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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Substantiv_i_svenskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantiv_i_svenskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Substantiv i svenskan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Substantiv_i_svenskan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Substantiv i svenskan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Substantiv_i_svenskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avgränsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avgränsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Avgränsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avgränsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantisk_indelning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantisk_indelning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Semantisk indelning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantisk_indelning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Genus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Böjning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Böjning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Böjning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Böjning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Numerus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_(bestämdhet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_(bestämdhet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Species (bestämdhet)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_(bestämdhet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Kasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Äldre_böjningsmönster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Äldre_böjningsmönster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Äldre böjningsmönster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Äldre_böjningsmönster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Substantiv</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 146 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%8B%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ЩыӀэцӀэ – kabardinska" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩыӀэцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfstandige_naamwoord" title="Selfstandige naamwoord – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfstandige naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D_(%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D)" title="ስም (ሰዋስው) – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስም (ሰዋስው)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="اسم (نحو) – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="বিশেষ্য পদ – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশেষ্য পদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivu" title="Sustantivu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustantivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_aran" title="Kruna aran – balinesiska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna aran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিশেষ্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশেষ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB" title="Bêng-sû – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9)" title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө) – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngaran" title="Pangngaran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangngaran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Съществително име – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съществително име" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv-kadarn" title="Anv-kadarn – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv-kadarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiu" title="Substantiu – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substantiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%87%C4%95" title="Япала ячĕ – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япала ячĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Podstatné jméno – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podstatné jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enw" title="Enw – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachinamda" title="Bachinamda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachinamda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneord" title="Navneord – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimis%C3%B5na" title="Nimisõna – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nimisõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ουσιαστικό – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουσιαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Улемксвал – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Улемксвал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivo" title="Sustantivo – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustantivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantibo" title="Substantibo – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Substantibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam" title="Naam – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnor%C3%B0" title="Navnorð – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Navnorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(grammaire)" title="Nom (grammaire) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadwurd" title="Haadwurd – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haadwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmfhocal" title="Ainmfhocal – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmfhocal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennymockle" title="Ennymockle – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennymockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmear" title="Ainmear – skotsk gaeliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ainmear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gaeliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="ЦӀердош – ingusjiska" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀердош" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE" title="સંજ્ઞા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંજ્ઞા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yink%E1%BB%8Dgbe" title="Yinkọgbe – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Yinkọgbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="명사 (품사) – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bcownik" title="Wěcownik – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wěcownik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina" title="Nomina – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiqausiq" title="Atiqausiq – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atiqausiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Номдар – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Номдар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibizo" title="Isibizo – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibizo" title="Ibizo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafnor%C3%B0" title="Nafnorð – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nafnorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantivo" title="Sostantivo – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostantivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D" title="שם עצם – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עצם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_aran" title="Tembung aran – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung aran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არსებითი სახელი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არსებითი სახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ناوُت – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jistnik" title="Jistnik – kasjubiska" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jistnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Зат есім – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanow_(gramasek)" title="Hanow (gramasek) – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hanow (gramasek)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomino" title="Nomino – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nomino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navd%C3%AAr" title="Navdêr – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navdêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зат атооч – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат атооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ຄຳນາມ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivum" title="Nomen substantivum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomen substantivum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietv%C4%81rds" title="Lietvārds – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfsjtendig_naamwoord" title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91n%C3%A9v" title="Főnév – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Именка – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Именка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നാമം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯოხოსქილედი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოხოსქილედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_nama" title="Kata nama – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B3" title="Нэр үг – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэр үг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB)" title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ) – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfstandig_naamwoord" title="Zelfstandig naamwoord – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfstandig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B1%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лӱммут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лӱммут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_(so%CA%BBz_turkumi)" title="Ot (soʻz turkumi) – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ot (soʻz turkumi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨਾਂਵ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਂਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="នាម – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantiv" title="Sostantiv – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sostantiv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczownik" title="Rzeczownik – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeczownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ουσιαστικόν – pontiska" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουσιαστικόν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutirimana" title="Sutirimana – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sutirimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Назывникы – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Назывникы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Имя существительное – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя существительное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аат тыл – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аат тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon" title="Noon – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudwoud" title="Haudwoud – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Haudwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libito" title="Libito – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libito" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_meno" title="Podstatné meno – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podstatné meno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalnik" title="Samostalnik – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_(%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ناو (ڕێزمان) – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناو (ڕێزمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Именица – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Именица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenica" title="Imenica – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiivi" title="Substantiivi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substantiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngalan" title="Pangngalan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangngalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெயர்ச்சொல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Исем (сүз төркеме) – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исем (сүз төркеме)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82)" title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం) – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำนาม – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Исм (дастури