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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==British colonization== ===Roanoke colony=== {{Main|Roanoke Colony}} [[File:Sir Walter Raleigh oval portrait by Nicholas Hilliard.jpg|right|thumb|[[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]], sponsor of the [[Roanoke Colony]], and namesake of the capital city of North Carolina, [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]]] The earliest English attempt at colonization in North America was [[Roanoke Colony]] of 1585–1587, the famed "Lost Colony" of [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]]. The colony was established at [[Roanoke Island]] in the [[Croatan Sound]] on the leeward side of the [[Outer Banks]]. The first attempt at a settlement consisted of 100 or so colonists led by [[Ralph Lane]]. They built a fort, and waited for supplies from a second voyage. While waiting for supplies to return, Lane and his group antagonized the local [[Croatan]] peoples, killing several of them in armed skirmishes.<ref>Ward (1999), pp. 231–232</ref><ref>Mobley (2003), pp 20–21</ref> The interactions were not all negative, as the local people did teach the colonists some survival skills, such as the construction of [[dugout canoe]]s.<ref>Powell (1977), p. 15</ref> When the relief was long in coming, the colonists began to give up hope; after a chance encounter with [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]], the colonists elected to accept transport back to England with him. When the supply ships did arrive, only a few days later, they found the colony abandoned. The ship's captain, [[Richard Grenville]], left a small force of 15 colonists to hold the fort and supplies and wait for a new stock of colonists.<ref name="auto">Ward (1999), p. 232</ref><ref>Powell (1977), pp. 15–16</ref> In 1587, a third ship arrived carrying 110 men, 17 women, and 9 children, some of whom had been part of the first group of colonists that had earlier abandoned Roanoke. This group was led by [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]]. Among them was a pregnant woman, who gave birth to the first English colonist born in North America, [[Virginia Dare]]. The colonists found the remains of [[garrison]]s left behind, likely killed by the Croatan who had been so antagonized by Lane's aggressiveness.<ref name="auto"/> White had intended to pick up the remaining garrisons, abandon Roanoke Island, and settle in the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. White's Portuguese pilot, [[Simon Fernandes]], refused to carry on further. Rather than risk [[mutiny]], White agreed to resettle the former colony.<ref>Ready (2005), pp. 24–25</ref> [[Anglo–Spanish War (1585)|The Spanish War]] prevented any further contact between the colony and England, until a 1590 expedition, which found no remains of any colonists, just an abandoned colony and the letters "CROATOAN" carved into a tree, and "CRO" carved into another. Despite many investigations, no one knows what happened to the colony.<ref>Ward (1999), pp. 232–233</ref><ref>Powell, pp. 16–18</ref><ref>Ready (2005), p. 27</ref> Historians widely believe that the colonists either died of starvation and illness, or they were taken in and assimilated with Native American tribes. ===Development of North Carolina colony=== {{See also|Albemarle County, North Carolina|Province of North Carolina|Province of Carolina}} [[File:The Carte of all the Coast of Virginia by Theodor de Bry 1585 1586.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the coast of [[Virginia]] and North Carolina, drawn 1585–86 by [[Theodor de Bry]], based on map by [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] of the [[Roanoke Colony]]]] [[File:King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg|thumb|150px|North Carolina is named after [[King Charles I of England]]. Carolina is taken from the [[Latin]] word for "Charles", ''Carolus''.]] The [[Province of North Carolina]] developed differently from [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] almost from the beginning. The Spanish experienced trouble colonizing North Carolina because it had a dangerous coastline, a lack of ports, and few inland rivers by which to navigate. In the 1650s and 1660s, settlers (mostly English) moved south from [[History of Virginia|Virginia]], in addition to runaway servants and fur trappers. They settled chiefly in the [[Albemarle Settlements|Albemarle borderlands region]].<ref>Jonathan Edward Barth, "'The Sinke of America': Society in the Albemarle Borderlands of North Carolina, 1663–1729," ''North Carolina Historical Review,'' Jan 2010, Vol. 87 Issue 1, pp 1–27</ref> In 1665, the Crown issued a second charter to resolve territorial questions. As early as 1689, the [[Lord proprietor#Carolina|Carolina proprietors]] named a separate deputy-governor for the region of the colony that lay to the north and east of [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]]. The division of the province into North and South became official in 1712. The first colonial Governor of North Carolina was [[Edward Hyde (c. 1650-1712)|Edward Hyde]] who served from 1711 until 1712. North Carolina became a crown colony in 1729. [[Smallpox]] took a heavy toll in the region among Native Americans, who had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to the disease, which had become [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in Asia and Europe. The 1738 epidemic was said to have killed one-half of the Cherokee, with other tribes of the area suffering equally.