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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monophthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monophthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Monophthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monophthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonemic_incidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonemic_incidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phonemic incidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonemic_incidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_elision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_elision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Assimilation and elision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_elision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Intonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Abercraf English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Abercraf" title="Abercraf">Abercraf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Abercraf English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Abercraf English</b> (also known as <b>Abercrave English</b>) is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>, primarily spoken in the village of <a href="/wiki/Abercraf" title="Abercraf">Abercraf</a> located in the far south of <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accent">Accent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abercraf English is distinct from other accents in its county, such as the one spoken in <a href="/wiki/Myddfai" title="Myddfai">Myddfai</a>, due to separation by the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a>, creating a substantial communication barrier between the two localities. It is more appropriate to associate it with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Valley" title="Swansea Valley">Swansea Valley</a>, particularly the speech in northern areas (esp. <a href="/wiki/Ystalyfera" title="Ystalyfera">Ystalyfera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ystradgynlais" title="Ystradgynlais">Ystradgynlais</a>) since they are more similar to Abercraf than ones in its county. This could be seen from a survey where speakers could not discern the origins of the speech of <a href="/wiki/Ystradgynlais" title="Ystradgynlais">Ystradgynlais</a> and their hometown, but were able to discern <a href="/wiki/Cwmtwrch" title="Cwmtwrch">Cwmtwrch</a> with other villages in the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abercraf was entirely Welsh-speaking until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when English-speaking evacuees settled in the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a relatively young acquired dialect. This can be seen from generally less assimilation and elision and clear articulation unlike other accents in Powys or Swansea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140–141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140–141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a more modern accent causes it to be restricted to the last two to three generations, with younger people being much more likely to speak it; although a lot of their daily lives is conducted in Welsh, thus causing <a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">English to be taught as a second language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130,_140_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990130,_140-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many other accents in Britain, Abercraf's consonants generally follow that of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, although it does have some unique innovations common for South Wales dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>As in <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>, consonants can be <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> by any preceding vowel except long non-close vowels, and is most noticeable in <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> plosives and when they are in intervocalic positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990126_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990126-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Strong <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> for the voiceless plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰʰ]</span> in stressed syllables when in initial position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regular <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#G-dropping" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">G-dropping</a>, where the suffix <i>-ing</i> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɪn/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is regularly a tapped <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marginal loan consonants from Welsh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span> may be used for Welsh proper nouns and expressions, yet <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥]</span> is often heard in the discourse particle <i>right</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>-es</i> <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemic</a> suffix in words like <i>goes</i>, <i>tomatoes</i> is often voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> found elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Like with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, the suffix <i>-ths</i> such as in <i>baths</i>, <i>paths</i> and <i>mouths</i> is rendered as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θs/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ðz/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a> is quite common in informal speech, although <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is pronounced in emphatic speech and while reading word lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is always clear, likewise there is no <a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">vowel breaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982298_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982298-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abercraf English is non-<a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is only pronounced before a vowel. Like RP, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking and intrusive R</a> is present in the system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the vowel system varies greatly from RP, unlike its consonants, which is stable in many English accents around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990132_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monophthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/220px-Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/330px-Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/440px-Abercrave_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of Abercraf English, according to <a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990</a>:135–136).</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990133_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982380,_384–385_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982380,_384–385-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɜː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span> are close to cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">HAPPY</span> vowel is always tense, being analysed as the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FLEECE</span> vowel, where conservative RP has the lax <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span> is unrounded and mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ̝ː</a>]</span>. Unlike other accents in <a href="/wiki/West_Glamorgan" title="West Glamorgan">West Glamorgan</a> which have a rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>]</span>, Abercraf's realisation is identical to RP; a similar articulation had also been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Myddfai" title="Myddfai">Myddfai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is no phonemic distinction between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMMA</span>, with the merged vowel being realised as open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>]</span> in stressed syllables and as mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> when unstressed. It is transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> because the stressed allophone is close to RP <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990133,_135–137_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990133,_135–137-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>When unstressed and spelt with an <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> vowel is preferred, such as <i>cricket</i>, <i>fastest</i> and <i>movement</i>. Likewise when spelt with <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, it varies from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>There is no <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Horse–hoarse_merger" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">horse–hoarse merger</a>, with the first set pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒː]</span>, and the second <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Like all accents of Wales, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> sets are based more on length rather than vowel quality; creating minimal pairs such as <i>shared–shed</i>, <i>heart–hat</i> and <i>short–shot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990136_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982381_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982381-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> vowels are close to cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> are close to cardinal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span>. In the case of the former, its articulation is considerably more open than the corresponding RP vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pairs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> are relatively centralised, although <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> may approach to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a> is completely absent in Abercraf English unlike other Welsh accents which have lexical exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982387-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/220px-Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/330px-Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/440px-Abercrave_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Diphthongs of Abercraf English, according to <a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990</a>:135–136)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Endpoint </th></tr> <tr> <th>Front </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Start point </th> <th>Close </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪu<span class="wrap"> </span>ou</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The offsets of the fronting diphthongs are near-close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span>, whereas the offsets of the backing diphthongs are close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CHOICE</span> onset is closer to open mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, despite its transcription as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are no minimal pairs between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRICE</span> words such as <i>aye</i>/<i>I</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dai_(given_name)" title="Dai (given name)">Dai</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Diana_(name)" title="Diana (name)">Di</a></i>, unlike in Port Talbot. Like in Myddfai, the onset of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRICE</span> is more open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ̟</a>]</span>, compared to other Welsh accents such as West Glamorgan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982385_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982385-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span> has a near-open onset <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>, sharing a similar vowel quality as Myddfai, which is also more open than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> that of West Glamorgan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990136,_141_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990136,_141-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Abercraf has kept some distinctions between diphthong–monophthong pronunciations; they are shared among other south Welsh dialects such as Port Talbot. These distinctions are lost in most other dialects and they include: </p> <ul><li>When <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span> is spelt with <span class="nowrap">⟨ew⟩</span>, diphthongal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪu/</span> replaces monophthongal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span>, thus <i>blew</i>/<i>blue</i> and <i>threw</i>/<i>through</i> are distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The sequence <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juː/</span> when <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> is represented in the spelling, otherwise <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪu/</span>, as in <i>you</i>/<i>youth</i> as opposed to <i>use</i>/<i>ewe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When