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class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Geordie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="ג'ורדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie_(bijnaam)" title="Geordie (bijnaam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geordie (bijnaam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie_(dialekt)" title="Geordie (dialekt) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geordie (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geordie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geordie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Northern English dialect and demonym native to Tyneside</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the people and dialect of Tyneside. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Geordie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Geordie (disambiguation)">Geordie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Geordie</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Tyneside English, Newcastle English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/250px-Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/330px-Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg/500px-Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1433" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Television presenters <a href="/wiki/Ant_and_Dec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant and Dec">Ant and Dec</a> are Geordies from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Germanic languages">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian dialect</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Geordie</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:TynesideBUA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TynesideBUA.png/250px-TynesideBUA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TynesideBUA.png/500px-TynesideBUA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="850" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the Tyneside built up area with Newcastle in red.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Geordie (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒɔːrdi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">JOR-dee</a>), sometimes known in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> as Tyneside English or Newcastle English, is an <a href="/wiki/English_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="English dialect">English dialect</a> and accent spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> area of <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Brockett131-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-gra1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-hott-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ene-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-qualityOfHeart-5">[5]</a> It developed as a variety of the old <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbrian dialect</a> and became especially connected with the city of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ene-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-qualityOfHeart-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Geordie is also a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_nicknames" title="List of regional nicknames">nickname</a> for a resident of this same region,<a href="#cite_note-oxf1-7">[7]</a> though there are different definitions of what constitutes a Geordie, and not everyone from the North East identifies as such.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Furthermore, a Geordie can mean a supporter of the football club <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schooner_(glass)" title="Schooner (glass)">Geordie Schooner</a> glass was traditionally used to serve <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Brown_Ale" title="Newcastle Brown Ale">Newcastle Brown Ale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schooner2016-11">[11]</a> The Geordie dialect and identity are primarily associated with a <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent to be <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_dialectology" title="Perceptual dialectology">perceived</a> as the "most attractive in England" among the British public.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" title="File:Anthony mcpartlin bbc radio4 desert island discs 29 12 2013.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac/Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac/Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Anthony_mcpartlin_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of a male from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ant_McPartlin" title="Ant McPartlin">Ant McPartlin</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" title="File:Declan donnelly bbc radio4 desert island discs 29 12 2013.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac/Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac/Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Declan_donnelly_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_29_12_2013.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of a male from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Declan_Donnelly" title="Declan Donnelly">Declan Donnelly</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Like all English dialects, the Geordie dialect traces back to the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlers, initially employed by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Brythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythons">Brythons</a> who fought <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> invaders after the end of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> rule in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-ene-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> who arrived became ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast of mainland Europe. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicon</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish borders">Scottish borders</a>, then dominated by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, there developed a distinct <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian Old English</a> dialect, which preceded modern Geordie. The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">linguistic conservatism</a> of Geordie means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Bede">Venerable Bede</a> can be translated more successfully into Geordie than into standard modern English.<a href="#cite_note-VenBede-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> points out that the Norse, who primarily lived south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a>, affected the language in Yorkshire but not in regions to the north. This source adds that "the border skirmishes that broke out sporadically during the Middle Ages meant the River Tweed established itself as a significant northern barrier against Scottish influence". Today, many who speak the Geordie dialect use words such as gan ('go' – modern Dutch gaan) and bairn ('child' – modern Danish barn), which "can still trace their roots right back to the Angles".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_coverage">Geographical coverage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical coverage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs,<a href="#cite_note-env1-16">[16]</a> an area that encompasses <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jr1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlaydonRaces-18">[18]</a> This area has a combined population of around 700,000, based on 2011 census-data. The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.<a href="#cite_note-Brockett131-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catchment_area_(human_geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catchment area (human geography)">catchment area</a> for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham<a href="#cite_note-gra1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-hott-3">[3]</a> or be confined to an area as small as the city of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.<a href="#cite_note-oxf1-7">[7]</a> Scott Dobson, the author of the book Larn Yersel Geordie, once stated that his grandmother, who was brought up in <a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a>, thought the miners were the true Geordies.<a href="#cite_note-ene-4">[4]</a> There is a theory the name comes from the Northumberland and Durham coal mines. Poems and songs written in this area in 1876 (according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>), speak of the "Geordie".<a href="#cite_note-qualityOfHeart-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialect">edit</a>]</div> Academics refer to the Geordie dialect as "Tyneside English".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a>. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> A number of rival theories explain how the term Geordie came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name <a href="/wiki/George_(given_name)" title="George (given name)">George</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> "a very common name among the pitmen"<a href="#cite_note-Brockett131-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockett187-25">[25]</a> (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One account traces the name to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite Rebellion</a> of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian kings</a>, whose first representative <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> reigned (1714–1727) at the time of the 1715 rebellion. Newcastle contrasted with rural <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. In this case, the term "Geordie" may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "<a href="/wiki/Cam_Ye_O%27er_Frae_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Cam Ye O'er Frae France">Cam Ye O'er Frae France</a>?",<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Guelph" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Guelph">Guelph</a>". Another explanation for the name is that local <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> in the northeast of England used <a href="/wiki/Geordie_lamp" title="Geordie lamp">Geordie safety lamps</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> in 1815<a href="#cite_note-Smiles_1859_120-28">[28]</a> rather than the competing <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamps</a>, designed about the same time by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> and used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two <a href="/wiki/John_Trotter_Brockett" title="John Trotter Brockett">John Trotter Brockett</a> books, Geordie was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp Geordie.