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id="toc-Pre-colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Native_Peoples_of_North_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Native_Peoples_of_North_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Native Peoples of North Carolina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Native_Peoples_of_North_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_European_explorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_European_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Earliest European explorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_European_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>British colonization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_colonization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British colonization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roanoke_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roanoke_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roanoke colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roanoke_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_North_Carolina_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_North_Carolina_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Development of North Carolina colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_North_Carolina_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_from_north" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_from_north"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Immigration from north</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_from_north-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New nation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_nation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New nation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns_of_1780–81" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns_of_1780–81"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Military campaigns of 1780–81</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns_of_1780–81-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Rural life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantations,_slavery_and_free_blacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantations,_slavery_and_free_blacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Plantations, slavery and free blacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantations,_slavery_and_free_blacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whigs_versus_Democrats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whigs_versus_Democrats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Whigs versus Democrats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whigs_versus_Democrats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_through_late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_through_late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Civil War through late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War_through_late_19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War through late 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_through_late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reconstruction era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Reconstruction_and_disfranchisement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Reconstruction_and_disfranchisement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Post-Reconstruction and disfranchisement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Reconstruction_and_disfranchisement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Progressive movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Black movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Great Depression and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Civil Rights Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Education and the economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Recent times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Localities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Special topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Environment and geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Pre-1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Since 1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources:_governors_and_political_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources:_governors_and_political_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Primary sources: governors and political leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources:_governors_and_political_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:History of North Carolina">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of North Carolina</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of North Carolina"><img alt="Seal of North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/140px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/210px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/280px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Years in North Carolina">By year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Colonial Era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#American_Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812"><span class="nowrap">War of 1812</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#20th_century">1900–present</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:African-American history of North Carolina">African American</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina" title="Constitution of North Carolina">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:Political history of North Carolina">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Histories of cities in North Carolina">Cities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:History of North Carolina">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Carolina" title="Portal:North Carolina">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of North Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of North Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of North Carolina</b> from pre-colonial history to the present, covers the experiences of the people who have lived within the territory that now comprises the U.S. state of <b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></b>. </p><p>Findings of the earliest discovered human settlements in present day North Carolina, are found at the <a href="/wiki/Hardaway_Site" title="Hardaway Site">Hardaway Site</a>, dating back to approximately 8000 BCE. From around 1000 BCE, until the time of European contact, is the time period known as the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>. It was during this time period, that the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> of Native American civilization flourished, which included areas of North Carolina. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region include the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Algonquian">Carolina Algonquian</a>-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roanoke (tribe)">Roanoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machapunga" title="Machapunga">Machapunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coree" title="Coree">Coree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_Indians" title="Cape Fear Indians">Cape Fear Indians</a> – they were the first encountered by English colonists. Other tribes included the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Meherrin" title="Meherrin">Meherrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscarora (tribe)">Tuscarora</a> in the interior part of the state. There were also Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a>-speaking tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cheraw_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw (tribe)">Cheraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saponi" title="Saponi">Saponi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waccamaw_Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waccamaw Siouan">Waccamaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catawba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catawba (tribe)">Catawba</a>. </p><p>The earliest English attempt at colonization was the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> in 1585, the famed "Lost Colony" of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> would come about in 1629, however it was not an official province until 1663. It would later split in 1712, helping form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a>. North Carolina is named after King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>, who first formed the English colony. It would become a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">royal colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1729. In 1776, the colony would declare independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a> resolution adopted by North Carolina on April 12, 1776, was the first formal call for independence from Great Britain among the American Colonies during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>. </p><p>From colonial times, through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the illegal enslavement of humans was legal in North Carolina. Tensions on the issue of illegal enslavement and servitude would lead as the main cause of the Civil War. North Carolina declared its secession from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> on May 20, 1861. Following the Civil War, North Carolina was restored to the Union on July 4, 1868. The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> was ratified December of 1865, ending the illegal enslavement and servitude of humans in the United States. After the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, white Democrats gained control of the state's political system. In the 1890s, white Democrats would pass <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> hindering many <a href="/wiki/Poor_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor white">poor whites</a> from voting and effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> African Americans from voting. Jim Crow laws also enforced <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>. These laws were upheld until federal legislation was passed in the 1960s. </p><p>On December 17, 1903, <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville and Wilbur Wright</a> successfully piloted the world's first powered <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">heavier-than-air aircraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kill_Devil_Hills,_North_Carolina" title="Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina">Kill Devil Hills</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of North Carolina. During the late 19th and early 20th century, North Carolina would start its shift from mainly an agricultural based economy, to industrialization, adding many more new job occupations throughout the state. Many <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile</a> mills started to form around this time, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> region between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>. Also the furniture industry would become an economic boom for North Carolina for most of the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s would hit the North Carolina economy hard, however <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> projects would help the state recover. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, North Carolina started to see more <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">economic diversification</a>, with more industries helping fuel state growth in the following decades. </p><p>During the mid-20th Century, <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, the largest research park in the United States, was established in 1959 near Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill. During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a> led by African American students, lead to Greensboro businesses desegregating their lunch counters. This movement also spread to many other cities in America, helping end racial segregation policies. During the 1960s, passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> enabled African Americans to have a voice in society and political life. </p><p>By the late 20th century, industries such as technology, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceuticals</a>, banking, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">vehicle parts</a> started to emerge as main economic drivers within the state, a shift from the states former main industries of tobacco, textiles, and furniture. The main factors in this shift were globalization, the state's higher education system, national banking, the transformation of agriculture, and new companies moving to the state. During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> had become a major regional and national banking center. Through the late 20th century and into the 21st century, North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan areas">metropolitan areas</a> continued to urbanize and grow. This led to many migrants coming to North Carolina from both within the United States and internationally. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonial_history">Pre-colonial history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg/220px-Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg/330px-Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Town_Creek_Mound_Aerial_HRoe_2019_380px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Artists conception of <a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a> during the late Town Creek-early Leak phases circa 1350 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest discovered human settlements in what eventually became North Carolina are found at the <a href="/wiki/Hardaway_Site" title="Hardaway Site">Hardaway Site</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Badin,_North_Carolina" title="Badin, North Carolina">Badin</a> in the south-central part of the state. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of the site has not been possible. But, based on other dating methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock strata">rock strata</a> and the existence of <a href="/wiki/Dalton_tradition" title="Dalton tradition">Dalton-type spear points</a>, the site has been dated to approximately 8000 BCE, or 10,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spearpoints of the Dalton type continued to change and evolve slowly for the next 7,000 years, suggesting a continuity of culture for most of that time. During this time, the settlement was scattered and likely existed solely on the <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> level. Toward the end of this period, there is evidence of settled <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">agriculture</a>, such as plant domestication and the development of <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Southeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1000 BCE until the time of European settlement, the time period is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>". Permanent villages, based on settled agriculture, were developed throughout the present-day state. By about 800 CE, towns were fortified throughout the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> region, suggesting the existence of organized tribal warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important site of this late-Woodland period is the <a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a>, an archaeologically rich site occupied from about 1100 to 1450 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Pee_Dee_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pee Dee (tribe)">Pee Dee people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian Mississippian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CUNNINGHAM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUNNINGHAM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Native_Peoples_of_North_Carolina">The Native Peoples of North Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Native Peoples of North Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> North Carolina was home to several distinct cultural groups. Along the east coast were the <a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roanoke tribe">Roanoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatan</a> nations, Algonquian speaking people. The Chowanoke lived north of the Neuse River and the Croatan south of it. They had (along with the Powhatan, Piscataway & Nanticoke further north) adopted a governing system by which there would be a largely patriarchal society living under the rule of several local chiefs who all answered to a single, higher ruling chief and formed a council with him to discuss political affairs. This was different from the more common Algonquian approach, which was a more loosely organized style of governing, without a true full-time government. The Chowanoke became protected by English colonists in the late 17th century, but dissolved completely in the 19th century. Their descendants reformed during the 21st century. In the 18th century, the Croatan and several local Siouan groups would merge to form the <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a>, who still exist in the state to this day. Apparently there was also a long-standing debate dating to at least the 1970s, as to whether the Croatan had ever actually existed. In this case, much of their assumed lands would have been claimed by Eastern Siouan tribes. As the Powhatan started to dissolve due to encroaching, some tribes—like the <a href="/wiki/Machapunga" title="Machapunga">Machapunga</a>, broke away and migrated south to live among the Chowanoke.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg/225px-North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg/338px-North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg/450px-North_carolina_algonkin-rituale01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Secotan" title="Secotan">Secotan</a> warriors in North Carolina. Watercolour by English colonist <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>, 1585</figcaption></figure> <p>Inland of them were three Siouan speaking tribes associated with a culture group called the Eastern Siouans. Broken into several smaller tribes, they were the <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waccamaw_Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waccamaw Siouan">Waccamaw Siouan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheraw" title="Cheraw">Cheraw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Winyaw" title="Winyaw">Winyaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wateree_people" title="Wateree people">Wateree</a> and the Sugaree. It's difficult to say just how many existed in the region. Between 1680 and 1701, the region also played host to the <a href="/wiki/Saponi" title="Saponi">Saponi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutelo" title="Tutelo">Tutelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occaneechi" title="Occaneechi">Occaneechi</a> Keyauwee, <a href="/wiki/Shakori" title="Shakori">Shakori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sissipahaw" title="Sissipahaw">Sissipahaw</a> (possibly among others), who had been driven out of the state by an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Confederacy. Most of these tribes later returned to Virginia, where they came to be collectively known as the Eastern Blackfoots, or Christannas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of all other Siouan tribes of the Carolinas slowly merged and were all thought of as subtribes of the Catawba Nation by the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the Catawba moved west and were consolidated with the Cherokee, despite keeping their own traditions alive long term.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also important to note that many of the southernmost Eastern Siouan tribes had largely homogenized their culture with that of the Muskogean populations beyond the Santee River. There were even isolated communities north of the river who are believed to have acted as Siouans, but spoke Muskogean. The northernmost known tribe such as this—the <a href="/wiki/Pedee_people" title="Pedee people">Pedee</a>—lived in south-central North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Spanish and English explorers appear to have greatly overestimated the size of the Cherokee, placing them as far north as Virginia. However, many historians now believe that there was a large, mixed race/mixed language confederacy in the region, called the <a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a>. Spanish explorers also gave them the nicknames Chalaques & Uchis during the 16th century, and English colonists turned Chalaques into Cherokees.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cherokees we know today were among these people, but lived much further south and both the Cherokee language (of Iroquoian origin) and the Yuchi language (Muskogean), have been heavily modified by Siouan influence and carry many Siouan borrow words.