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mw-first-heading"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="موسوعة ستانفورد للفلسفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسوعة ستانفورد للفلسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenford_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99_ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="Stenford fəlsəfə ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stenford fəlsəfə ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="স্ট্যানফোর্ড এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অফ ফিলোসফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ট্যানফোর্ড এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অফ ফিলোসফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Tiat-ha%CC%8Dk_Pek-kho-cho%C3%A2n-su" title="Stanford Tiat-ha̍k Pek-kho-choân-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stanford Tiat-ha̍k Pek-kho-choân-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Станфордска философска енциклопедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Станфордска философска енциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordi_filosoofiaents%C3%BCklopeedia" title="Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Φιλοσοφίας του Στάνφορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Φιλοσοφίας του Στάνφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="دانشنامه فلسفه استنفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه فلسفه استنفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="스탠퍼드 철학 백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탠퍼드 철학 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սթենֆորդի փիլիսոփայության հանրագիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթենֆորդի փիլիսոփայության հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="दर्शनशास्त्र का स्टैनफोर्ड ज्ञानकोष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र का स्टैनफोर्ड ज्ञानकोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Filsafat_Stanford" title="Ensiklopedia Filsafat Stanford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ensiklopedia Filsafat Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="האנציקלופדיה לפילוסופיה של סטנפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנציקלופדיה לפילוסופיה של סטנפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenfordo_filosofijos_enciklopedija" title="Stenfordo filosofijos enciklopedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stenfordo filosofijos enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Стенфордска енциклопедија на филозофијата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стенфордска енциклопедија на филозофијата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Falsafah_Stanford" title="Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="スタンフォード哲学百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンフォード哲学百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стенфордска филозофска енциклопедия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Стенфордска филозофска енциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стэнфордская философская энциклопедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стэнфордская философская энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Станфордова енциклопедија филозофије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Станфордова енциклопедија филозофије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Online philosophy encyclopedia and collection of peer-reviewed papers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg/250px-Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg/375px-Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg/500px-Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">Online encyclopedia</a> of philosophy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li><li>Uri Nodelman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/">plato<wbr />.stanford<wbr />.edu</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q824553#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1095-5054">1095-5054</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515 </a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</b></i> (<i><b>SEP</b></i>) is a freely available online <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> resource published and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, encompassing both an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> of philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">peer-reviewed</a> original publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> from many academic institutions worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors contributing to the encyclopedia give Stanford University the permission to publish the articles, but retain the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to those articles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach_and_history">Approach and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Approach and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of August 5, 2022, the <i>SEP</i> has 1,774 published entries. Apart from its online status, the encyclopedia uses the traditional academic approach of most encyclopedias and <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> to achieve quality by means of specialist authors selected by an editor or an editorial committee that is competent (although not necessarily considered specialists) in the field covered by the encyclopedia and <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclopedia was created in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the explicit aim of providing a dynamic encyclopedia that is updated regularly, and so does not become dated in the manner of conventional print encyclopedias.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter for the encyclopedia allows for rival articles on a single topic to reflect reasoned disagreements among scholars. Initially, the <i>SEP</i> was developed with U.S. public funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. A long-term fundraising plan to preserve <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to the encyclopedia is supported by many university libraries and library consortia. These institutions contribute under a plan devised by the <i>SEP</i> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Coalition_of_Library_Consortia" title="International Coalition of Library Consortia">International Coalition of Library Consortia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Library_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Library Network">Southeastern Library Network</a>, with matching funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Perpetual_Loose_Leaf_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson's Perpetual Loose Leaf Encyclopaedia">Nelson's Perpetual Loose Leaf Encyclopaedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSonnad2015" class="citation web cs1">Sonnad, Nikhil (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/480741/this-free-online-encyclopedia-has-achieved-what-wikipedia-can-only-dream-of/">"This free online encyclopedia has achieved what Wikipedia can only dream of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=This+free+online+encyclopedia+has+achieved+what+Wikipedia+can+only+dream+of&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Sonnad&rft.aufirst=Nikhil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F480741%2Fthis-free-online-encyclopedia-has-achieved-what-wikipedia-can-only-dream-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zalta, Edward (2006-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/download/7670/7670">"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A university/library partnership in support of scholarly communication and open access"</a>. <i>College & Research Libraries News</i>. <b>67</b> (8): 502–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.67.8.7670">10.5860/crln.67.8.7670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2150-6698">2150-6698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries+News&rft.atitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%3A+A+university%2Flibrary+partnership+in+support+of+scholarly+communication+and+open+access&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=502-504&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fcrln.67.8.7670&rft.issn=2150-6698&rft.aulast=Zalta&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrln.acrl.org%2Findex.php%2Fcrlnews%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F7670%2F7670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenJagodzinski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Colin; Jagodzinski, Cecile (2013-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F2380-176x.4919">"From SEP to SEPIA: How and Why Indiana University is Helping the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>Against the Grain</i>. <b>18</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F2380-176x.4919">10.7771/2380-176x.4919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2380-176X">2380-176X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Against+the+Grain&rft.atitle=From+SEP+to+SEPIA%3A+How+and+Why+Indiana+University+is+Helping+the+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7771%2F2380-176x.4919&rft.issn=2380-176X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Jagodzinski%2C+Cecile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7771%252F2380-176x.4919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/info.html#c">"<i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> Copyright Information"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+Copyright+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Finfo.html%23c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTananbaum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tananbaum, Greg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F2380-176x.4863">"I Hear the Train A