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id="toc-Risultati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reazioni_chimiche_ipotizzate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reazioni_chimiche_ipotizzate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reazioni chimiche ipotizzate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reazioni_chimiche_ipotizzate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Limiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esperimenti_analoghi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esperimenti_analoghi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Esperimenti analoghi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esperimenti_analoghi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospettive_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospettive_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Prospettive future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospettive_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esperimento di Miller-Urey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 49 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تجربة ميلر-يوري - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجربة ميلر-يوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Експеримент на Милър-Юри - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Експеримент на Милър-Юри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মিলার-উরের পরীক্ষা - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিলার-উরের পরীক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_de_Miller_i_Urey" title="Experiment de Miller i Urey - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Experiment de Miller i Urey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%E2%80%93_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تاقیکردنەوەی میلەر – یوری - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاقیکردنەوەی میلەر – یوری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%C5%AFv%E2%80%93Urey%C5%AFv_experiment" title="Millerův–Ureyův experiment - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Millerův–Ureyův experiment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-Experiment" title="Miller-Urey-Experiment - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miller-Urey-Experiment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1_Miller-Urey" title="Πείραμα Miller-Urey - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πείραμα Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Miller–Urey experiment" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_Miller_y_Urey" title="Experimento de Miller y Urey - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Experimento de Miller y Urey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey_esperimentua" title="Miller-Urey esperimentua - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miller-Urey esperimentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%E2%80%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آزمایش میلر–یوری - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش میلر–یوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureyn%E2%80%93Millerin_koe" title="Ureyn–Millerin koe - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ureyn–Millerin koe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_de_Miller-Urey" title="Expérience de Miller-Urey - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expérience de Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_Miller_e_Urey" title="Experimento de Miller e Urey - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Experimento de Miller e Urey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ניסוי מילר-יורי - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי מילר-יורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Ureyev_eksperiment" title="Miller-Ureyev eksperiment - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miller-Ureyev eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9rlet" title="Miller–Urey-kísérlet - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miller–Urey-kísérlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Միլլեր-Ուրեյ փորձ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլլեր-Ուրեյ փորձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percobaan_Miller%E2%80%93Urey" title="Percobaan Miller–Urey - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percobaan Miller–Urey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93" title="ユーリー-ミラーの実験 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーリー-ミラーの実験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmit_n_Miller%E2%80%93Urey" title="Tarmit n Miller–Urey - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarmit n Miller–Urey" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%99%80_%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98" title="밀러와 유리의 실험 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀러와 유리의 실험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milerio-Ur%C4%97jaus_eksperimentas" title="Milerio-Urėjaus eksperimentas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milerio-Urėjaus eksperimentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Милер-Јуриев опит - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милер-Јуриев опит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC-%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="മില്ലർ-യൂറി പരീക്ഷണം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മില്ലർ-യൂറി പരീക്ഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-experiment" title="Miller-Urey-experiment - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miller-Urey-experiment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਿੱਲਰ-ਯੂਰੀ ਤਜਰਬਾ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੱਲਰ-ਯੂਰੀ ਤਜਰਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera" title="Eksperyment Stanleya Millera - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksperyment Stanleya Millera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%AAncia_de_Miller_e_Urey" title="Experiência de Miller e Urey - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experiência de Miller e Urey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentul_Miller%E2%80%93Urey" title="Experimentul Miller–Urey - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Experimentul Miller–Urey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эксперимент Миллера — Юри - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эксперимент Миллера — Юри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Ureyjev_eksperiment" title="Miller–Ureyjev eksperiment - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miller–Ureyjev eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miller–Urey experiment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerov-Ureyho_experiment" title="Millerov-Ureyho experiment - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Millerov-Ureyho experiment" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Ureyev_poskus" title="Miller–Ureyev poskus - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miller–Ureyev poskus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Милер-Јуријев експеримент - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милер-Јуријев