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This nation would have existed throughout parts of the states of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North & South Carolina & Georgia, with cores of different culture groups organized at different extremes of the territory &, probably, speaking Yuchi as a common tongue. </p><p>Two other tribes must be noted here. Between 1655 and 1680, a tribe known as the <a href="/wiki/Westo" title="Westo">Westo</a> appeared in the region. It is now believed that they were the remainder of the Erie and Neutral Iroquoian nations who had been pushed out of Ohio during the Beaver Wars. They appeared in West Virginia, driving the Tutelo east to live near the Saponi, then punched straight south, through the Chalaques, settled somewhere around the <a href="/wiki/Yadkin_River" title="Yadkin River">Yadkin River</a> and began preying on the smaller Siouan tribes of the region. After they were defeated by a coalition led by the "Sawannos," much of the land in North Carolina was reclaimed by its former owners. However, Muskogean people from further south filed north into the southern reaches of this area and reformatted themselves to create the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee" title="Yamasee">Yamasee</a> Nation. </p><p>In further reference to the Chalaques, after the Westo punched straight through them, they seem to have split along the line of the Tennessee River to create the Cherokee to the south and the Yuchi to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, following the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–1717), the Yuchi were forced across Appalachia<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and split again, into the Coyaha and the Chisca. The French, seeing an opportunity for new allies, ingratiated themselves with the Chisca and had them relocated to the heart of the Illinois Colony to live among the Algonquian Ilinoweg. Later, as French influence along the Ohio River waned, the tribe seems to have split away again, taking many Ilinoweg tribes with them, and moved back to Kentucky, where they became the Kispoko. The Kispoko later became the fourth tribe of Shawnee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Coyaha reforged their alliance with the Cherokee and brought in many of the smaller Muskogean tribes of Alabama (often referred to as the Mobilians), to form the Creek Confederacy. The Creeks would go on to conquer the Yamasee and the remaining Muskogean peoples of the east coast, as well as the Carib Calusa nation of southern Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then spread out, splitting into the Upper, Middle & Lower Creeks—best known today as the Muscogee, Cherokee, and Seminole Nations. </p><p>Although broken and abandoned by the English colonists they were formerly allied to, the Yamasee people survived as backwater nomads throughout a vast territory between South Carolina and Florida. Many Yamasee tribes have since reformed in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the Meherrin migrated south from Virginia and settled on a reservation in northeast North Carolina. Due to early maps, the Iroquoian Nottoway may have also existed more on the Virginia-North Carolina border before migrating a little more northwest. They are noted as the Mangoag on a map by John Smith from 1606.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Meherrin were a small group of Tuscaroras, who remained in the region after the Tuscarora War, and sent most of their people north to live among the Iroquois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_European_explorations">Earliest European explorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Earliest European explorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1527-TeraFlorida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1527-TeraFlorida.jpg/220px-1527-TeraFlorida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1527-TeraFlorida.jpg/330px-1527-TeraFlorida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1527-TeraFlorida.jpg/440px-1527-TeraFlorida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Map of North America by <a href="/wiki/Vesconte_Maggiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesconte Maggiolo">Vesconte Maggiolo</a> after an earlier map made on the Verrazzano expedition of 1524. The narrow isthmus of land separating "Tera Florida" from "Francesca" is the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of North Carolina. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(headland)" title="Cape Fear (headland)">Cape Fear</a> is labeled "C. de la Forest".</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest exploration of North Carolina by a European expedition is likely that of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> in 1524. An Italian from Verrazzano in the province of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Verrazzano was hired by French merchants to procure a sea route to bring silk to the city of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. With the tacit support of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I</a>, Verrazzano sailed west on January 1, 1524, aboard his ship <i><a href="/wiki/La_Dauphine" title="La Dauphine">La Dauphine</a></i> ahead of a flotilla that numbered three ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Verrazzano_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verrazzano-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition made landfall at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(headland)" title="Cape Fear (headland)">Cape Fear</a>, and Verrazzano reported of his explorations to the King of France, </p> <blockquote><p>"The seashore is completely covered with fine sand [15 feet] deep, which rises in the shape of small hills about fifty paces wide ... Nearby we could see a stretch of country much higher than the sandy shore, with many beautiful fields and planes[sic] full of great forests, some sparse and some dense; and the trees have so many colors, and are so beautiful and delightful that they defy description."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Verrazzano continued north along the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a>, making periodic explorations as he sought a route further west towards China. When he viewed the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Sound" title="Albemarle Sound">Albemarle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamlico_Sound" title="Pamlico Sound">Pamlico</a> Sounds opposite the Outer Banks, he believed them to be the Pacific Ocean; his reports of such helped fuel the belief that the westward route to Asia was much closer than previously believed.<sup id="cite_ref-Verrazzano_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verrazzano-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just two years later, in 1526, a group of Spanish colonists from <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> landed at the mouth of a river they called the "Rio Jordan", which may have been the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_River" title="Cape Fear River">Cape Fear River</a>. The party consisted of 500 men and women, their <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>, and horses. One of their ships wrecked off the shore, and valuable supplies were lost; this coupled with illness and rebellion doomed the colony. Ayllón died on October 18, 1526, and the 150 or so survivors of that first year abandoned the colony and attempted to return to Hispaniola. Later explorers reported finding their remains along the coast; as the dead were cast off during the return trip.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/220px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/330px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/440px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the proposed route of the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">de Soto</a> Expedition, based on the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Hudson" title="Charles M. Hudson">Charles Hudson</a> map</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> first explored west-central North Carolina during his 1539–1540 expedition. His first encounter with a native settlement in North Carolina may have been at Guaquilli, near modern <a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory</a>. In 1567, Captain <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a> led an expedition from <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Elena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Santa Elena">Santa Elena</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">Parris Island, South Carolina</a>, then the capital of the Spanish colony in the Southeast, into the interior of North Carolina, largely following De Soto's earlier route. His journey was ordered to claim the area as a Spanish colony, pacify and convert the natives, as well as establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico (the Spanish did not realize the distances involved). Pardo went toward the northwest to be able to get food supplies from natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pardo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pardo and his team made a winter base at <a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina" title="Morganton, North Carolina">Morganton</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burke_County,_North_Carolina" title="Burke County, North Carolina">Burke County</a>), which he renamed Cuenca. After building <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Juan_(Joara)" title="Fort San Juan (Joara)">Fort San Juan</a>, Pardo left about 30 Spaniards then traveled further, establishing five other forts. In 1567, Pardo's expedition established a mission called <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Salamanca</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Rowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rowan County, North Carolina">Rowan County</a>. Pardo returned by a different route to Santa Elena. After 18 months, in 1568, natives killed all but one of the Spaniards, and burned the six forts, including the one at Fort San Juan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish never returned to the interior to press their colonial claim, but this marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior. Translation in the 1980s of a journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera have confirmed the expedition and settlement. Archaeological finds at Joara indicate that it was a <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> settlement and also indicate the Spanish settlement at Fort San Juan in 1567–1568. Joara was the largest <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound builder</a> settlement in the region. Records of Hernando de Soto's expedition attested to his meeting with them in 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pardo_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_colonization">British colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roanoke_colony">Roanoke colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roanoke colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/220px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/330px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/440px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>, sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>, and namesake of the capital city of North Carolina, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest English attempt at colonization in North America was <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> of 1585–1587, the famed "Lost Colony" of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>. The colony was established at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Croatan_Sound" title="Croatan Sound">Croatan Sound</a> on the leeward side of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a>. The first attempt at a settlement consisted of 100 or so colonists led by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a>. They built a fort, and waited for supplies from a second voyage. While waiting for supplies to return, Lane and his group antagonized the local <a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatan</a> peoples, killing several of them in armed skirmishes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interactions were not all negative, as the local people did teach the colonists some survival skills, such as the construction of <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the relief was long in coming, the colonists began to give up hope; after a chance encounter with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a>, the colonists elected to accept transport back to England with him. When the supply ships did arrive, only a few days later, they found the colony abandoned. The ship's captain, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a>, left a small force of 15 colonists to hold the fort and supplies and wait for a new stock of colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1587, a third ship arrived carrying 110 men, 17 women, and 9 children, some of whom had been part of the first group of colonists that had earlier abandoned Roanoke. This group was led by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>. Among them was a pregnant woman, who gave birth to the first English colonist born in North America, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a>. The colonists found the remains of <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisons</a> left behind, likely killed by the Croatan who had been so antagonized by Lane's aggressiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White had intended to pick up the remaining garrisons, abandon Roanoke Island, and settle in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. White's Portuguese pilot, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fernandes" title="Simon Fernandes">Simon Fernandes</a>, refused to carry on further. Rather than risk <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, White agreed to resettle the former colony.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">The Spanish War</a> prevented any further contact between the colony and England, until a 1590 expedition, which found no remains of any colonists, just an abandoned colony and the letters "CROATOAN" carved into a tree, and "CRO" carved into another. Despite many investigations, no one knows what happened to the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians widely believe that the colonists either died of starvation and illness, or they were taken in and assimilated with Native American tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_North_Carolina_colony">Development of North Carolina colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of North Carolina colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_North_Carolina" title="Albemarle County, North Carolina">Albemarle County, North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg/250px-The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg/375px-The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg/500px-The_Carte_of_all_the_Coast_of_Virginia_by_Theodor_de_Bry_1585_1586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Map of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and North Carolina, drawn 1585–86 by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>, based on map by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/150px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/225px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/300px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>North Carolina is named after <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles I of England">King Charles I of England</a>. Carolina is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "Charles", <i>Carolus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a> developed differently from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> almost from the beginning. The Spanish experienced trouble colonizing North Carolina because it had a dangerous coastline, a lack of ports, and few inland rivers by which to navigate. In the 1650s and 1660s, settlers (mostly English) moved south from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a>, in addition to runaway servants and fur trappers. They settled chiefly in the <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Settlements" title="Albemarle Settlements">Albemarle borderlands region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1665, the Crown issued a second charter to resolve territorial questions. As early as 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_proprietor#Carolina" title="Lord proprietor">Carolina proprietors</a> named a separate deputy-governor for the region of the colony that lay to the north and east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(headland)" title="Cape Fear (headland)">Cape Fear</a>. The division of the province into North and South became official in 1712. The first colonial Governor of North Carolina was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde_(c._1650-1712)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hyde (c. 1650-1712)">Edward Hyde</a> who served from 1711 until 1712. North Carolina became a crown colony in 1729. <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a> took a heavy toll in the region among Native Americans, who had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to the disease, which had become <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> in Asia and Europe. The 1738 epidemic was said to have killed one-half of the Cherokee, with other tribes of the area suffering equally.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians estimate there were about 5,000 settlers in 1700 and 11,000 in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the voluntary settlers were mostly <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, some settlers had brought <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a> as laborers; most were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">enslaved</a>. In the ensuing years, wealthier settlers imported and purchased more slaves to develop plantations in the lowland areas, and the African proportion of the population rose rapidly. A colony at <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a> was composed of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 18th century, more German immigrants migrated south after entry into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>By 1712, the term "North Carolina" was in common use. In 1728, the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia was surveyed. In 1730, the population in North Carolina was around 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1729, the Crown bought out seven of the eight original proprietors and made the region a royal colony. <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville</a> refused to sell, and in 1744 he received rights to the vast <a href="/wiki/Granville_District" title="Granville District">Granville Tract</a>, constituting the northern half of North Carolina. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bath,_North_Carolina" title="Bath, North Carolina">Bath</a>, the oldest town in North Carolina, was the first nominal capital from 1705 until 1722, when <a href="/wiki/Edenton,_North_Carolina" title="Edenton, North Carolina">Edenton</a> took over the role, but the colony had no permanent institutions of government until their establishment in the new capital <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a> in 1743. <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> would become capital of North Carolina in 1792. </p><p>In 1755 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, the Postmaster-General for the American colonies, appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Davis_(printer)" title="James Davis (printer)">James Davis</a> as the first postmaster of the North Carolina colony at <a href="/wiki/Newbern,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Newbern, North Carolina">New Bern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lee53-54_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee53-54-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October of that year the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina Assembly</a> awarded Davis the contract to carry the mail between <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_from_north">Immigration from north</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Immigration from north"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road" title="Great Wagon Road">Great Wagon Road</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitfry-1-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kitfry-1-.jpg/300px-Kitfry-1-.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kitfry-1-.jpg/450px-Kitfry-1-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kitfry-1-.jpg/600px-Kitfry-1-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15216" data-file-height="9552" /></a><figcaption>1751 <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fry" title="Joshua Fry">Fry-Jefferson map</a> depicting the Virginia Colony and surrounding provinces, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road" title="Great Wagon Road">Great Wagon Road</a> spanning from Pennsylvania to North Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>The colony grew rapidly from a population of 100,000 in 1752 to 200,000 in 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lord Proprietors encouraged importing of slaves to the Province of North Carolina by instituting a headright system that gave settlers acreage for the number of slaves that they brought to the province. The geography was a factor that slowed the importation of slaves. Settlers were forced to import slaves from Virginia or South Carolina because of the poor harbors and treacherous coastline. The enslaved black population grew from 800 in 1712 to 6,000 in 1730 and about 41,000 in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-to-late 18th century, the tide of immigration to North Carolina from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> began to swell.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scots-Irish (Ulster Protestants) from what is today <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were the largest immigrant group from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to the colonies before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, English indentured servants, who arrived mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries, comprised the majority of English settlers prior to the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of the American Revolution, North Carolina was the fastest-growing British colony in North America. The small family farms of Piedmont contrasted sharply with the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> economy of the coastal region, where wealthy planters had established a slave society, growing tobacco and rice with slave labor. </p><p>Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the low country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scots-Irish</a>, English and German <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cohee" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohee">cohee</a>". During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to have more loyalist towards the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish and German settlers of the western half of North Carolina, largely tended to favor American independence from Britain. </p><p>With no cities and very few towns or villages, the colony was rural and thinly populated. Local <a href="/wiki/Tavern#Colonial_America_to_1800" title="Tavern">taverns</a> provided multiple services ranging from strong drink, beds for travelers, and meeting rooms for politicians and businessmen. In a world sharply divided along lines of ethnicity, gender, race, and class, the tavern keepers' rum proved a solvent that mixed together all sorts of locals, as well as travelers. The increasing variety of drinks on offer and the emergence of private clubs meeting in the taverns, showed that genteel culture was spreading from London to the periphery of the English colonial empire.