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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Sidgwick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Sidgwick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works by Sidgwick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Sidgwick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83" title="هنري سيدجويك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري سيدجويك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هنری سیجویک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری سیجویک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%88%EC%9C%85" title="헨리 시즈윅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 시즈윅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="हेनरी सिजविक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेनरी सिजविक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Sidgwick" title="Henricus Sidgwick – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83" title="هنرى سيدجويك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى سيدجويك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ヘンリー・シジウィック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・シジウィック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сиджвик, Генри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиджвик, Генри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хенри Сиџвик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри Сиџвик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry Sidgwick" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Генрі Сіджвік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Сіджвік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A3%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="亨利·西季威克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利·西季威克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q433076#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Henry Sidgwick</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png/220px-Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png/330px-Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png/440px-Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1694" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1838-05-31</span>)</span>31 May 1838<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1900<span style="display:none">(1900-08-28)</span> (aged 62)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Average_and_total_utilitarianism" title="Average and total utilitarianism">Average and total utilitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">ethical hedonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">ethical intuitionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_hedonism" title="Paradox of hedonism">paradox of hedonism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Sidgwick</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was a British <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> philosopher and economist and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a></i>. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1903327–342_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1903327–342-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Knightbridge_Professor_of_Philosophy" title="Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy">Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> from 1883 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the founders and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_Society" title="Metaphysical Society">Metaphysical Society</a> and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education of women">higher education of women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, with <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Garrett_Fawcett" class="mw-redirect" title="Millicent Garrett Fawcett">Millicent Garrett Fawcett</a>, he co-founded <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnham College">Newnham College</a>, a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women, after <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College</a>. In 1856, Sidgwick joined the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a> intellectual secret society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Sidgwick was born at <a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, where his father, the Reverend W. Sidgwick (died 1841), was headmaster of the local <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ermysted%27s_Grammar_School" title="Ermysted's Grammar School">Ermysted's Grammar School</a>. Henry's mother was Mary Sidgwick, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Crofts (1807–79). </p><p>Henry Sidgwick was educated at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a> (where his cousin, subsequently his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, was a master), and at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>. While at Trinity, Sidgwick became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>. In 1859, he was senior classic, 33rd <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">wrangler</a>, chancellor's medallist and Craven scholar. In the same year, he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity and soon afterwards he became a lecturer in classics there, a post he held for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sidgwick_Site" title="Sidgwick Site">Sidgwick Site</a>, home to several of the university's arts and humanities faculties, is named after him. </p><p>In 1869, he exchanged his lectureship in classics for one in <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>, a subject to which he had been turning his attention. In the same year, deciding that he could no longer in good conscience declare himself a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, he resigned his fellowship. He retained his lectureship and in 1881 he was elected an honorary fellow. In 1874 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a></i> (6th ed. 1901, containing emendations written just before his death),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by common consent a major work, which made his reputation outside the university. <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> called it the "first truly academic work in moral theory, modern in both method and spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls1980_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls1980-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Praelector" title="Praelector">praelector</a> on moral and political philosophy at Trinity, and in 1883 he was elected <a href="/wiki/Knightbridge_Professor_of_Philosophy" title="Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy">Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy</a>. In 1885, the religious test having been removed, his college once more elected him to a fellowship on the foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his lecturing and literary labours, Sidgwick took an active part in the business of the university and in many forms of social and philanthropic work. He was a member of the General Board of Studies from its foundation in 1882 to 1899; he was also a member of the Council of the Senate of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> Board and the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate and chairman