Comin' -- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>Against the Grain</i>. <b>18</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F2380-176x.4863">10.7771/2380-176x.4863</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2380-176X">2380-176X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Against+the+Grain&rft.atitle=I+Hear+the+Train+A+Comin%27+--+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7771%2F2380-176x.4863&rft.issn=2380-176X&rft.aulast=Tananbaum&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7771%252F2380-176x.4863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenNodelmanZalta2002" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Colin; Nodelman, Uri; Zalta, Edward N. (2002). "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Developed Dynamic Reference Work". <i>Metaphilosophy</i>. <b>33</b> (1&2): 210–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9973.00225">10.1111/1467-9973.00225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1068">0026-1068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metaphilosophy&rft.atitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%3A+A+Developed+Dynamic+Reference+Work&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%262&rft.pages=210-228&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9973.00225&rft.issn=0026-1068&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Nodelman%2C+Uri&rft.au=Zalta%2C+Edward+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Libraries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cecil_H._Green_Library" title="Cecil H. Green Library">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branner_Earth_Sciences_Library" title="Branner Earth Sciences Library">Branner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lane_Medical_Library" title="Lane Medical Library">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathrop_Library" title="Lathrop Library">Lathrop</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Centers and institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cancer_Institute" title="Stanford Cancer Institute">Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute_of_Design" title="Hasso Plattner Institute of Design">Hasso Plattner Institute of Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station" title="Hopkins Marine Station">Hopkins Marine Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research">Institute for Economic Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridge_Biological_Preserve" title="Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve">Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center" title="Stanford University Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource" title="Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource">Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum" title="Stanford University Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden" title="Arizona Cactus Garden">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Concert_Hall" title="Bing Concert Hall">Bing Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braun_Music_Center" title="Braun Music Center">Braun Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts">Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Clock_Tower" title="Stanford Clock Tower">Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dish_(landmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dish (landmark)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Fire_Truck_House" title="Stanford Fire Truck House">Fire Truck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Amphitheater" title="Frost Amphitheater">Frost Amphitheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_Computer_Science_Building,_Stanford" title="Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford">Gates Computer Science Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Earth_Sciences" title="Green Earth Sciences">Green Earth Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_Center_for_Public_Service" title="Haas Center for Public Service">Haas Center for Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Honeycomb_House" title="Hanna–Honeycomb House">Hanna–Honeycomb House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lagunita" title="Lake Lagunita">Lake Lagunita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Quad_(Stanford_University)" title="Main Quad (Stanford University)">Main Quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_(Stanford_University)" title="Oval (Stanford University)">Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum" title="Stanford Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Stanford Memorial Auditorium">Memorial Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church" title="Stanford Memorial Church">Memorial Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Research Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center" title="Stanford Shopping Center">Shopping Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Public art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Sentinels" title="Bedford Sentinels">Bedford Sentinels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boo-Qwilla" title="Boo-Qwilla">Boo-Qwilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Column_I" title="Column I">Column I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Monument" title="Gay Liberation Monument">Gay Liberation Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luna_Moth_Walk_I" title="Luna Moth Walk I">Luna Moth Walk I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Union_Fountain" title="Old Union Fountain">Old Union Fountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_(sculpture)" title="The Sieve of Eratosthenes (sculpture)">The Sieve of Eratosthenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Legacy" title="The Stanford Legacy">The Stanford Legacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_von_Humboldt_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Alexander von Humboldt (Stanford University)">Statue of Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Johannes_Gutenberg_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Johannes Gutenberg (Stanford University)">Statue of Johannes Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Louis_Agassiz" title="Statue of Louis Agassiz">Statue of Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Fountain" title="Tanner Fountain">Tanner Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Memorial_Fountain" title="White Memorial Fountain">White Memorial Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HighWire_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="HighWire Press">HighWire Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_student_housing" title="Stanford University student housing">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZSU" title="KZSU">KZSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Band" title="Stanford Band">Stanford Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_a_cappella_groups" title="List of Stanford University a cappella groups">A cappella groups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Chaparral" title="Stanford Chaparral">Stanford Chaparral</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Flipside" title="The Stanford Flipside">The Stanford Flipside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily" title="The Stanford Daily">The Stanford Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Review" title="The Stanford Review">The Stanford Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_Hopper" title="The Fountain Hopper">The Fountain Hopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Tree" title="Stanford Tree">Stanford Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Association_of_Stanford_Entrepreneurial_Students" title="Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students">Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StartX" title="StartX">StartX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#8C1515">Overview</span></b>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal" title="Stanford Cardinal">Stanford Cardinal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8C1515;color:#FFFFFF;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball" title="Stanford Cardinal baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li>Basketball <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_basketball" title="Stanford Cardinal men's basketball">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_basketball" title="Stanford Cardinal women's basketball">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football" title="Stanford Cardinal football">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)">Big Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Play_(American_football)" title="The Play (American football)">The Play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_gymnastics" title="Stanford Cardinal men's gymnastics">Men's gymnastics</a></li> <li>Soccer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_soccer" title="Stanford Cardinal men's soccer">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_soccer" title="Stanford Cardinal women's soccer">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_volleyball" title="Stanford Cardinal women's volleyball">Women's volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8C1515;color:#FFFFFF;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrillaga_Family_Rowing_and_Sailing_Center" title="Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center">Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Pavilion_(Stanford_University)" title="Burnham Pavilion (Stanford University)">Burnham Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Field_at_Sunken_Diamond" title="Klein Field at Sunken Diamond">Klein Field at Sunken Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laird_Q._Cagan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laird Q. Cagan Stadium">Maloney Field at Laird Q. 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