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The courthouse was usually the most prominent building within a county. Jails were often an important part of the courthouse but were sometimes built separately. Some county governments built tobacco warehouses to provide a common service for their most important export crop.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">History of slavery in North Carolina</a></div> <p>In the early years, the line between white indentured servants and African laborers was vague, as some Africans also arrived under an indenture, before more were transported as slaves. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong racial caste. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free colored</a> families found in North Carolina in the censuses of 1790–1810 were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men in colonial Virginia. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Such mixed-race families migrated along with their European-American neighbors into the frontier of North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the flow of indentured laborers slackened because of improving economic conditions in Britain, the colony was short on labor and imported more slaves from <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">European slavers</a> who traded or purchased them from African tribal chiefs in West Africa. It followed Virginia in increasing its controls on slavery, which became a racial caste of the foreign Africans. </p><p>Much of the economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco. The often oppressive and brutal experiences of slaves and poor whites led many of them to resort to escape, violent resistance, and theft of food and other goods to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1760s, tensions between Piedmont farmers and coastal planters developed into the <a href="/wiki/Regulators_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulators of North Carolina">Regulator movement</a>. With specie scarce, many inland farmers found themselves unable to pay their <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a> and resented the consequent seizure of their property. Local sheriffs sometimes kept taxes for their own gain and sometimes charged twice for the same tax. Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a>'s conspicuous consumption in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Tryon_Palace" title="Tryon Palace">a new governor's mansion</a> at New Bern fueled the resentment of yeoman farmers. As the western districts were under-represented in the colonial legislature, the farmers could not obtain redress by <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> means. The frustrated farmers took to arms and closed the court in <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_North_Carolina" title="Hillsborough, North Carolina">Hillsborough, North Carolina</a>. Tryon sent troops to the region and defeated the Regulators at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamance" title="Battle of Alamance">Battle of Alamance</a> in May 1771, where several leaders of the movement, including Captain Robert Messer, Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Merrill" title="Benjamin Merrill">Benjamin Merrill</a>, and Captain Robert Matear, were captured and hanged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_nation">New nation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG/250px-Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG/375px-Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG/500px-Signers_Monument_Plaque_Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Signers Monument, <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park" title="Guilford Courthouse National Military Park">Guilford Courthouse National Military Park</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The demand for independence came from local grassroots organizations called "<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Committees of Safety</a>". The First <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> had urged their creation in 1774. By 1775, they had become counter-governments that gradually replaced royal authority and took control of local governments. They regulated the economy, politics, morality, and militia of their individual communities, but many local feuds were played out under ostensibly political affiliations. After December 1776 they came under the control of a more powerful central authority, the Council of Safety.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG/220px-Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG/330px-Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG/440px-Halifax_Resolves_plaque_-_North_Carolina_State_Capitol_-_DSC05912.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a> plaque</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1776, North Carolinians, meeting in the fourth of their <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Provincial_Congress" title="North Carolina Provincial Congress">Provincial Congresses</a>, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a>, a set of resolutions that empowered the state's delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> to concur in a declaration of independence from Great Britain. In July 1776, the new state became part of the new nation, the United States of America. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tryon_Palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tryon_Palace.JPG/250px-Tryon_Palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tryon_Palace.JPG/375px-Tryon_Palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tryon_Palace.JPG/500px-Tryon_Palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed royal governor's mansion, <a href="/wiki/Tryon_Palace" title="Tryon Palace">Tryon Palace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1775, the Patriots easily expelled the Royal governor and suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>. In November 1776, elected representatives gathered in Halifax to write a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina" title="Constitution of North Carolina">state constitution</a>, which remained in effect until 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most prominent Loyalists was John Leggett, a rich planter in <a href="/wiki/Bladen_County,_North_Carolina" title="Bladen County, North Carolina">Bladen County</a>. He organized and led one of the few loyalist brigades in the South (the North Carolina Volunteers, later known as the Royal North Carolina Regiment). After the war, Colonel Leggett and some of his soldiers moved to Nova Scotia; the British gave them free land grants in County Harbour as compensation for their losses in the colony. The great majority of Loyalists remained in North Carolina and became citizens of the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local militia units proved important in the guerrilla war of 1780–81. Soldiers who enlisted in George Washington's <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> fought in numerous battles up and down the land.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Struggling with a weak tax base, state officials used impressment to seize food and supplies needed for the war effort, paying the farmers with promissory notes. To raise soldiers, state officials tried a draft law. Both policies created significant discontent that undermined support for the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's large German population, concentrated in the central counties, tried to remain neutral; the Moravians were pacifist because of strong religious beliefs, while Lutheran and Reformed Germans were passively neutral. All peace groups paid triple taxes in lieu of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were punctual in paying their regulars and their Loyalist forces, but American soldiers went month after month in threadbare uniforms with no pay and scanty supplies. Belatedly, the state tried to make amends. After 1780, soldiers received cash bounties, a slave "or the value thereof," clothing, food, and land (after 1782 they received from 640 to 1,200 acres depending on rank). Since the money supply, based on the Continental currency was subject to high inflation and loss of value, state officials valued compensation in relation to gold and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Carolina_Provincial_troops_(Not_Militia),_North_Carolina_Line,_and_North_Carolina_militiain_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NCRevWarUnits" title="Template:NCRevWarUnits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NCRevWarUnits" title="Template talk:NCRevWarUnits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NCRevWarUnits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NCRevWarUnits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Carolina_Provincial_troops_(Not_Militia),_North_Carolina_Line,_and_North_Carolina_militiain_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Carolina_Provincial_troops" title="Category:North Carolina Provincial troops">North Carolina Provincial troops</a> (Not Militia), <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Line" title="North Carolina Line">North Carolina Line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:North_Carolina_militia" title="Category:North Carolina militia">North Carolina militia</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina's <br />Provincial and <br />State Troops</a> <br />(Not Militia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="1st North Carolina Regiment">1st North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="2nd North Carolina Regiment">2nd North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Edenton District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Halifax District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Hillsborough District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">New Bern District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Salisbury District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">2nd Salisbury District Minuteman Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Minuteman_battalions" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Wilmington District Minuteman Battalion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Light_Dragoons_Regiment" title="North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment">North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Independent_companies" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Independent Companies of Provincial Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Artillery_companies" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina Artillery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#French_Refugees_Regiment" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">French Refugees Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#North_Carolina_State_Regiment" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina State Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Light_Dragoons" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#Independent_companies" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">Ocracoke Independent Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#North_Carolina_State_Cavalry,_Western_District_Regiment" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina State Cavalry-Western District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#North_Carolina_Light_Horse_Regiment" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina Light Horse Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_state_troops_in_the_American_Revolution#North_Carolina_State_Legion_Regiment" title="North Carolina state troops in the American Revolution">North Carolina State Legion Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Line" title="North Carolina Line">North Carolina Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="1st North Carolina Regiment">1st North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="2nd North Carolina Regiment">2nd North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="3rd North Carolina Regiment">3rd North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="4th North Carolina Regiment">4th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="5th North Carolina Regiment">5th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="6th North Carolina Regiment">6th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="7th North Carolina Regiment">7th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="8th North Carolina Regiment">8th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="9th North Carolina Regiment">9th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_North_Carolina_Regiment" title="10th North Carolina Regiment">10th North Carolina Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_North_Carolina_Light_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of North Carolina Light Dragoons">North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolution" title="List of North Carolina militia units in the American Revolution">North Carolina<br />Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade" title="Edenton District Brigade">Edenton District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Regiments" title="Edenton District Brigade">1st Regiment of North Carolina Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Regiments" title="Edenton District Brigade">2nd Regiment of North Carolina Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Bertie_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Bertie County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Camden_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Camden County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Chowan_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Chowan County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Currituck_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Currituck County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Gates_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Gates County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Hertford_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Hertford County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Martin_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Martin County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Pasquotank_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">1st Pasquotank County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Camden_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">2nd Pasquotank County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Perquimans_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Perquimans County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Tyrrell_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Tyrrell County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade" title="Halifax District Brigade">Halifax District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Battalion_of_Volunteers" title="Halifax District Brigade">1st Battalion of Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Battalion_of_Volunteers" title="Halifax District Brigade">2nd Battalion of Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_County_Regiment" title="Bute County Regiment">Bute County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#Edgecombe_County_Regiment" title="Halifax District Brigade">Edgecombe County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#Franklin_County_Regiment" title="Halifax District Brigade">Franklin County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#Halifax_County_Regiment" title="Halifax District Brigade">Halifax County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_District_Brigade#Martin_County_Regiment" title="Edenton District Brigade">Martin County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#Nash_County_Regiment" title="Halifax District Brigade">Nash County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_District_Brigade#Northampton_County_Regiment" title="Halifax District Brigade">Northampton County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County_Regiment" title="Warren County Regiment">Warren County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Hillsborough District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Caswell_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Caswell County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Chatham_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Chatham County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Granville_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Granville County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Granville_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Mounted Volunteers Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Caswell_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Northern Orange County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Regiment" title="Orange County Regiment">Orange County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Randolph_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Randolph County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_District_Brigade#Wake_County_Regiment" title="Hillsborough District Brigade">Wake County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade" title="New Bern District Brigade">New Bern District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade#Beaufort_County_Regiment" title="New Bern District Brigade">Beaufort County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteret_County_Regiment" title="Carteret County Regiment">Carteret County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade#Craven_County_Regiment" title="New Bern District Brigade">Craven County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_County_Regiment" title="Dobbs County Regiment">Dobbs County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_County_Regiment" title="Hyde County Regiment">Hyde County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade#Johnston_County_Regiment" title="New Bern District Brigade">Johnston County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade#Jones_County_Regiment" title="New Bern District Brigade">Jones County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern_District_Brigade#Pitt_County_Regiment" title="New Bern District Brigade">Pitt County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County_Regiment" title="Wayne County Regiment">Wayne County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_District_Brigade" title="Morgan District Brigade">Morgan District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_District_Brigade#Davidson_County_Regiment" title="Morgan District Brigade">Davidson County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_District_Brigade#Greene_County_Regiment" title="Morgan District Brigade">Greene County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_District_Brigade" title="Salisbury District Brigade">Salisbury District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anson_County_Regiment" title="Anson County Regiment">Anson County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rowan_County_Regiment" title="2nd Rowan County Regiment">Burke County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_County_Regiment" title="Guilford County Regiment">Guilford County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_Regiment" title="Lincoln County Regiment">Lincoln County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County_Regiment" title="Mecklenburg County Regiment">Mecklenburg County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County_Regiment#2nd_Mecklenburg_County_Regiment" title="Mecklenburg County Regiment">2nd Mecklenburg County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Regiment" title="Montgomery County Regiment">Montgomery County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County_Regiment" title="Richmond County Regiment">Richmond County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_County_Regiment" title="Rowan County Regiment">Rowan County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rowan_County_Regiment" title="2nd Rowan County Regiment">2nd Rowan County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County_Regiment" title="Rutherford County Regiment">Rutherford County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County_Regiment" title="Sullivan County Regiment">Sullivan County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_County_Regiment" title="Surry County Regiment">Surry County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_County_Regiment_(North_Carolina)" title="Tryon County Regiment (North Carolina)">Tryon County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_District_Regiment" title="Washington District Regiment">Washington District Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_District_Regiment" title="Washington District Regiment">Washington County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_County_Regiment" title="Wilkes County Regiment">Wilkes County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Wilmington District Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Battalions_of_Militia" title="Wilmington District Brigade">1st Battalion of Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#1st_and_2nd_Battalions_of_Militia" title="Wilmington District Brigade">2nd Battalion of Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#Bladen_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Bladen County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#Brunswick_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Brunswick County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#Cumberland_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Cumberland County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#Duplin_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Duplin County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#New_Hanover_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">New Hanover County Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_District_Brigade#Onslow_County_Regiment" title="Wilmington District Brigade">Onslow County Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Men" title="Overmountain Men">Overmountain Men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_campaigns_of_1780–81"><span id="Military_campaigns_of_1780.E2.80.9381"></span>Military campaigns of 1780–81</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military campaigns of 1780–81"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1780, the British tried to rouse and arm the Loyalists, believing they were numerous enough to make a difference. The result was fierce <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> between units of Patriots and Loyalists. Often the opportunity was seized to settle private grudges and feuds. A major American victory took place at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Mountain">King's Mountain</a> along the North Carolina– South Carolina border. On October 7, 1780, a force of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> from western North Carolina (including what is today part of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) overwhelmed a force of some 1,000 Loyalist and British troops led by Major <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson" title="Patrick Ferguson">Patrick Ferguson</a>. The victory essentially ended British efforts to recruit more Loyalists. