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<span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization_and_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization_and_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characterization and definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characterization_and_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_and_common_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_and_common_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Proper and common nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper_and_common_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Countable nouns and mass nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Collective nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Concrete nouns and abstract nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Alienable vs. inalienable nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nouns in relation to other word classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns in relation to other word classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nominalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Noun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%8B%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ЩыӀэцӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩыӀэцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfstandige_naamwoord" title="Selfstandige naamwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfstandige naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D_(%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D)" title="ስም (ሰዋስው) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስም (ሰዋስው)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="اسم (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="বিশেষ্য পদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশেষ্য পদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivu" title="Sustantivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustantivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_aran" title="Kruna aran – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna aran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিশেষ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশেষ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB" title="Bêng-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9)" title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исем (һүҙ төркөмө)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Назоўнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Назоўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngaran" title="Pangngaran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangngaran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Съществително име – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съществително име" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv-kadarn" title="Anv-kadarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv-kadarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiu" title="Substantiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substantiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%87%C4%95" title="Япала ячĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япала ячĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_jm%C3%A9no" title="Podstatné jméno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podstatné jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enw" title="Enw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachinamda" title="Bachinamda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachinamda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneord" title="Navneord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimis%C3%B5na" title="Nimisõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nimisõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ουσιαστικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουσιαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Улемксвал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Улемксвал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantivo" title="Sustantivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustantivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantibo" title="Substantibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Substantibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam" title="Naam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navnor%C3%B0" title="Navnorð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Navnorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(grammaire)" title="Nom (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadwurd" title="Haadwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haadwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmfhocal" title="Ainmfhocal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmfhocal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennymockle" title="Ennymockle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennymockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmear" title="Ainmear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ainmear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="ЦӀердош – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀердош" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE" title="સંજ્ઞા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંજ્ઞા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yink%E1%BB%8Dgbe" title="Yinkọgbe – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Yinkọgbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="명사 (품사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյական անուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյական անուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bcownik" title="Wěcownik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wěcownik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenice" title="Imenice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina" title="Nomina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiqausiq" title="Atiqausiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atiqausiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Номдар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Номдар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibizo" title="Isibizo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibizo" title="Ibizo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafnor%C3%B0" title="Nafnorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nafnorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantivo" title="Sostantivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostantivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D" title="שם עצם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עצם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_aran" title="Tembung aran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung aran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="არსებითი სახელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არსებითი სახელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ناوُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jistnik" title="Jistnik – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jistnik" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Зат есім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanow_(gramasek)" title="Hanow (gramasek) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hanow (gramasek)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomino" title="Nomino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nomino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navd%C3%AAr" title="Navdêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navdêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зат атооч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зат атооч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ຄຳນາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_substantivum" title="Nomen substantivum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomen substantivum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietv%C4%81rds" title="Lietvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfsjtendig_naamwoord" title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfsjtendig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91n%C3%A9v" title="Főnév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Именка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Именка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯოხოსქილედი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოხოსქილედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_nama" title="Kata