<a href="#cite_note-Brockett131-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockett187-25">[25]</a> Linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katie_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katie Wales (page does not exist)">Katie Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-Wales-29">[29]</a> also dates the term earlier than does the current <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>; she observes that Geordy (or Geordie) was a common name given to coal-mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter <a href="/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(songwriter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Wilson (songwriter)">Joe Wilson</a>: "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Crankie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Crankie (page does not exist)">Bob Crankie</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/English_Dialect_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="English Dialect Dictionary">English Dialect Dictionary</a> of 1900, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a> gave as his fourth definition of "Geordie": A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country collier vessel, quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia. The source from Durham stated: "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.</blockquote> In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use dated to 1823 by local <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedian</a> Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Horseracing" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseracing">Races</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Town_Moor,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne">Town Moor</a>. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">pitman</a> called Tom Johnson to dress as a <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a>, Billy cried out to the clown: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></blockquote> <blockquote class="templatequote">(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/John_Camden_Hotten" title="John Camden Hotten">John Camden Hotten</a> wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."<a href="#cite_note-hott-3">[3]</a> Using Hotten<a href="#cite_note-hott-3">[3]</a> as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least 256 years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham. The name Bad-weather Geordy applied to <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockle</a> sellers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>S. Oliver, Rambles in Northumberland, 1835</cite></div></blockquote> Travel writer <a href="/wiki/Scott_Dobson" title="Scott Dobson">Scott Dobson</a> used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.<a href="#cite_note-gra1-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_surveys">Linguistic surveys</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linguistic surveys">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a> included <a href="/wiki/Earsdon" title="Earsdon">Earsdon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heddon-on-the-Wall" title="Heddon-on-the-Wall">Heddon-on-the-Wall</a> in its fieldwork, administering more than 1,000 questions to local informants.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_Scotland" title="Linguistic Survey of Scotland">Linguistic Survey of Scotland</a> included <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and Northumberland (using historic boundaries) in its scope, collecting words through postal questionnaires.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Tyneside sites included <a href="/wiki/Cullercoats" title="Cullercoats">Cullercoats</a>, Earsdon, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hall" title="Forest Hall">Forest Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a>, Newcastle upon Tyne, <a href="/wiki/Wallsend-on-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallsend-on-Tyne">Wallsend-on-Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003)</a>. Other scholars may use different transcriptions. Watt and Allen stated that there were approximately 800,000 people in the early 2000s who spoke this form of British English.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <blockquote>Tyneside English (TE) is spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne, a city of around 260,000 inhabitants in the far north of England, and in the conurbation stretching east and south of Newcastle along the valley of the River Tyne as far as the North Sea. The total population of this conurbation, which also subsumes Gateshead, Jarrow, North and South Shields, Whitley Bay, and Tynemouth, exceeds 800,000.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Geordie <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> generally follow those of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, with these unique characteristics as follows: <ul><li>/ɪŋ/ appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as [ən] (thus, reading is [ˈɹiːdən]).</li> <li>The Geordie accent does not use the glottal stop in a usual fashion. It is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. /p, t, k/ can all be pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop after them in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982374-37">[37]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalisation</a>, in which /t/ is realised by [ʔ] before a syllabic nasal (e.g., button as [ˈbʊtʔn̩]), in absolute final position (get as [ɡɛtʔ]), and whenever the /t/ is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as [ˈpɪtʔi]).</li> <li>Glottaling in Geordie is known as 'pre-glottalisation', which is "an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">[38]</a> This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>, /p, k/, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">preaspirated</a> in final position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">[38]</a></li> <li>The dialect is <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic">non-rhotic</a> like most other dialects of England, with /r/ being realised most commonly as an alveolar approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>], although a labiodental realisation [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>] is additionally growing in prevalence among younger females. (This variant is also possible, albeit rarer, in the speech of older males.) Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive R">intrusive R</a> was not present in Geordie, with speakers instead glottalising between boundaries; however, it is present in newer varieties of the dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">Yod-coalescence</a> in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes [dʒɵʊ]).</li> <li>/l/ is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the <a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">velarised allophone</a> is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use [ɫ] in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">vocalised</a> (as in bottle [ˈbɒʔʊ]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geordie_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geordie_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Geordie_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geordie_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Geordie_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> of Geordie (from <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003</a>:268)). Some of these values may not be representative of all speakers.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Monophthongs of Geordie<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Length</dt></dl> <ul><li>For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_vowel_length_rule" title="Scottish vowel length rule">Scottish vowel length rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie, meaning that length is often the one and only phonetic difference between <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>DRESS and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />SQUARE (/ɛ/ and /ɛː/) or between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />LOT and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />START (/ɒ/ and /ɒː/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> If older or traditional dialect forms are considered, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />TRAP (/a/) also has a phonemic long counterpart /aː/, which is mostly used in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />THOUGHT words spelled with ⟨a⟩, making minimal pairs such as tack /tak/ vs. talk /taːk/ (less broad Geordie pronunciation: /tɔːk/). Another [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] appears as an allophone of /a/ before final voiced consonants in words such as lad [laːd].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />FLEECE and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />GOOSE, /iː, uː/, are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties in morphologically closed syllables; /uː/ is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]. However, younger women tend to use a central [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉː</a>] instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> In morphologically open syllables, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />FLEECE and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />GOOSE are realised as closing diphthongs [ei, ɵʊ]. This creates minimal pairs such as freeze [fɹiːz] vs. frees [fɹeiz] and bruise [bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz] (hereafter transcribed with ⟨uː⟩ for the sake of simplicity) vs. brews [bɹɵʊz].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />HAPPY vowel is tense [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] and is best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ phoneme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982362,_376-43">[43]</a></li></ul></li> <li>As with other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />FOOT–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />STRUT split</a>, so that words like cut, up and luck have the same /ʊ/ phoneme as put, sugar and butcher. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>], but it may be hypercorrected to [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] among middle-class (especially female) speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004121–122-44">[44]</a></li> <li>The long close-mid vowels /eː, oː/, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />FACE and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />GOAT, may be realised as monophthongs [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] in open syllables or as opening diphthongs [ɪə, ʊə] in closed syllables. Alternatively, /eː/ can be a closing diphthong [eɪ] and /oː/ can be centralised to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004123–124-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>Other, now archaic, realisations of /oː/ include [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] in snow [snaː] and [aʊ] in soldiers [ˈsaʊldʒɐz].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Many female speakers merge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />GOAT /oː/ with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />THOUGHT /ɔː/, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />NURSE, /øː/, may be phonetically [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>] or a higher, unrounded vowel [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> An RP-like vowel [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ̝ː</a>] is also possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>In older broadest Geordie, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />NURSE merges with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />THOUGHT /ɔː/ to [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>] under the influence of a uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004126-46">[46]</a> The fact that the original /ɔː/ vowel is never hypercorrected to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ̝ː</a>] suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">[42]</a></li></ul></li> <li>The schwa /ə/ is often rather open ([<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as water and meter are pronounced [ˈwɔd̰ɐː] and [ˈmid̰ɐː].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> This feature is shared with the very conservative (Upper Crust) variety of Received Pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982283-47">[47]</a> <ul><li>Words such as voices and ended have /ə/ in the second syllable (so /ˈvɔɪsəz, ˈɛndəd/), rather than the /ɪ/ of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> because /ɪ/ can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual /ə/. An example of that is the second syllable of seven /ˈsɛvɪn/, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa /ə/ instead. Certain weak forms also have /ɪ/ instead of /ə/; these include at /ɪt/ (homophonous with strong it), of /ɪv/ (nearly homophonous with if), as /ɪz/ (homophonous with strong is), can /kɪn/ and us /ɪz/ (again, homophonous with strong is).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982376-48">[48]</a></li></ul></li> <li>As in other Northern English dialects, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />BATH vowel is short /a/ in Geordie, thus there is no London-style <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a>. There are a small number of exceptions to this rule; for instance, half,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">[42]</a> master, plaster and sometimes also disaster are pronounced with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />START vowel /ɒː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004122–123-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Some speakers unround <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />START, /ɒː/, to [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between /ɒː/ and /a/ is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern and midland cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Older traditional Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patterns of vowels found in standard varieties of English. Examples of that include the words no and stone, which may be pronounced [niː] and [stɪən], so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the /iː/ and /iə/ phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg/250px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg/500px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_1.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Part 1 of Geordie <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> (from <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003</a>:268))</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg/250px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg/375px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg/500px-Geordie_diphthong_chart_-_part_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Part 2 of Geordie diphthongs (from <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003</a>:268)). /æʊ/ shows considerable phonetic variation.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Diphthongs of Geordie<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Endpoint </th></tr> <tr> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Start point </th> <th>Front </th> <td>ɛɪ (aɪ)</td> <td>iə</td> <td>æʊ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Back </th> <td>ɔɪ</td> <td>uə</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Diphthongs</dt></dl> <ul><li>The second elements of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />NEAR and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />CURE, /iə, uə/, are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of /ə/ ([<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004126-46">[46]</a></li> <li>The first element of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />MOUTH, /æʊ/, varies between [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375–376-50">[50]</a> Traditionally, this whole vowel was a high monophthong [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] (with town being pronounced close to RP toon) and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong [əu] (with town being pronounced close to RP tone).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982376-48">[48]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />PRICE is /ɛɪ/, but Geordie speakers generally use a less common allophone for certain environments in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_vowel_length_rule" title="Scottish vowel length rule">Scottish vowel length rule</a>, [äɪ], which has a longer, lower, and more back onset than the main allophone. Thus [ɛɪ] is used in words such as knife [nɛɪf], whereas [äɪ] is used in knives [näɪvz].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">[40]</a> For simplicity, both of them are written with ⟨ɛɪ⟩ in this article.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to the Geordie dialect, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Geordie_English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Geordie English">Geordie English category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> (See Rowe 2007, 2009). <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Samuelson-Sandvid" title="Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid">Dorfy</a>, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer.<a href="#cite_note-Dorphy-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In her column for the South <a href="/wiki/Shields_Gazette" title="Shields Gazette">Shields Gazette</a>, Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns bairn ("child")<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb2-53">[53]</a> and clarts ("mud");<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd8-54">[54]</a> the adjectives canny ("pleasant")<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd3-55">[55]</a> and clag ("sticky");<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd8-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a> howay ("hurry up!"; "come on!")<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd4-56">[56]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/howay" class="extiw" title="wikt:howay">Howay</a> is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.<a href="#cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">[57]</a> The literal opposite of this phrase is haddaway ("go away"); although not as common as howay, it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.').<a href="#cite_note-hadaway-58">[58]</a> Another word, divvie or divvy ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> or from the two <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamps</a> (the more explosive Scotch Davy<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp<a href="#cite_note-Smiles_1859_120-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>), and the later better designed Davy designed by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> also called the Divvy.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy. The Geordie word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/netty" class="extiw" title="wikt:netty">netty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Grah87-63">[63]</a> meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief<a href="#cite_note-Grah87-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griff579-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neddy23-65">[65]</a> or bathroom,<a href="#cite_note-Grah87-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griff579-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neddy23-65">[65]</a> has an uncertain origin.<a href="#cite_note-Netty123-66">[66]</a> However, some have theorised that it may come from slang used by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman soldiers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Netty897-67">[67]</a> which may have later become <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gabinetti" class="extiw" title="wikt:gabinetti">gabinetti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><a href="#cite_note-Netty897-67">[67]</a> (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Westoe_Netty" title="Westoe Netty">Westoe Netty</a>, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley<a href="#cite_note-Netty897-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netty898-68">[68]</a>). However, gabbinetto is the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Modern Italian</a> diminutive of gabbia, which actually derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cavea" class="extiw" title="wikt:cavea">cavea</a> ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> that became the <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> cave,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> cage,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and gaol.