of the Special Board for Moral Science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Cambridge Sidgwick taught a young <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2004 biography of Sidgwick by <a href="/wiki/Bart_Schultz" title="Bart Schultz">Bart Schultz</a> sought to establish that Sidgwick was a lifelong homosexual, but it is unknown whether he ever consummated his inclinations. According to the biographer, Sidgwick struggled internally throughout his life with issues of hypocrisy and openness in connection with his own forbidden desires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the founders and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_Society" title="Metaphysical Society">Metaphysical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also promoted the <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education of women">higher education of women</a>. He helped to start the higher local examinations for women, and the lectures held at Cambridge in preparation for these. It was at his suggestion and with his help that <a href="/wiki/Anne_Clough" title="Anne Clough">Anne Clough</a> opened a house of residence for students, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>. When, in 1880, the North Hall was added, Sidgwick lived there for two years. His wife became principal of the college after Clough's death in 1892, and they lived there for the rest of his life. During this whole period, Sidgwick took the deepest interest in the welfare of the college. In politics, he was a liberal and became a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionist">Liberal Unionist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a party that later effectively merged with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative party</a>) in 1886. </p><p>In 1892 Sidgwick was the president of the second International Congress of Experimental Psychology and delivered the opening address.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the first twelve such international congresses, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Psychological_Science" title="International Union of Psychological Science">International Union of Psychological Science</a> eventually emerged. </p><p>Early in 1900 he was forced by ill-health to resign his professorship, and died a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidgwick, who died an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookeLeader1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookeLeader1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is buried in Terling All Saints Churchyard, <a href="/wiki/Terling" title="Terling">Terling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, with his wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utilitarianism" title="Category:Utilitarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Predecessors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_utilitarians" title="List of utilitarians">Key proponents</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of utilitarianism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism" title="Negative utilitarianism">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism" title="Rule utilitarianism">Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_utilitarianism" title="Act utilitarianism">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-level_utilitarianism" title="Two-level utilitarianism">Two-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Total utilitarianism">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Average utilitarianism">Average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Classical_utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Classical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicific_calculus" title="Felicific calculus">Felicific calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_social_choice_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian social choice rule">Utilitarian social choice rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demandingness_objection" title="Demandingness objection">Demandingness objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_hedonism" title="Paradox of hedonism">Paradox of hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_monster" title="Utility monster">Utility monster</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utilitarianism" title="Template:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utilitarianism" title="Template talk:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utilitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a></div> <p>Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitional</a> basis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1981xxii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1981xxii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry then felt among British philosophers between the philosophies of utilitarianism and ethical intuitionism, which is illustrated, for example, by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>'s criticism of ethical intuitionism in the first chapter of his book <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a>. </p><p>Sidgwick developed this position due to his dissatisfaction with an inconsistency in <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism, between what he labels "psychological hedonism" and "ethical hedonism". Psychological hedonism states that everyone always will do what is in their self-interest, whereas ethical hedonism states that everyone ought to do what is in the general interest. Sidgwick believed neither Bentham nor Mill had an adequate answer as to how the prescription that someone ought to sacrifice their own interest to the general interest could have any force, given they combined that prescription with the claim that everyone will in fact always pursue their own individual interest. Ethical intuitions, such as those argued for by philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, could, according to Sidgwick, provide the missing force for such normative claims. </p><p>For Sidgwick, ethics is about which actions are objectively right.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our knowledge of right and wrong arises from common-sense morality, which lacks a coherent principle at its core.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of philosophy in general and ethics in particular is not so much to create new knowledge but to systematize existing knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Borchert_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchert-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidgwick tries to achieve this by formulating <i>methods of ethics</i>, which he defines as rational procedures "for determining right conduct in any particular case".