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class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38729559" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElisaTiezzi"><img alt="Profile image of Elisa Tiezzi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Elisa Tiezzi</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2008, Design and Nature IV</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":96460726,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/93832365/Dissipative_structures_in_nature_and_human_systems"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" 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data-entity-id="77766363" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77766363/On_the_Thermodynamics_of_Self_Organization_in_Dissipative_Systems_Reflections_on_the_Unification_of_Physics_and_Biology">On the Thermodynamics of Self-Organization in Dissipative Systems: Reflections on the Unification of Physics and Biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49851788" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AshwinVaidya">Ashwin Vaidya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fluids</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, we discuss some well-known experimental observations on self-organization in dissipative systems. The examples range from pure fluid flow, pattern selection in fluid–solid systems to chemical-reaction-induced flocking and aggregation in fluid systems. In each case, self-organization can be seen to be a function of a persistent internal gradient. One goal of this article is to hint at a common theory to explain such phenomena, which often takes the form of the extremum of some thermodynamic quantity, for instance the rate of entropy production. Such variational theories are not new; they have been in existence for decades and gained popularity through the Nobel Prize-winning work of theorists such as Lars Onsager and Ilya Prigogine. The arguments have evolved since then to include systems of higher complexity and for nonlinear systems, though a comprehensive theory remains elusive. The overall attempt is to bring out examples from physics, chemistry, engineering, and b...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Thermodynamics of Self-Organization in Dissipative Systems: Reflections on the Unification of Physics and Biology","attachmentId":85044813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77766363/On_the_Thermodynamics_of_Self_Organization_in_Dissipative_Systems_Reflections_on_the_Unification_of_Physics_and_Biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77766363/On_the_Thermodynamics_of_Self_Organization_in_Dissipative_Systems_Reflections_on_the_Unification_of_Physics_and_Biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="62886592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62886592/Dissipative_Structures_Organisms_and_Evolution">Dissipative Structures, Organisms and Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58188837" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BenjaminDeBari">Benjamin De Bari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Entropy</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems has been known for over 50 years. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the state of a system can become unstable and a transition to an organized structure can occur. Such structures include oscillating chemical reactions and spatiotemporal patterns in chemical and other systems. Because entropy and free-energy dissipating irreversible processes generate and maintain these structures, these have been called dissipative structures. Our recent research revealed that some of these structures exhibit organism-like behavior, reinforcing the earlier expectation that the study of dissipative structures will provide insights into the nature of organisms and their origin. In this article, we summarize our study of organism-like behavior in electrically and chemically driven systems. The highly complex behavior of these systems shows the time evolution to states of higher entropy production. Using these systems as an example, we present some concepts th...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dissipative Structures, Organisms and Evolution","attachmentId":75507010,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62886592/Dissipative_Structures_Organisms_and_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62886592/Dissipative_Structures_Organisms_and_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="51104179" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51104179/Ordered_Complexity_from_Dissipative_and_Chaotic_Systems_Including_the_human_brain_and_society_and_the_Universe_Relevance_of_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics">Ordered Complexity from Dissipative and Chaotic Systems, Including the human brain and society and the Universe; Relevance of the Second Law of Thermodynamics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49194464" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SudhirKumar226">Sudhir Kumar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper connects the characteristics of a dissipative system, which operates far from equilibrium, a chaotic system , depending upon initial conditions and complexity, which forms from the holistic connection of its parts .Consequent, the human brain, human society and the universe itself are portrayed as dissipative, chaotic and complex. Chaos is everywhere as is complexity. The paper analyzes the aspects of nonlinearity in system dynamics based on the ideas of Ilya Prigogine and attempts to forge a link between the systems discussed. The Second Law of Thermodynamics involving the total increase in entropy is elucidated as being universal and inherent in all events of the universe. The law may be considered as part of the evolutionary tool in the formation of complex organisms, galaxies and life itself. Chaotic phenomena are considered in forming, through bifurcation points, un⁹predictable yet deterministic complex systems .The universe is strikingly similar in its structure to the human brain and follows the sequence from dissipative state to complexity and order through chaos .For the Second Law of Thermodynamics to be valid universally, the universe is proposed to be an open system. Furthermore it would be governed by intelligence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ordered Complexity from Dissipative and Chaotic Systems, Including the human brain and society and the Universe; Relevance of the Second Law of Thermodynamics","attachmentId":68951642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51104179/Ordered_Complexity_from_Dissipative_and_Chaotic_Systems_Including_the_human_brain_and_society_and_the_Universe_Relevance_of_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51104179/Ordered_Complexity_from_Dissipative_and_Chaotic_Systems_Including_the_human_brain_and_society_and_the_Universe_Relevance_of_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="87686226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87686226/Introduction_Self_organization_in_nonequilibrium_chemical_systems">Introduction: Self-organization in nonequilibrium chemical systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33930747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IrvingEpstein">Irving Epstein</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction: Self-organization in nonequilibrium chemical systems","attachmentId":91828292,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87686226/Introduction_Self_organization_in_nonequilibrium_chemical_systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87686226/Introduction_Self_organization_in_nonequilibrium_chemical_systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1203664" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203664/Abel_D_L_2009_The_capabilities_of_chaos_and_complexity_Int_J_Mol_Sci_10_Special_Issue_on_Life_Origin_247_291">Abel, D.L., 2009, The capabilities of chaos and complexity, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10, (Special Issue on Life Origin) 247-291 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To