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> form of the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gabinetti" class="extiw" title="wikt:gabinetti">gabinetti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Netty123-66">[66]</a> though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-angit-72">[72]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Etymologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologist">etymologists</a> connect the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/netty" class="extiw" title="wikt:netty">netty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> word needy. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his A glossary of north country words...,<a href="#cite_note-Neddy23-65">[65]</a> claims that the <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymon</a> of netty (and its related form neddy) is the <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> needy<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and need.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Bill Griffiths, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, points to the earlier form, the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> níd; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".<a href="#cite_note-Griff579-64">[64]</a> Another related word, nessy is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".<a href="#cite_note-Griff579-64">[64]</a> A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Vocabulary usage</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aa/aye/ai" class="extiw" title="wikt:aa/aye/ai">aa/aye/ai</a>, yes<a href="#cite_note-Dorfyyuyu-77">[77]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aall" class="extiw" title="wikt:aall">aall</a>, all<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">aalwiz, always<a href="#cite_note-Dorfyhooswlt2-79">[79]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aboot" class="extiw" title="wikt:aboot">aboot</a>, about<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">alang, along<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb6-80">[80]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">alreet, alright<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts3-81">[81]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">an, and<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baccy" class="extiw" title="wikt:baccy">baccy</a>, tobacco<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">bairn, child<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb2-53">[53]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">cannit, cannot<a href="#cite_note-drfbst4-82">[82]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">canny, pleasant<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd3-55">[55]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">childhud, childhood<a href="#cite_note-Drfyscld2-83">[83]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">clag, sticky<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd8-54">[54]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">clarts, mud<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd8-54">[54]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/D/dee" class="extiw" title="wikt:D/dee">dee</a>, do<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drfytldmserv1-84">[84]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dinnor" class="extiw" title="wikt:dinnor">dinnor</a>, dinner<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">divvn't, don't<a href="#cite_note-Drf2013-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Divvnt201310-86">[86]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">divvy, idiot </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">doilum, idiot </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Frida, Friday<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts5-87">[87]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">fud, food<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd7-88">[88]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">gan hyem, go home </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">gan on, go on<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">gan, go<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">gan't, gone to<a href="#cite_note-drfbst2-91">[91]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">geet, very, really </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">guzzlin, eating<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haad" class="extiw" title="wikt:haad">haad</a>, hold (e.g. keep a haad is 'keep a hold' and haad yer gob becomes 'keep quiet'.)<a href="#cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">[57]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">haadaway, get away, (disbelief)<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd6-92">[92]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">heor, hear<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hinny" class="extiw" title="wikt:hinny">hinny</a>, honey (a term of endearment)<a href="#cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd2-93">[93]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoose" class="extiw" title="wikt:hoose">hoose</a>, house<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">hooswife, Housewife<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">hord, heard<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb3-94">[94]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">howay, hurry up, come on<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd4-56">[56]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoy" class="extiw" title="wikt:hoy">hoy</a>, to throw<a href="#cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">[57]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">hyem-myed, home made<a href="#cite_note-Drfyscld-95">[95]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">ivry, every<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb5-96">[96]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">lang, long<a href="#cite_note-Drfyscld-95">[95]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">larns, learns<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb4-97">[97]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">larnt, taught<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts-98">[98]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ma/mar/mam" class="extiw" title="wikt:ma/mar/mam">ma/mar/mam</a>, mother<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mesel" class="extiw" title="wikt:mesel">mesel</a>, myself<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Monda, Monday<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts-98">[98]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">neebody, nobody<a href="#cite_note-Dorfyhooswlt5-99">[99]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">neet, night<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">noo, now<a href="#cite_note-drfbst-100">[100]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">nooadays, nowadays<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nowt" class="extiw" title="wikt:nowt">nowt</a>, nothing<a href="#cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">oot, out<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts4-101">[101]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">owt, anything </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">pianna, piano<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">reelise, realise<a href="#cite_note-Dorfy1-78">[78]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">reet, right<a href="#cite_note-drfbst3-102">[102]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">roond, around or round<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts2-103">[103]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">smaall, small<a href="#cite_note-Drfytldmserv2-104">[104]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">stotty-cyek, stotty cake (bread)<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">summack or summit, something<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Sunda, Sunday<a href="#cite_note-Drfyscld-95">[95]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">taak, talk<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">thor's, there's<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd6-92">[92]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Thorsda', Thursday<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts-98">[98]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">waarms, warms<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">watt, what<a href="#cite_note-Drfytldmserv3-105">[105]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">wawd, word<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">wesh, wash<a href="#cite_note-Drfytldmserv4-106">[106]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">wheor, where<a href="#cite_note-Drflkb-90">[90]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">wor, our<a href="#cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">[89]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">worsel's, ourselves<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts6-107">[107]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">y'kin, you can<a href="#cite_note-Drfsmts7-108">[108]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brockett131-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett131_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett131_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett131_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett131_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrockett1829" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, John Trotter (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc05brocgoog">A Glossary of North Country Words in Use with Their Etymology and Affinity to Other Languages, and Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions</a>. E. Charnley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc05brocgoog/page/n149">131</a>. <q>GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. "How! Geordie man! how is't"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+North+Country+Words+in+Use+with+Their+Etymology+and+Affinity+to+Other+Languages%2C+and+Occasional+Notices+of+Local+Customs+and+Popular+Superstitions&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=E.+Charnley&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=John+Trotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faglossarynorthc05brocgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gra1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gra1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gra1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gra1_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobson1973" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, Scott (1973). A Light Hearted Guide to Geordieland. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.forbes.com/booze/2010/05/17/meet-the-geordie-schooner/">the original</a> on 24 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Meet+The+Geordie+Schooner&rft.aulast=Ewalt&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.forbes.com%2Fbooze%2F2010%2F05%2F17%2Fmeet-the-geordie-schooner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNickel2017" class="citation web cs1">Nickel, Sebastian (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grin.com/document/444885">"The Geordie Dialect. On Language Identity and the Social Perception of Tyneside English"</a>. 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The Scotsman. 24 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/uk/Scots-accent-is-UK39s-second.4525816.jp">the original</a> on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Scots+accent+is+UK%27s+second+favourite+-+UK+-+Scotsman.com&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthescotsman.scotsman.com%2Fuk%2FScots-accent-is-UK39s-second.4525816.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VenBede-14"><a href="#cite_ref-VenBede_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2009" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html">"Venerable Bede"</a>. Retrieved 6 August 2010. <q>Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venerable+Bede&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandsnortheast.co.uk%2FGeordieOrigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english">"Geordie: A regional dialect of English"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english">the original</a> on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geordie%3A+A+regional+dialect+of+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fbritish-accents-and-dialects%2Farticles%2Fgeordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-env1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-env1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Geordies">"Geordie"</a>. thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thefreedictionary.com&rft.atitle=Geordie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FGeordies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr1-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Jr1_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allyrics.net/Alan-Price/lyrics/The-Jarrow-Song/">"Jarrow Song"</a>. AlLyrics. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AlLyrics&rft.atitle=Jarrow+Song&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allyrics.net%2FAlan-Price%2Flyrics%2FThe-Jarrow-Song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlaydonRaces-18"><a href="#cite_ref-BlaydonRaces_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106024755/http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm">"Blaydon Races"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm">the original</a> on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blaydon+Races&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomorrows-history.com%2FCommunityProjects%2FPE0100050001%2FBlaydon%2520Races.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeuchler2010">Keuchler (2010)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimmelbauer2000">Simmelbauer (2000</a>:27) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt2000">Watt (2000</a>:69–101) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003</a>:267–271) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english">"Geordie: A regional dialect of English"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english">the original</a> on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geordie%3A+A+regional+dialect+of+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fbritish-accents-and-dialects%2Farticles%2Fgeordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145559/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk">"AskOxford.com – from the given name George"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AskOxford.com+%E2%80%93+from+the+given+name+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fgeordie%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockett187-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett187_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockett187_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrockett1846" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, John Trotter (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc03brocgoog">A Glossary of North Country Words</a> (revised ed.). Newcastle-upon-Tyne, E. Charnley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarynorthc03brocgoog/page/n223">187</a>. <q>GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+North+Country+Words&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Newcastle-upon-Tyne%2C+E.+Charnley&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=John+Trotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faglossarynorthc03brocgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Recorded by the folk group <a href="/wiki/Steeleye_Span" title="Steeleye Span">Steeleye Span</a> on their album <a href="/wiki/Parcel_of_Rogues_(album)" title="Parcel of Rogues (album)">Parcel of Rogues</a>, 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1862" class="citation book cs1">Smiles, Samuel (1862). "chapter 8". The lives of the engineers. Vol. III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+8&rft.btitle=The+lives+of+the+engineers&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smiles_1859_120-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smiles_1859_120_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smiles_1859_120_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1859" class="citation book cs1">Smiles, Samuel (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgesteph05stepgoog">The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer</a>. Ticknor and Fields. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgesteph05stepgoog/page/n130">120</a>. <q>As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Stephenson%2C+Railway+Engineer&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifegeorgesteph05stepgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Wales2006" class="citation book cs1">Katie Wales (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernenglishs00wale_327">Northern English: A Cultural and Social History</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernenglishs00wale_327/page/n152">134</a>–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86107-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+English%3A+A+Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.pages=134-136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86107-6&rft.au=Katie+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernenglishs00wale_327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1900" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Joseph (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishdialectdi02wrig#page/596/mode/2up">English Dialect Dictionary Volume 2: D-G</a>. London: Henry Frowde. p. 597.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Dialect+Dictionary+Volume+2%3A+D-G&rft.place=London&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenglishdialectdi02wrig%23page%2F596%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur1875" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, T. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA82">The Life of Billy Purvis</a>. S. Cowan and Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth. p. 82. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Billy+Purvis&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=S.+Cowan+and+Co.%2C+Strathmore+Printing+Works%2C+Perth&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGwBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrtonHalliday1962" class="citation book cs1">Orton, Harold; Halliday, Wilfrid J (1962). Survey of English Dialects: Volume 1 Basic Material, Six Northern Counties and Man: Part 1. Leeds: EJ Arnold & Son. pp. 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+English+Dialects%3A+Volume+1+Basic+Material%2C+Six+Northern+Counties+and+Man%3A+Part+1&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=EJ+Arnold+%26+Son&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Wilfrid+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetyt1980" class="citation book cs1">Petyt, Keith Malcolm (1980). The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology. Andre Deutsch. pp. 94–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0233972129" title="Special:BookSources/0233972129"><bdi>0233972129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Dialect%3A+An+introduction+to+dialectology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0233972129&rft.aulast=Petyt&rft.aufirst=Keith+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatherSpetielLeslie1977" class="citation book cs1">Mather, J.Y; Spetiel, H.H.; Leslie, G.W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linguisticatlaso0000ling/page/212">The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland: Scots Section, Volume 2</a>. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linguisticatlaso0000ling/page/212">212–213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0208014756" title="Special:BookSources/0208014756"><bdi>0208014756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Atlas+of+Scotland%3A+Scots+Section%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Hamden%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0208014756&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=J.Y&rft.au=Spetiel%2C+H.H.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+G.