<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Honderich_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honderich-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies three methods: <i>intuitionism</i>, which involves various independently valid moral principles to determine what ought to be done, and two forms of <i>hedonism</i>, in which rightness only depends on the pleasure and pain following from the action. Hedonism is subdivided into <i>egoistic hedonism</i>, which only takes the agent's own well-being into account, and <i>universal hedonism</i> or <i>utilitarianism</i>, which is concerned with everyone's well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Borchert_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchert-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Sidgwick sees it, one of the central issues of ethics is whether these three methods can be harmonized with each other. Sidgwick argues that this is possible for <i>intuitionism</i> and <i>utilitarianism</i>. But a full success of this project is impossible since egoism, which he considers as equally rational, cannot be reconciled with utilitarianism unless <i>religious assumptions</i> are introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such assumptions, for example, the existence of a personal God who rewards and punishes the agent in the afterlife, could reconcile egoism and utilitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-Borchert_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchert-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But without them, we have to admit a "dualism of practical reason" that constitutes a "fundamental contradiction" in our moral consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaethics">Metaethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metaethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidgwick's <a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">metaethics</a> involve an explicit defence of a <a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">non-naturalist</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">moral realism</a>. He is committed to <a href="/wiki/Moral_cognitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral cognitivism">moral cognitivism</a>: that moral language is robustly truth-apt, and that moral properties are not reducible to any natural properties. This non-naturalist realism is combined with an ethical intuitionist <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> to account for the possibility of knowing moral truths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips201110–13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201110–13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_morality">Esoteric morality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Esoteric morality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidgwick is closely, and controversially, associated with <i>esoteric morality</i>: the position that a moral system (such as utilitarianism) may be acceptable, but that it is not acceptable for that moral system to be widely taught or accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Lazari-RadekSinger2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lazari-RadekSinger2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> would refer to Sidgwickian esoteric utilitarianism as "<a href="/wiki/Government_House_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Government House utilitarianism">Government House Utilitarianism</a>" and claim that it reflects the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> British <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a> setting of Sidgwick's thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009291_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009291-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_legacy">Philosophical legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophical legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>, Sidgwick's importance to modern ethics rests with two contributions: providing the most sophisticated defence available of utilitarianism in its classical form, and providing in his comparative methodology an exemplar for how ethics is to be researched as an academic subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls1981_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Wood" title="Allen W. Wood">Allen Wood</a> describes Sidgwick-inspired comparative methodology as the "standard model" of research methodology among contemporary ethicists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200845_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200845-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his importance to contemporary ethicists, Sidgwick's reputation as a philosopher fell precipitously in the decades following his death, and he would be regarded as a minor figure in philosophy for a large part of the first half of the 20th century. Bart Schultz argues that this negative assessment is explained by the tastes of groups which would be influential at Cambridge in the years following Sidgwick's death: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">ordinary language philosophers</a>, the remnants of <a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British idealism</a>, and, most importantly, the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz20094_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz20094-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Deigh" title="John Deigh">John Deigh</a>, however, disputes Schultz's explanation, and instead attributes this fall in interest in Sidgwick to changing philosophical understandings of <a href="/wiki/Axioms" class="mw-redirect" title="Axioms">axioms</a> in mathematics, which would throw into question whether axiomatization provided an appropriate model for a foundationalist epistemology of the sort Sidgwick tried to build for ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeigh2007439_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeigh2007439-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidgwick worked in economics at a time when the British economics mainstream was undergoing the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical economics">neo-classical economics</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>. Sidgwick responded to these changes by preferring to emphasize the similarities between the old economics and the new, choosing to base his work on J.S. Mill's <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a>, incorporating the insights of Jevons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollini1992340–341_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollini1992340–341-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sidgwick believed self-interest to be a centrepiece of human motivation. He believed that this self-interest had immense utility in the economic world, and that people should not be blamed for wanting to sell a good for the highest possible price or buy a good for the lowest possible price. He distinguished, though, a difference between the ability of an individual to properly judge their own interests and the ability of a group of people to properly come to a point of maximum group happiness. He found two divergences in the outcomes of the decisions of the individual and of the group. One instance of this is the idea that there is more to life than the accumulation of wealth, so it is not always in the best interest of society to simply aim for wealth-maximizing results. This effect may be due to limitations of the individual, from attributes such as ignorance, immaturity, and disability. This can be a moral judgement, such as the decision to limit the sale of alcohol to an individual out of concern for their well-being. The second instance is the fact that wealth-maximizing outcomes for society are simply not always a possibility when individuals within that society are all attempting to maximize their individual wealth. Contradictions are likely to emerge that cause one individual to a lower maximum wealth due to another individual's actions, therefore disallowing the possibility of a society-wide wealth maximization. Problems also are possible to occur due to <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedema2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedema2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sidgwick would have a major influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a>, due to his own work on the subject inspiring <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Arthur Cecil Pigou</a>'s work <i>The Economics of Welfare</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedema2008_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedema2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>, founder of the Cambridge School of Economics, would describe Sidgwick as his "spiritual mother and father".