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartensKelly1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FosterRoenneberg2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FosterRoenneberg2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases such as the approximately monthly cycle of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> in humans (but not other mammals), the coincidence in timing reflects no known lunar influence. The widespread and persistent beliefs about the influence of the Moon may depend on <a href="/wiki/Illusory_correlation" title="Illusory correlation">illusory correlation</a> – the perception of an association that does not in fact exist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a number of marine animals, there is stronger evidence for the effects of lunar cycles. Observed effects relating to <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_synchrony" title="Reproductive synchrony">reproductive synchrony</a> may depend on external cues relating to the presence or amount of <a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">moonlight</a>. Corals contain light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Cryptochromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptochromes">cryptochromes</a>, proteins that are sensitive to different levels of light. Coral species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dipsastraea_speciosa" title="Dipsastraea speciosa">Dipsastraea speciosa</a></i> tend to synchronize spawning in the evening or night, around the last quarter moon of the lunar cycle. In <i>Dipsastraea speciosa</i>, a period of darkness between sunset and moonrise appears to be a trigger for synchronized spawning. Another marine animal, the bristle worm <i><a href="/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii" title="Platynereis dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</a></i>, spawns a few days after a full moon. It contains a protein with light-absorbing flavin structures that differentially detect moonlight and sunlight. It is used as a model for studying the biological mechanisms of marine lunar cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Markandeya_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markandeya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Häfker_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häfker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poehn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexts">Contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claims of a lunar connection have appeared in the following contexts: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility">Fertility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fertility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Menstruation#Effects_of_the_moon" title="Menstruation">Menstruation § Effects of the moon</a></div> <p>It is widely believed that the Moon has a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> due to the corresponding human <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual cycle</a>, which averages 28 days.<sup id="cite_ref-skepdic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepdic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chiazze1968_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiazze1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-straightdope-menstruation_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straightdope-menstruation-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no connection between lunar rhythms and menstrual onset has been conclusively shown to exist, and the similarity in length between the two cycles is most likely coincidental.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_rate">Birth rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple studies have found no connection between <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> and lunar phases. A 1957 analysis of 9,551 births in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Pennsylvania" title="Danville, Pennsylvania">Danville, Pennsylvania</a>, found no correlation between birth rate and the phase of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Abell1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abell1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of 11,961 live births and 8,142 natural births (not induced by drugs or cesarean section) over a 4-year period (1974–1978) at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> hospital did not correlate in any way with the cycle of lunar phases.<sup id="cite_ref-AbellGreenspan1979_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbellGreenspan1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of 3,706 spontaneous births (excluding births resulting from induced labor) in 1994 showed no correlation with lunar phase.<sup id="cite_ref-JoshiBharadwaj1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoshiBharadwaj1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of 167,956 spontaneous vaginal deliveries, at 37 to 40 weeks gestation, in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, between 1995 and 2000, showed no relationship with lunar phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton-PradhanBay2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-PradhanBay2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of 564,039 births (1997 to 2001) in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> showed no predictable influence of the lunar cycle on deliveries or complications.<sup id="cite_ref-ArlissKaplan2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArlissKaplan2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of 6,725 deliveries (2000 to 2006) in <a href="/wiki/Hannover,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover, Germany">Hannover</a> revealed no significant correlation of birth rate to lunar phases.<sup id="cite_ref-StaboulidouSoergel2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StaboulidouSoergel2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2001 analysis of 70,000,000 birth records from the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a> revealed no correlation between birth rate and lunar phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Caton2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caton2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive review of 21 studies from seven different countries showed that the majority of studies reported no relationship to lunar phase, and that the positive studies were inconsistent with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartensKelly1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of six additional studies from five different countries similarly showed no evidence of relationship between birth rate and lunar phase.