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinguisticatlaso0000ling%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231854084_Tyneside_English">Tyneside English</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A8D7536DC9832732B0BEDD66E79A1878/S0025100303001397a.pdf/tyneside_english.pdf">Tyneside English, Dominic Watt and William Allen</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982374-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982374_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003268_38-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003)</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDochertyFoulkes2005" class="citation book cs1">Docherty, Gerard; Foulkes, Paul Foulkes (2005). "Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study". In Hardcastle, William; Janet Beck (eds.). A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 173–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glottal+variants+of+%28t%29+in+the+Tyneside+variety+of+English%3A+an+acoustic+profiling+study&rft.btitle=A+Figure+of+Speech+%E2%80%93+a+Festschrift+for+John+Laver&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Foulkes%2C+Paul+Foulkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003269_40-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFWattAllen2003">Watt & Allen (2003)</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 360, 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375_42-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982362,_376-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982362,_376_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 362, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004121–122-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2004121–122_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal2004">Beal (2004)</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004123–124-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2004123–124_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal2004">Beal (2004)</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004126-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2004126_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2004126_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal2004">Beal (2004)</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982283-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982283_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982376-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982376_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982376_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2004122–123-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2004122–123_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal2004">Beal (2004)</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982375–376-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982375–376_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 375–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorphy-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorphy_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm">"Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorphy%2C+Dorothy+Samuelson-Sandvid.+Dorphy%27s+Geordie+dialog%2C+South+Shields+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.lineone.net%2F~d.ord%2FDorphy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandvid1970" class="citation book cs1">Sandvid, D (1970). Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings. H Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900463-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900463-11-2"><bdi>978-0-900463-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basinful+o%27+Geordie%3A+Tyneside+Readings&rft.pub=H+Hill&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-900463-11-2&rft.aulast=Sandvid&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Aa wuz a bairn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd8-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd8_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd8_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd8_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd8_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd3-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd3_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd3_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd4-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd4_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd4_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorphydialog-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorphydialog_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorphydialog_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorphydialog_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorphydialog_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorphydialog_57-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm">"Dorphy dialog"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorphy+dialog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.lineone.net%2F~d.ord%2FDorphy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadaway-58"><a href="#cite_ref-hadaway_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollsLancasterBryneCarr2005" class="citation book cs1">Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill; Bryne, David; Carr, Barry; Hadaway, Tom; Knox, Elaine; Plater, Alan; Taylor, Harvey; Williamson; Younger, Paul (2005). Geordies. Northumbria University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904794-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904794-12-7"><bdi>978-1-904794-12-7</bdi></a>. <q>Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geordies&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Northumbria+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904794-12-7&rft.aulast=Colls&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lancaster%2C+Bill&rft.au=Bryne%2C+David&rft.au=Carr%2C+Barry&rft.au=Hadaway%2C+Tom&rft.au=Knox%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Plater%2C+Alan&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Williamson&rft.au=Younger%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems). BSI Standards. 2003. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-580-41426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-580-41426-8"><bdi>978-0-580-41426-8</bdi></a>. <q>An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IMS%3A+Customer+Satisfaction%3A+BIP2005+%28Integrated+Management+Systems%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BSI+Standards&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-580-41426-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Clarks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html">"NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007. <q>CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEIMME%3A+Lamps+%E2%80%93+No.+14.+SCOTCH+DAVY+LAMP.&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Clarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mininginstitute.org.uk%2Flamps%2FDavy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Clarks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120145729/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html">"NEIMME: Lamps – No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEIMME%3A+Lamps+%E2%80%93+No.+16.+STEPHENSON+%28GEORDIE%29+LAMP.&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Clarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mininginstitute.org.uk%2Flamps%2FStephenson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Clarks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122607/http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk./lamps/Davy.html">"NEIMME: Lamps – No. 1 – DAVY LAMP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEIMME%3A+Lamps+%E2%80%93+No.+1+%E2%80%93+DAVY+LAMP.&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Clarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mininginstitute.org.uk%2Flamps%2FDavy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grah87-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grah87_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grah87_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grah87_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham1986" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Frank (November 1986). The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide. Butler Publishing; New Ed edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946928-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946928-08-8"><bdi>978-0-946928-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geordie+Netty%3A+A+Short+History+and+Guide&rft.pub=Butler+Publishing%3B+New+Ed+edition&rft.date=1986-11&rft.isbn=978-0-946928-08-8&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griff579-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griff579_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griff579_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griff579_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griff579_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Bill (1 December 2005). A Dictionary of North East Dialect. Northumbria University Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904794-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904794-16-5"><bdi>978-1-904794-16-5</bdi></a>. <q>Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+North+East+Dialect&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Northumbria+University+Press&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-904794-16-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neddy23-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neddy23_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neddy23_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neddy23_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrotter_Brockett1829" class="citation book cs1">Trotter Brockett, John (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-8IAAAAQAAJ">A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions</a>. Oxford University. p. 214. <q>NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+north+country+words%2C+in+use.+From+an+original+manuscript%2C+with+additions.&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Trotter+Brockett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-8IAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netty123-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netty123_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netty123_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/lexis/">"Netty"</a>. <q>although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Fsounds%2Fcase-studies%2Fgeordie%2Flexis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netty897-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netty897_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netty897_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netty897_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2007" class="citation news cs1">Wainwright, Martin (4 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2049601,00.html">"Urinal finds museum home"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007. <q>the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Urinal+finds+museum+home&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Fart%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2049601%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netty898-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Netty898_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/topstories/display.var.1299982.0.famed_geordie_netty_is_museum_attraction.php">"Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction"</a>. The Northern Echo. 31 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Echo&rft.atitle=Famed+Geordie+netty+is+museum+attraction&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2Fdisplay.var.1299982.0.famed_geordie_netty_is_museum_attraction.