nama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D2%AF%D0%B3" title="Нэр үг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэр үг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB)" title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာမ် (သဒ္ဒါ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfstandig_naamwoord" title="Zelfstandig naamwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfstandig naamwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_(gramatica)" title="Nom (gramatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B1%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Лӱммут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лӱммут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_(so%CA%BBz_turkumi)" title="Ot (soʻz turkumi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ot (soʻz turkumi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨਾਂਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਂਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="នាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostantiv" title="Sostantiv – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sostantiv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczownik" title="Rzeczownik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeczownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ουσιαστικόν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουσιαστικόν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substantivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutirimana" title="Sutirimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sutirimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Назывникы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Назывникы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Имя существительное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя существительное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аат тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аат тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon" title="Noon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudwoud" title="Haudwoud – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Haudwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libito" title="Libito – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libito" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstatn%C3%A9_meno" title="Podstatné meno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podstatné meno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalnik" title="Samostalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_(%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ناو (ڕێزمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناو (ڕێزمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Именица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Именица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenica" title="Imenica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiivi" title="Substantiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substantiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Substantiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangngalan" title="Pangngalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangngalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெயர்ச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Исем (сүз төркеме) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исем (сүз төркеме)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82)" title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నామవాచకం (తెలుగు వ్యాకరణం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คำนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Исм (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исм (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಾಮಪದ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನಾಮಪದ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sim" title="İsim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Чүве ады – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чүве ады" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Іменник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اسم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىسىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Danh từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsat" title="Subsat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Subsat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustantif" title="Sustantif – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sustantif" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigngaran" title="Tigngaran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigngaran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D" title="名词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="名词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="סובסטאנטיוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סובסטאנטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8D_or%C3%BAk%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọrọ orúkọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọrọ orúkọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="名詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiktavardis" title="Daiktavardis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Daiktavardis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of speech that names an object or set of objects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Noun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Noun (disambiguation)">Noun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a <b>noun</b> is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> within a phrase, clause, or sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, nouns constitute a lexical category (<a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a>) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> occurrence of nouns differs among languages. </p><p>In English, prototypical nouns are <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">common nouns or proper nouns</a> that can occur with <a href="/wiki/Determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiners">determiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">attributive adjectives</a>, and can function as the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. According to traditional and popular classification, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History <span id="Substantive_as_a_word_for_noun"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech#History" title="Part of speech">History of parts of speech</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Word_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Word class">Word classes</a> (parts of speech) were described by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i>, the noun (<i>nāma</i>) is one of the four main categories of words defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Matilal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matilal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> equivalent was <i>ónoma</i> (ὄνομα), referred to by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)"><i>Cratylus</i> dialog</a>, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Grammar" title="The Art of Grammar">The Art of Grammar</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a> (2nd century BC). The term used in <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> was <i>nōmen</i>. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word <i>noun</i> is derived from the Latin term, through the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <i>nom</i> (other forms include <i>nomme</i>, and <i>noun</i> itself). </p><p>The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">forms</a> that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Because <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> share these three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical categories</a>, adjectives typically were placed in the same class as nouns. </p><p>Similarly, the Latin term <i>nōmen</i> includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word <i>noun</i>, the two types being distinguished as <i>nouns substantive</i> and <i>nouns adjective</i> (or <i>substantive nouns</i> and <i>adjective nouns</i>, or simply <i>substantives</i> and <i>adjectives</i>). (The word <i><a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominal</a></i> is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) </p><p>Many European languages use a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the word <i>substantive</i> as the basic term for <i>noun</i> (for example, Spanish <i>sustantivo</i>, "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation <i>s.