експеримент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-experimentet" title="Miller-Urey-experimentet - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miller-Urey-experimentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="மில்லர்-உரே பரிசோதனை - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மில்லர்-உரே பரிசோதனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentong_Miller-Urey" title="Eksperimentong Miller-Urey - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eksperimentong Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey_deneyi" title="Miller-Urey deneyi - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miller-Urey deneyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%96" title="Експеримент Міллера — Юрі - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експеримент Міллера — Юрі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%92_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%81" title="ملر یورے تجربہ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملر یورے تجربہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>L'<b>esperimento di Miller-Urey</b> rappresenta la prima dimostrazione che, nelle giuste condizioni ambientali, le <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecole</a> <a href="/wiki/Composto_organico" title="Composto organico">organiche</a> si possono formare a partire da sostanze <a href="/wiki/Composto_inorganico" title="Composto inorganico">inorganiche</a> più semplici. </p><p>L'esperimento fu condotto nel 1952 presso l'Università di Chicago dal chimico <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Miller" title="Stanley Miller">Stanley Miller</a> e dal suo docente, il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel">premio Nobel</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, per dimostrare la teoria di <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oparin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Oparin">Oparin</a> e <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a> che ipotizzavano che le condizioni della <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> primordiale avessero favorito <a href="/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica">reazioni chimiche</a> conducenti alla formazione di <a href="/wiki/Composto_organico" title="Composto organico">composti organici</a> a partire da componenti inorganiche. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'esperimento"><span id="L.27esperimento"></span>L'esperimento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione L'esperimento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: L'esperimento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miller1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Miller1999.jpg/170px-Miller1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Miller1999.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Stanley Miller</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urey.jpg/170px-Urey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Urey.jpg/255px-Urey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Urey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Harold Clayton Urey</figcaption></figure> <p>Per compiere questo esperimento Miller ricreò le condizioni ambientali che si pensava fossero presenti nella <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> primordiale. Partì dal presupposto che in quell'atmosfera non ci fosse <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a> libero, quanto piuttosto abbondasse <a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a> (H<sub>2</sub>), l'elemento più diffuso nell'universo, e altri gas quali <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>) e <a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>), oltre ad <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O). Con queste condizioni ed in presenza di una fonte di energia, come i fulmini o la radiazione solare, si sarebbero potute originare molecole più complesse. </p><p>Per l'esperimento Miller e il suo professore si servirono di un sistema sterile costituito da due sfere contenenti l'una acqua allo stato liquido e l'altra i gas elencati precedentemente e due <a href="/wiki/Elettrodo" title="Elettrodo">elettrodi</a>, collegate tra loro da un sistema di tubi sigillati. L'acqua veniva scaldata per indurre la formazione di vapore acqueo mentre i due elettrodi venivano utilizzati per fornire scariche elettriche che simulavano fulmini. Il tutto veniva poi raffreddato cosicché l'acqua potesse ricondensare e ricadere nella prima sfera per ripetere il ciclo. </p><p>Dopo circa una settimana ininterrotta in cui le condizioni erano mantenute costanti, Miller osservò che circa il 15% dell'idrogeno era andato a formare composti organici, tra cui alcuni amminoacidi ed altri potenziali costituenti biologici, come elencati nella tabella sotto riportata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risultati">Risultati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Risultati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Risultati"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ogni 59.000 micro<a href="/wiki/Mole" title="Mole">moli</a> (μmol = 1/1.000.000 di mole) di CH<sub>4</sub> trasformati si sono ottenuti:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prodotto </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Produzione<br />(N° di μmol) </th> <th>Atomi <br /> di <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">C</a> </th> <th>Atomi di <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">C</a><br /> in μmol </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_formico" title="Acido formico">Acido formico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7eb713a5147dd8a88e6bc20acd146228a2703828" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.281ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">2330</div> </td> <td><div align="center">1</div> </td> <td><div align="center">2330</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glicina" title="Glicina">Glicina</a> * </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26b73e948b10f22f3d9a923d20c0eb0173eb4d2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.858ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">630</div> </td> <td><div align="center">2</div> </td> <td><div align="center">1260</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_glicolico" title="Acido glicolico">Acido glicolico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HO-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HO-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e49a865e8127949793d42ccf6cf5a165565eb493" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.646ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HO-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">560</div> </td> <td><div align="center">2</div> </td> <td><div align="center">1120</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a> <b>*</b> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/830a3052f417bbab4feef0d62567f7e0b1005688" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.497ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">340</div> </td> <td><div align="center">3</div> </td> <td><div