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href="#Relationship_to_Peiligang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship to Peiligang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Peiligang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_hunting,_fishing_and_foraging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_hunting,_fishing_and_foraging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agriculture, hunting, fishing and foraging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_hunting,_fishing_and_foraging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tools and fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremonial_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonial_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ceremonial burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonial_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery_and_alcohol_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery_and_alcohol_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pottery and alcohol production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery_and_alcohol_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>End of habitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%83" title="Цзяху – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цзяху" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cjiahuo" title="Ĝjiahuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝjiahuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%83" title="Цзяху – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзяху" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiahu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiahu&params=33.613_N_113.667_E_region:CN-41_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°36′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°40′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.613°N 113.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.613; 113.667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neolithic culture in China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jiahu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賈湖</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg/220px-Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg/330px-Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg/440px-Neolithic_bone_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jiahu is located in Northern China"><img alt="Jiahu is located in Northern China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/250px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/500px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.907%;left:53.335%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jiahu"><img alt="Jiahu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in northern China</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label">Henan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiahu&params=33.613_N_113.667_E_region:CN-41_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°36′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°40′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.613°N 113.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.613; 113.667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5700 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jiahu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">賈湖</span>) was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement based in the central plain of ancient China, near the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. It is located between the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni_River_(China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ni River (China) (page does not exist)">Ni River</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Sha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha River">Sha River</a> to the south, 22 km (14 mi) north of modern <a href="/wiki/Wuyang_County" title="Wuyang County">Wuyang</a> in Henan.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> consider the site to be one of the earliest examples of the <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a>. Settled <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000 BC</span>, the site was later flooded and abandoned around 5700 BC. The settlement was surrounded by a moat and covered a relatively large area of 55,000 square metres (5.5 ha). At one time, it was "a complex, highly organized Chinese Neolithic society",<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population of between 250 and 800 people. </p><p>The important discoveries of the Jiahu archaeological site include the <a href="/wiki/Jiahu_symbols" title="Jiahu symbols">Jiahu symbols</a>, possibly an early example of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carved into tortoise shells and bones. The <a href="/wiki/Jiahu_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiahu flutes">Jiahu flutes</a> are believed to be among the oldest playable musical instruments in the world, comprising 33 pieces carved from the wing bones of cranes. There is also evidence of alcohol production through the fermentation of rice, honey, and hawthorn leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Diverse artifacts are attested at the site, including residences, burial sites, pottery kilns, assorted stone and earthen implements, and a large central structure believed to be a communal workspace. These indicate a fairly advanced settlement for the early Neolithic period. To date, 45 residences have been excavated at Jiahu, with most measuring between four and ten meters. Most of these were partially dug into the earth and featured a single room, though some were later expanded to have multiple rooms. Garbage pits and storage cellars have also been excavated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_excavation">Discovery and excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discovered by Zhu Zhi in 1962, extensive excavation of the site did not occur until the 1980s. Most of the site still has not been excavated, although work is slowly progressing. The excavation of Jiahu burial sites and rubbish pits has been productive, yielding abundant evidence about the lives of the Jiahu people. Chinese researchers from the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, led for many years by Zhang Juzhong, a professor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a>, have carried out archaeological research around the site for decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zhang's team conducted excavation of portions of the site in seven stages; each stage took two to three years. A large portion of the Jiahu site was excavated in the first two phases of the project, between 1983 and 1987. Zhang and his assistants published the findings of the first two phases in detail in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_Peiligang">Relationship to Peiligang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to Peiligang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some archaeologists point to cultural distinctions between Jiahu and