</i> or <i>sb.</i> instead of <i>n.</i>, which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word <i>substantive</i> to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> (multiword units that are sometimes called <i>noun equivalents</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CMOS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMOS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used as a counterpart to <i>attributive</i> when distinguishing between a noun being used as the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjunct</a>. For example, the noun <i>knee</i> can be said to be used substantively in <i>my knee hurts</i>, but attributively in <i>the patient needed knee replacement</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>cat</i> sat on the <i>chair</i>.</li> <li>Please hand in your <i>assignments</i> by the <i>end</i> of the <i>week</i>.</li> <li><i>Cleanliness</i> is next to <i>godliness</i>.</li> <li><i>Plato</i> was an influential <i>philosopher</i> in ancient <i>Greece</i>.</li> <li>Revel the <i>night</i>, rob, murder, and commit / The oldest <i>sins</i> the newest <i>kind</i> of <i>ways</i>? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.</li></ul> <p>A noun can co-occur with an <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">attributive adjective</a>. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. </p> <ul><li><i>the name</i> (<i>name</i> is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article <i>the</i>)</li> <li><i>*the baptise</i> (<i>baptise</i> is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article)</li> <li><i>constant circulation</i> (<i>circulation</i> is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective <i>constant</i>)</li> <li><i>*constant circulate</i> (<i>circulate</i> is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective <i>constant</i>)</li> <li><i>a fright</i> (<i>fright</i> is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article <i>a</i>)</li> <li><i>*an afraid</i> (<i>afraid</i> is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article <i>a</i>)</li> <li><i>terrible fright</i> (the noun <i>fright</i> can co-occur with the adjective <i>terrible</i>)</li> <li><i>*terrible afraid</i> (the adjective <i>afraid</i> cannot co-occur with the adjective <i>terrible</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization_and_definition">Characterization and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characterization and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical categories</a> by which they may be varied (for example <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (linguistics)">number</a>). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories. </p><p>Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a <i>person</i>, <i>place</i>, <i>thing</i>, <i>event</i>, <i>substance</i>, <i>quality</i>, <i>quantity</i>, etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative.<sup id="cite_ref-jackendoff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackendoff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several English nouns lack an intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a> of their own: <i>behalf</i> (as in <i>on behalf of</i>), <i>dint</i> (<i>by dint of</i>), and <i>sake</i> (<i>for the sake of</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs <i>to rain</i> or <i>to mother</i>, or adjectives like <i>red</i>; and there is little difference between the adverb <i>gleefully</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositional phrase</a> <i>with glee</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functional</a> approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-rijkhoff2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rijkhoff2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in a language. Nouns may be classified according to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> properties such as which <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> they take, and also their relations in <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types. </p><p>Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this could not apply in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, which has no definite articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender</a></div> <p>In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> in words that modify or are used along with it. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for example, the singular form of the definite article is <i>le</i> for masculine nouns and <i>la</i> for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of <span class="nowrap"><i>-e</i></span> for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> most nouns ending in <i>-a</i> are feminine. Gender can also correlate with the <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gender">social gender</a> of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun <i>personne</i> can refer to a male or a female person). </p><p>In Modern English, even common nouns like <i>hen</i> and <i>princess</i> and proper nouns like <i>Alicia</i> do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of a specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The <i>girl</i> said the <i>ring</i> was from <i>her</i> new <i>boyfriend</i>, but <i>he</i> denied <i>it</i> was from <i>him</i>" (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this <i>her</i> is counted as a <a href="/wiki/English_possessive#Pronouns" title="English possessive">possessive pronoun</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_and_common_nouns">Proper and common nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proper and common nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper noun</a></div> <p>A <i>proper noun</i> (sometimes called a <i>proper name</i>, though the two terms normally have different meanings) is a noun that represents a unique entity (<i>India</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pequod_(Moby-Dick)" title="Pequod (Moby-Dick)">Pequod</a></i>) – as distinguished from <i>common nouns</i> (or <b>appellative nouns</b>), which describe a class of entities (<i>country</i>, <i>animal</i>, <i>planet</i>, <i>person</i>, <i>ship</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context (<i>Albania</i>, <i>Newton</i>, <i>Pasteur</i>, <i>America</i>), as are many of the forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an <i>Albanian</i>"; the adjectival forms in "he's of <i>Albanian</i> heritage" and "<i>Newtonian</i> physics", but not in "<i>pasteurized</i> milk"; the second verb in "they sought to <i>Americanize</i> us"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countable_nouns_and_mass_nouns">Countable nouns and mass nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Countable nouns and mass nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></div> <p><i>Count nouns</i> or <i>countable nouns</i> are common nouns that can take a <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>, can combine with <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numerals</a> or counting <a href="/wiki/Quantifiers_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifiers (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> (e.g., <i>one</i>, <i>two</i>, <i>several</i>, <i>every</i>, <i>most</i>), and can take an indefinite article such as <i>a</i> or <i>an</i> (in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are <i>chair</i>, <i>nose</i>, and <i>occasion</i>. </p><p><i>Mass nouns</i> or <i>uncountable</i> (<i>non-count</i>) <i>nouns</i> differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms <i>a furniture</i> and <i>three furnitures</i> are not used – even though <i>pieces</i> of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how the nouns <i>present</i> those entities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, <i>soda</i> is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_nouns">Collective nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collective nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></div> <p><i>Collective nouns</i> are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> – refer to <i>groups</i> consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include <i>committee</i>, <i>government</i>, and <i>police</i>. In English these nouns may be followed by a singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members.