<sup id="cite_ref-KellyMartens1994_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KellyMartens1994-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, an analysis of 38.7 million births in France over 50 years, with a detailed correction for birth variations linked to holidays, and robust statistical methods to avoid false detections linked to multiple tests, found a very small (+0.4%) but statistically significant surplus of births on the full moon day, and to a lesser extent the following day. The probability of this excess being due to chance is very low, of the order of one chance in 100,000 (p-value = 1.5 x 10-5). The belief that there is a large surplus of births on full moon days is incorrect, and it is completely impossible for an observer to detect the small increase of +0.4% in a maternity hospital, even on a long time scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambat2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambat2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_loss">Blood loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is sometimes claimed that surgeons used to refuse to operate during the full Moon because of the increased risk of death of the patient through blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One team, in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, reported a weak correlation between lunar phase and hospital admissions due to <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>, but only when comparing full Moon days to all non-full Moon days lumped together.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanSoriano2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanSoriano2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This methodology has been criticized, and the statistical significance of the results disappears if one compares day 29 of the lunar cycle (full Moon) to days 9, 12, 13, or 27 of the lunar cycle, which all have an almost equal number of hospital admissions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish team acknowledged that the wide variation in the number of admissions throughout the lunar cycle limited the interpretation of the results.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanSoriano2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanSoriano2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, British politician <a href="/wiki/David_Tredinnick_(politician)" title="David Tredinnick (politician)">David Tredinnick</a> asserted that during a full Moon "[s]urgeons will not operate because blood clotting is not effective and the police have to put more people on the street.".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a> said they would "laugh their heads off" at the suggestion they could not operate on the full Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-RCS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_behavior">Human behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study into epilepsy found a significant negative correlation between the mean number of epileptic seizures per day and the fraction of the Moon that is illuminated, but the effect resulted from the overall brightness of the night, rather than from the moon phase per se.<sup id="cite_ref-BaxendaleFisher2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaxendaleFisher2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Law and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senior police officers in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, UK, announced in June 2007 that they were planning to deploy more officers over the summer to counter trouble they believe is linked to the lunar cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed research by the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police" title="Sussex Police">Sussex Police</a> force that concluded there was a rise in violent crime when the Moon was full. A spokeswoman for the police force said "research carried out by us has shown a correlation between violent incidents and full moons". A police officer responsible for the research told the BBC that "From my experience of 19 years of being a police officer, undoubtedly on full moons we do seem to get people with sort of strange behavior – more fractious, argumentative."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> have blamed temporary rises in crime on the full Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2008, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Annette_King" title="Annette King">Annette King</a> suggested that a spate of stabbings in the country could have been caused by the lunar cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reported correlation between Moon phase and the number of homicides in <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a> was found, through later analysis, not to be supported by the data and to have been the result of inappropriate and misleading statistical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorcycle_fatalities">Motorcycle fatalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motorcycle fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of 13,029 motorcyclists killed in nighttime crashes found that there were 5.3% more fatalities on nights with a full moon compared to other nights.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors speculate that the increase might be due to visual distractions created by the moon, especially when it is near the horizon and appears abruptly between trees, around turns, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stock_market">Stock market</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stock market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have argued that the stock market's average returns are much higher during the half of the month closest to the new moon than the half closest to the full moon. The reasons for this have not been studied, but the authors suggest this may be due to lunar influences on mood.<sup id="cite_ref-YuanZheng2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuanZheng2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YuanZheng2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YuanZheng2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DichevJanes2001_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DichevJanes2001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study has found contradictory results and questioned these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meta-analyses">Meta-analyses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meta-analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A meta-analysis of thirty-seven studies that examined relationships between the Moon's four phases and human behavior revealed no significant correlation. The authors found that, of twenty-three studies that had claimed to show correlation, nearly half contained at least one <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> error.<sup id="cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RottonKelly1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in a review of twenty studies examining correlations between Moon phase and suicides, most of the twenty studies found no correlation, and the ones that did report positive results were inconsistent with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1978 review of the literature also found that lunar phases and human behavior are not related.