Peiligang, as well as the distance: Jiahu is isolated, many kilometers south of the larger Peiligang grouping of over 100 archaeological sites in a fairly compact area. The distance would have represented a journey on foot of several days in the Neolithic era. This school of thought suggests that Jiahu and Peiligang represented separate, neighboring cultures that interacted and shared many characteristics. Other early Neolithic settlements in this part of the world were much farther south and east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archaeologists have divided Jiahu into three distinct phases. The earliest phase spans from 7000 to 6600 BC, the middle phase spans from 6600 to 6200 BC; and the latest phase spans from 6200 to 5700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last two phases correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a>, while the earliest phase is unique to Jiahu. </p><p>Careful examination of the skeletons of over 400 individuals, removed from more than 300 graves, by several scientific teams over the course of the past 30 years illustrates that the Jiahu ethnic group was a part of the Northern Mongoloid group, and identified closely with the Miaodigou and Xiawanggang sub-groups which were also descendants of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> in modern Henan, and the <a href="/wiki/Dawenkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawenkou">Dawenkou</a>, Xixiahou and Yedian sub-groups that were later found in Shandong Province.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakuhachi_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakuhachi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture,_hunting,_fishing_and_foraging"><span id="Agriculture.2C_hunting.2C_fishing_and_foraging"></span>Agriculture, hunting, fishing and foraging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agriculture, hunting, fishing and foraging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido,_Japan_-several-8_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg/250px-Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg/330px-Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg/500px-Grus_japonensis_-Hokkaido%2C_Japan_-several-8_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_crane" title="Red-crowned crane">Red-crowned cranes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. Currently an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, they were plentiful throughout the East Asia region in the Neolithic period and were hunted for meat; their wing bones were used to produce the Jiahu flutes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The inhabitants of Jiahu cultivated <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. While millet cultivation is common in the Peiligang culture, rice cultivation at Jiahu is unique, and tends to support the theory that Jiahu was a separate culture from the Peiligang grouping. On the other hand, difference in local climate, moisture and soil conditions may have made cultivating rice in the Peiligang area more difficult. Jiahu rice cultivation is one of the earliest found, and the most northerly found at such an early stage in history. The rice was a kind of short-grained <i>japonica</i> rice. Scholars had previously thought the earliest domesticated rice belonged to the long-grain <i>indica</i> subspecies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is abundant proof of millet farming in cool, dry high latitudes of the Yellow River Valley, and rice farming dominated in warm, moist low latitudes of the Yangtze River Valley. The early Neolithic site of Jiahu lies near the boundary between the cool, dry north and the warm, moist south. In another sign of advancement, Jiahu's farmers had moved on from the usual <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> techniques of Neolithic farmers, and were using intensive cultivation in permanent fields. Jiahu is also the site of the earliest find of wild soybean seeds in China; a large quantity of soybean remains were discovered at Jiahu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201287_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food was plentiful, from farming as well as hunting and foraging, and contributed to considerable population growth for such an early settlement. Women of the Jiahu culture gathered wild <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, and foraged for acorns, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, broad beans, edible roots and tubers in the surrounding countryside. There is evidence of domesticated pigs, dogs, poultry, and small numbers of cattle. The Jiahu people used manure from their pigs and cattle as fertilizer, substantially increasing the yield of their rice crops. The livestock produced meat, milk and eggs. There was also evidence of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> hunting, and fishing in the nearby rivers to the north and south, with nets made of <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> fibers. The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common carp</a> aquaculture was also found at Jiahu.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_crane" title="Red-crowned crane">red-crowned crane</a>, a large bird indigenous to the region, was hunted for meat; its bones and feathers were also used for other purposes. </p><p>Due to this steadily improving and varied diet, the health and longevity of the Jiahu people gradually improved. This has been documented through comparison of the archaeological evidence. Over 400 burials have been unearthed at Jiahu, and many hundreds more are believed to await excavation. Skeletons have been measured and carefully examined, revealing the height, weight, gender, and approximate age of each of the deceased Jiahu at the time of death, as well as the general health, and in many cases the cause of death. The three phases of Jiahu history correspond to steadily increasing numbers of middle-aged and older people, suggesting an increase in survival and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, and fewer remains of children and infants, suggesting a reduction in child and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>. By the third phase, the average height of an adult had increased by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>two centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) and the bones and teeth were in significantly better condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools_and_fortifications">Tools and fortifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tools and fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stone <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a> blade has been recovered. This was secured to a wooden handle to harvest grain. Evidence of baskets woven from wild grass has been uncovered. These were used to carry grain from the harvests. Remnants of a spinning loom have been found, indicating the production of <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, probably from hemp fibers. Among the many tools and utensils unearthed at Jiahu are three-legged earthenware cooking pots with tight-fitting lids, and a variety of stone implements, including arrowheads, barbed harpoons, spades, axes, awls, and chisels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stone spearheads have also been found, and evidence of what may have been a wooden <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> fence along at least a portion of the interior shore of the moat. These improved weapons, and the moat surrounding the settlement, provided an ideal defense for such an early culture. The area is known to have been frequented by nomadic hunting and gathering tribes for several thousand years prior to the Jiahu settlement, and these may have been potential enemies, as well as the genetic forebears of Jiahu. The Jiahu people are not believed to have been warlike in nature, but capable of defending themselves if the need arose.