<ref>"[http://www.uncpress.unc.edu/nc_encyclopedia/cherokee.html Cherokee Indians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163819/http://www.uncpress.unc.edu/nc_encyclopedia/cherokee.html |date=2011-07-26 }}". Encyclopedia of North Carolina.</ref> Historians estimate there were about 5,000 settlers in 1700 and 11,000 in 1715.<ref name="nc architecture">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NccTgQkmPIEC |publisher=[[UNC Press]] |year=2005 |title=North Carolina Architecture |first=Catherine |last=Bishir|page=2 |isbn=978-0-8078-5624-6}}</ref> While the voluntary settlers were mostly [[English Americans|English]], some settlers had brought [[African people|Africans]] as laborers; most were [[Slavery in the colonial United States|enslaved]]. In the ensuing years, wealthier settlers imported and purchased more slaves to develop plantations in the lowland areas, and the African proportion of the population rose rapidly. A colony at [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]] was composed of [[Swiss Americans|Swiss]] and [[German Americans|German]] settlers.<ref name="nc architecture"/> In the late 18th century, more German immigrants migrated south after entry into [[Pennsylvania]]. By 1712, the term "North Carolina" was in common use. In 1728, the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia was surveyed. In 1730, the population in North Carolina was around 30,000.<ref name="nc architecture"/> By 1729, the Crown bought out seven of the eight original proprietors and made the region a royal colony. [[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville]] refused to sell, and in 1744 he received rights to the vast [[Granville District|Granville Tract]], constituting the northern half of North Carolina. [[Bath, North Carolina|Bath]], the oldest town in North Carolina, was the first nominal capital from 1705 until 1722, when [[Edenton, North Carolina|Edenton]] took over the role, but the colony had no permanent institutions of government until their establishment in the new capital [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]] in 1743. [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] would become capital of North Carolina in 1792. In 1755 [[Benjamin Franklin]], the Postmaster-General for the American colonies, appointed [[James Davis (printer)|James Davis]] as the first postmaster of the North Carolina colony at [[Newbern, North Carolina|New&nbsp;Bern]].<ref name=lee53-54>[[#lee1923|Lee, 1923]], pp. 53–54</ref> In October of that year the [[North Carolina General Assembly|North Carolina Assembly]] awarded Davis the contract to carry the mail between [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] and [[Suffolk, Virginia]].<ref>[[#powell2000|Powell, 2000]], pp. 34–35</ref> ===Immigration from north=== {{See also|Great Wagon Road}} [[Image:Kitfry-1-.jpg|thumb |300px |1751 [[Joshua Fry|Fry-Jefferson map]] depicting the Virginia Colony and surrounding provinces, including the [[Great Wagon Road]] spanning from Pennsylvania to North Carolina]] The colony grew rapidly from a population of 100,000 in 1752 to 200,000 in 1765.<ref name="nc architecture"/> The Lord Proprietors encouraged importing of slaves to the Province of North Carolina by instituting a headright system that gave settlers acreage for the number of slaves that they brought to the province. The geography was a factor that slowed the importation of slaves. Settlers were forced to import slaves from Virginia or South Carolina because of the poor harbors and treacherous coastline. The enslaved black population grew from 800 in 1712 to 6,000 in 1730 and about 41,000 in 1767.<ref name="Life">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncpedia.org/african-americans/life-under-slavery|title=Life Under Slaver |website=NCPEDIA|author=Roberta Sue Alexander, Rodney D. Barfield, and Steven E. Nash|year=2006|access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> In the mid-to-late 18th century, the tide of immigration to North Carolina from [[Virginia]] and [[Pennsylvania]] began to swell.<ref name="nc architecture"/> The Scots-Irish (Ulster Protestants) from what is today [[Northern Ireland]] were the largest immigrant group from the [[British Isles]] to the colonies before the [[American Revolution]].<ref>[[David Hackett Fischer]], ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]'', 1986</ref><ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03a.pdf|title=Table 3a. ''Persons Who Reported a Single Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980''}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab01.pdf|title=Table 1. ''Type of Ancestry Response for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980''}}</ref> In total, English indentured servants, who arrived mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries, comprised the majority of English settlers prior to the Revolution.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010522053812/http://www.geocities.com/nai_cilh/servitude.html "Indentured Servitude in Colonial America"]</ref> On the eve of the American Revolution, North Carolina was the fastest-growing British colony in North America. The small family farms of Piedmont contrasted sharply with the [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] economy of the coastal region, where wealthy planters had established a slave society, growing tobacco and rice with slave labor. Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the low country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The [[Tidewater (region)|Tidewater]] in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the [[Scottish Highlands]]. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by [[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]], English and German [[Protestants]], the so-called "[[cohee]]". During the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to have more loyalist towards the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish and German settlers of the western half of North Carolina, largely tended to favor American independence from Britain. With no cities and very few towns or villages, the colony was rural and thinly populated. Local [[Tavern#Colonial America to 1800|taverns]] provided multiple services ranging from strong drink, beds for travelers, and meeting rooms for politicians and businessmen. In a world sharply divided along lines of ethnicity, gender, race, and class, the tavern keepers' rum proved a solvent that mixed together all sorts of locals, as well as travelers. The increasing variety of drinks on offer and the emergence of private clubs meeting in the taverns, showed that genteel culture was spreading from London to the periphery of the English colonial empire.<ref>Daniel B. Thorp, "Taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontier," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Nov 1996, Vol. 62#4 pp. 661–88</ref> The courthouse was usually the most prominent building within a county. Jails were often an important part of the courthouse but were sometimes built separately. Some county governments built tobacco warehouses to provide a common service for their most important export crop.<ref>Alan D. Watson, "County Buildings and Other Public Structures in Colonial North Carolina," ''North Carolina Historical Review,'' Oct 2005, Vol. 82 Issue 4, pp. 427–463,</ref> ===Slavery=== {{Main|History of slavery in North Carolina}} In the early years, the line between white indentured servants and African laborers was vague, as some Africans also arrived under an indenture, before more were transported as slaves. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong racial caste. Most of the [[free people of color|free colored]] families found in North Carolina in the censuses of 1790–1810 were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men in colonial Virginia. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Such mixed-race families migrated along with their European-American neighbors into the frontier of North Carolina.<ref>[http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ Paul Heinegg, ''Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware'']. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</ref> As the flow of indentured laborers slackened because of improving economic conditions in Britain, the colony was short on labor and imported more slaves from [[History of slavery|European slavers]] who traded or purchased them from African tribal chiefs in West Africa. It followed Virginia in increasing its controls on slavery, which became a racial caste of the foreign Africans. Much of the economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco. The often oppressive and brutal experiences of slaves and poor whites led many of them to resort to escape, violent resistance, and theft of food and other goods to survive.<ref>Marvin L. Kay, et al. "'They Are Indeed the Constant Plague of their Tyrants': Slave Defence of a Moral Economy in Colonial North Carolina, 1748–1772," ''Slavery & Abolition,'' Dec 1985, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp 37–56</ref> ===Politics=== In the late 1760s, tensions between Piedmont farmers and coastal planters developed into the [[Regulators of North Carolina|Regulator movement]]. With specie scarce, many inland farmers found themselves unable to pay their [[taxes]] and resented the consequent seizure of their property. Local sheriffs sometimes kept taxes for their own gain and sometimes charged twice for the same tax. Governor [[William Tryon]]'s conspicuous consumption in the construction of [[Tryon Palace|a new governor's mansion]] at New Bern fueled the resentment of yeoman farmers. As the western districts were under-represented in the colonial legislature, the farmers could not obtain redress by [[legislature|legislative]] means. The frustrated farmers took to arms and closed the court in [[Hillsborough, North Carolina]]. Tryon sent troops to the region and defeated the Regulators at the [[Battle of Alamance]] in May 1771, where several leaders of the movement, including Captain Robert Messer, Captain [[Benjamin Merrill]], and Captain Robert Matear, were captured and hanged. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">History of North Carolina</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&section=4&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65496f48b4-67mhk","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.057","walltime":"0.080","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 54.545 1 -total"," 99.86% 54.468 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.43% 22.596 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 40.32% 21.991 2 Template:Replace"," 37.22% 20.299 1 Template:Hidden"," 16.25% 8.862 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.22% 7.758 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.55% 1.391 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.42% 1.319 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.80% 0.982 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.010","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043331,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65496f48b4-67mhk","timestamp":"20241125084749","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>