align="center">1020</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_lattico" title="Acido lattico">Acido lattico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(OH)-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(OH)-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9062ca168f1542a4f494e19b5da3414b6bbfec6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.285ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(OH)-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">310</div> </td> <td><div align="center">3</div> </td> <td><div align="center">930</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β-Alanina </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b637664477e2d781397121e65beec02385776c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.45ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">150</div> </td> <td><div align="center">3</div> </td> <td><div align="center">450</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_acetico" title="Acido acetico">Acido acetico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39e7ce5350912c53d53247a98181b15cfc441a95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.969ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">150</div> </td> <td><div align="center">2</div> </td> <td><div align="center">300</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_propionico" title="Acido propionico">Acido propionico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3580b1b4b995a206c2ba5214c3acd5a615bafaf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.561ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">130</div> </td> <td><div align="center">3</div> </td> <td><div align="center">390</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido iminodiacetico </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e03796d508619501d4eb1051b10c62caf323a1bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:39.746ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">55</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">220</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido diamminoacetico </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06336c82e614e1a33daf3c7e91a825404fd6d924" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.529ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-NH-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">50</div> </td> <td><div align="center">3</div> </td> <td><div align="center">150</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido α-ammino-<i>n</i>-butirrico </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/583c10b60c2f3c1661a810476ab7af28ce01631d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.09ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">50</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">200</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido α-idrossi-<i>n</i>-butirrico </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(OH)-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(OH)-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d7f769c27bbb4f5aac204d5c7c61cc4d182e46f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.878ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH_{2}-CH(OH)-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">50</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">200</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_succinico" title="Acido succinico">Acido succinico</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bfd7523382b83da578de05f2a0382133817bfe4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:32.778ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">40</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">160</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e4199064cd132db14baba695d1c1a048910f9ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.319ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH_{2}}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">20</div> </td> <td><div align="center">1</div> </td> <td><div align="center">20</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N-Metilurea </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH-CH_{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH-CH_{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c64d29f15a36171647dd2b04d577c29aebe02f01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.989ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}N-CO-NH-CH_{3}}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">15</div> </td> <td><div align="center">2</div> </td> <td><div align="center">30</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N-Metilalanina </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH-CH_{3})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH-CH_{3})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87548e464207fb10e65ff2d70240fce5b165ad43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-CH(NH-CH_{3})-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">10</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">40</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_glutammico" title="Acido glutammico">Acido glutammico</a> <b>*</b> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df8121d107ba894e27ce0133d64319d9b0a3de47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.307ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"></span>  </td> <td><div align="center">6</div> </td> <td><div align="center">5</div> </td> <td><div align="center">30</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acido_aspartico" title="Acido aspartico">Acido aspartico</a> <b>*</b> </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b27681ef6591f2bea4b5fde8af198e5644006825" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HOOC-CH_{2}-CH(NH_{2})-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">16</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido α-amminoisobutirrico </td> <td> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-C(CH_{3})(NH_{2})-COOH}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{3}C-C(CH_{3})(NH_{2})-COOH}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3e95cc9ba6729b1ac3a0a1492864e2f8f610b2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.995ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{3}C-C(CH_{3})(NH_{2})-COOH}"></span> </td> <td><div align="center">1</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td> <td><div align="center">4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Totale </th> <td> </td> <td><div align="center">4916</div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div align="center">8944</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><b>*</b> = <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amminoacidi">Amminoacidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Proteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteina">proteinogeni</a></dd></dl> <p>Forti di queste considerazioni, Miller e Urey con questo esperimento dimostrarono che scariche elettriche, simulanti fulmini, in presenza di acqua e di una mistura di gas tra cui <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a> portavano alla formazione di diverse <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecole</a> organiche tra cui alcuni <a href="/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido">amminoacidi</a>. </p><p>Sulla