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examination of the site has revealed no evidence of armed conflict. Unearthed human remains showing signs of violent death are very rare, and scattered along the known timeline—rather than occurring at the same time which would indicate a battle. It is possible that the large size of the settlement, its substantial defenses, and the improved weapons of the Jiahu people may have caused potential enemies of that time to keep their distance. Such a scenario is consistent with the substantial growth in population and longevity exhibited by the Jiahu site. Without war, and with plenty of nutritious food, the village flourished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_evidence">Cultural evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a thorough study of 238 skeletal remains, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> forensic archaeologist Barbara Li Smith published findings that the Jiahu villagers enjoyed fairly good health. The average age of death by the third phase was around 40, representing a very good life expectancy for Neolithic people. Sponge lesions on the skulls indicate that anemia and iron deficiency were a problem. Hole bone lesions from disease and parasitic infections were rare, although fecal evidence indicated the occasional presence of <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a> parasites, possibly from poorly cooked pork.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonial_burial">Ceremonial burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ceremonial burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The burials at Jiahu were usually accompanied by burial offerings, with increasing frequency as the second and third phases progressed. Burial objects range from <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">tortoise shells</a>. Burial offerings varied between individuals, and are believed to be linked to the skills they displayed in life, providing evidence of an early specialization of labor. The types of labor specialization, from most common to most rare, included farmers, herdsmen, fishermen, hunters, potters, musicians, and a tribal priest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of the burials were earthen pits; infants were buried in earthenware jars. As is common with Neolithic communities, the burials were in cemeteries which were separate from the residential areas, although many grave sites overlapped, so they were probably not marked. A few burials were multiple, while most burial pits contained single individuals. These did not follow any discernible pattern, although it is possible that in some cases, man–woman couples of roughly the same age were buried together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some graves the heads were severed from the body and pointed toward the northwest. Cut marks made when the bones were fresh indicates the heads were cut off shortly after the person died. A few burial offerings included <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> carvings, and represented a significant level of material wealth, suggesting some differences in social status. Burial offerings in women's graves were more sparse, indicating lower social status, and indicated that their roles were limited to childbearing and child care, cooking, and foraging for food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flutes">Flutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jiahu_flutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiahu flutes">Jiahu flutes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bone_Flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bone_Flute.jpg/220px-Bone_Flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bone_Flute.jpg/330px-Bone_Flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bone_Flute.jpg/440px-Bone_Flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gudi_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Gudi flute">Gudi flute</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Henan_Museum" title="Henan Museum">Henan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most significant burial offerings discovered were playable tonal <a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">flutes</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_crane" title="Red-crowned crane">red-crowned crane</a> wing bones. This crane is 1.5 metres (5 ft) tall with a wingspan of 2.4 m (8 ft), yielding large bones for this purpose. The first of the flutes were found in the late 1980s, but were not described in the West until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Juzhong_III_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juzhong_III-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yuan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 33 flutes have been found at Jiahu—around 20 are intact, with the rest being broken, fragmentary, and unfinished. All are between 18 and 25 cm (7 and 10 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest phase at Jiahu only contains two flutes, which are tetratonic and <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a>; the middle phase at Jiahu contains several flutes, including an interesting pair of <a href="/wiki/Hexatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexatonic">hexatonic</a> flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juzhong_II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the flutes was broken, and the other flute seems to be a replica of the first flute, as it shows evidence of adjustments made to match the pitch of the first. Innovations in the last phase include the use of <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptatonic">heptatonic</a> flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juzhong_II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flutes were cut, smoothed at the ends, polished and finally drilled with a row of holes on one side. One of the broken flutes was repaired by drilling fourteen tiny holes along the breakage lines and then tying the sections together with hemp string.