<sup id="cite_ref-CampbellBeets1978_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CampbellBeets1978-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_quality">Sleep quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sleep quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2013 study by Christian Cajochen and collaborators at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> suggested a correlation between the full Moon and human sleep quality.<sup id="cite_ref-CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the validity of these results may be limited because of a relatively small (n=33) sample size and inappropriate controls for age and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordi2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordi2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study with larger sample sizes (n1=366, n2=29, n3=870) and better experimental controls found no effect of the lunar phase on sleep quality metrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordi2014_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordi2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study of 795 children found a three-minute <i>increase</i> in sleep duration near the full moon,<sup id="cite_ref-Sjodin2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjodin2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a 2016 study of 5,812 children found a five-minute <i>decrease</i> in sleep duration near the full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaput2016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaput2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other modification in activity behaviors were reported,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaput2016_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaput2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lead scientist concluded: "Our study provides compelling evidence that the moon does not seem to influence people's behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-FrontPed_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrontPed-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2021 by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Quilmes" title="National University of Quilmes">National University of Quilmes</a> showed a correlation between lunar cycles and sleep cycles. During the days preceding a full moon, people went to bed later and slept for shorter periods (in some cases with differences of up to 90 minutes), even in locations with full access to electric light.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, a Swedish study including one-night at-home sleep recordings from 492 women and 360 men found that men whose sleep was recorded during nights in the waxing period of the lunar cycle exhibited lower sleep efficiency and increased time awake after sleep onset compared to men whose sleep was measured during nights in the waning period. In contrast, the sleep of women remained largely unaffected by the lunar cycle. These results were robust to adjustment for chronic sleep problems and obstructive sleep apnea severity.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for how the belief started in the first place, a 1999 study conjectures that the alleged connection of moon to lunacy might be a ‘cultural fossil’ from a time before the advent of outdoor lighting, when the bright light of the full moon might have induced sleep deprivation in people living outside, thereby triggering erratic behaviour in predisposed people with mental conditions such as bipolar disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corals contain light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Cryptochromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptochromes">cryptochromes</a>, proteins that are sensitive to different levels of light.<sup id="cite_ref-Markandeya_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markandeya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spawning of coral <i><a href="/wiki/Platygyra_lamellina" title="Platygyra lamellina">Platygyra lamellina</a></i> occurs at night during the summer on a date determined by the <a href="/wiki/Phase_of_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase of the Moon">phase of the Moon</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, this is the three- to five-day period around the <a href="/wiki/New_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Moon">new Moon</a> in July and the similar period in August.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">Acropora</a></i> coral time their simultaneous release of sperm and eggs to just one or two days a year, after sundown with a full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dipsastraea_speciosa" title="Dipsastraea speciosa">Dipsastraea speciosa</a></i> tends to synchronize spawning in the evening or night, around the last quarter moon of the lunar cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Markandeya_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markandeya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Häfker_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häfker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lin_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg/400px-Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg/600px-Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg/800px-Rhythms_and_Clocks_in_Marine_Organisms_Figure_1_Solar_and_Lunar_Cycles_ma150509.f1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3583" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption> The emergence of complex rhythms from solar and lunar cycles in marine ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Häfker_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häfker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Another marine animal, the bristle worm <i><a href="/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii" title="Platynereis dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</a></i>, also spawns a few days after a full moon. It is used as a model for studying cryptochromes and photoreduction in proteins. The L-Cry protein can distinguish between sunlight and moonlight through the differential activity of two protein strands that contain light-absorbing structures called flavins. Another molecule, called r-Opsin, may act as a moonrise sensor. Exactly how different biological signals are transmitted within the worm is not yet known.