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeane1987_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeane1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parapsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sidgwick had a lifelong interest in the paranormal. This interest, combined with his personal struggles with religious belief, motivated his gathering of young colleagues interested in assessing the empirical evidence for paranormal or miraculous phenomena. This gathering would be known as the "Sidgwick Group", and would be a predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, which would count Sidgwick as founder and first president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2009275–276_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2009275–276-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sidgwick would connect his concerns with <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> to his research in ethics. He believed the dualism of practical reason might be solved outside of philosophical ethics if it were shown, empirically, that the recommendations of rational egoism and utilitarianism coincided due to the reward of moral behaviour after death. </p><p>According to Bart Schultz, despite Sidgwick's prominent role in institutionalizing parapsychology as a discipline, he had upon it an "overwhelmingly negative, destructive effect, akin to that of recent debunkers of parapsychology"; he and his Sidgwick Group associates became notable for exposing fraud mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such incident was the <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino#England" title="Eusapia Palladino">exposure of the fraud of Eusapia Palladino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1895_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1895-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1895_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brought up in the Church of England, Sidgwick drifted away from orthodox Christianity, and as early as 1862 he described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theist">theist</a>, independent from established religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedema2008_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedema2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1888, he had rejected theism as a belief, when he co-founded the Cambridge Ethical Society (an early <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular humanist">humanist</a> organisation and part of the <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Union of Ethical Societies</a>), for whom he served as President until 1896. The group's motto was ‘<i>Gedenke zu leben</i>’: remember to live.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of his life, although he regarded Christianity as "indispensable and irreplaceable... from a sociological point of view", he found himself unable to return to it as a religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Sidgwick">Works by Sidgwick</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works by Sidgwick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick,_1906_-_5840853.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Sidgwick_-_Henry_Sidgwick%2C_1906_-_5840853.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="3399" /></a><figcaption>Arthur & Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick, <i>Henry Sidgwick</i>, 1906</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethicsconformit00sidggoog"><i>The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription</i></a>. 1870.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/"><i>The Methods of Ethics</i></a>. London, 1874, 7th edition 1907.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/mind/1876/01/the-theory-of-evolution-in-its-application-to-practice"><i>The Theory of Evolution in its application to Practice</i></a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>, Volume I, Number 1 January 1876, 52–67,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/"><i>Principles of Political Economy</i></a>. London, 1883, 3rd edition 1901.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scopeandmethodof00sidguoft"><i>The Scope and Method of Economic Science</i></a>. 1885.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlinesofthehis00sidguoft"><i>Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers.</i></a> 1886 5th edition 1902 (enlarged from his article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ethics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ethics"><i>Ethics</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/"><i>The Elements of Politics</i></a>. London, 1891, 4th edition 1919.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/mind/1895/04/the-philosophy-of-common-sense">"The Philosophy of Common Sense"</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>, New Series, Volume IV, Number 14, April 1895, 145–158.</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/b24872301_0001/page/676" class="extiw" title="iarchive:b24872301 0001/page/676">Economic science and economics</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Inglis_Palgrave" title="Inglis Palgrave">Palgrave's</a> <i>Dictionary of Political Economy</i>, 1896, v. 1, (reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 1987, v. 2, 58–59.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/sidgwick/"><i>Practical Ethics</i></a>. London, 1898, 2nd edition 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyitssco00sidguoft"><i>Philosophy; its Scope and Relations</i></a>. London, 1902.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonethic00sidggoog"><i>Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau</i></a>. 1902.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofeur00sidgiala"><i>The Development of European Polity</i></a>. 1903, 3rd edition 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneousess00sidg"><i>Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses</i></a>. 1904.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonphilo00sidguoft"><i>Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and other philosophical lectures and essays</i>.</a> 1905.