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cave">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cage">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jail">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Djail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-angit-72"><a href="#cite_ref-angit_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders" class="citation web cs1">Saunders, Rod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-italianfhs.org.uk/articles/immigration.htm">"Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?"</a>. anglo-italianfhs.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2008. <q>They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Migration+to+Nineteenth+Century+Britain%3A+Why+and+Where%2C+Why%3F&rft.pub=anglo-italianfhs.org.uk&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-italianfhs.org.uk%2Farticles%2Fimmigration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=needy">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dneedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=need">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dneed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKTaOCJROc">YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew</a>. 29 July 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YAM+narrated+by+author+Douglas+Kew&rft.date=2007-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1kKTaOCJROc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKew2001" class="citation book cs1">Kew, Douglas (7 February 2001). A Traveller's Tale. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55212-552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55212-552-6"><bdi>978-1-55212-552-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Traveller%27s+Tale&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2001-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-55212-552-6&rft.aulast=Kew&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorfyyuyu-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorfyyuyu_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp">"A taste of domestic service for Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+domestic+service+for+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorfy1-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorfy1_78-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">"A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+housewife%27s+lot%2C+according+to+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorfyhooswlt2-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorfyhooswlt2_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">"A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Aa aalwiz...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+housewife%27s+lot%2C+according+to+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb6-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb6_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Aa gan alang the streets...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts3-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts3_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>It larnt us alreet...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drfbst4-82"><a href="#cite_ref-drfbst4_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp">"Dorfy loses her bus ticket"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>when y' cannit produce a ticket?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+loses+her+bus+ticket&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfyscld2-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfyscld2_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp">"Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>the whole o' me childhud</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy%27s+school+days%2C+with+just+pennies+for+uniforms&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfytldmserv1-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfytldmserv1_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp">"A taste of domestic service for Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Aa cud dee aall these things.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+domestic+service+for+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drf2013-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Drf2013_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/community/cookson-country/dorfy-on-the-stress-of-christmas-shopping-1-2033631">"Dorfy on the stress of Christmas shopping"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2013. <q>Y' divvent see onny salt so...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+on+the+stress+of+Christmas+shopping&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcommunity%2Fcookson-country%2Fdorfy-on-the-stress-of-christmas-shopping-1-2033631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divvnt201310-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Divvnt201310_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/divvnt-want-ta-gan-doon-1605825">"We divvn't want ta gan..."</a> Evening Chronicle. 6 February 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Chronicle&rft.atitle=We+divvn%27t+want+ta+gan...&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fdivvnt-want-ta-gan-doon-1605825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts5-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts5_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>that on Frida's..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd7-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd7_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>wor fud.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd_89-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb_90-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drfbst2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-drfbst2_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp">"Dorfy loses her bus ticket"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Wheor d' the' gan t'?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+loses+her+bus+ticket&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd6-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd6_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd6_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfhrswrd2-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfhrswrd2_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp">"Here's a word from Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Here%27s+a+word+from+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FHere39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb3-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb3_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>an' w' had nivvor hord o'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfyscld-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfyscld_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfyscld_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfyscld_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp">"Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy%27s+school+days%2C+with+just+pennies+for+uniforms&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb5-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb5_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>o' ivry parent wuz t' own...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drflkb4-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Drflkb4_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp">"Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>one 'musical' bairn that wuz sent t' larn music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+looking+fondly+back+on+her+youth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorfyhooswlt5-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorfyhooswlt5_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805114354/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">"A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 22 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>NEEBODY seems t' reelise that a hooswife aalwiz...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+housewife%27s+lot%2C+according+to+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drfbst-100"><a href="#cite_ref-drfbst_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp">"Dorfy loses her bus ticket"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+loses+her+bus+ticket&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts4-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts4_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>that had been shifted oot..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drfbst3-102"><a href="#cite_ref-drfbst3_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp">"Dorfy loses her bus ticket"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>y' warn't reet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+loses+her+bus+ticket&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts2-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts2_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>come roond an'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfytldmserv2-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfytldmserv2_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp">"A taste of domestic service for Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>a bucket o' smaall coal t'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+domestic+service+for+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfytldmserv3-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfytldmserv3_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp">"A taste of domestic service for Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>o' watt sh'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+domestic+service+for+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfytldmserv4-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfytldmserv4_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp">"A taste of domestic service for Dorfy"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>Cud Aa wesh?