забон) – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исм (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Чүве ады – tuviniska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чүве ады" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Іменник – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىسىم – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Danh từ – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsat" title="Subsat – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Subsat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantif" title="Sustantif – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sustantif" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigngaran" title="Tigngaran – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D" title="名词 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="名词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="סובסטאנטיוו – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סובסטאנטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8D_or%C3%BAk%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọrọ orúkọ – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọrọ orúkọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Substantiv</b> eller <b>namnord</b> är en <a href="/wiki/Ordklass" title="Ordklass">ordklass</a>. Ord i denna ordklass betecknar konkreta föremål och substanser samt abstrakta begrepp. En vanlig minnesramsa (som också finns i många andra varianter) är S<i>ubstantiv är namn på ting, till exempel boll och ring</i>. Ramsan ger en förenklad bild av vad substantiv faktiskt är, då den fokuserar på konkreta substantiv. </p><p>Exempel på substantiv är <a href="/wiki/Solen" title="Solen">sol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blomma" title="Blomma">blomma</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4nsla" title="Känsla">känsla</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn">järn</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mn" title="Sömn">sömn</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rlek" title="Kärlek">kärlek</a> och <a href="/wiki/Personal" title="Personal">personal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substantiv_i_svenskan">Substantiv i svenskan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Substantiv i svenskan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Substantiv i svenskan"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avgränsning"><span id="Avgr.C3.A4nsning"></span>Avgränsning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Avgränsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Avgränsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordklassen substantiv har relativt tydlig avgränsning gentemot andra <a href="/wiki/Ordklasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordklasser">ordklasser</a>. Substantiv ska dock inte förväxlas med de speciella ersättningsord som kallas <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomen</a>. Även <a href="/wiki/Egennamn" title="Egennamn">egennamn</a> som är beteckningar på enstaka konkreta ting, som <a href="/wiki/Indals%C3%A4lven" title="Indalsälven">Indalsälven</a>, eller företeelser, som <a href="/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget">andra världskriget</a>, räknas vanligen till substantiven. Vissa grammatiker menar dock att egennamnen bör utgöra en egen ordklass. Detta gäller exempelvis för Svenska Akademiens grammatik (volym 2, Ord).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantisk_indelning">Semantisk indelning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Semantisk indelning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Semantisk indelning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns flera sätt att dela in substantiven efter betydelse, det vill säga utifrån semantiska utgångspunkter. Substantiven placeras in i undergrupper beroende på om de har abstrakt eller konkret betydelse. De <b>konkreta</b> substantiven betecknar sådant som existerar fysiskt, sådant man i allmänhet kan "ta på", till exempel <i>sten</i> och <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4st" title="Häst">häst</a></i>. Konkreta substantiv betecknar även företeelser som man av praktiska skäl inte kan ta på, till exempel <i><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Himlakropp" title="Himlakropp">himlakropp</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Abstrakta_substantiv" title="Abstrakta substantiv">Abstrakta substantiv</a> betecknar bland annat egenskaper, förhållanden, tillstånd och annat som inte existerar i direkt fysisk bemärkelse, till exempel <i>kärlek</i> och <i>fred</i>. Det är inte alltid enkelt att dra gränsen mellan abstrakta och konkreta substantiv, och många substantiv kan användas både i abstrakt och konkret bemärkelse: "Svensson sitter på <i>jobbet</i>" respektive "Svensson har förlorat <i>jobbet</i>". </p><p>Vidare kan substantiven vara delbara (dividuativa, icke-räknebara) eller odelbara (individuativa, räknebara). <b>Odelbara</b> substantiv kan räknas (sättas i plural). Konkreta odelbara substantiv betecknar föremål som är tydligt avgränsade i tid och rum, och som förstörs om de delas upp i sina beståndsdelar. Även abstrakta substantiv kan vara odelbara, under förutsättning att det går att sätta "en/ett" eller "flera" framför dem. Exempel på odelbara substantiv är <i>cykel</i>, <i>misstanke</i> och <i>hare</i>. <b>Delbara</b> substantiv (även kallade <b>massord</b>) betecknar sådant som inte är klart avgränsat i tid och rum. Delbara substantiv kan inte räknas, men kan däremot ges attribut som "mycket" och "lite". Exempel på delbara substantiv är <i>sand</i>, <i>kläder</i> och <i>sömn</i>. </p><p>Många odelbara substantiv kan med något annan betydelse användas som delbara substantiv, och vice versa. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Odelbara</th> <th>Delbara </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vi ska åka och titta på ett <i>hus</i>.</td> <td>Vi tänker skaffa <i>hus</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ska vi ta en <i>kaffe</i>?</td> <td>Ska vi dricka saft eller <i>kaffe</i>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Där borta står en <i>hjort</i>!