Terra primordiale le reazioni coinvolte poterono proseguire per milioni di anni, rendendo possibile un ulteriore sviluppo delle sostanze organiche. </p><p>In un recente studio pubblicato su <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a> è stata eseguita un'analisi accurata per mezzo di tecniche moderne sui campioni conservati da Miller nel 1958, mostrando la presenza di un maggior numero di composti organici rispetto alle analisi originarie<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerCleaves2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerCleaves2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Altri studi eseguiti sulle fiale conservate da Miller hanno mostrato risultati analoghi<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reazioni_chimiche_ipotizzate">Reazioni chimiche ipotizzate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Reazioni chimiche ipotizzate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Reazioni chimiche ipotizzate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effettuando dei prelievi durante l'esperimento, Miller ed Urey osservarono che la concentrazione di ammoniaca diminuiva progressivamente mentre le concentrazioni di <a href="/wiki/Acido_cianidrico" title="Acido cianidrico">acido cianidrico</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Cianogeno" title="Cianogeno">cianogeno</a> aumentavano costantemente, come anche per le <a href="/wiki/Aldeidi" title="Aldeidi">aldeidi</a>. Gli amminoacidi comparivano più tardi a spese dell'acido cianidrico e delle aldeidi. Questo fa supporre che gli amminoacidi si siano formati a partire dalle aldeidi e dall'acido cianidrico con un meccanismo ben noto in <a href="/wiki/Chimica_organica" title="Chimica organica">chimica organica</a> che prende il nome di <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_di_Strecker" title="Sintesi di Strecker">sintesi amminoacidica di Strecker</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limiti">Limiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Limiti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Limiti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In realtà le condizioni utilizzate dai due studiosi non riproducevano esattamente quelle dell'atmosfera primordiale, ma furono sufficienti comunque a rendere plausibile la possibilità che la <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> si fosse sviluppata proprio partendo dagli elementi già presenti nel pianeta. </p><p>La sintesi di amminoacidi in laboratorio conduce alla formazione di un numero uguale di enantiomeri levogiri e destrogiri. Questo tipo di distribuzione <a href="/wiki/Racemo_(chimica)" title="Racemo (chimica)">racemica</a> non è caratteristico delle forme di vita così come le conosciamo oggi. Infatti tutte le attuali forme di vita dipendono solamente da amminoacidi levogiri. Tuttavia la produzione di miscele racemiche in laboratorio non preclude la formazione di strutture prebiotiche in gran parte levogire nell'ambiente naturale<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> così come non è esclusa l'azione selettiva di substrati inorganici come le rocce<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nella formazione di un solo enantiomero<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'interesse degli scienziati circa l'origine abiotica della vita si è spostato in modo complementare dal pianeta Terra allo spazio profondo. Infatti si stanno accumulando numerose osservazioni della presenza di molecole organiche complesse nelle polveri e nelle nubi interstellari<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esperimenti_analoghi">Esperimenti analoghi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Esperimenti analoghi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Esperimenti analoghi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'esperimento di Miller e Urey ha ispirato altri interessanti tentativi di riproduzione abiotica di molecole organiche di interesse biologico. </p><p>Nel 1961 <a href="/wiki/Joan_Or%C3%B3" title="Joan Oró">Joan Oró</a> realizzò una sintesi della <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">base nucleotidica</a> <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> a partire da <a href="/wiki/Acido_cianidrico" title="Acido cianidrico">acido cianidrico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a> acquosa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nelle stesse condizioni si formarono anche diversi amminoacidi<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospettive_future">Prospettive future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Prospettive future" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Prospettive future"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Hazen, geologo della George Mason University, nel 2012 ha dichiarato che: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139517313">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:0}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«[...] Nell'arco di circa 10.000 anni una versione moderna dell'esperimento di Urey e Miller potrebbe effettivamente produrre una rudimentale molecola autoreplicante, capace di evolvere mediante selezione naturale: in breve, la vita. [...] La spiegazione più plausibile è che le molecole autoreplicanti si siano formate prima sulla superficie delle rocce. Le superfici umide della Terra primordiale avrebbero costituito un grande laboratorio naturale, portando avanti in qualsiasi momento qualcosa come 10<sup>30</sup> piccoli esperimenti, per un periodo durato forse da 100 a 500 milioni di anni. Un esperimento di laboratorio che duri per 10.000 anni può quindi tentare di ricreare questa situazione eseguendo un gran numero di piccoli esperimenti contemporaneamente. Dall'esterno, queste incubatrici molecolari apparirebbero come stanze piene di computer ma al loro interno ci sarebbero laboratori chimici <i><a href="/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip" title="Lab-on-a-chip">on-chip</a></i>, contenenti centinaia di pozzi microscopici, ognuno con diverse combinazioni di composti che reagiscono su una varietà di superfici minerali. [...] Sarebbe possibile ridurre il tempo necessario da milioni a migliaia di anni concentrando gli esperimenti su composti che hanno maggiori probabilità di comportarsi in modo interessante. Con un po' di fortuna, alla fine avremmo imparato abbastanza cose su come lavora la natura per riuscire a ridurre ulteriormente questo tempo a poche decine di anni<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.» </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. Dickerson: <i>Chemische Evolution und der Ursprung des Lebens</i>, in <i>Spektrum der Wissenschaft</i>, 1979, Vol 9, pag 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkerCleaves2011-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ParkerCleaves2011_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> E. T. Parker, H. J. Cleaves, J. P. Dworkin, D. P. Glavin, M. Callahan, A. Aubrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019191108"><span style="font-style:italic;">Primordial synthesis of amines and amino acids in a 1958 Miller H<sub>2</sub>S-rich spark discharge experiment</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></span>, vol. 108, n. 14, 2011, pp. 5526–5531, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1019191108">10.1073/pnas.1019191108</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2008-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2008_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Johnson AP, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Lazcano A, Bada JL, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1126/science.1161527"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Miller volcanic spark discharge experiment</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Science</span>, vol. 322, n. 5900, ottobre 2008, p. 404, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...322..404J">2008Sci...322..404J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161527">10.1126/science.1161527</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927386?