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/375px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guilford Courthouse">Battle of Guilford Courthouse</a>, 1781</figcaption></figure> <p>The road to the American victory at <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a> led by North Carolina. As the British army moved north toward Virginia, the Southern Division of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>'s victory over the British under <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> on January 17, 1781, the southern commander <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> led British Lord <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from Cornwallis's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as "The Race to the Dan" or "The Race for the River."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guilford Courthouse">Battle of Guilford Courthouse</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a> on March 15, 1781. Although the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Cornwallis had a poor strategic plan which had failed in holding his heavily garrisoned positions in South Carolina and Georgia and had failed to subdue North Carolina. By contrast, Greene used a more flexible adaptive approach that negated the British advantages and built an adequate logistical foundation for the American campaigns. Greene's defensive operations provided his forces the opportunity to later seize the strategic offensive from Comwallis and eventually reclaim the Carolinas. The weakened Cornwallis headed to the Virginia coastline to be rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French fleet repulsed the British Navy and Cornwallis, surrounded by American and French units, surrendered to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, effectively ending the fighting. </p><p>By 1786, the population of North Carolina had increased to 350,000.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_architecture_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc_architecture-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Republic">Early Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> drafted in 1787 was controversial in North Carolina. Delegate meetings at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough</a> in July 1788 initially voted to reject it for <a href="/wiki/Anti-federalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-federalist">anti-federalist</a> reasons. They were persuaded to change their minds partly by the strenuous efforts of <a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">James Iredell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_R._Davie" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Davie">William R. Davie</a> and partly by the prospect of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. Meanwhile, residents in the wealthy northeastern part of the state, who generally supported the proposed Constitution, threatened to secede if the rest of the state did not fall into line. A second ratifying convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville</a> in November 1789, and on November 21, North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the U.S. Constitution. </p><p>North Carolina adopted a new state constitution in 1835. One of the major changes was the introduction of direct election of the governor, for a term of two years; prior to 1835, the legislature elected the governor for a term of one year. North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Capitol" title="North Carolina State Capitol">historic capitol building</a> was completed in 1840. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-century, the state's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129–mile (208 km) wooden plank road, known as a "farmer's railroad", from <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Bethania,_North_Carolina" title="Bethania, North Carolina">Bethania</a> (northwest of <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg/250px-Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg/375px-Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg/500px-Map_North_Carolina_roads_and_railroads_1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Map of the roads and railroads of North Carolina, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 25, 1836 construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_and_Raleigh_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad">Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to connect the port city of <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> with the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>. In 1849, the North Carolina Railroad was created by an act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina" title="High Point, North Carolina">High Point</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>. During the Civil War, the Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rural_life">Rural life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rural life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the antebellum period, North Carolina was an overwhelmingly rural state. In 1860, only one North Carolina town, the port city of <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>, had a population of more than 10,000. <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, the state capital, had barely more than 5,000 residents. </p><p>The majority of white families comprised the <a href="/wiki/Plain_Folk_of_the_Old_South" title="Plain Folk of the Old South">Plain Folk of the Old South</a>, or "yeoman farmers." They owned their own small farms, with some owning a few slaves. Most of their efforts were to build up the farm and feed their families, with a little surplus sold on the market to pay taxes and buy necessities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plantations,_slavery_and_free_blacks"><span id="Plantations.2C_slavery_and_free_blacks"></span>Plantations, slavery and free blacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plantations, slavery and free blacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a> worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the revolutionary ideas to arrange for <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of their slaves. The number of free people of color in the state rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the free people of color in the censuses of 1790–1810 were descended from African Americans who became free in colonial Virginia, the children of unions and marriages between white women and African men.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These descendants migrated to the frontier during the late eighteenth century along with white neighbors. Free people of color also became concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and <a href="/wiki/New_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bern">New Bern</a>, where they could get a variety of jobs and had more freedom in the cities. Restrictions increased beginning in the 1820s; movement by free people of color between counties was prohibited. Additional restrictions against their movements in 1830 under a quarantine act. Free mariners of color on visiting ships were prohibited from having contact with any blacks in the state,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in violation of United States treaties. In 1835, free people of color lost the right to vote, following white fears aroused after <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Slave_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion">Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion</a> in 1831. By 1860, there were 30,463 <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> who lived in the state but could not vote.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although its plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than those of Virginia, Georgia or South Carolina, significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton, as well as in Piedmont around the cities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durham. Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio-economic power in antebellum North Carolina, placing their interests above those of the generally non-slave holding "yeoman" farmers of the western part of the state. "By 1860, the state legislature had a higher percentage (85) of politicians owning human beings than any statehouse in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While slaveholding was less concentrated in North Carolina than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(geographic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater (geographic term)">Tidewater</a> and the upland areas of Piedmont. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whigs_versus_Democrats">Whigs versus Democrats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Whigs versus Democrats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two party competition was the main theme during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> in the state, 1824 to early 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Max R. Williams, voters in the 1820s became polarized over general <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. After his victory in 1828 as President, his enemies pulled together to form the new <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig party</a>, thus introducing competitive two-party politics in the state. By 1836, the Jacksonians had formed the modern Democratic Party. Both parties were well organized at the county level, with their voters drilled in army-style tactics to march to the polls and declare victory on election say. In 1832, however, Democrats triumphed, giving Jackson 84% of the vote for his reelection. However, Jackson's war on the banking system alienated the business – oriented voters, and they staffed and funded the Whig party. They came to power using the revised new state constitution in 1835, and build a strong base in the western counties. Moving beyond negativism, the Whigs developed a positive program for modernization of the economically backward rural state. The Whigs used the state government to foster internal improvements, especially in terms of better transportation systems, and new education opportunities. The Whigs rallied around Kentuckian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, and his American plan for economic and social modernization. They opposed westward expansion and rejected "<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>". Both parties had a broad base in terms of geography and social class. The North Carolina Whig party was a replica in one state of the national party.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_through_late_19th_century">Civil War through late 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil War through late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Union captures <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which about one-third of the population of 992,622 were enslaved African Americans. In addition, the state had just over 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Free_Negroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Negroes">Free African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were relatively few large plantations or old aristocratic families. North Carolina was reluctant to secede from the Union when it became clear that <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> had won <a href="/wiki/1860_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 presidential election">the presidential election</a>. With the attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in April 1861, and Lincoln's call for troops to march into South Carolina, North Carolina legislators decided to not attack South Carolina, leading to North Carolina joining the Confederacy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg/220px-2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg/330px-2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg/440px-2008-08-16_Bennett_Place_historic_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Place" title="Bennett Place">Bennett Place</a>, historic site of major Confederate surrender in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North Carolina was the site of few battles, though it provided at least 125,000 troops to the Confederacy. North Carolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops. Over 30,000 North Carolina soldiers would die of disease, battlefield wounds, or starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a>, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph Johnston</a> to slow Union General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1865 after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morrisville" title="Battle of Morrisville">Battle of Morrisville</a>, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Place" title="Bennett Place">Bennett Place</a>, in what is today <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>. This was the next to last major Confederate Army to surrender. North Carolina's port city of <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> was the last major Confederate port for blockade runners; it fell in the spring of 1865 after the nearby <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">Second Battle of Fort Fisher</a>. </p><p>Elected in 1862, Governor <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Baird_Vance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebulon Baird Vance">Zebulon Baird Vance</a> tried to maintain state autonomy against Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>. </p><p>The Union's naval blockade of Southern ports and the breakdown of the Confederate transportation system took a heavy toll on North Carolina residents, as did the runaway inflation of the war years. In the spring of 1863, there were food riots in North Carolina as town dwellers found it hard to buy food. On the other hand, blockade runners brought prosperity to several port cities, until they were shut down by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> in 1864–65. </p><p>North Carolina Union troops played key roles during the war as well, with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_North_Carolina_Mounted_Infantry" title="3rd North Carolina Mounted Infantry">3rd North Carolina Cavalry</a> taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bull%27s_Gap" title="Battle of Bull's Gap">Battle of Bull's Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Banks" title="Battle of Red Banks">Battle of Red Banks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoneman%27s_1864_raid" title="Stoneman's 1864 raid">Stoneman's 1864</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoneman%27s_1865_raid" title="Stoneman's 1865 raid">1865 raids</a> in western North Carolina, southwest Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. Approximately 10,000 white North Carolinians, and 5,000 black North Carolinians, joined <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army units</a>. They consisted of soldiers in <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of North Carolina Union Civil War units">North Carolina Union regiments</a>, Confederate Army deserters who later joined the Union Army, and those who left the state to join Union Army units elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_era">Reconstruction era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reconstruction era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, many African-American leaders arose from people free before the war, those who had escaped to the North and decided to return, and educated migrants from the North who wanted to help in the postwar years. Many who had been in the North had gained some education before their return. In general, however, illiteracy was a problem shared in the early postwar years by most African Americans and about one-third of the whites in the state. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg/150px-NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg/225px-NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/NCG-WilliamHolden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Woods_Holden" title="William Woods Holden">William Woods Holden</a>, a Unionist who served as the 38th and 40th <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of governors of North Carolina">Governor of North Carolina</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of white northerners migrated to North Carolina to work and invest. While feelings in the state were high against <a href="/wiki/Carpetbaggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpetbaggers">carpetbaggers</a>, of the 133 persons at the constitutional convention, only 18 were Northern carpetbaggers and 15 were African Americans. North Carolina was readmitted to the Union in 1868, after ratifying a new state constitution. It included provisions to establish public education for the first time, prohibit slavery, and adopt universal suffrage. It also provided for public welfare institutions for the first time: orphanages, public charities and a penitentiary.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislature ratified the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>. </p><p>In 1870, the Democratic Party regained power in the state. Governor <a href="/wiki/William_W._Holden" class="mw-redirect" title="William W. Holden">William W. Holden</a> had used civil powers and spoken out to try to combat the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>'s increasing violence, which was used to suppress black and Republican voting. Conservatives accused him of being head of the <a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union League</a>, believing in social equality between the races, and practicing political corruption. But, when the legislature voted to impeach him, it charged him only with using and paying troops to put down insurrection (Ku Klux Klan activity) in the state. Holden was impeached, and turned over his duties to Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Tod_R._Caldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tod R. Caldwell">Tod R. Caldwell</a> on December 20, 1870. The trial began on January 30, 1871, and lasted nearly three months. On March 22, the North Carolina Senate found Holden guilty and ordered him removed from office. He was the first governor in the United States to be removed from office through impeachment. </p><p>After the national <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a> of 1871 went into effect in an effort to reduce violence in the South, the U.S. Attorney General, <a href="/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Amos T. Akerman</a>, vigorously prosecuted Klan members in North Carolina. During the late 1870s, there was renewed violence in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> area, where whites tried to suppress black voting in elections. Beginning in 1875, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a>, a paramilitary group, openly worked for the Democrats to suppress black voting. </p><p>As in other Southern states, after white Democrats regained power, they worked to re-establish <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> politically and socially. Paramilitary groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> beginning in 1875, worked openly to disrupt black political meetings, intimidate leaders and directly challenge voters in campaigns and elections, especially in the Piedmont area. They sometimes physically attacked black voters and community leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Reconstruction_and_disfranchisement">Post-Reconstruction and disfranchisement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post-Reconstruction and disfranchisement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1880s, black officeholders were at a peak level in local offices, where much business was done, as they were elected from black-majority districts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1890s, white Democrats had regained power on the state level. </p><p>Post–Civil War racial politics encouraged efforts to divide and co-opt groups. In the drive to regain power, Democrats supported an effort by state representative Harold McMillan to create separate school districts in 1885 for "Croatan Indians" to gain their support. Of mixed race and claiming Native American heritage, the families had been classified as <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum</a> years and did not want to send their children to public school classes with former slaves. After having voted with the Republicans, they switched to the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In 1913, the group changed their name to "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County", "Siouan Indians of Lumber River" in 1934–1935, and were given limited recognition as Indians by the U.S. Congress as <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-freeafricanamericans.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeafricanamericans.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lumbee are one of several Native American tribes that have been officially recognized by the state in the 21st century.) </p><p>In 1894, after years of agricultural problems in the state, an interracial coalition of Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populists</a> won a majority of seats in the state legislature and elected as governor, Republican <a href="/wiki/Daniel_L._Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel L. Russell">Daniel L. Russell</a>, the Fusionist candidate. That year <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 2nd congressional district">North Carolina's 2nd congressional district</a> elected <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_White" title="George Henry White">George Henry White</a>, an educated African-American attorney, as its third black representative to Congress since the Civil War. </p><p>Democrats worked to break up the biracial coalition, and reduce voting by blacks and poor whites. In 1896, North Carolina passed a statute that made voter registration more complicated and reduced the number of blacks on voter registration rolls. </p><p>In 1898, in an election characterized by violence, fraud, and intimidation of black voters by Red Shirts, white Democrats regained control of the state legislature. <sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after the election, a small group of whites in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> implemented their plan to take over the city government if the Democrats were not elected, although the mayor and a majority of city council were white. The cadre led 1500 whites against the black newspaper and neighborhood in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Insurrection of 1898">Wilmington Insurrection of 1898</a>; the mob and other whites killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people. The cadre forced the resignation of Republican officeholders, including the white mayor, and mostly white aldermen, and ran them out of town. They replaced them with their own slate and that day elected <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Waddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Waddell">Alfred M. Waddell</a> as mayor. This is the only <i>coup d'état</i> (violent overthrow of an elected government) in United States history. </p><p>In 1899, the Democrat-dominated state legislature ratified a new constitution with a suffrage amendment, whose requirements for <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy tests">literacy tests</a>, lengthier residency, and similar mechanisms <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> most blacks and many poor whites. Illiterate whites were protected by a <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> so that if a father or grandfather had voted in 1860 (when all voters were white), his sons or grandsons did not have to pass the literacy test of 1899. This grandfather clause excluded all blacks, as free people of color had lost the franchise in 1835. The US Supreme Court ruled in 1915, that such grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. Every voter had to pay the poll tax until it was abolished by the state in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressman <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_White" title="George Henry White">George Henry White</a>, an African-American Republican, said after passage of this constitution in 1899, "I cannot live in North Carolina and be a man and be treated as a man."<sup id="cite_ref-White_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been re-elected in 1898, but the next year announced his decision not to seek a third term, saying he would leave the state instead.<sup id="cite_ref-White_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved his law practice to Washington, D.C. and later to Philadelphia, where he founded a commercial bank.<sup id="cite_ref-White_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1904, black voter turnout had been utterly reduced in North Carolina. Contemporary accounts estimated that 75,000 black male citizens lost their vote.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, blacks numbered 630,207 citizens, about 33% of the state's total population,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were unable to elect representatives. </p><p>With control of the legislature, white Democrats passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws establishing racial <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> in public facilities and transportation. African Americans worked for more than 60 years to regain full power to exercise the suffrage and other constitutional rights of citizens. Without the ability to vote, they were excluded from juries and lost all chance at local offices: sheriffs, justices of the peace, jurors, county commissioners and school board members, which were the active site of government around the start of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppression of the black vote and re-establishment of white supremacy suppressed knowledge of what had been a thriving black middle class in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the Republicans were no longer competitive in state politics, although they had strongholds within the states mountain districts and some piedmont counties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_movement">Progressive movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Progressive movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Carolina, along with all the southern states, imposed strict legal segregation in the early 20th century. The poor rural backward state took a regional leadership role in modernizing the economy in society, based on expanded roles for public education, state universities, and more roles for middle class women. State leaders included Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Aycock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Aycock">Charles B. Aycock</a>, who led both the educational and the white supremacy crusades; diplomat <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Walter Hines Page</a>; and educator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_McIver" title="Charles Duncan McIver">Charles Duncan McIver</a>. Women were especially active through the <a href="/wiki/WCTU" class="mw-redirect" title="WCTU">WCTU</a> in church activism, promoting prohibition, missions and public schools, ending child labor in the textile mills, supporting public health campaigns to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a> and other debilitating diseases. They promoted gender equality and woman suffrage, and demanded a single standard of sexual morality for men and women. In the black community, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Hawkins_Brown" title="Charlotte Hawkins Brown">Charlotte Hawkins Brown</a>, built the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Memorial_Institute" title="Palmer Memorial Institute">Palmer Memorial Institute</a> to educate the black leadership class. Brown worked with <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Business_League" title="National Negro Business League">National Negro Business League</a>), who provided ideas and access to Northern philanthropy. Across the South <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a> (of Standard Oil), provided large-scale subsidies for black schools, which otherwise continued to be underfunded. The South was helped in the 1920s and 1930s by the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Rosenwald Fund">Julius Rosenwald Fund</a>, which contributed matching funds to local communities for the construction of thousands of schools for African Americans in rural areas throughout the South. Black parents organized to raise the money, and donated land and labor to build improved schools for their children.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_movement">Black movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Black movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reacting to segregation, disfranchisement in 1899, and difficulties in agriculture in the early 20th century, tens of thousands of African Americans left the state (and hundreds of thousands began to leave the rest of the South) for the North and Midwest; looking for better opportunities in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>. In its first wave, from 1910 to 1940, one and a half million African Americans left the South. They went to places such as Washington D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia; and sometimes further north, to industrial cities where there was work, usually taking the trains to connecting cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_trends">Other trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_(full_restore_115).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/250px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/375px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg/500px-Wright_First_Flight_1903Dec17_%28full_restore_115%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7162" data-file-height="5178" /></a><figcaption>First successful flight of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i>, near <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 17, 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> made <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">the first successful airplane flight</a> at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the decrepit shipbuilding industry was revived by large-scale federal contracts landed with Congressional help. Nine new shipyards opened in North Carolina to build ships under contracts from the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Fleet_Corporation" title="Emergency Fleet Corporation">Emergency Fleet Corporation</a>. Four <a href="/wiki/Steamships" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamships">steamships</a> were made of concrete, but most were made of wood or steel. Thousands of workers rushed to high-paying jobs, as the managers found a shortage of highly skilled mechanics, as well as a housing shortage. Although unions were weak, labor unrest and managerial inexperience caused the delays. The shipyards closed at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Carolina Woman's Committee was established as a state agency during the war, headed by Laura Holmes Reilly of Charlotte. Inspired by ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Movement">Progressive Movement</a>, it registered women for many volunteer services, promoted increased food production and the elimination of wasteful cooking practices, helped maintain social services, worked to bolster morale of white and black soldiers, improved public health and public schools, and encouraged black participation in its programs. Members helped cope with the devastating <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> epidemic that struck worldwide in late 1918, with very high fatalities. The committee was generally successful in reaching middle-class white and black women. It was handicapped by the condescension of male lawmakers, limited funding, and tepid responses from women on the farms and working-class districts.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1917–1919, because of disfranchisement of African Americans and establishment of a one-party state, North Carolina Democrats held powerful, senior positions in Congress, holding two of 23 major committee chairmanships in the Senate and four of 18 in the House, as well as the post of House majority leader. White Southerners controlled a block of votes and important chairmanships in Congress because, although they had disfranchised the entire black population of the South, they had not lost any congressional apportionment.<sup id="cite_ref-valelly146-147_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the delegation under control of the Democrats, they exercised party discipline. Their members gained seniority by being re-elected for many years. During the early decades of the 20th century, the Congressional delegation gained the construction of several major U.S. military installations, notably <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg, North Carolina">Fort Bragg</a>, in North Carolina. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, a fellow Democrat from the South who was elected due to the suppression of the Republican Party in the South,<sup id="cite_ref-valelly146-147_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remained highly popular during World War I and was generally supported by the North Carolina delegation. </p><p>The state's road-building initiative began in the 1920s after the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobile</a> became a popular mode of transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression_and_World_War_II">Great Depression and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Great Depression and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothea_Lange,_Country_store_on_dirt_road,_Gordonton,_North_Carolina,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg/250px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg/375px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg/500px-Dorothea_Lange%2C_Country_store_on_dirt_road%2C_Gordonton%2C_North_Carolina%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5110" data-file-height="3569" /></a><figcaption>Country store in <a href="/wiki/Gordontown,_North_Carolina" title="Gordontown, North Carolina">Gordonton, North Carolina</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The state's farmers were badly hurt in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, but benefited greatly by the New Deal programs, especially the tobacco program which guaranteed a steady flow of relatively high income to farmers,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cotton program, which raised the prices farmers received for their crops<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The cotton program caused a rise in prices of cotton goods for consumers during the Depression). The <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> in the Piedmont region continued to attract cotton mills relocating from the North, where unions had been effective in gaining better wages and working conditions. </p><p>Economic prosperity largely returned during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. North Carolina would supply the armed forces with more textiles than any other state in the nation during the war. Remote mountain places and small rural communities joined the national economy and had their first taste of economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of young men, and a few hundred young women, entered the armed forces from North Carolina. </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/V._O._Key" class="mw-redirect" title="V. O. Key">V. O. Key</a> analyzed the state political culture in depth in the late 1940s, and concluded it was exceptional in the South for its "progressive outlook and action in many phases of life", especially in the realm of industrial development, commitment to public education, and a moderate-pattern segregation that was relatively free of the rigid racism found in the Deep South.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, fewer than one in four farms were powered by electricity, a little more than a decade later, nearly all farmsteads in the state are electrified. By 1950, <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a> which lies in both Tennessee and North Carolina, became the most visited park in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:25.5em;font-size:90%; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:Civil Rights Movement in North Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Template talk:Civil Rights Movement in North Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil Rights Movement in North Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_Rights_Movement_in_North_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Civil_Rights_Movement">North Carolina</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>State of North Carolina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pupil_Assignment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupil Assignment Act">Pupil Assignment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearsall_Plan" title="Pearsall Plan">Pearsall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Highways_campaign" title="Freedom Highways campaign">Freedom Highways campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of Greensboro</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Simkins_v._City_of_Greensboro" title="Simkins v. City of Greensboro">Simkins v. City of Greensboro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_v._North_Carolina" title="Wolfe v. North Carolina">Wolfe v. North Carolina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of Monroe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monroe_Freedom_Ride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monroe Freedom Ride (page does not exist)">Monroe Freedom Ride</a></li></ul> <p><b>City of New Bern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Bern sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern bombings (page does not exist)">New Bern bombings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other localities</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lassiter_v._Northampton_County_Board_of_Elections" title="Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections">Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Durham sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayetteville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Fayetteville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston-Salem_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston-Salem sit-ins (page does not exist)">Winston-Salem sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte sit-ins (page does not exist)">Charlotte sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concord_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concord sit-ins (page does not exist)">Concord sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Elizabeth City sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henderson_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henderson sit-ins (page does not exist)">Henderson sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raleigh sit-ins (page does not exist)">Raleigh sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salisbury_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salisbury sit-ins (page does not exist)">Salisbury sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chapel Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelby_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelby sit-ins (page does not exist)">Shelby sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statesville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statesville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Statesville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Wilmington sit-ins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avent_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avent v. North Carolina (page does not exist)">Avent v. North Carolina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Christmas_boycott" title="Black Christmas boycott">Black Christmas boycott</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In 1931, the Negro Voters League was formed in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> to press for voter registration. The city had an educated and politically sophisticated black middle class; by 1946 the League had succeeded in registering 7,000 black voters, an achievement in the segregated South, since North Carolina had essentially <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised blacks</a> with provisions of a new constitution in 1899, excluding them from the political system and strengthening its system of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_news_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_news-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of racial <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> and enforcement of constitutional civil rights for African Americans continued throughout the state. In the first half of the 20th century, other African Americans voted with their feet, moving in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from rural areas to northern and midwestern cities where there were industrial jobs. </p><p>During World War II, Durham's Black newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carolina_Times" title="The Carolina Times">The Carolina Times</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Austin" title="Louis Austin">Louis Austin</a>, took the lead in promoting the "<a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V</a>" strategy among civil rights activists. The strategy was to energize blacks to fight victory abroad against the Germans and Japanese while fighting for victory at home against white supremacy and racial oppression. Activists demanded an end to racial inequality in education, politics, economics, and the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, nearly 25% of the state residents were African American: 1,114,907 citizens who had been living without their full constitutional rights.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African-American college students began the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">sit-in</a> movement at the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth's</a> lunch counter in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a> on February 1, 1960, sparking a wave of sit-ins across the American South. They continued the Greensboro sit-ins sporadically for several months until, on July 25, African Americans were at last allowed to eat at Woolworth's. Integration of public facilities followed. During 1963 in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina" title="Greenville, North Carolina">Greenville</a>, there was a boycott of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Christmas_boycott" title="Black Christmas boycott">Black Christmas boycott</a> to protest the lack of hiring of black employees during the Christmas season. </p><p>Together with continued activism in states throughout the South and raising awareness throughout the country, African Americans' moral leadership gained the passage of the federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. Throughout the state, African Americans began to participate fully in political life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_the_economy">Education and the economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education and the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Research-triangle-north-carolina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Research-triangle-north-carolina.png/220px-Research-triangle-north-carolina.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Research-triangle-north-carolina.png/330px-Research-triangle-north-carolina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Research-triangle-north-carolina.png/440px-Research-triangle-north-carolina.