</td> <td>De gillar att jaga <i>hjort</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Konkreta substantiv indelas ytterligare i artnamn (eller appellativer), ämnesnamn, kollektiver och gruppbetecknande. <b>Artnamn</b> är odelbara och betecknar klart avgränsade ting såsom <i>människa</i>, <i>uppslagsverk</i> och <i>dator</i>. <b>Ämnesnamn</b> är delbara och betecknar homogena ämnen av konkret fysisk natur såsom <i>vatten</i>, <i>leverpastej</i> och <i>plutonium</i>. <b>Kollektiver</b> betecknar ord vilka består av likartade, individuella delar. En typ av kollektiver fungerar på samma sätt som artnamnen och kan därför utan problem sättas i plural. Hit hör till exempel orden <i>familj</i> och <i>styrelse</i>. Kollektivet <i>ohyra</i> å andra sidan, fungerar som ämnesnamnen och sätts därför ogärna i plural. Beroende på sammanhanget kan ett och samma substantiv fungera på olika sätt. Jämför till exempel "Goterna var ett mäktigt <i>folk</i>" med "Det är mycket <i>folk</i> på torget idag". I den förra satsen fungerar kollektivet <i>folk</i> som ett artnamn och i den senare som ett ämnesnamn. De <b>gruppbetecknande substantiven</b> syftar på helheter som består av mindre, individuella delar, exempelvis <i>bilism</i>, <i>ohyra</i> och <i>personal</i>; dessa ord är ej räknebara. </p><p>Det faktum att kollektiver är singularis till formen trots att de betecknar flera föremål och individer, ställer till vissa problem i konstruktioner som "Styrelsen sa att <i>de</i> blev <i>förvånade</i> över beslutet". Denna mening är ett exempel på så kallad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantisk_kongruens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantisk kongruens [inte skriven än]">semantisk kongruens</a>, något som kritiserades hårt av språkvårdare från 1800-talet och framåt. Det grammatiskt korrekta enligt äldre grammatikor är "Styrelsen sa att <i>den</i> blev <i>förvånad</i> över beslutet". <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det_(Sverige)" title="Språkrådet (Sverige)">Språkrådets</a> rekommendation är att plural i det här fallet kan användas om "mångfalden sätts i förgrunden" eller om konstruktionen annars känns otymplig. I övrigt rekommenderas singularformen, eller att meningen omformuleras så att problemet försvinner.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genus">Genus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Genus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Genus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alla svenska substantiv har <b>grammatiskt genus</b>. Ett substantiv är antingen <a href="/wiki/Utrum" title="Utrum">utrum</a>, som även kallas "<a href="/wiki/Reale" title="Reale">reale</a>" eller "n-genus", eller så är det <a href="/wiki/Neutrum" title="Neutrum">neutrum</a>, som även kallas "t-genus". De flesta substantiv i svenskan, omkring 75 procent, är utrum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det går inte att <a href="/wiki/Semantik" title="Semantik">semantiskt</a> bestämma vilket genus ett substantiv tillhör, men det finns vissa mönster. Exempelvis är ord som betecknar människor nästan alltid <a href="/wiki/Utrum" title="Utrum">utrum</a> (ett undantag är ordet <i>barn</i>). Substantiv som betecknar levande "högre" varelser kan även delas efter biologiskt kön eller <b>sexus</b> (femininum eller maskulinum). Ett ords sexus har bland annat betydelse för vilka pronomen (<i>hon</i> eller <i>han</i>) som kan användas som platshållare för substantivet. För ett litet antal ord skiljer sig genus åt beroende på den regionala språkvarianten, till exempel <i>apelsin</i> som i standardspråket är utrum, men som i stora delar av södra Sverige är neutrum (<i>ett apelsin</i>). </p><p>Vissa ord är både neutrum och utrum, och växlar betydelse beroende på vilket genus som används: </p> <ul><li><i>en</i> borr – en borrmaskin</li> <li><i>ett</i> borr – stålbiten man sätter i borrmaskinen</li> <li><i>en</i> öl – drycken i flaska eller glas</li> <li><i>ett</i> öl – ett ölmärke</li></ul> <p>Svenskan hade tidigare tre genus, <a href="/wiki/Maskulinum" title="Maskulinum">maskulinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femininum" title="Femininum">femininum</a> och <a href="/wiki/Neutrum" title="Neutrum">neutrum</a>. Rester av det historiska genussystemet finns kvar i vissa uttryck, till exempel när klockan eller människan (oavsett kön) omtalas som <i>hon</i>. Dessutom finns rester av tregenussystemet kvar i många svenska dialekter, till exempel när man i <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6tska" title="Västgötska">Västergötland</a> talar om hästar: </p> <ul><li><i>en</i> häst (maskulinum)</li> <li><i>ena</i> märr (femininum)</li></ul> <p>Det kan tilläggas att bruket att kalla båtar för <i>hon</i> inte har någonting med genus att göra. Det rör sig istället om en personifiering, som även finns på andra språk (till exempel engelska). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Böjning"><span id="B.C3.B6jning"></span>Böjning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Böjning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Böjning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svenska substantiv kan böjas i <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species_(grammatik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (grammatik)">species</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerus">Numerus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Numerus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Numerus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odelbara substantiv kan normalt böjas i numerus, vilket innebär att de har en form för <a href="/wiki/Singular" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular">singular</a> (ental) och en för <a href="/wiki/Plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural">plural</a> (flertal). Pluralformerna konstrueras i huvudsak med hjälp av <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">böjningsmorfem</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%84ndelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ändelse">ändelser</a>), men för en mindre grupp ord förekommer även <a href="/wiki/Omljud" title="Omljud">omljud</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokalf%C3%B6rkortning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokalförkortning [inte skriven än]">vokalförkortning</a> (till exempel man - män, mus - möss). Man brukar kategorisera substantiven i <a href="/wiki/Deklination_(lingvistik)" title="Deklination (lingvistik)">deklinationer</a> efter vilken pluraländelse de får. Svenskan anses allmänt ha sex eller fem deklinationer (ibland låter man ord med pluraländelserna -er och -r utgöra en och samma deklination). I <i>Svenska Akademiens språklära</i> finns följande indelning av substantiven i