<sup id="cite_ref-Markandeya_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markandeya-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Häfker_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Häfker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poehn_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correlation between hormonal changes in the <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a> and lunar periodicity was found in <a href="/wiki/Streamlined_spinefoot" title="Streamlined spinefoot">streamlined spinefoot</a> (a type of fish), which spawns synchronously around the last Moon quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-zimecki_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimecki-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Orange-spotted_spinefoot" title="Orange-spotted spinefoot">orange-spotted spinefoot</a>, lunar phases affect the levels of <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-zimecki_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimecki-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grunion" title="Grunion">California grunion</a> fish have an unusual mating and spawning ritual during the spring and summer months. The egg laying takes place on four consecutive nights, beginning on the nights of the full and new Moons, when tides are highest. This well understood reproductive strategy is related to tides, which are highest when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, i.e., at new Moon or full Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-grunion_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grunion-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In insects, the lunar cycle may affect hormonal changes.<sup id="cite_ref-zimecki_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimecki-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body weight of <a href="/wiki/Honeybees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybees">honeybees</a> peaks during <a href="/wiki/New_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Moon">new Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zimecki_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimecki-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midge</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Clunio_marinus" title="Clunio marinus">Clunio marinus</a></i> has a biological clock synchronized with the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CajochenAltanay-Ekici2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for lunar effect in reptiles, birds and mammals is scant,<sup id="cite_ref-zimecki_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimecki-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but among reptiles <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">marine iguanas</a> (which live in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>) time their trips to the sea in order to arrive at low tide.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relationship between the Moon and the birth rate of cows was reported in a 2016 study.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a retrospective study in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> reported an association between the full moon and significant increases in animal bites to humans. The study reported that patients presenting to the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Department">A&E</a> with injuries stemming from bites from an animal rose significantly at the time of a full moon in the period 1997–1999. The study concluded that animals have an increased inclination to bite a human during a full moon period. It did not address the question of how humans came into contact with the animals, and whether this was more likely to happen during the full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_plants">In plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serious doubts have been raised<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the claim that a species of <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i> synchronizes its pollination peak to the full moon in July.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewers conclude that more research is needed to answer this question.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual cycle length">Human menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_synchrony" title="Menstrual synchrony">Menstrual synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_synchrony" title="Reproductive synchrony">Reproductive synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solunar_theory" title="Solunar theory">Solunar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RottonKelly1985-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RottonKelly1985_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRottonKelly1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. (1985). "Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 286–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.97.2.286">10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3885282">3885282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Much+ado+about+the+full+moon%3A+A+meta-analysis+of+lunar-lunacy+research&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-306&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.97.2.286&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3885282&rft.aulast=Rotton&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Kelly%2C+I.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartensKelly1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartensKelly1988_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartensKellySaklofske1988" class="citation journal cs1">Martens, R.; Kelly, I. W.; Saklofske, D. H. (December 1988). 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Fooled by the Full Moon – Scientists search for the sober truth behind some loony ideas, <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>, September 2003, page 30.</li> <li>Caton, Dan (2001). Natality and the Moon Revisited: Do Birth Rates Depend on the Phase of the Moon?, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</a></i>, Vol 33, No. 4, 2001, p. 1371. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907101916/http://www.dancaton.physics.appstate.edu/Birthrates/AASstuff/">A summary of the results of the paper.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiefendorf2007" class="citation cs2">Diefendorf, David (2007), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amazingbutfalseh0000dief"><i>Amazing... But false! Hundreds of "facts" you thought were true, but aren't</i></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3791-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3791-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-3791-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing...+But+false%21+Hundreds+of+%22facts%22+you+thought+were+true%2C+but+aren%27t&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3791-6&rft.aulast=Diefendorf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famazingbutfalseh0000dief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterRoenneberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Russell G.; Roenneberg, Till (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003">"Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R784–R794. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18.R784F">2008CBio...18.R784F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003">10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786384">18786384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15429616">15429616</a>. <q>Lunar cycles had, and continue to have, an influence upon human culture, though despite a persistent belief that our mental health and other behaviours are modulated by the phase of the moon, there is no solid evidence that human biology is in any way regulated by the lunar cycle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Human+Responses+to+the+Geophysical+Daily%2C+Annual+and+Lunar+Cycles&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R784-R794&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15429616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786384&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18.R784F&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Russell+G.&rft.au=Roenneberg%2C+Till&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.07.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackerSwansonIkandaKushnir2011" class="citation journal cs1">Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140494">"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (7): 22285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...622285P">2011PLoSO...622285P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022285">10.1371/journal.pone.0022285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140494">3140494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21799812">21799812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Fear+of+Darkness%2C+the+Full+Moon+and+the+Nocturnal+Ecology+of+African+Lions&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=22285&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140494%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21799812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...622285P&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+A.&rft.au=Ikanda%2C+D.&rft.au=Kushnir%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerUdryMorris1982" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, JD; Udry, JR; Morris, NM (1982). "Diurnal and weekly, but no lunar rhythms in humans copulation". <i>Human Biology; an International Record of Research</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 111–121. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7200945">7200945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology%3B+an+International+Record+of+Research&rft.atitle=Diurnal+and+weekly%2C+but+no+lunar+rhythms+in+humans+copulation&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-121&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7200945&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Udry%2C+JR&rft.au=Morris%2C+NM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sanduleak, Nicholas (1985). The Moon is Acquitted of Murder in Cleveland, <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Spring 1985, 236–242. Reprinted in <i>Science Confronts the Paranormal</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, Prometheus Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-314-5">0-87975-314-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimecki2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zimecki, Michał (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626235821/http://www.phmd.pl/fulltxt.php?ICID=442883">"The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology"</a>. <i>Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej</i>. <b>60</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407788">16407788</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phmd.pl/fulltxt.php?ICID=442883">the original</a> on 26 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>In fish the lunar clock influences reproduction and involves the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. In birds, the daily variations in melatonin and corticosterone disappear during full-moon days. The lunar cycle also exerts effects on laboratory rats with regard to taste sensitivity and the ultrastructure of pineal gland cells. Cyclic variations related to the moon's phases in the magnitude of the humoral immune response of mice to polivinylpyrrolidone and sheep erythrocytes were also described. It is suggested that melatonin and endogenous steroids may mediate the described cyclic alterations of physiological processes. The release of neurohormones may be triggered by the electromagnetic radiation and/or the gravitational pull of the moon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postepy+Higieny+I+Medycyny+Doswiadczalnej&rft.atitle=The+lunar+cycle%3A+effects+on+human+and+animal+behavior+and+physiology&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16407788&rft.aulast=Zimecki&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmd.pl%2Ffulltxt.php%3FICID%3D442883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_effect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/fullmoon.html">The Skeptic's Dictionary on the lunar effect</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowanOwens2006" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, Iain; Owens, Mark (2006). "Madness & The Moon: The Lunar Cycle & Psychopathology". <i>German Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 123–127. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.511.5967">10.1.1.511.5967</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Madness+%26+The+Moon%3A+The+Lunar+Cycle+%26+Psychopathology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-127&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.511.5967%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Owens%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1969" class="citation journal cs1">McDowall, R. M. (December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio17Tuat03-t1-body-d5.html">"Lunar Rhythms in Aquatic Animals: A General Review"</a>. <i>Tuatara</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 133–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tuatara&rft.atitle=Lunar+Rhythms+in+Aquatic+Animals%3A+A+General+Review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=133-143&rft.date=1969-12&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Bio17Tuat03-t1-body-d5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinleyPauligkMarneweckRitchie2021" class="citation journal cs1">Linley, G. D.; Pauligk, Y.; Marneweck, C.; Ritchie, E. G. (2021). "Moon phase and nocturnal activity of native Australian mammals". <i>Australian Mammalogy</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAM19070">10.1071/AM19070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219918342">219918342</a>.</cite><span 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/90px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/135px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/180px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">Limb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lunar effect</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></span></li></ul> 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