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Research Triangle</a>, with points representing <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">NC State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North Carolina invested heavily in its system of higher education in the mid-to-late 20th century and became known for its excellent universities. Three major institutions compose the state's <a href="/wiki/The_Triangle_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Triangle (North Carolina)">Research Triangle</a>: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> (chartered in 1789 and greatly expanded from the 1930s on), <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> (rechartered in 1924). <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, the largest research park in the United States, was established in 1959. </p><p>Conditions for funding in public elementary, middle, and high schools were not as noteworthy during the mid-20th century. In the 1960s Governor <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a>, a racial moderate, called for more spending on the schools, but Sanford's program featured regressive taxation that fell disproportionately on the workers. In the 1970s Governor <a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Hunt Jr.">James B. Hunt Jr.</a>, another racial moderate, helped in educational reform policies and the <a href="/wiki/Smart_Start_(education)" title="Smart Start (education)">Smart Start</a> program for <a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">pre-kindergarteners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reformers stressed the central role of education in the modernization of the state and economic growth. They also aggressively pursued economic development, attracting out-of-state and international corporations with special tax deals and infrastructure development. </p><p>Through the early-to-mid 20th century, North Carolina's economy relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textiles</a>, and furniture for its main economic drivers. By the late 20th century, economic sectors such as technology, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceuticals</a>, banking, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">vehicle parts</a> started to emerge as main economic drivers. The main factors in this shift were globalization, the state's higher education system, national banking, the transformation of agriculture, and new companies moving to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1973, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lightner" title="Clarence Lightner">Clarence Lightner</a> was elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, making history as the first popularly elected mayor of the city, the first African American to be elected mayor, and the first African American to be elected mayor in a white-majority city of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_news_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_news-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the state elected <a href="/wiki/Eva_Clayton" title="Eva Clayton">Eva Clayton</a> as its first African-American congressman since <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_White" title="George Henry White">George Henry White</a> in 1898. </p><p>In 1979, North Carolina ended the state <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> program. Since 1929, the state Eugenics Board had deemed thousands of individuals "feeble-minded" and had them <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forcibly sterilized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims of the program were disproportionately minorities and the poor. In 2011, the state legislature debated whether the estimated 2,900 living victims of North Carolina's sterilization regime would be compensated for the harm inflicted upon them by the state; no action was taken. </p><p>In 1971, North Carolina ratified its third <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Carolina" title="Constitution of North Carolina">state constitution</a>. A 1997 amendment to this constitution granted the governor veto power over most legislation. </p><p>In 1988, North Carolina gained its first professional sports franchise, the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets" title="Charlotte Hornets">Charlotte Hornets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA). The hornets team name stems from the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, when British General Cornwallis described Charlotte as a "hornet's nest of rebellion."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Panthers" title="Carolina Panthers">Carolina Panthers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) became based in Charlotte as well, with their first season being in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes" title="Carolina Hurricanes">Carolina Hurricanes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) moved to <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> in 1997, with their colors being the same as the <a href="/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack" title="NC State Wolfpack">NC State Wolfpack</a>, who are also located in Raleigh. </p><p>During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> became the nation's number two banking center, after New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>393,751</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>478,103</td><td></td><td>21.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>556,526</td><td></td><td>16.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>638,829</td><td></td><td>14.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>737,987</td><td></td><td>15.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>753,419</td><td></td><td>2.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>869,039</td><td></td><td>15.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>992,622</td><td></td><td>14.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>1,071,361</td><td></td><td>7.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,399,750</td><td></td><td>30.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,617,949</td><td></td><td>15.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,893,810</td><td></td><td>17.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,206,287</td><td></td><td>16.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,559,123</td><td></td><td>16.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>3,170,276</td><td></td><td>23.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>3,571,623</td><td></td><td>12.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>4,061,929</td><td></td><td>13.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>4,556,155</td><td></td><td>12.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>5,082,059</td><td></td><td>11.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>5,881,766</td><td></td><td>15.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>6,628,637</td><td></td><td>12.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>8,049,313</td><td></td><td>21.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>9,535,483</td><td></td><td>18.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>10,439,388</td><td></td><td>9.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">10,835,491</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td>3.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source: 1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_times">Recent times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Recent times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the late 20th century and into the 21st century, North Carolina's population steadily increased as its economy grew, especially in finance and knowledge-based industries. This growth attracted people from places such as the North and Midwest, as well as the rest of the country and internationally. The number of workers in agriculture declined sharply because of <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>, and the textile industry saw declines because of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and movement of jobs in that industry out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the growth in jobs and population increases happened in metropolitan areas of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Crescent" title="Piedmont Crescent">Piedmont Crescent</a> region, being in and around cities such as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Greensboro. Other urban areas of the state saw increases as well.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most growth occurring in or around cities, many of North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Rural_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural areas">rural areas</a> saw declines in population and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, North Carolina's population surpassed 10 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of North Carolina">Historical outline of North Carolina</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_South_and_the_Chesapeake" title="Colonial South and the Chesapeake">Colonial South and the Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Carolina#History" title="Education in North Carolina">Education in North Carolina#History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Coast_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the East Coast of the United States">History of the East Coast of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of North Carolina">List of colonial governors of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of governors of North Carolina">List of governors of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_North_Carolina" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina">List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>City timelines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Asheville, North Carolina">Timeline of Asheville, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Charlotte, North Carolina">Timeline of Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Durham, North Carolina">Timeline of Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Fayetteville, North Carolina">Timeline of Fayetteville, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Greensboro, North Carolina">Timeline of Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Raleigh, North Carolina">Timeline of Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Wilmington, North Carolina">Timeline of Wilmington, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Timeline of Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Timeline of Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1999), pp. 35–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1999), pp. 51–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1999), pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1999), pp. 123–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nchistoricsites.org/town/town.htm">"Town Creek Indian Mound"</a>. North Carolina Historic Sites<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+Creek+Indian+Mound&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Historic+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nchistoricsites.org%2Ftown%2Ftown.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUNNINGHAM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CUNNINGHAM_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Sarah_L2010" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Sarah L (May 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/6271/1/etd.pdf">"Biological and Cultural Stress in a South Appalachian Mississippian Settlement: Town Creek Indian Mound, Mt. Gilead, NC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. North Carolina State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biological+and+Cultural+Stress+in+a+South+Appalachian+Mississippian+Settlement%3A+Town+Creek+Indian+Mound%2C+Mt.+Gilead%2C+NC&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Sarah+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fir%2Fbitstream%2F1840.16%2F6271%2F1%2Fetd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hale, Horatio "Tutelo Tribe & Language" (1883)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speck, Frank G. Catawba Texts 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Unabridged Version of Tribes of the Carolina Lowland: Pedee – Sewee – Winyaw – Waccamaw – Cape Fear – Congaree – Wateree – Santee." Stanley South. University of South Carolina – Columbia, stansouth@sc.edu (1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheves, L. "Shaftesbury Papers." Col. of the South Carolina Historical Society 5, Richmond: William Ellis Jones</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yuchi Language Primer" (2007) Yuchi.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cherokeelessons.com/pdf/Cherokee Lessons 978-0-557-68640-7.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oatis, Steven J. "A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, (1680–1730)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oatis, A Colonial Complex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Augustus Hanna, 1911 The Wilderness Trail, Vol II, 1911, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethridge, Robbie (2003). "Chapter 5: "The People of Creek Country"". Creek Country: The Creek Indians and their World. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yamasee Indian Tribe History." Access Genealogy. (retrieved 20 Nov 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/captain-smith-virginia-map.jpg">"Captain Smith Virginia map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(jpg)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+Smith+Virginia+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonofthesouth.net%2Frevolutionary-war%2Fmaps%2Fcaptain-smith-virginia-map.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verrazzano-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verrazzano_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verrazzano_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019184158/http://www.mariner.org/exploration/index.php?type=explorer&id=22">"Giovanni da Verrazzano"</a>. <i>Exploration Through The Ages</i>. The Mariner's Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariner.org/exploration/index.php?type=explorer&id=22">the original</a> on October 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exploration+Through+The+Ages&rft.atitle=Giovanni+da+Verrazzano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariner.org%2Fexploration%2Findex.php%3Ftype%3Dexplorer%26id%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mobley (2003), p 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell (1977), pp 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell (1977), pp 10–11. Ready (2005), pp. 18. Some sources, notably David Weber in <i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i>, believe the location of the colony to be farther south; either the <a href="/wiki/Waccamaw_River" title="Waccamaw River">Waccamaw River</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island" title="Sapelo Island">Sapelo Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Constance E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624110618/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/berrysitepress/amerarchspring2008.pdf">"Contact and Conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Archaeologist</i> (Spring 2008). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~arch/berrysitepress/amerarchspring2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Contact+and+Conflict&rft.issue=Spring+2008&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Constance+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warren-wilson.edu%2F~arch%2Fberrysitepress%2Famerarchspring2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pardo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pardo_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pardo_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (1999), pp. 229–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckMoore,_David_G.Rodning,_Christopher_B.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Robin A. Jr.; Moore, David G.; Rodning, Christopher B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~crodning/beckmoorerodning2006.pdf">"Identifying Fort San Juan: A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Occupation at the Berry Site, North Carolina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 65–77<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Observer&rft.atitle=Lightner%27s+Election+Was+News&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2F625%2Fstory%2F257484.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Gershenhorn, "Double V in North Carolina," <i>Journalism History,</i> Fall 2006, Vol. 32 Issue 3, pp. 156–167,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php">Historical Census Browser, 1960 US Census, University of Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030234/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php">Archived</a> August 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 15 Mar 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalnow.com/ex-gov-hunt-goes-to-bat-for-smart-start/article_389f2523-9570-5ffc-9a6e-d4a5213cf1fa.html">Ex-Gov. Hunt goes to bat for Smart Start</a>. <i>Winston-Salem Journal</i>. Retrieved January 9, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Rick. (September 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wraltechwire.com/2021/09/17/mike-walden-five-factors-that-made-nc-economy/">Mike Walden: The five factors that made North Carolina's economy</a>. <i>WRAL TechWire</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenics-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2011" class="citation web cs1">Nasaw, Daniel (June 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13700490">"Sterilisation: North Carolina grapples with legacy"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sterilisation%3A+North+Carolina+grapples+with+legacy&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-13700490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbtv.com/story/38577831/wbtv-speak-out-editorial-a-hornets-nest-of-rebellion/">WBTV Speak Out Editorial: A Hornet's Nest of Rebellion</a>. <i>wbtv.com</i>. Retrieved January 9, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Daniel, Adam. (September 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/blog/bank_notes/2012/09/so-how-did-charlotte-become-a-banking.html">So how did Charlotte become a banking center?</a>. <i>Charlotte Business Journal</i>. Retrieved December 22, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusQuickFacts-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusQuickFacts_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/NC">"QuickFacts: North Carolina"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%3A+North+Carolina&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2FNC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Population+Change+Data+%281910%E2%80%932020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdec%2Fpopchange-data-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter A. Coclanis, and Louis M. Kyriakoudes, "Selling Which South? Economic Change in Rural and Small-Town North Carolina in an Era of Globalization, 1940–2007," <i>Southern Cultures,</i> Winter 2007, Vol. 13#3 pp 86–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher A. Cooper and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. <i>The New Politics of North Carolina</i> (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9">978-0-8078-5876-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncosbm/documents/files/Population-Dyanmic-2020Report.pdf">Changing Population Dynamic – NC.gov</a>. Retrieved December 24, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wral.com/nc-population-tops-10m/15192136/">NC population tops 10M</a>. <i>WRAL.com</i>. Retrieved January 8, 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobley2003" class="citation book cs1">Mobley, Joe A., ed. (2003). <i>The Way We Lived in North Carolina</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5487-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5487-5"><bdi>0-8078-5487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+We+Lived+in+North+Carolina&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8078-5487-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="powell2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Powell" title="William S. Powell">Powell, William S.</a> (2000). Powell, William S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdAGnn0SZX0C&q=%22james+davis%22"><i>Dictionary of North Carolina biography</i></a>. Vol. II. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-67013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-67013"><bdi>978-0-8078-67013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+North+Carolina+biography&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-67013&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdAGnn0SZX0C%26q%3D%2522james%2Bdavis%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdAGnn0SZX0C&q=%22james+davis%22">Alternative link to Davis biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lee1923" class="citation book cs1">Lee, James Melvin (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica00leejuoft"><i>History of American journalism</i></a>. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+American+journalism&rft.pub=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=James+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofamerica00leejuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica00leej/page/n5/mode/2up">(Alternative publication)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1977" class="citation book cs1">Powell, William S. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northcarolinabic00powe_0"><i>North Carolina: A History</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4219-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4219-2"><bdi>0-8078-4219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Carolina%3A+A+History&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8078-4219-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthcarolinabic00powe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReady2005" class="citation book cs1">Ready, Milton (2005). <i>The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina</i>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-591-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-591-1"><bdi>1-57003-591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tar+Heel+State%3A+A+History+of+North+Carolina&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57003-591-1&rft.aulast=Ready&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardDavis_Jr.1999" class="citation book cs1">Ward, H. Trawick; Davis Jr., R. P. Stephen (1999). <i>Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2497-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2497-6"><bdi>0-8078-2497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Before+History%3A+The+Archaeology+of+North+Carolina&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8078-2497-6&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=H.