deklinationer:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Deklination</th> <th>Pluraländelse</th> <th>Exempel</th> <th>Bakgrund i fornspråket </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b>1</b> </p> </td> <td> <p><i>-or</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>flicka - flickor </p> </td> <td> <p>Svaga feminina substantiv (<i>gata</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><b>2</b> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><i>-ar</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>bil - bilar<br /> pojke - pojkar<br /> fågel - fåglar </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Starka maskuliner och femininer (<i>fisker</i>, 'fisk', <i>graf</i>, 'grav') samt svaga maskuliner (<i>drupi</i>, 'droppe') </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><b>3</b> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><i>-er</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>student - studenter<br /> muskel - muskler </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Starka maskuliner och femininer, varav en del har omljud (<i>smither</i>, <i>foter</i>, <i>skuld</i>, <i>bok</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b>4</b> </p> </td> <td> <p><i>-r</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>fiende - fiender </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b>5</b> </p> </td> <td> <p><i>-n</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>äpple - äpplen </p> </td> <td> <p>Nybildning, saknas i fornsvenskan </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b>6</b> </p> </td> <td> <p>(ingen ändelse) </p> </td> <td> <p>hus - hus </p> </td> <td> <p>Starka neutrer (<i>skip</i>, 'skepp') </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Notera att obetonat -a faller bort i första deklinationen och att e-ljudet faller bort i många ord som slutar på -e, -el, -en eller -er. </p><p>Vid sidan av standardspråkets mönster för pluralbildning förekommer en del former inlånade från andra språk, utan att dessa influenser kan sägas utgöra strukturella inlån. Exempel är grekiskans pluralform av nominativ <i>schema</i> - <i>schemata</i> och latinets <i>faktum</i> - <i>fakta</i>. Engelskans pluraländelse <i>-s</i> har i modern tid vunnit visst insteg, t.ex. vad gäller inlånade dator- och tekniktermer (till exempel <i>skanner</i> - <i>skanners</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species_(bestämdhet)"><span id="Species_.28best.C3.A4mdhet.29"></span>Species (bestämdhet)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Species (bestämdhet)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Species (bestämdhet)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>När man anger ett substantiv i bestämd form så lägger man till <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -et eller -en i slutet av ordet. I detta sammanhang utgör suffixet en grammatisk <a href="/wiki/Artikel_(grammatik)" title="Artikel (grammatik)">artikel</a>. Artikeln är beroende av vilket <a href="/wiki/Genus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Genus (språkvetenskap)">genus</a> substantivet har (utrum eller neutrum). </p> <ul><li><i>Ett hus</i> - <i>huset</i></li> <li><i>En bil</i> - <i>bilen</i></li></ul> <p>Artikeln används när man talar om något speciellt och vill uttrycka bestämdhet, till exempel <i>"Jag såg huset"</i> om man syftar på att man såg ett speciellt hus (om man bara refererar till ett hus i största allmänhet använder man obestämd form, <i>"Jag såg ett hus"</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kasus">Kasus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kasus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kasus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I svenskan markeras <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a> med ändelsen <i>s</i> på substantivet (efter alla andra eventuella ändelser): </p> <ul><li><i>bilen</i> - <i>bilens Och om ändelsen är singular (det vill säga en/ett) så kallas det nominativ dvs inget ''S'' i ändelsen</i></li></ul> <p>Det är tveksamt om genitivändelsen <i>-s</i> verkligen innebär att svenskan har genitiv som ett särskilt kasus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Äldre_böjningsmönster"><span id=".C3.84ldre_b.C3.B6jningsm.C3.B6nster"></span>Äldre böjningsmönster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Äldre böjningsmönster" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Äldre böjningsmönster"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svenskan hade tidigare ett mer omfattande <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasussystem</a>, med <a href="/wiki/Dativ" title="Dativ">dativ</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Ackusativ" title="Ackusativ">ackusativ</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a>- och <a href="/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ">nominativformer</a> av substantiv. I den moderna svenskan finns, med några få undantag, endast genitivformen kvar, samt en ändelselös nominativ, då den fornsvenska nominativformen på -<i>er</i> ersatts av den ändelselösa ackusativformen. </p><p>Följande stelnade fraser är exempel på dativformer, det kasus som överlevde längst i svenskan: </p> <ul><li>gå man ur <i>huse</i></li> <li>i vår <i>ägo</i></li> <li><i>lagom</i> (dativ pluralis)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>till <i>godo</i></li></ul> <p>Exempel på ackusativformer är: </p> <ul><li>i <i>högan</i> sky</li> <li>i <i>ljusan</i> låga</li></ul> <p>Exempel på stelnade genitivformer: </p> <ul><li>till <i>sjöss</i></li> <li>till <i>handa</i> (genitiv pluralis)<sup id="cite_ref-s-genitive_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-genitive-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>dags</i></li> <li>till <i>salu</i> (av det feminina ordet <i>sala</i>)</li></ul> <p>Exempel på bevarade ursprungliga nominativformer: </p> <ul><li><i>dager</i><sup id="cite_ref-s-genitive_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-genitive-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>glader</i></li></ul> <p>Det kan tilläggas att dativformer fortfarande finns kvar i vissa dialekter, till exempel <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtska" title="Jämtska">jämtska</a> och vissa <a href="/wiki/Dalm%C3%A5l" title="Dalmål">dalmål</a>. Ackusativformer på substantiv har funnits kvar i dialekterna i Övre Dalarna (Ovansiljan), men de är numera försvunna även där förutom i Våmhus, Orsa och Ore.