<sup id="cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowers_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in <i>Plain Words</i> include:<sup id="cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowers_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">"A committee <i>was</i> appointed to consider this subject." (singular)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">"The committee <i>were</i> unable to agree." (plural)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">* "The committee were of one mind when I sat in on them." (unacceptable use of plural)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_nouns_and_abstract_nouns">Concrete nouns and abstract nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concrete nouns and abstract nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">Physical body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">Abstract object</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Noun" title="Special:EditPage/Noun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Concrete nouns</i> refer to <a href="/wiki/Physical_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical bodies">physical entities</a> that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a> (<i>chair</i>, <i>apple</i>, <i>Janet</i>, <i>atom</i>), as items supposed to exist in the physical world. <i>Abstract nouns</i>, on the other hand, refer to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">abstract objects</a>: ideas or concepts (<i>justice</i>, <i>anger</i>, <i>solubility</i>, <i>duration</i>). </p><p>Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings: <i>art</i> usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass <i>key</i>" and "the <i>key</i> to success"; "a <i>block</i> in the pipe" and "a mental <i>block</i>". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots (<i>drawback</i>, <i>fraction</i>, <i>holdout</i>, <i>uptake</i>). </p><p>Many abstract nouns in English are formed by adding a suffix (<i>-ness</i>, <i>-ity</i>, <i>-ion</i>) to adjectives or verbs (<i>happiness</i> and <i>serenity</i> from the adjectives <i>happy</i> and <i>serene</i>; <i>circulation</i> from the verb <i>circulate</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alienable_vs._inalienable_nouns">Alienable vs. inalienable nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alienable vs. inalienable nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></div> <p>Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the <a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Awa language (Papua New Guinea)">Awa language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regiments nouns according to how <i>ownership</i> is assigned: as alienable possession or <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noun_phrases">Noun phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">Noun phrase</a></div> <p>A noun phrase (or <b>NP</b>) is a phrase usually <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">headed</a> by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs: <i>the dog</i> (subject of the verbs <i>sat</i> and <i>wagged</i>); <i>Ms Curtis</i> (complement of the preposition <i>near</i>); and <i>its tail</i> (object of <i>wagged</i>). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs: <i>you</i> (subject of <i>became</i>); and <i>their teacher</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns_in_relation_to_other_word_classes">Nouns in relation to other word classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns in relation to other word classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></div> <p>Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, such as <i>he, it, she, they, which, these</i>, and <i>those</i>, to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as a subclass of nouns parallel to <i>prototypical nouns</i>). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word <i>she</i> is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun <i>Gareth</i> does. The word <i>one</i> can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">John's car is newer than <i>the one</i> that Bill has.</div> <p>But <i>one</i> can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, <i>one</i> can stand in for <i>new car</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">This new car is cheaper than <i>that one</i>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominalization">Nominalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nominalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">Nominalization</a></div> <p>Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">This legislation will have the most impact on the <i>poor</i>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">The race is not to the <i>swift</i>, nor the battle to the <i>powerful</i>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">The Socialist <i>International</i> is a worldwide association of political parties.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_features" title="Phi features">Phi features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example nouns for: <ul><li>Living creatures (including people, alive, dead, or imaginary): <i>mushrooms, dogs, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbeans</a>, rosebushes, <a href="/wiki/Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandela">Mandela</a>, bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Klingons" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingons">Klingons</a></i>, etc.</li> <li>Physical objects: <i>hammers, pencils, Earth, guitars, atoms, stones, boots, shadows</i>, etc.</li> <li>Places: <i>closets, temples, rivers, Antarctica, houses, <a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Uluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a></i>, etc.</li> <li>Actions of individuals or groups: <i>swimming, exercises, cough, explosions, flight, electrification, embezzlement</i>, etc.</li> <li>Physical qualities: <i>colors, lengths, porosity, weights, roundness, symmetry, solidity,</i> etc.</li> <li>Mental or bodily states: <i>jealousy, sleep, joy, headache, confusion</i>, etc.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Idioms often include nouns in a way that may be independent of any nominal meaning they may have: in <i>rock and roll</i> there is no reference to any "rock" or any "roll"; <i>lock, stock, and barrel</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dead_metaphor" title="Dead metaphor">dead metaphor</a> that refers only to a figurative sense of a <i>lock</i> or <i>stock</i> or <i>barrel</i>. See <a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">hendiadys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendiatris" title="Hendiatris">hendiatris</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this position <i>their teacher</i> would be analysed variously under different linguistic theories. For example, some would classify it as a "predicate nominal over the subject" (as in the article <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative expression</a>); but all would agree that it is not an object since <i>became</i> is not <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>. Traditionally, and very commonly in mainstream linguistic analysis, it is classified as a complement or <i>predicative complement</i> (PC); see extended treatment in Chapter 4 ("The clause: complements") of Huddleston and Pullum (2002), pp. 213–321: for example in §5.1 at p. 253, where the NP <i>a minister</i> is taken as a PC in "Ed became <u>a minister</u>" contrasting with its role as an object (O) in "Ed attacked <u>a minister</u>".