<sup id="cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juzhong_II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flutes play in the so-called pentatonic scale, in which octaves are divided into five notes—the basis of many kinds of music, including Chinese folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juzhong_II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the flute has a scale indicates that its original players played music rather than just single notes. The flutes were probably used in some kind of ceremonial capacity, but may have been played for entertainment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery_and_alcohol_production">Pottery and alcohol production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pottery and alcohol production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiahu yielded some of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pottery#Early_wares" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pottery">oldest Chinese pottery</a> yet found in Neolithic China. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Edward_McGovern" title="Patrick Edward McGovern">Patrick McGovern</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum">University of Pennsylvania Museum</a>, led a team of scientists who applied <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> chemical analysis to pottery jars from Jiahu. They found signature molecules proving alcohol was fermented from rice, honey, grapes, and <a href="/wiki/Rhaphiolepis" title="Rhaphiolepis">hawthorn</a>. Researchers hypothesize that this hybrid beverage (a beer, wine, and mead combination) was fermented by the process of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold_saccharification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mold saccharification (page does not exist)">mold saccharification</a>, a uniquely Chinese contribution to the art of beverage-making in which several mold species are used to break down the carbohydrates of rice and other grains into simple, fermentable sugars. Specific aromatic herbs and flowers such as <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, in addition to tree resins such as <a href="/wiki/China_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="China fir">China fir</a>, had been added to the hybrid beverages, the researchers found. These aromatic additions, as well as the honey, indicate that <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverages</a> with a pleasing aroma and sweet taste were important to the Jiahu people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial quantities of rice and millet were stored in pottery jars, enabling the specialization of labor. Jiahu society is believed to have been fairly egalitarian, with several hundred residents of the village at the height of its development. Comparative DNA evidence from remains in the Jiahu settlement itself, as well as other evidence gathered, leads to speculation among researchers that there were one or more other ancient villages nearby, with peaceful interaction with the Jiahu in some form; but the sites of other villages nearby have not been located.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jiahu_symbols" title="Jiahu symbols">Jiahu symbols</a></div> <p>Eleven <a href="/wiki/Pictographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographic">pictographic</a> symbols were discovered at the site, with nine carved into tortoise shells, and two carved into bone. These have been taken by some as possible evidence for the use of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>. Correspondences between the Jiahu symbols and the characters attested much later in the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050 BC</span>) have been noted; however, such correspondences are generally not considered strong evidence of a relationship due to the strongly representational style of each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_habitation">End of habitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: End of habitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the archaeological evidence, a severe flood from the nearby rivers submerged most or all of the Jiahu settlement under a few feet of water sometime around 5700 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The inhabitants evacuated, but it is not known where they went. The absence of tools and weapons in most of the residences indicates that they were able to salvage most of their belongings. They may have built a new village that has not been discovered, emigrated to the Peiligang villages, or scattered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zhang Juzhong imagines that they were led by their tribal priest to build a new village nearby on higher ground, so that they could send salvage parties to the old village site. The new village site has never been found. The demolishing of older structures to salvage materials for the construction of new ones may have eradicated the site of the new village if it existed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_signs_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic signs in China">Neolithic signs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakuhachi.com/K-9KChineseFlutes-Nature.html">"9,000 Year Old Chinese Flutes - Nature Article"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9%2C000+Year+Old+Chinese+Flutes+-+Nature+Article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakuhachi.com%2FK-9KChineseFlutes-Nature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiHarbottleZhang_JuzhongWang_Changsui2003" class="citation journal cs1">Li, X.; Harbottle, Garman; Zhang Juzhong; Wang Changsui (2003). "The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (295): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00061329">10.1017/S0003598X00061329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162602307">162602307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+earliest+writing%3F+Sign+use+in+the+seventh+millennium+BC+at+Jiahu%2C+Henan+Province%2C+China&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00061329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162602307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Harbottle%2C+Garman&rft.au=Zhang+Juzhong&rft.au=Wang+Changsui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201287-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201287_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2012">Liu 2012</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakajimaHudsonUchiyamaMakibayashi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakajima, Tsuneo; <a href="/wiki/Mark_J._Hudson" title="Mark J. Hudson">Hudson, Mark J.