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18927386</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081016141411.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span>'Lost' Miller–Urey Experiment Created More Of Life's Building Blocks</span></a>, Science Daily, 17 ottobre 2008. <small>URL consultato il 18 ottobre 2008</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Dicherson Richard E. <i>L'evoluzione chimica e l'origine della vita</i> in <i>Letture da Le Scienze</i>, <i>Gli albori della vita. Dalle macromolecole alle prime cellule.</i> a cura di Alessandro Minelli, Milano 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Shosuke Kojo, Hiromi Uchino, Mayu Yoshimura and Kyoko Tanaka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1039/b409941a"><span style="font-style:italic;">Racemic D,L-asparagine causes enantiomeric excess of other coexisting racemic D,L-amino acids during recrystallization: a hypothesis accounting for the origin of L-amino acids in the biosphere</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Chemical Communications</span>, n. 19, ottobre 2004, pp. 2146–2147, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2Fb409941a">10.1039/b409941a</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467844?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15467844</a>. <small>URL consultato il 9 luglio 2008</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vita dalle rocce</i>, R. M. Hazen in <i>Le scienze</i>, n. 392, aprile 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Advances in the Geochemistry of Amino Acids</i>, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 3: 183-212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">G. Winnewisser, E. Herbst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2FBFb0018080?LI=true"><i>Organic molecules in space</i></a> (1987), <i>Topic in Current Chemistry</i>, p. 119-172, vol. 139, Springer-Verlag</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090421080506.htm"><i>Two Highly Complex Organic Molecules Detected In Space</i></a> (2009), Science Daily</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science20.com/florilegium/life_deep_space_organic_molecules_found_orion_nebula">Life In Deep Space? Organic Molecules Found In The Orion Nebula</a> (2010), Science 2.0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120829-sugar-space-planets-science-life/"><i>Sugar Found In Space: A Sign of Life?</i></a> (2012), National Geographic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Oró J, Kimball AP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(61)90033-9"><span style="font-style:italic;">Synthesis of purines under possible primitive earth conditions. I. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Archives of biochemistry and biophysics</span>, vol. 94, agosto 1961, pp. 217–27, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-9861%2861%2990033-9">10.1016/0003-9861(61)90033-9</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13731263?dopt=Abstract">PMID 13731263</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Oró J, Kamat SS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1038/190442a0"><span style="font-style:italic;">Amino-acid synthesis from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive earth conditions</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 190, n. 4774, aprile 1961, pp. 442–3, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Natur.190..442O">1961Natur.190..442O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F190442a0">10.1038/190442a0</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13731262?dopt=Abstract">PMID 13731262</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le scienze</i> n. 531, novembre 2012, pag. 70</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Miller S. L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228174337/http://www.issol.org/miller/miller1953.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;">Science</span>, 117(3046), 1953, pp. 528-529, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.117.3046.528">10.1126/science.117.3046.528</a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.issol.org/miller/miller1953.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 28 febbraio 2008)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Miller S. L., <span style="font-style:italic;">Production of Some Organic Compounds under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</span>, 77(9), 1955, pp. 2351-2361.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Miller S. L., <span style="font-style:italic;">The Mechanism of Synthesis of Amino Acids by Electric Discharges</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</span>, vol. 23, 1957, p. 480.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Miller S. L., and Urey H. C, <span style="font-style:italic;">Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Science</span>, vol. 130, 1959, p. 245.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Oró J., <span style="font-style:italic;">Synthesis of Organic Compounds by Electric Discharges</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 197, 1963, pp. 862-867.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Ring D., Wolman Y., Friedmann N., and Miller S. L., <span style="font-style:italic;">Prebiotic Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Protein Amino Acids</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA</span>, 69(3), 1972, pp. 765-768.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Miller" title="Stanley Miller">Stanley Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origine_della_vita" title="Origine della vita">Origine della vita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Miller-Urey experiment"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miller-Urey_experiment?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miller-Urey_experiment?uselang=it">esperimento di Miller-Urey</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Karin Akre e John P. Rafferty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Miller-Urey-experiment"><span style="font-style:italic;">Miller-Urey experiment</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208625#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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