what degree could chaos and complexity have organized a Peptide or RNA World of crude yet necessarily integrated protometabolism? How far could such protolife evolve in the absence of a heritable linear digital symbol system that could mutate, instruct, regulate, optimize and maintain metabolic homeostasis? To address these questions, chaos, complexity, self-ordered states, and organization must all be carefully defined and distinguished. In addition their cause-and-effect relationships and mechanisms of action must be delineated. Are there any formal (non physical, abstract, conceptual, algorithmic) components to chaos, complexity, self-ordering and organization, or are they entirely physicodynamic (physical, mass/energy interaction alone)? Chaos and complexity can produce some fascinating self-ordered phenomena. But can spontaneous chaos and complexity steer events and processes toward pragmatic benefit, select function over non function, optimize algorithms, integrate circuits, produce computational halting, organize processes into formal systems, control and regulate existing systems toward greater efficiency? The question is pursued of whether there might be some yet-to-be discovered new law of biology that will elucidate the derivation of prescriptive information and control. “System” will be rigorously defined. Can a low-informational rapid succession of Prigogine’s dissipative structures self-order into bona fide organization? Keywords: Complex adaptive systems (CAS); Complexity theory; Biocybernetics; Biosemiotics; Emergence; Non linear dynamics; Self-organization; Symbolic dynamics analysis; Systems theory.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abel, D.L., 2009, The capabilities of chaos and complexity, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10, (Special Issue on Life Origin) 247-291 ","attachmentId":54698498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1203664/Abel_D_L_2009_The_capabilities_of_chaos_and_complexity_Int_J_Mol_Sci_10_Special_Issue_on_Life_Origin_247_291","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203664/Abel_D_L_2009_The_capabilities_of_chaos_and_complexity_Int_J_Mol_Sci_10_Special_Issue_on_Life_Origin_247_291"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="69744385" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69744385/Nonlinear_dynamics_from_physics_to_biology">Nonlinear dynamics from physics to biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11507755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PSchuster">Peter Schuster</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Complexity, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nonlinear dynamics from physics to biology","attachmentId":79722241,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69744385/Nonlinear_dynamics_from_physics_to_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69744385/Nonlinear_dynamics_from_physics_to_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="81220744" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81220744/Dissipative_Structures_Catastrophes_and_Pattern_Formation_A_Bifurcation_Analysis">Dissipative Structures, Catastrophes, and Pattern Formation: A Bifurcation Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="114775424" href="https://uh.academia.edu/GAuchmuty">Giles Auchmuty</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1974</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A model chemical network involving reactions and diffusion is studied. Spatially and temporally ordered solutions of the equations are found by bifurcation theory. These solutions are calculated analytically and their stability is studied. Properties of these dissipative structures are discussed, and a comparison with Thom&#39;s theories of morphogenesis is outlined.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dissipative Structures, Catastrophes, and Pattern Formation: A Bifurcation Analysis","attachmentId":87341408,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81220744/Dissipative_Structures_Catastrophes_and_Pattern_Formation_A_Bifurcation_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81220744/Dissipative_Structures_Catastrophes_and_Pattern_Formation_A_Bifurcation_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="73608534" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73608534/A_Drive_towards_Thermodynamic_Efficiency_for_Dissipative_Structures_in_Chemical_Reaction_Networks">A Drive towards Thermodynamic Efficiency for Dissipative Structures in Chemical Reaction Networks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42480943" href="https://unich-it.academia.edu/DanielaCialfi">Daniela Cialfi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Entropy, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Dissipative accounts of structure formation show that the self-organisation of complex structures is thermodynamically favoured, whenever these structures dissipate free energy that could not be accessed otherwise. These structures therefore open transition channels for the state of the universe to move from a frustrated, metastable state to another metastable state of higher entropy. However, these accounts apply as well to relatively simple, dissipative systems, such as convection cells, hurricanes, candle flames, lightning strikes, or mechanical cracks, as they do to complex biological systems. Conversely, interesting computational properties—that characterize complex biological systems, such as efficient, predictive representations of environmental dynamics—can be linked to the thermodynamic efficiency of underlying physical processes. However, the potential mechanisms that underwrite the selection of dissipative structures with thermodynamically efficient subprocesses is not co...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Drive towards Thermodynamic Efficiency for Dissipative Structures in Chemical Reaction Networks","attachmentId":82064616,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73608534/A_Drive_towards_Thermodynamic_Efficiency_for_Dissipative_Structures_in_Chemical_Reaction_Networks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73608534/A_Drive_towards_Thermodynamic_Efficiency_for_Dissipative_Structures_in_Chemical_Reaction_Networks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="54378300" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54378300/Self_organisation_in_dynamical_systems_a_limiting_result">Self-organisation in dynamical systems: a limiting result</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57679704" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardJohns5">Richard Johns</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Synthese, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Self-organisation in dynamical systems: a limiting result","attachmentId":70771021,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54378300/Self_organisation_in_dynamical_systems_a_limiting_result","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54378300/Self_organisation_in_dynamical_systems_a_limiting_result"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="102757784" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102757784/Unphysical_source_of_dynamic_order_for_the_natural_world">Unphysical source of dynamic order for the natural world</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37389752" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JFarjas">J. Farjas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">arXiv (Cornell University), 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unphysical source of dynamic order for the natural world","attachmentId":102942354,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102757784/Unphysical_source_of_dynamic_order_for_the_natural_world","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102757784/Unphysical_source_of_dynamic_order_for_the_natural_world"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":96460726,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":96460726,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_96460726" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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