</a>; Uchiyama, Junzo; Makibayashi, Keisuke; Zhang, Juzhong (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0974-3">"Common carp aquaculture in Neolithic China dates back 8,000 years"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>3</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1415–</span>1418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0974-3">10.1038/s41559-019-0974-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31527727">31527727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202579732">202579732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Common+carp+aquaculture+in+Neolithic+China+dates+back+8%2C000+years&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1415-%3C%2Fspan%3E1418&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202579732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31527727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0974-3&rft.aulast=Nakajima&rft.aufirst=Tsuneo&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Uchiyama%2C+Junzo&rft.au=Makibayashi%2C+Keisuke&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Juzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-019-0974-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juzhong_III-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juzhong_III_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juzhong, Z. and Kuem, L.K. <i>Natural History</i> magazine, September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yuan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yuan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeShen1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Yuan-Yuan; Shen, Sin-Yan (1999). <i>Chinese Musical Instruments</i>. Chinese music monograph series. Woodridge, IL: Chinese Music Society of North America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880-46403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880-46403-8"><bdi>978-1-880-46403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=Woodridge%2C+IL&rft.series=Chinese+music+monograph+series&rft.pub=Chinese+Music+Society+of+North+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-880-46403-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yuan-Yuan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Sin-Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juzhong_II-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juzhong_II_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juzhong, Z., Xiao, X., and Lee, Y.K., 2004, "The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes." <i>Antiquity</i> 78(302): 769-779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGovern, Patrick E., et al., 2004 "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China." <i>PNAS</i> 101(51):17593-17598</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Li_(archaeologist)" title="Liu Li (archaeologist)">Liu, Li</a>; et al. (2012). <i>The Archaeology of China : From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+China+%3A+From+the+Late+Paleolithic+to+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeShen1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Yuan-Yuan; Shen, Sin-yan (1999). <i>Chinese musical instruments</i>. Chinese Music Society of North America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880-46403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880-46403-8"><bdi>978-1-880-46403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+musical+instruments&rft.pub=Chinese+Music+Society+of+North+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-880-46403-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yuan-Yuan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Sin-yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu2005" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Li (2005). <i>The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81184-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Neolithic%3A+Trajectories+to+Early+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81184-2&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangXiaoLee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Juzhong; Xiao, Xinghua; Lee, Yun Kuen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225093304/http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/078/0769/Ant0780769.pdf">"The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>78</b> (302): <span class="nowrap">769–</span>778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00113432">10.1017/S0003598X00113432</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/078/0769/Ant0780769.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+early+development+of+music.+Analysis+of+the+Jiahu+bone+flutes&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=302&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E769-%3C%2Fspan%3E778&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00113432&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Juzhong&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Xinghua&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yun+Kuen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2FAnt%2F078%2F0769%2FAnt0780769.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiHarbottleZhangWang2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xueqin" title="Li Xueqin">Li, Xueqin</a>; Harbottle, Garman; Zhang, Juzhong; Wang, Changsui (2003). "The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (295): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00061329">10.1017/S0003598X00061329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162602307">162602307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+earliest+writing%3F+Sign+use+in+the+seventh+millennium+BC+at+Jiahu%2C+Henan+Province%2C+China&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00061329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162602307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xueqin&rft.au=Harbottle%2C+Garman&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Juzhong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Changsui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiahu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jiah/hd_jiah.htm">Introduction to Jiahu site at The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakuhachi.com/K-9KChineseFlutes-Nature.html">9,000 Year Old Chinese Flutes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/1999/bnlpr092299.html">Bone flute found in China at 9,000-year-old Neolithic site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4078947.stm">Ancient brew discovered in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm">BBC on tortoise shells discovered in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907011726/http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/728-9000-year-history-of-chinese-fermented-beverages-confirmed-by-penn-museum-archaeochemist-and-an-international-team-of-scholars.html">9,000 Year History of Chinese Fermented Beverages Confirmed by Penn Museum Archaeochemist and an International Team of Scholars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carleton.ca/~bgordon/Rice/papers/chen95.htm">Neolithic rice cultivation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226000652/http://www.carleton.ca/~bgordon/Rice/papers/chen95.htm">Archived</a> 2005-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.net.cn/html/en/backup_new/Academic/2013/1026/41367.html">New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 - New achievements in botanic archaeology in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173708/http://www.kaogu.net.cn/html/en/backup_new/Academic/2013/1026/41367.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China740" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China740" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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