+Trawick&rft.au=Davis+Jr.%2C+R.+P.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Powell, William S. and Jay Mazzocchi, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of North Carolina</i> (2006) 1320pp; 2000 articles by 550 experts on all topics; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3071-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3071-2">0-8078-3071-2</a>. The best starting point for most research.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clay, James, and Douglas Orr, eds., <i>North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State</i> 1971</li> <li>Crow; Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise; <i>Writing North Carolina History</i></li> <li>Fleer; Jack D. <i>North Carolina Government & Politics</i> (1994) online; political science textbook</li> <li>Hawks; Francis L. <i>History of North Carolina</i> 2 vol 1857</li> <li>Kersey, Marianne M., and Ran Coble, eds., <i>North Carolina Focus: An Anthology on State Government, Politics, and Policy</i>, 2d ed., (Raleigh: North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research, 1989).</li> <li>Lefler; Hugh Talmage. <i>A Guide to the Study and Reading of North Carolina History</i></li> <li>Lefler, Hugh Talmage, and Albert Ray Newsome, <i>North Carolina: The History of a Southern State</i> (1954, 1963, 1973), standard textbook</li> <li>Link, William A. <i>North Carolina: Change and Tradition in a Southern State</i> (2009), 481pp history by leading scholar</li> <li>Luebke, Paul. <i>Tar Heel Politics: Myths and Realities</i> (1990).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse,_J.1797" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Morse, J.</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n387/mode/2up">"North Carolina"</a>. <i>The American Gazetteer</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M">23272543M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Carolina&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=At+the+presses+of+S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23272543M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Morse%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn387%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Powell William S. <i>Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.</i> Vol. 1, A-C; vol. 2, D-G; vol. 3, H-K. 1979–88.</li> <li>Powell, William S. <i>Encyclopedia of North Carolina.</i> 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3071-0">978-0-8078-3071-0</a>.</li> <li>Powell, William S. <i>North Carolina Fiction, 1734–1957: An Annotated Bibliography</i> 1958</li> <li>Powell, William S. <i>North Carolina through Four Centuries</i> (1989), standard textbook</li> <li>Ready, Milton. <i>The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1570035911">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Supple Smith, Margaret. <i> North Carolina Women: Making History</i> (1999)</li> <li>Tise, Larry E., and Jeffrey J. Crow. <i>New Voyages to Carolina: Reinterpreting North Carolina History.</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2017)</li> <li>WPA Federal Writers' Project. <i>North Carolina: A Guide to the Old North State.</i> 1939. famous <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> guide to every town</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localities">Localities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Localities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boyd William Kenneth. <i>The Story of Durham.</i> 1925.</li> <li>Lally, Kelly A. <i>Historic Architecture of Wake County, North Carolina.</i> Raleigh: Wake County Government, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9639198-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9639198-0-6">0-9639198-0-6</a>.</li> <li>Payne, Roger L. <i>Place Names of the Outer Banks.</i> Washington, North Carolina: Thomas A. Williams, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932705-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932705-01-3">978-0-932705-01-3</a>.</li> <li>Morland John Kenneth. <i>Millways of Kent.</i> UNC 1958.</li> <li>Powell, William S. <i>The First State University.</i> 3rd ed. Chapel Hill: 1992.</li> <li>Powell, William S. <i>North Carolina Gazetteer.</i> Chapel Hill: 1968. Available as an electronic book with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-6703-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-6703-9">0-8078-6703-9</a> from NetLibrary.</li> <li>Vickers, James. <i>Chapel Hill: An Illustrated History.</i> Chapel Hill: Barclay, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9614429-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9614429-0-5">0-9614429-0-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_topics">Special topics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Special topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bishir, Catherine. <i>North Carolina Architecture.</i> Chapel Hill: UNC, 1990.</li> <li>Bost, Raymond M. "North Carolina Lutherans and the Tests of Time, 1803–2003." <i>Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly</i>. Sep2004, 77#3, pp. 138–153.</li> <li>Conser, Walter H. and Robert J. Cain, eds. <i>Presbyterians in North Carolina</i> (Univ Tennessee Press, 2012)</li> <li>Riggs, Stanley R. ed. <i>The Battle for North Carolina's Coast: Evolutionary History, Present Crisis, and Vision for the Future</i> (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 142 pages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_geography">Environment and geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Environment and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sawyer, Roy T. <i>America's Wetland: An Environmental and Cultural History of Tidewater Virginia and North Carolina</i> (University of Virginia Press; 2010) 248 pages; traces the human impact on the ecosystem of the Tidewater region.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1920">Pre-1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Pre-1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Eric. <i>Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872–1901</i> (1981).</li> <li>Anderson, Eric. "James O'Hara of North Carolina: Black Leadership and local government" in Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed. <i>Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era</i> (1982) 101–128.</li> <li>Barrett, John G. <i>The Civil War in North Carolina</i> (he University of North Carolina Press, 1963)</li> <li>Beatty Bess. "Lowells of the South: Northern Influence on the Nineteenth-Century North Carolina Textile Industry, 1830–1890". <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 53 (Feb 1987): 37–62. online at JSTOR</li> <li>Beeby, James M. <i>Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901</i> (UP of Mississippi, 2008). 280 pp.</li> <li>Billings Dwight. <i>Planters and the Making of a "New South": Class, Politics, and Development in North Carolina, 1865–1900.</i> 1979.</li> <li>Bolton; Charles C. <i>Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi</i> 1994</li> <li>Bradley, Mark L. <i>Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina</i> (2010) 370 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2507-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2507-7">978-0-8131-2507-7</a></li> <li>Cathey, Cornelius O. <i>Agricultural Developments in North Carolina, 1783–1860.</i> 1956.</li> <li>Clayton, Thomas H. <i>Close to the Land. The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1820–1870.</i> 1983.</li> <li>Ekirch, A. Roger <i>"Poor Carolina": Politics and Society in Colonial North Carolina, 1729–1776</i> (1981)</li> <li>Escott Paul D., and Jeffrey J. Crow. "The Social Order and Violent Disorder: An Analysis of North Carolina in the Revolution and the Civil War". <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 52 (August 1986): 373–402.</li> <li>Escott Paul D., ed. <i>North Carolinians in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) 307pp; essays by scholars on specialized topics</li> <li>Escott; Paul D. <i>Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1850–1900</i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Fenn" title="Elizabeth A. Fenn">Fenn, Elizabeth A</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Wood" title="Peter H. Wood">Peter H. Wood</a>. <i>Natives and Newcomers: The Way We Lived in North Carolina Before 1770</i> (1983)</li> <li>Gilpatrick; Delbert Harold. <i>Jeffersonian Democracy in North Carolina, 1789–1816</i> (1931)</li> <li>Gilmore; Glenda Elizabeth. <i>Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920</i> (1996)</li> <li>Griffin Richard W. "Reconstruction of the North Carolina Textile Industry, 1865–1885". <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 41 (January 1964): 34–53.</li> <li>Harris, William C. "William Woods Holden: in Search of Vindication." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 1982 59(4): 354–372. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0029-2494">0029-2494</a> Governor during Reconstruction</li> <li>Harris, William C. <i>William Woods Holden, Firebrand of North Carolina Politics.</i> (1987). 332 pp.</li> <li>Hemmingway, Theodore. "Prelude to Change: Black Carolinians in the War Years, 1914–1920." <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 65.3 (1980): 212–227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/2717096">online</a></li> <li>Johnson, Charles A. "The Camp Meeting in Ante-Bellum North Carolina". <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 10 (April 1933): 95–110.</li> <li>Johnson, Guion Griffis. <i>Antebellum North Carolina: A Social History.</i> 1937</li> <li>Kars, Marjoleine. <i>Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina</i> (2002)</li> <li>Kousser, J. Morgan. "Progressivism-for middle-class whites only: North Carolina education, 1880–1910." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 46.2 (1980): 169–194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/82328/1/sswp177%20-%20revised.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Knight, Edgar W. <i>Public school education in North Carolina</i> (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), a standard scholarly history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/publicschooledu01kniggoog/page/n6/mode/1uponline">[1]</a></li> <li>Kruman Marc W. <i>Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836–1865.</i> (1983).</li> <li>Leloudis, James L. <i>Schooling the New South: Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina, 1880–1920</i> 1996</li> <li>McDonald, Forrest, and Grady McWhiney. "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage: An Interpretation". <i>American Historical Review</i> 85 (December 1980): 1095–1118. in JSTOR</li> <li>McDonald Forrest, and Grady McWhiney. "The Antebellum Southern Herdsmen: A Reinterpretation". <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 41 (May 1975): 147–66. in JSTOR</li> <li>Morrill, James R. <i>The Practice and Politics of Fiat Finance: North Carolina in the Confederation, 1783–1789</i>. (1969)</li> <li>Newcomer, Mabel, <i>Economic and Social History of Chowan County, North Carolina, 1880–1915</i> (1917)</li> <li>Nathans Sydney. <i>The Quest for Progress: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1870–1920.</i> (1983).</li> <li>Norton, Clarence Clifford. <i>The Democratic Party in Ante-Bellum North Carolina, 1835–1861</i> (1930)</li> <li>O'Brien Gail Williams. <i>The Legal Fraternity and the Making of a New South Community, 1848–1882.</i> (1986).</li> <li>Opper Peter Kent. "North Carolina Quakers: Reluctant Slaveholders". <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 52 (January 1975): 37–58.</li> <li>Perdue Theda. <i>Native Carolinians: The Indians of North Carolina.</i> Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1985.</li> <li>Prather, H. Leon, <i> Resurgent Politics and Educational Progressivism in the New South: North Carolina, 1890–1913.</i> (1979), standard scholarly history</li> <li>Ramsey Robert W. <i>Carolina Cradle. Settlement of the Northwest Carolina Frontier, 1747–1762.</i> 1964.</li> <li>Risjord, Norman. <i>Chesapeake Politics 1781–1800</i> (1978)</li> <li>Joseph Carlyle Sitterson. <i>The Secession Movement in North Carolina</i> (1939) 285 pages</li> <li>Tolley, Kim, "Joseph Gales and Education Reform in North Carolina, 1799–1841," <i>North Carolina Historical Review,</i> 86 (Jan. 2009), 1–31.</li> <li>Louise Irby Trenholme; <i>The Ratification of the Federal Constitution in North Carolina</i> (1932)</li> <li>Watson Harry L. <i>An Independent People: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1770–1820.</i> (1983).</li> <li>Watson Harry L. <i>Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict: The Emergence of the Second Party System in Cumberland County, North Carolina</i> (1981)</li> <li>Williams, Max R. "The Foundations of the Whig Party in North Carolina: A Synthesis and a Modest Proposal." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 47.2 (1970): 115–129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23518373">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1920">Since 1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Since 1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abrams; Douglas Carl; <i>Conservative Constraints: North Carolina and the New Deal</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24231467">online edition</a></li> <li>Badger; Anthony J. <i>Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina</i> (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9700308">online edition</a></li> <li>Bell John L., Jr. <i>Hard Times: Beginnings of the Great Depression in North Carolina, 1929–1933.</i> North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1982.</li> <li>Christensen, Rob. <i>The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics: The Personalities, Elections, and Events That Shaped Modern North Carolina</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0807831891">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Clancy, Paul R. <i>Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin.</i> (1974). Senator who helped to bring down Richard Nixon, but opposed the Civil Rights Movement</li> <li>Cooper, Christopher A., and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. <i>The New Politics of North Carolina</i> (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9">978-0-8078-5876-9</a></li> <li>Davis, Anita Price. <i>North Carolina and World War II: A Documentary Portrait</i> (McFarland, 2014) ISBN 978-0-7864-7984-9. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42885">online review</a></li> <li>Gatewood; Willard B. <i>Preachers, Pedagogues & Politicians: The Evolution Controversy in North Carolina, 1920–1927</i> 1966</li> <li>Gershenhorn; Jerry. <i>Louis Austin and The Carolina Times: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 2018)</li> <li>Gilmore; Glenda Elizabeth. <i>Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920</i> (1996)</li> <li>Grimsley, Wayne. <i>James B. Hunt: A North Carolina Progressive</i> (2003) governor 1977–2000</li> <li>Grundy; Pamela. <i>Learning to Win: Sports, Education, and Social Change in Twentieth-Century North Carolina</i> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jarman_Hagood" title="Margaret Jarman Hagood">Hagood, Margaret Jarman</a>. <i>Mothers of the South: Portraiture of the White Tenant Farm Woman</i> 1939</li> <li>Key, V. O. <i>Southern Politics in State and Nation</i> (1951)</li> <li>Milov, Sarah. "Little tobacco: The business and bureaucracy of tobacco farming in North Carolina, 1920–1965" (PhD dissertation, Princeton University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3597526).</li> <li>Odum, Howard W. <i>Folk, Region, and Society: Selected Papers of Howard W. Odum</i>, (1964).</li> <li>Orr, Doug, and Alfred W. Stuart. <i>The North Carolina Atlas: Portrait for a New Century</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807825075/the-north-carolina-atlas/">online</a> <ul><li>Clay, James W., Douglas Milton Orr, and Alfred W. Stuart. <i>North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1975), previous edition.</li></ul></li> <li>Parramore Thomas C. <i>Express Lanes and Country Roads: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1920–1970.</i> (1983).</li> <li>Pleasants, Julian M. <i>Home Front: North Carolina During World War II</i> (UP of Florida, 2017), 366 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=52830">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liston_Pope" title="Liston Pope">Pope, Liston</a>. <i>Millhands and Preachers.</i> (1942). A history of the 1929 Loray Mill strike in Gastonia, N.C., especially the role of the church.</li> <li>Puryear, Elmer L. <i>Democratic Party Dissension in North Carolina, 1928–1936</i> (1962).</li> <li>Seymour, Robert E. <i>"Whites Only".</i> Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson, 1991. An account of the Civil Rights Movement in North Carolina, and churches' involvement in it (on both sides) in particular, by a white Baptist pastor who was a supporter of the movement. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8170-1178-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8170-1178-1">0-8170-1178-1</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Elizabeth A. "The Women's Suffrage Movement in North Carolina", <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i>, (January 1961): 45–62, and ibid. (April 1961): 173–89;</li> <li>Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. <i>Greater than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919–1965</i> (The University of North Carolina Press, 2013)</li> <li>Tilley Nannie May. <i>The Bright-Tobacco Industry, 1860–1929.</i> (1948).</li> <li>Tilley Nannie May. <i>The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.</i> (1985).</li> <li>Tullos, Allen. <i>Habits of Industry: White Culture and the Transformation of the Carolina Piedmont.</i> (1989), based on interviews</li> <li>Weare; Walter B. <i>Black Business in the New South: A Social History of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Mutual_Life_Insurance_Company" title="North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company">North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>Wood; Phillip J. <i>Southern Capitalism: The Political Economy of North Carolina, 1880–1980</i> 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Butler, Lindley S., and Alan D. Watson, eds., <i>The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretive and Documentary History</i> 1984, essays by historians and selected related primary sources.</li> <li>Cheney, Jr., ed., John L. <i>North Carolina Government, 1585–1979: A Narrative and Statistical History</i> (Raleigh: Department of the Secretary of State, 1981)</li> <li>Claiborne, Jack, and William Price, eds. <i>Discovering North Carolina: A Tar Heel Reader</i> (1991).</li> <li>Jones, H. G. <i>North Carolina Illustrated, 1524–1984</i> (1984)</li> <li>Lefler, Hugh. <i>North Carolina History Told by Contemporaries</i> (numerous editions since 1934)</li> <li>Salley, Alexander S. ed. <i>Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650–1708</i> (1911)</li> <li>Wolfram, Walt, and Jeffrey Reaser, eds. <i>Talkin' Tar Heel: How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina</i> (UNC Press, 2014)</li> <li>Woodmason Charles. <i>The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution.</i> 1953.</li> <li>Yearns, W. Buck and John G. Barret, eds. <i>North Carolina Civil War Documentary</i> (1980)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources:_governors_and_political_leaders">Primary sources: governors and political leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Primary sources: governors and political leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luther H. Hodges; <i>Businessman in the Statehouse: Six Years as Governor of North Carolina</i> 1962</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623150026/http://docsouth.unc.edu/holden/holden.html"><i>Memoirs of W. W. Holden</i> (1911)</a> complete text</li> <li>Holden, William Woods. <i>The Papers of William Woods Holden. Vol. 1: 1841–1868.</i> Horace Raper and Thornton W. Mitchell, ed. Raleigh, Division of Archives and History, Dept. of Cultural Resources, 2000. 457 pp.</li> <li><i>North Carolina Manual</i>, published biennially by the Department of the Secretary of State since 1941.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140602224811/http://nchistorytoday.wordpress.com/">This Day in North Carolina History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/">N.C. Department of Cultural Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncpedia.org/">NCpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncmarkers.com/">North Carolina Highway Historical Markers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107021315/http://ncmarkers.com/">Archived</a> 2009-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/">North Carolina History Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/North_Carolina/_Topics/history/home.html">History of North Carolina</a>, older books and scholarly articles</li> <li>Boston Public Library, Map Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.bpl.org/explore/location/north-carolina-6">Maps of North Carolina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024123525/http://maps.bpl.org/explore/location/north-carolina-6">Archived</a> 2012-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, various dates.