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876, Sidgwick married physics researcher <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Mildred_Sidgwick" title="Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick">Eleanor Mildred Balfour</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. A member of the Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Ladies_Dining_Society" title="Ladies Dining Society">Ladies Dining Society</a>, and later Principal of <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, she was the sister of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>. They had no children and remained married until his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Sunday Case">Palm Sunday Case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce1903327–342-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce1903327–342_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1903">Bryce 1903</a>, pp. 327–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultz2009">Schultz 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADSGWK855H" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SGWK855H&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Sidgwick, Henry (SGWK855H)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry+%28SGWK855H%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DSGWK855H%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls1980-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls1980_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawls1980">Rawls 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1950" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpopularessays00russ/page/166/mode/2up"><i>Unpopular essays</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671202538" title="Special:BookSources/9780671202538"><bdi>9780671202538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpopular+essays&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780671202538&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpopularessays00russ%2Fpage%2F166%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNussbaum2005">Nussbaum 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TC9JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA198">"The Congress of Experimental Psychology"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (3380): 198. 6 August 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+Congress+of+Experimental+Psychology&rft.issue=3380&rft.pages=198&rft.date=1892-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTC9JAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookeLeader1988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookeLeader1988_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrookeLeader1988">Brooke & Leader 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1981xxii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1981xxii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidgwick1981">Sidgwick 1981</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2020" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Barton (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sidgwick/">"Henry Sidgwick"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Henry+Sidgwick&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsidgwick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignanWest" class="citation web cs1">Duignan, Brian; West, Henry R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/utilitarianism-philosophy">"Utilitarianism"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Utilitarianism&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=West%2C+Henry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Futilitarianism-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borchert-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borchert_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borchert_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borchert_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchert2006" class="citation book cs1">Borchert, Donald (2006). "Sidgwick, Henry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MONMEO-3"><i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Borchert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMONMEO-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1996" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (1996). "Sidgwick, Henry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBEAREO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honderich-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Honderich_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonderich2005" class="citation book cs1">Honderich, Ted (2005). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanist+Heritage&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Ethical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.humanists.uk%2Fcambridge-ethical-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1895" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (9 November 1895). "Exit Eusapia!". <i>The British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1819). British Medical Association: 1182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Exit+Eusapia%21&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1819&rft.pages=1182&rft.date=1895-11-09&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookeLeader1988" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence; Leader, Damian Riehl (1988). "1: Prologue". <i>A History of the University of Cambridge: 1870–1990</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521343503" title="Special:BookSources/9780521343503"><bdi>9780521343503</bdi></a>. <q>In 1869 Henry Sidgwick, who had become a devout agnostic, made protest against the survival of religious tests in Cambridge by resigning his Trinity fellowship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Prologue&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+of+Cambridge%3A+1870%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780521343503&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Nugent+Lawrence&rft.au=Leader%2C+Damian+Riehl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1903" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, James (1903). "Henry Sidgwick". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044051129401;view=1up;seq=345"><i>Studies in Contemporary Biography</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790544946" title="Special:BookSources/9780790544946"><bdi>9780790544946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+Sidgwick&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Contemporary+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9780790544946&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044051129401%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollini1992" class="citation book cs1">Collini, Stefan (1992). "The ordinary experience of civilized life: Sidgwick's politics and the method of reflective analysis". In Schultz, Bart (ed.). <i>Essays on Henry Sidgwick</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">333–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39151-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39151-2"><bdi>0-521-39151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+ordinary+experience+of+civilized+life%3A+Sidgwick%27s+politics+and+the+method+of+reflective+analysis&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Henry+Sidgwick&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-39151-2&rft.aulast=Collini&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Deane" title="Phyllis Deane">Deane, Phyllis</a> (1987). "Sidgwick, Henry". <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i>. Vol. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">328–</span>329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lazari-RadekSinger2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna; Singer, Peter (4 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9329.2009.00449.x">"Secrecy in consequentialism: A defence of esoteric morality"</a>. <i>Ratio</i>. <b>23</b> (1). Wiley: <span class="nowrap">34–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9329.2009.00449.x">10.1111/j.1467-9329.2009.00449.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ratio&rft.atitle=Secrecy+in+consequentialism%3A+A+defence+of+esoteric+morality&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9329.2009.00449.x&rft.aulast=de+Lazari-Radek&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=Singer%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-9329.2009.00449.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeigh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Deigh, John (12 November 2007). "Sidgwick's Epistemology". <i>Utilitas</i>. <b>19</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">435–</span>446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820807002737">10.1017/S0953820807002737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144210231">144210231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utilitas&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%27s+Epistemology&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0953820807002737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144210231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deigh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedema2008" class="citation journal cs1">Medema, Steven G. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Losing My Religion": Sidgwick, Theism, and the Struggle for Utilitarian Ethics in Economic Analysis". <i>History of Political Economy</i>. <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-2007-066">10.1215/00182702-2007-066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=%22Losing+My+Religion%22%3A+Sidgwick%2C+Theism%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Utilitarian+Ethics+in+Economic+Analysis&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-2007-066&rft.aulast=Medema&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha</a> (6 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/epistemology-closet">"The Epistemology of the Closet"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Epistemology+of+the+Closet&rft.date=2005-06-06&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fepistemology-closet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Phillips_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Phillips (philosopher)">Phillips, David</a> (2011). <i>Sidgwickian Ethics</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidgwickian+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls, John</a> (September 1980). "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory". <i>The Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>77</b> (9). The Journal of Philosophy, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">515–</span>572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Kantian+Constructivism+in+Moral+Theory&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E572&rft.date=1980-09&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1981" class="citation book cs1">Rawls, John (1981). "Foreword to <i>The Methods of Ethics</i>". <i>The Methods of Ethics</i> (7th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. v-vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0915145287" title="Special:BookSources/978-0915145287"><bdi>978-0915145287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+The+Methods+of+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Methods+of+Ethics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=v-vi&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0915145287&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Bart (2009) [2004]. <i>Henry Sidgwick - Eye of the Universe: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511498336">10.1017/CBO9780511498336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511498336" title="Special:BookSources/9780511498336"><bdi>9780511498336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Sidgwick+-+Eye+of+the+Universe%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511498336&rft.isbn=9780511498336&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2019" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Barton (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/sidgwick/">"Henry Sidgwick"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Henry+Sidgwick&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2019%2Fentries%2Fsidgwick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidgwick1895" class="citation journal cs1">Sidgwick, Henry (16 November 1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1448473">"Exit Eusapia"</a>. <i>The British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1820). British Medical Association: 1263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.1820.1263-e">10.1136/bmj.2.1820.1263-e</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220131916">220131916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Exit+Eusapia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1820&rft.pages=1263&rft.date=1895-11-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.1820.1263-e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220131916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sidgwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidgwick1981" class="citation book cs1">Sidgwick, Henry (1981) [1907]. <i>The Methods of Ethics</i> (7th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0915145287" title="Special:BookSources/978-0915145287"><bdi>978-0915145287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methods+of+Ethics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0915145287&rft.aulast=Sidgwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.J.C._Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J.C. Smart">Smart, J.J.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams, Bernard</a> (1973). Smart, J.J.C. (ed.). <i>Utilitarianism: For and Against</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09822-9"><bdi>978-0-521-09822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism%3A+For+and+Against&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09822-9&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.J.C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bernard (2009) [1982]. "The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and the Ambitions of Ethics". <i>The Sense of the Past: Essays in the History of Philosophy</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">277–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400827107.277">10.1515/9781400827107.277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13408-6"><bdi>978-0-691-13408-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Point+of+View+of+the+Universe%3A+Sidgwick+and+the+Ambitions+of+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+the+Past%3A+Essays+in+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400827107.277&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13408-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Wood" title="Allen W. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521671149" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521671149"><bdi>978-0521671149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kantian+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521671149&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sidgwick,_Henry" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sidgwick, Henry">Sidgwick, Henry</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2006" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Deborah (2006). <i>Ghost hunters : William James and the search for scientific proof of life after death</i>. New York: Penguin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+hunters+%3A+William+James+and+the+search+for+scientific+proof+of+life+after+death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lazari-RadekSinger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_de_Lazari-Radek" title="Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek">de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer, Peter</a> (2014). <i>The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Point+of+View+of+the+Universe%3A+Sidgwick+and+Contemporary+Ethics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=de+Lazari-Radek&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=Singer%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeninet2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geninet, Hortense (2009). Geninet, Hortense (ed.). <i>Politiques comparées, Henry Sidgwick et la politique moderne dans les "Éléments Politiques"</i> (in French). France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7466-1043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7466-1043-9"><bdi>978-2-7466-1043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politiques+compar%C3%A9es%2C+Henry+Sidgwick+et+la+politique+moderne+dans+les+%22%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+Politiques%22&rft.place=France&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7466-1043-9&rft.aulast=Geninet&rft.aufirst=Hortense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano-Okuno2011" class="citation book cs1">Nakano-Okuno, Mariko (2011). <i>Sidgwick and Contemporary Utilitarianism</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32178-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32178-6"><bdi>978-0-230-32178-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidgwick+and+Contemporary+Utilitarianism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-32178-6&rft.aulast=Nakano-Okuno&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneewind1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Schneewind" title="J. B. Schneewind">Schneewind, Jerome</a> (1977). <i>Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidgwick%27s+Ethics+and+Victorian+Moral+Philosophy&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Schneewind&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaver2009" class="citation book cs1">Shaver, Robert (2009) [1990]. <i>Rational Egoism: A Selective and Critical History</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521119962" title="Special:BookSources/9780521119962"><bdi>9780521119962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rational+Egoism%3A+A+Selective+and+Critical+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521119962&rft.aulast=Shaver&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Sidgwick" class="Z3988"></span> – Study of <a href="/wiki/Rational_egoism" title="Rational egoism">rational egoism</a> that focuses on Sidgwick's thought on the subject, alongside that of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Henry_Sidgwick" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Sidgwick" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/43928">Works by Henry Sidgwick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162933/http://www.henrysidgwick.com/index.html">Henry Sidgwick Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2nd-international-congress-catania.henrysidgwick.com.henrysidgwick.com/">Official website of the 2nd International congress : Henry Sidgwick Ethics, Psychics, Politics. University of Catania – Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utilitarian.net/sidgwick/">Henry Sidgwick</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206210841/http://www.utilitarian.net/sidgwick/">Archived</a> 6 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Comprehensive list of online writings by and about Sidgwick.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com">Contains Sidgwick's "Methods of Ethics", modified for easier reading</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/nsmindreview10edinuoft/page/n13" class="extiw" title="iarchive:nsmindreview10edinuoft/page/n13">Henry Sidgwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 37 (January 1901), pp. 1–17 [At <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>]</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/nsmindreview10edinuoft/page/172" class="extiw" title="iarchive:nsmindreview10edinuoft/page/172">The Ethical System of Henry Sidgwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Seth" title="James Seth">James Seth</a>, <i>Mind</i>, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (April 1901), pp. 172–187 [At Internet Archive]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/henry-sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a>, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarianism.net">Utilitarianism.net</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCwqpRyMMtBXkptJ94bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118797050">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82064052">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12316694f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12316694f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526181">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35498332">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2008449674&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/153332">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068997442">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sidgwick, Henry, 1838-1900"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000032492&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=161723">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O3766">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knslcr4b43z43">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653355805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/123203">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267892705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511068306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02283675?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/974993">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118797050.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-07T17:09:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T20:34:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Henry_Sidgwick_National_Portrait_Gallery_headshot_crop.png","headline":"English philosopher (1838\u20131900)"}</script> </body> </html>