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/noun#:~:text=Britannica%20Dictionary%20definition%20of%20NOUN%20%5Bcount%5D%20%3A%20a,common%20noun%2C%20count%20noun%2C%20noncount%20noun%2C%20proper%20noun/">"Noun"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noun&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnoun%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBritannica%2520Dictionary%2520definition%2520of%2520NOUN%2520%255Bcount%255D%2520%253A%2520a%2Ccommon%2520noun%252C%2520count%2520noun%252C%2520noncount%2520noun%252C%2520proper%2520noun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Adger2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adger" title="David Adger">David Adger</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7SmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Language Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9"><bdi>978-0-19-882809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Unlimited%3A+The+science+behind+our+most+creative+power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882809-9&rft.au=David+Adger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7SmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matilal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matilal_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Krishna_Matilal" title="Bimal Krishna Matilal">Bimal Krishna Matilal</a>, <i>The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language</i>, 1990 (Chapter 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=nomen">nōmen</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o/noma"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄνομα</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMOS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMOS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Manual_of_Style" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a>, "5.10: Noun-equivalents and substantives", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch05/ch05_sec010.html"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.10%3A+Noun-equivalents+and+substantives&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.au=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2F16%2Fch05%2Fch05_sec010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackendoff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jackendoff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackendoff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Jackendorff">Jackendoff, Ray</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Foundations%20of%20Language.pdf">"§5.5 Semantics as a generative system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827012-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827012-7"><bdi>0-19-827012-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Foundations%20of%20Language.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A75.5+Semantics+as+a+generative+system&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+language%3A+brain%2C+meaning%2C+grammar%2C+evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-827012-7&rft.aulast=Jackendoff&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpu.edu.ua%2F%21e-book%2Fbook%2Fdjvu%2FA%2Fiif_kgpm_Foundations%2520of%2520Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 218 and 225, and elsewhere in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuine2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine, Willard Van Orman</a> (2013) [1960 print]. "7 Ontic Decision". <i>Word and Object</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 215–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+Ontic+Decision&rft.btitle=Word+and+Object&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=215-254&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Quine&rft.aufirst=Willard+Van+Orman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rijkhoff2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rijkhoff2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2022" class="citation book cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). "Nouns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351663779"><i>Oxford Handbook of Word Classes</i></a>. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nouns&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Word+Classes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F351663779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengeveld1992" class="citation book cs1">Hengeveld, Kees (1992). <i>Non-verbal predication: theory, typology, diachrony</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110883282" title="Special:BookSources/9783110883282"><bdi>9783110883282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-verbal+predication%3A+theory%2C+typology%2C+diachrony&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783110883282&rft.aulast=Hengeveld&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLesterBeason2005">Lester & Beason 2005</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Krifka" title="Manfred Krifka">Krifka, Manfred</a>. 1989. "Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorer2005">Borer 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gowers_2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gowers_2014_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowers2014">Gowers 2014</a>, pp. 189–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/inalienable-noun">"Inalienable Noun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. 3 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inalienable+Noun&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglossary.sil.org%2Fterm%2Finalienable-noun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterBeason2005" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). <i>The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6"><bdi>0-07-144133-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McGraw-Hill+Handbook+of+English+Grammar+and+Usage&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-144133-6&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Beason%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorer2005" class="citation book cs1">Borer, Hagit (2005). <i>In Name Only. Structuring Sense</i>. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Name+Only.+Structuring+Sense&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Borer&rft.aufirst=Hagit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowers2014" class="citation book cs1">Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gowers, Rebecca (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Plain_Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain Words"><i>Plain Words</i></a>. Particular. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97553-5"><bdi>978-0-141-97553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plain+Words&rft.pub=Particular&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97553-5&rft.aulast=Gowers&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Laycock, Henry (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://post.queensu.ca/%7Elaycockh/Mass%20nouns%20%20Count%20nouns%20%20Non-count%20nouns.pdf">Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns</a>", Draft version of entry in <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i> Oxford: Elsevier.</li></ul> <p>For definitions of nouns based on the concept of "identity criteria": </p> <ul><li>Geach, Peter. 1962. <i>Reference and Generality.</i> Cornell University Press.</li></ul> <p>For more on identity criteria: </p> <ul><li>Gupta, Anil. 1980, <i>The logic of common nouns.</i> New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</li></ul> <p>For the concept that nouns are "prototypically referential": </p> <ul><li>Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun – or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser, and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369–80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.</li></ul> <p>For an attempt to relate the concepts of identity criteria and prototypical referentiality: </p> <ul><li>Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical Categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/noun">noun</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theidioms.com/nouns/">Nouns</a> – Nouns described by The 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features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nouns_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_nouns" title="Template talk:Language nouns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_nouns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language nouns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nouns_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nouns</a> of the <a 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title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nouns" title="Bulgarian nouns">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nouns" title="English nouns">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nouns" title="German nouns">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_nouns" title="Sotho nouns">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_nouns" title="Tlingit nouns">Tlingit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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