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocal_History_&_Genealogy_Reference_Services" class="citation cs2">Local History & Genealogy Reference Services, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/bib_guid/states/nc/nc.html">"North Carolina"</a>, <i>Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State</i>, Bibliographies & Guides, Washington DC: Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources+for+Local+History+and+Genealogy+by+State&rft.atitle=North+Carolina&rft.au=Local+History+%26+Genealogy+Reference+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fgenealogy%2Fbib_guid%2Fstates%2Fnc%2Fnc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_North_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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(capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Carolina" title="Outline of North Carolina">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_North_Carolina%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of North Carolina–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Carolina" title="Climate of North Carolina">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Carolina" title="Geography of North Carolina">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:Lakes of North Carolina">lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reservoirs_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Reservoirs in North Carolina">reserviors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Carolina" title="List of rivers of North Carolina">rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_parks" title="List of North Carolina state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Carolina" title="Wildlife of North Carolina">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">colonial era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#American_Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Mass media in North Carolina">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_North_Carolina" title="List of newspapers in North Carolina">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Carolina" title="List of radio stations in North Carolina">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_North_Carolina" title="List of television stations in North Carolina">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_North_Carolina" title="List of people from North Carolina">North Carolinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Carolina" title="Politics of North Carolina">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Carolina" title="Government of North Carolina">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Carolina" title="Law of North Carolina">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_symbols" title="List of North Carolina state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Tourist attractions in North Carolina">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Carolina" title="Abortion in North Carolina">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Carolina" title="Culture of North Carolina">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Carolina" title="Music of North Carolina">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_Carolina" title="Sports in North Carolina">sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Carolina" title="Climate change in North Carolina">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_North_Carolina" title="Crime in North Carolina">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Carolina" title="Demographics of North Carolina">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Carolina" title="Economy of North Carolina">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina#Education" title="North Carolina">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_North_Carolina" title="Gambling in North Carolina">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_North_Carolina" title="Gun laws in North Carolina">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Carolina">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#North_Carolina" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina" title="Western North Carolina">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina#Foothills" title="Western North Carolina">Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina#High_Country" title="Western North Carolina">High Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_North_Carolina" title="Central North Carolina">Piedmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area" title="Charlotte metropolitan area">Metrolina (Charlotte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Triad" title="Piedmont Triad">Piedmont Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Triangle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_North_Carolina" title="Eastern North Carolina">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Carolina)" title="Sandhills (Carolina)">Sandhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(region)" title="Cape Fear (region)">Cape Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Coast" title="Crystal Coast">Crystal Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Banks" title="Inner Banks">Inner Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_North_Carolina#Largest_cities" title="List of municipalities in North Carolina">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolina" title="Cary, North Carolina">Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_North_Carolina" title="Concord, North Carolina">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina" title="High Point, North Carolina">High Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston‑Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_North_Carolina#A" title="List of municipalities in North Carolina">Smaller cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex,_North_Carolina" title="Apex, North Carolina">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheboro,_North_Carolina" title="Asheboro, North Carolina">Asheboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_North_Carolina" title="Burlington, North Carolina">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina" title="Carrboro, North Carolina">Carrboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_North_Carolina" title="Clayton, North Carolina">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemmons,_North_Carolina" title="Clemmons, North Carolina">Clemmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius,_North_Carolina" title="Cornelius, North Carolina">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuquay-Varina,_North_Carolina" title="Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina">Fuquay-Varina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner,_North_Carolina" title="Garner, North Carolina">Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina" title="Goldsboro, North Carolina">Goldsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina" title="Greenville, North Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs,_North_Carolina" title="Holly Springs, North Carolina">Holly Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntersville,_North_Carolina" title="Huntersville, North Carolina">Huntersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Trail,_North_Carolina" title="Indian Trail, North Carolina">Indian Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_North_Carolina" title="Jacksonville, North Carolina">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannapolis,_North_Carolina" title="Kannapolis, North Carolina">Kannapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernersville,_North_Carolina" title="Kernersville, North Carolina">Kernersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina" title="Kinston, North Carolina">Kinston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knightdale,_North_Carolina" title="Knightdale, North Carolina">Knightdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland,_North_Carolina" title="Leland, North Carolina">Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina" title="Lexington, North Carolina">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthews,_North_Carolina" title="Matthews, North Carolina">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Mint Hill, North Carolina">Mint Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_North_Carolina" title="Monroe, North Carolina">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooresville,_North_Carolina" title="Mooresville, North Carolina">Mooresville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_North_Carolina" title="Morrisville, North Carolina">Morrisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina" title="Rocky Mount, North Carolina">Rocky Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina" title="Salisbury, North Carolina">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford,_North_Carolina" title="Sanford, North Carolina">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby,_North_Carolina" title="Shelby, North Carolina">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina" title="Statesville, North Carolina">Statesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasville,_North_Carolina" title="Thomasville, North Carolina">Thomasville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest,_North_Carolina" title="Wake Forest, North Carolina">Wake Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxhaw,_North_Carolina" title="Waxhaw, North Carolina">Waxhaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson,_North_Carolina" title="Wilson, North Carolina">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Towns in North Carolina">Major towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albemarle,_North_Carolina" title="Albemarle, North Carolina">Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone,_North_Carolina" title="Boone, North Carolina">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden,_North_Carolina" title="Eden, North Carolina">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City,_North_Carolina" title="Elizabeth City, North Carolina">Elizabeth City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham,_North_Carolina" title="Graham, North Carolina">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_North_Carolina" title="Harrisburg, North Carolina">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock,_North_Carolina" title="Havelock, North Carolina">Havelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_North_Carolina" title="Henderson, North Carolina">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_North_Carolina" title="Hendersonville, North Carolina">Hendersonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Mills,_North_Carolina" title="Hope Mills, North Carolina">Hope Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Mountain,_North_Carolina" title="Kings Mountain, North Carolina">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina" title="Laurinburg, North Carolina">Laurinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina" title="Lenoir, North Carolina">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisville,_North_Carolina" title="Lewisville, North Carolina">Lewisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberton,_North_Carolina" title="Lumberton, North Carolina">Lumberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina" title="Morganton, North Carolina">Morganton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehead_City,_North_Carolina" title="Morehead City, North Carolina">Morehead City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_North_Carolina" title="Newton, North Carolina">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reidsville,_North_Carolina" title="Reidsville, North Carolina">Reidsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Rapids,_North_Carolina" title="Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina">Roanoke Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_North_Carolina" title="Smithfield, North Carolina">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pines,_North_Carolina" title="Southern Pines, North Carolina">Southern Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarboro,_North_Carolina" title="Tarboro, North Carolina">Tarboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville,_North_Carolina" title="Winterville, North Carolina">Winterville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_North_Carolina" title="List of counties in North Carolina">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamance_County,_North_Carolina" title="Alamance County, North Carolina">Alamance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_County,_North_Carolina" title="Alexander County, North Carolina">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleghany_County,_North_Carolina" title="Alleghany County, North Carolina">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Anson County, North Carolina">Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashe_County,_North_Carolina" title="Ashe County, North Carolina">Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_County,_North_Carolina" title="Avery County, North Carolina">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_County,_North_Carolina" title="Beaufort County, North Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_County,_North_Carolina" title="Bertie County, North Carolina">Bertie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladen_County,_North_Carolina" title="Bladen County, North Carolina">Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_County,_North_Carolina" title="Brunswick County, North Carolina">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buncombe_County,_North_Carolina" title="Buncombe County, North Carolina">Buncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burke_County,_North_Carolina" title="Burke County, North Carolina">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabarrus_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cabarrus County, North Carolina">Cabarrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Caldwell County, North Carolina">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_North_Carolina" title="Camden County, North Carolina">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteret_County,_North_Carolina" title="Carteret County, North Carolina">Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caswell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Caswell County, North Carolina">Caswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_County,_North_Carolina" title="Catawba County, North Carolina">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_County,_North_Carolina" title="Chatham County, North Carolina">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cherokee County, North Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="Chowan County, North Carolina">Chowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_North_Carolina" title="Clay County, North Carolina">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cleveland County, North Carolina">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_County,_North_Carolina" title="Columbus County, North Carolina">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_County,_North_Carolina" title="Craven County, North Carolina">Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cumberland County, North Carolina">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currituck_County,_North_Carolina" title="Currituck County, North Carolina">Currituck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="Dare County, North Carolina">Dare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Davidson County, North Carolina">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_County,_North_Carolina" title="Davie County, North Carolina">Davie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplin_County,_North_Carolina" title="Duplin County, North Carolina">Duplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_County,_North_Carolina" title="Durham County, North Carolina">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgecombe_County,_North_Carolina" title="Edgecombe County, North Carolina">Edgecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County,_North_Carolina" title="Forsyth County, North Carolina">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_North_Carolina" title="Franklin County, North Carolina">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_County,_North_Carolina" title="Gaston County, North Carolina">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_County,_North_Carolina" title="Gates County, North Carolina">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_North_Carolina" title="Graham County, North Carolina">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_County,_North_Carolina" title="Granville County, North Carolina">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_North_Carolina" title="Greene County, North Carolina">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_County,_North_Carolina" title="Guilford County, North Carolina">Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_North_Carolina" title="Halifax County, North Carolina">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnett_County,_North_Carolina" title="Harnett County, North Carolina">Harnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywood_County,_North_Carolina" title="Haywood County, North Carolina">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Henderson County, North Carolina">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford_County,_North_Carolina" title="Hertford County, North Carolina">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoke_County,_North_Carolina" title="Hoke County, North Carolina">Hoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_County,_North_Carolina" title="Hyde County, North Carolina">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iredell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Iredell County, North Carolina">Iredell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Jackson County, North Carolina">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_County,_North_Carolina" title="Johnston County, North Carolina">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_North_Carolina" title="Jones County, North Carolina">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_North_Carolina" title="Lee County, North Carolina">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenoir_County,_North_Carolina" title="Lenoir County, North Carolina">Lenoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_North_Carolina" title="Lincoln County, North Carolina">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_North_Carolina" title="Macon County, North Carolina">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_North_Carolina" title="Madison County, North Carolina">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_North_Carolina" title="Martin County, North Carolina">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDowell_County,_North_Carolina" title="McDowell County, North Carolina">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_North_Carolina" title="Mecklenburg County, North Carolina">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Mitchell County, North Carolina">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_North_Carolina" title="Montgomery County, North Carolina">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_North_Carolina" title="Moore County, North Carolina">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_County,_North_Carolina" title="Nash County, North Carolina">Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hanover_County,_North_Carolina" title="New Hanover County, North Carolina">New Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_North_Carolina" title="Northampton County, North Carolina">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onslow_County,_North_Carolina" title="Onslow County, North Carolina">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_North_Carolina" title="Orange County, North Carolina">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamlico_County,_North_Carolina" title="Pamlico County, North Carolina">Pamlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquotank_County,_North_Carolina" title="Pasquotank County, North Carolina">Pasquotank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pender_County,_North_Carolina" title="Pender County, North Carolina">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perquimans_County,_North_Carolina" title="Perquimans County, North Carolina">Perquimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_County,_North_Carolina" title="Person County, North Carolina">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_County,_North_Carolina" title="Pitt County, North Carolina">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_North_Carolina" title="Polk County, North Carolina">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_North_Carolina" title="Randolph County, North Carolina">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_North_Carolina" title="Richmond County, North Carolina">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robeson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Robeson County, North Carolina">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rockingham County, North Carolina">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rowan County, North Carolina">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rutherford County, North Carolina">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Sampson County, North Carolina">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Scotland County, North Carolina">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanly_County,_North_Carolina" title="Stanly County, North Carolina">Stanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_County,_North_Carolina" title="Stokes County, North Carolina">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_County,_North_Carolina" title="Surry County, North Carolina">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swain_County,_North_Carolina" title="Swain County, North Carolina">Swain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_County,_North_Carolina" title="Transylvania County, North Carolina">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Tyrrell County, North Carolina">Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_North_Carolina" title="Union County, North Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_County,_North_Carolina" title="Vance County, North Carolina">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wake County, North Carolina">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_North_Carolina" title="Warren County, North Carolina">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_North_Carolina" title="Washington County, North Carolina">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_County,_North_Carolina" title="Watauga County, North Carolina">Watauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wayne County, North Carolina">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wilkes County, North Carolina">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wilson County, North Carolina">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadkin_County,_North_Carolina" title="Yadkin County, North Carolina">Yadkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancey_County,_North_Carolina" title="Yancey County, North Carolina">Yancey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Carolina" title="Portal:North Carolina">North Carolina portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a 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