unstressed and after non-<a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juː/</span> uses the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOOT</span> vowel instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990124_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990124-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982386_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982386-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Absence of <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs#Toe–tow_merger" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">toe–tow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs#Pane–pain_merger" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">pain–pane mergers</a>, therefore there are distinct monophthongal and diphthongal pronunciations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> lexical sets. They are diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span> when the spelling contains <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> respectively, otherwise they are monophthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990122–123_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990122–123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good illustration is that of the word <i>play-place</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpleipleːs/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Monophthongal pronunciations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> are both close-mid; they match their cardinal equivalents. The diphthongal pronunciations have less movement compared to other south Welsh accents, with the onsets of each evidently being close-mid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134–136_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134–136-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982384_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982384-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions to this rule also exist similar to Port Talbot English, but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> is slightly different in Abercraf:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The monophthong is generally used before nasals and in the sequence <span class="nowrap">⟨-atiV⟩</span>, therefore <i>strange</i> and <i>patience</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Certain minimal pairs that are not distinct in Port Talbot English, but are in Abercraf, such as <i>waste</i>/<i>waist</i>. In Port Talbot these two are pronounced monophthongally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CURE</span> are not centring diphthongs unlike RP, rather a disyllabic vowel sequence consisting of the equivalent long vowel as the first element and the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMMA</span> vowel, such that these words are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/niːʌ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɪuːʌ/</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Like Port Talbot English, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span> has a monosyllabic pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jøː/</span> word-initially, including after dropped <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, making <i>hear</i>, <i>here</i>, <i>year</i> and <i>ear</i> all homophones. Likewise, <i>heard</i> also has this vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemic_incidence">Phonemic incidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonemic incidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abercraf English generally follows West Glamorgan lexical incidence patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137–138_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137–138-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990124_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982387-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first syllable in <i>area</i> may use the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> vowel instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only one syllable is in <i>co-op</i>, being homophonous to <i>cop</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Haulier</i> has the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> vowel unlike other accents which have <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Renowned</i> was once pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou]</span>, although this is a spelling pronunciation and standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au]</span> does exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138,_141_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138,_141-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unstressed <i>to</i> regularly has <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOOT</span> over <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMMA</span> even before consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tooth</i> has the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FOOT</span> vowel instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span>, which shares its pronunciation with the Midlands and Northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982387-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Want</i> has the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> vowel, although this pronunciation was known among non-Welsh speakers of English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The vowel in <i>whole</i> uses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span> instead of the usual <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982387-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_and_elision">Assimilation and elision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assimilation and elision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, there is less assimilation and elision than in other accents, however some consonants can be elided:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is assimilated as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span> in the appropriate environments as RP. Likewise, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in <i>government</i> is elided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unlike other colloquial accents in Britain, elision alveolar plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span> before consonants is not common. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> was elided in <i>first job</i> and <i>next week</i> but not in <i>soft wood</i>, on the other hand <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> is rarely elided in <i>binds</i> and <i>old boy</i> and clearly rendered in <i>could be</i>, <i>headmaster</i> and <i>standard one</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131–132_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131–132-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is retracted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> before another <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> as in <i>bus shelter</i> but not before <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> in <i>this year</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#Yod-coalescence" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">yod-coalescence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990132_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is not elided, thus <i>factory</i>, <i>mandarin</i>, <i>reference</i> always have three syllables, unlike many accents such as RP or even Port Talbot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intonation">Intonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abercraf English is considered to have a 'sing-song' or 'lilting' intonation due to having high amount of pitch on an unstressed post-tonic syllable, as well as pre-tonic syllables having a great degree of freedom, with a continuous rising pitch being common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990130-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140–141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140–141_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990130,_140-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990130,_140_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 130, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990139_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990126-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990126_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly1990">Connolly (1990)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982298-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982298_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990132-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990132_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990132_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990133-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990133_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982380,_384–385-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982380,_384–385_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 380, 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–136_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137,_141_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 135–137, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990133,_135–137-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990133,_135–137_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 133, 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990140-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990140_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990136-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990136_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982381-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982381_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982387-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982387_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990135–137_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982385-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982385_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990136,_141-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990136,_141_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 136, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990124-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990124_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982386-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982386_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990122–123-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990122–123_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly1990">Connolly (1990)</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990134–136-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990134–136_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982384-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982384_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990137–138-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990137–138_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990124-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly1990124_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly1990">Connolly (1990)</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990138,_141-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990138,_141_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 138, 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETench1990131–132-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETench1990131–132_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTench1990">Tench (1990)</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abercraf_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1990" class="citation cs2">Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Port+Talbot+English&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=121-129&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbercraf+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTench1990" class="citation cs2">Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–140, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-032-0"><bdi>1-85359-032-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English+in+Abercrave&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pages=130-140&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85359-032-0&rft.aulast=Tench&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbercraf+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982), <i>Accents of English</i>, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAbercraf+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></cite></li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Wales" title="Template:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a> (south-western dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a> (south-eastern dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a> (mid-Wales dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a> (north Wales dialect)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">English language in Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Anglo-Welsh_Dialects" title="Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects">Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abercraf English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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