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstrakta_substantiv" title="Abstrakta substantiv">Abstrakta substantiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egennamn" title="Egennamn">Egennamn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">Pronomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particip" title="Particip">Particip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantivering" title="Substantivering">Substantivering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHultman,_Tor_G.2003"><a href="/wiki/Tor_G._Hultman" title="Tor G. Hultman">Hultman, Tor G.</a> (2003). <i><span>Svenska Akademiens språklära</span></i>. Stockholm: Norstedts ordbok (distr.). <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7227-351-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7227-351-8">ISBN 91-7227-351-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+Akademiens+spr%C3%A5kl%C3%A4ra&rft.aulast=%5B%5BTor+G.+Hultman%7CHultman%2C+Tor+G.%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BTor+G.+Hultman%7CHultman%2C+Tor+G.%5D%5D&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts+ordbok+%28distr.%29&rft.isbn=91-7227-351-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Substantiv"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSvenska_språknämnden2005"><a href="/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska språknämnden">Svenska språknämnden</a> (2005). <i><span>Språkriktighetsboken</span></i>. Stockholm: Norstedts Akademiska Förlag. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7227-381-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7227-381-X">ISBN 91-7227-381-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5kriktighetsboken&rft.aulast=%5B%5BSvenska+spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BSvenska+spr%C3%A5kn%C3%A4mnden%5D%5D&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts+Akademiska+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.isbn=91-7227-381-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Substantiv"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHolm,_Lars_och_Larsson,_Kent1980">Holm, Lars och Larsson, Kent (1980). <i><span>Svenska meningar</span></i>. Lund: Studentlitteratur. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-44-09662-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-44-09662-3">ISBN 91-44-09662-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+meningar&rft.aulast=Holm%2C+Lars+och+Larsson%2C+Kent&rft.au=Holm%2C+Lars+och+Larsson%2C+Kent&rft.date=1980&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.isbn=91-44-09662-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Substantiv"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantiv&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704529673">Svenska akademiens grammatik</a></i> (1. uppl.,). Svenska akademien. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789113032139" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789113032139">ISBN 9789113032139</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/704529673">704529673</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704529673">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704529673</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+akademiens+grammatik&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=1.+uppl.%2C&rft.pub=Svenska+akademien&rft_id=info:oclcnum/704529673&rft.isbn=9789113032139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F704529673&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Substantiv"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Svenska språknämnden 2005:239–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHultman2003">Hultman 2003</a>, s. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHultman2003">Hultman 2003</a>, s. 57. Relationen till substantiv i fornspråket kommer från (Pettersson 2005), s. 99-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lagom</i> är dativ pluralis-formen av substantivet <i>lag</i>. Källa: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakvardssamfundet.se/ta-for-dig-lagom/">Språkvårdssamfundet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919215902/http://www.sprakvardssamfundet.se/ta-for-dig-lagom/">Arkiverad</a> 19 september 2008 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-genitive-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-s-genitive_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s-genitive_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=561912">Demarcating degrammaticalization: the Swedish s-genitive revisited</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031613/http://www.dt.se/dalarna/mora/sprakforskare-vamhusmalet-har-hamnat-i-skymundan">”Språkforskare: "Våmhusmålet har hamnat i skymundan"”</a>. <i>dt.se</i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dt.se/dalarna/mora/sprakforskare-vamhusmalet-har-hamnat-i-skymundan">originalet</a> den 13 mars 2018<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031613/http://www.dt.se/dalarna/mora/sprakforskare-vamhusmalet-har-hamnat-i-skymundan">https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031613/http://www.dt.se/dalarna/mora/sprakforskare-vamhusmalet-har-hamnat-i-skymundan</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 mars 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kforskare%3A+%22V%C3%A5mhusm%C3%A5let+har+hamnat+i+skymundan%22&rft.jtitle=dt.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180313031613%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.dt.se%2Fdalarna%2Fmora%2Fsprakforskare-vamhusmalet-har-hamnat-i-skymundan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Substantiv"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Substantiv</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Animacitet" title="Animacitet">Animacitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dividuativa_substantiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dividuativa substantiv [inte skriven än]">Dividuativa</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Individuativa_substantiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Individuativa substantiv [inte skriven än]">Individuativa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Egennamn" title="Egennamn">Egennamn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nomen_agentis" title="Nomen agentis">Nomen agentis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Verbalsubstantiv" title="Verbalsubstantiv">Verbalsubstantiv</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Genus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Genus (språkvetenskap)">Genus</a> (kön)</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Femininum" title="Femininum">Femininum</a> (honkön)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maskulinum" title="Maskulinum">Maskulinum</a> (hankön) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutrum" title="Neutrum">Neutrum</a> (intetkön, detkön)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Reale" title="Reale">Reale</a> (realgenus, utrum; tvekön, denkön)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Utrum" title="Utrum">Utrum</a><br />— <a href="/wiki/Sexus" title="Sexus">Sexus</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitivt_verb" title="Ambitransitivt verb">Ambitransitivt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Finit_verb" title="Finit verb">Finit verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Infinit_verb" title="Infinit verb">Infinit verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Verbalsubstantiv" title="Verbalsubstantiv">Verbalsubstantiv</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Deponensverb" title="Deponensverb">Deponensverb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Hjälpverb">Hjälpverb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Inkoativt_verb" title="Inkoativt verb">Inkoativt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Intransitivt_verb" title="Intransitivt verb">Intransitivt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kausativt_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausativt verb">Kausativt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kopula" title="Kopula">Kopula</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modalt_hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Modalt hjälpverb">Modalt hjälpverb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Opersonligt_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Opersonligt verb">Opersonligt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Oregelbundet_verb" title="Oregelbundet verb">Oregelbundet verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Particip" title="Particip">Particip</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Partikelverb" title="Partikelverb">Partikelverb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Reciprokt_verb" title="Reciprokt verb">Reciprokt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Reflexivt_verb" title="Reflexivt verb">Reflexivt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Starkt_verb" title="Starkt verb">Starkt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Statiskt_verb" title="Statiskt verb">Statiskt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Svagt_verb" title="Svagt verb">Svagt verb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Transitivt_verb" title="Transitivt verb">Transitivt verb</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">Adjektiv</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Particip" title="Particip">Particip</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>Beskrivande adverb</i> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Pronominella adverb</i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">Pronomen</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>Definita:</i> <a href="/wiki/Personliga_pronomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Personliga pronomen">Personliga pronomen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Possessivt_pronomen" title="Possessivt pronomen">Possessivt pronomen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Demonstrativt_pronomen" title="Demonstrativt pronomen">Demonstrativt pronomen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Reflexiva_pronomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexiva pronomen">Reflexiva pronomen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reciprokt_pronomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reciprokt pronomen [inte skriven än]">Reciprokt pronomen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Relativpronomen" title="Relativpronomen">Relativpronomen</a><br /> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogativa_pronomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogativa pronomen [inte skriven än]">Interrogativa pronomen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kvantitativa_pronomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantitativa pronomen">Kvantitativa pronomen</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relationella_pronomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relationella pronomen [inte skriven än]">Relationella pronomen</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">Adposition</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition">Preposition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cirkumposition" title="Cirkumposition">Cirkumposition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Postposition" title="Postposition">Postposition</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Konjunktion_(ordklass)" title="Konjunktion (ordklass)">Konjunktion/Subjunktion</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Determinanter</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artikel_(grammatik)" title="Artikel (grammatik)">Artikel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Infinitivm%C3%A4rke" title="Infinitivmärke">Infinitivmärke</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Interjektioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Interjektioner">Interjektioner</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Svordom" title="Svordom">Svordom</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Partikel_(lingvistik)" title="Partikel (lingvistik)">Partikel</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Diskurspartikel" title="Diskurspartikel">Diskurspartikel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A5geord" title="Frågeord">Frågeord</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Verbpartikel" title="Verbpartikel">Verbpartikel</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4kneord" title="Räkneord">Räkneord</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kopula" title="Kopula">Kopulaverb</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoetiskt_ord" title="Onomatopoetiskt ord">Onomatopoetiskt ord</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sluten_ordklass" title="Sluten ordklass">Sluten ordklass</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ppen_ordklass" title="Öppen ordklass">Öppen ordklass</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img 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