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+domestic+service+for+Dorfy&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FA-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts6-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts6_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>w' got worsel's interested...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drfsmts7-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Drfsmts7_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp">"Dorfy always found something to say"</a>. South Shields Gazette. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2012. <q>y' kin set doon as...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Shields+Gazette&rft.atitle=Dorfy+always+found+something+to+say&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shieldsgazette.com%2Fcookson%2FDorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeal2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+dialects+in+the+North+of+England%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollsLancaster1992" class="citation cs2">Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill (1992), Geordies: roots of regionalism (2nd ed.), Newcastle upon Tyne : Northumbria University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904794127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904794127"><bdi>978-1904794127</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geordies%3A+roots+of+regionalism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Newcastle+upon+Tyne+%3A+Northumbria+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1904794127&rft.aulast=Colls&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lancaster%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_Martino2019" class="citation cs2">Di Martino, Emilia (2019), Celebrity Accents and Public Identity Construction. Geordie Stylizations, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000022407" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000022407"><bdi>978-1000022407</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrity+Accents+and+Public+Identity+Construction.+Geordie+Stylizations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1000022407&rft.aulast=Di+Martino&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeuchler2010" class="citation cs2">Keuchler, Karsten (2010), Geordie Accent and Tyneside English, GRIN Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3640742738" title="Special:BookSources/978-3640742738"><bdi>978-3640742738</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geordie+Accent+and+Tyneside+English&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3640742738&rft.aulast=Keuchler&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearce2020" class="citation cs2">Pearce, Michael (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/12519/1/The%20Survival%20of%20Traditional%20Dialect%20Lexis%20on%20the%20Participatory%20Web%20revised.docx">"The Survival of Traditional Dialect Lexis on the Participatory Web"</a>, English Studies, 101 (4): 487–509, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0013838X.2020.1805184">10.1080/0013838X.2020.1805184</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Survival+of+Traditional+Dialect+Lexis+on+the+Participatory+Web&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0013838X.2020.1805184&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsure.sunderland.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F12519%2F1%2FThe%2520Survival%2520of%2520Traditional%2520Dialect%2520Lexis%2520on%2520the%2520Participatory%2520Web%2520revised.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowe2007" class="citation cs2">Rowe, Charley (2007), "He divn't gan tiv a college ti di that, man! A study of do (and to) in Tyneside English", Language Sciences, 12 (2): 360–371, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2006.12.013">10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=He+divn%27t+gan+tiv+a+college+ti+di+that%2C+man%21+A+study+of+do+%28and+to%29+in+Tyneside+English&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2006.12.013&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Charley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowe2009" class="citation cs2">Rowe, Charley (2009), Salience and resilience in a set of Tyneside English shibboleths, Language Variation: European Perspectives II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 191–204</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salience+and+resilience+in+a+set+of+Tyneside+English+shibboleths&rft.series=Language+Variation%3A+European+Perspectives+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Amsterdam%3A+John+Benjamins&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Charley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmelbauer2000" class="citation cs2">Simmelbauer, Andrea (2000), The dialect of Northumberland: A lexical investigation, Anglistische Forschungen, Universitätsverlag C. Winter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3825309343" title="Special:BookSources/978-3825309343"><bdi>978-3825309343</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dialect+of+Northumberland%3A+A+lexical+investigation&rft.series=Anglistische+Forschungen&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+C.+Winter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3825309343&rft.aulast=Simmelbauer&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatt2000" class="citation cs2">Watt, Dominic (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232015280">"Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?"</a>, Language Variation and Change, 12 (1): 69–101, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954394500121040">10.1017/S0954394500121040</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144002794">144002794</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Variation+and+Change&rft.atitle=Phonetic+parallels+between+the+close%E2%80%93mid+vowels+of+Tyneside+English%3A+Are+they+internally+or+externally+motivated%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954394500121040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144002794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232015280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattAllen2003" class="citation cs2">Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001397">10.1017/S0025100303001397</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Tyneside+English&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001397&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft.au=Allen%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGeordie&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> </cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geordie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Geordie" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Geordie">Geordie</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transwiki:Geordie_dialect_words" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Transwiki:Geordie dialect words">Transwiki:Geordie dialect words</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/geordie.html">Newcastle English (Geordie)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool/Scouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tyneside/Geordie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_English" title="Maltese English">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America2312" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_American_Speech" title="Good American Speech">Good American Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_elite_accent" title="Northeastern elite accent">Northeastern elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia481" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_English" title="Cambodian English">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinglish" title="Tinglish">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a 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Template:Sfnp"," 5.99% 77.168 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.85% 75.381 1 Template:Infobox_language"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.808","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19217357,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockett1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockett1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamden_Hotten2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollsLancaster1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollsLancasterBryneCarr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Martino2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDochertyFoulkes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwalt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKatie_Wales2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeuchler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKew2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatherSpetielLeslie1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtonHalliday1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetyt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandvid1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmelbauer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmiles1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmiles1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotter_Brockett1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattAllen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1900\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Accents of English\"] = 1,\n [\"Age\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 8,\n [\"IPA\"] = 94,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 15,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 24,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAplink\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rs\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc2\"] = 27,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 37,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 11,\n [\"Sps\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7fb46f7f-7z8lv","timestamp":"20250410151846","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geordie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geordie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q653421","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q653421","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-11T11:39:32Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T19:25:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/23\/Ant_and_Dec_in_Cardiff_Bay.jpg","headline":"Northern English dialect"}</script> </body> </html>