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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Welsh for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Help:IPA/Welsh</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> is characterised by a number of sounds that do not occur in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and are rare in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> [ɬ] and several <a href="/wiki/Sonorant#Voiceless" title="Sonorant">voiceless sonorants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a>), some of which result from <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology#Initial_consonant_mutation" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">consonant mutation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> usually falls on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate syllable</a> in polysyllabic words, while the word-final unstressed syllable receives a higher <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a> than the stressed syllable. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Consonants">1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Vowels">2 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Stress_and_pitch">3 Stress and pitch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Welsh has the following <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Ball-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hannahs1-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>) </td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>) </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Symbols in parentheses are either <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, or found only in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. The sound /z/ generally occurs in loanwords, e.g. sŵ /zuː/ ('zoo'), although this is usually realised as /s/ in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language#Dialects" title="Welsh language">northern accents</a>, e.g. /suː/. The postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ occur mainly in loanwords, e.g. tsips /tʃɪps/ ('chips') and jeli /ˈdʒɛli/ ('<a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert" title="Gelatin dessert">jelly</a>'), but also in some dialects as developments from /tj/ and /dj/, e.g. /dʒaul/ from diafol /ˈdjavɔl/ ('devil'). The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant#Voiceless_nasals" title="Nasal consonant">voiceless nasals</a> /m̥ n̥ ŋ̊/ occur mostly word-initially, as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_morphology#Nasal_mutation" title="Welsh morphology">nasal mutation</a>. These nasals have recently been interpreted as sequences of /m n ŋ/ + /h/.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Initial /χw/ is colloquially realised as [ʍ] in the south, e.g. chwech /χweːχ/ ('six') pronounced [ʍeːχ]. [ç] results from /j/ when preceded by /h/, often as a result of <a href="/wiki/H-prothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="H-prothesis">h-prothesis</a> of the radical word, e.g. iaith /jai̯θ/ 'language' becomes ei hiaith [ɛi çai̯θ] 'her language'.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins_1993-9">[9]</a> The stops /p t k/ are distinguished from /b d ɡ/ by means of <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> more consistently than by <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voicing</a>, as /b d ɡ/ are actually devoiced in most contexts. This devoiced nature is recognised in the spelling of /sp sk/ as ⟨sb sg⟩, although /st/ is <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographically</a> ⟨st⟩ for historical reasons. The fricatives /v ð/ tend not to be pronounced in certain contexts, e.g. nesaf /nɛsav/ ('next') realised as /ˈnɛsa/ or i fyny /iː ˈvənɨ/ ('up') from mynydd /mənɨð, mənɪð/ ('mountain'). Historically, this occurred so often with the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> that it disappeared entirely from the language. The occurrence and distribution of the phoneme /ʃ/ varies from area to area. Very few native words are pronounced with /ʃ/ by all speakers, e.g. siarad /ˈʃarad/ ('talk'), although it appears in borrowings, e.g. siop /ʃɔp/ ('shop'). In northern accents, it can occur when /s/ precedes /iː j/, e.g. es i /ˈeːʃ i/ ('I went'). In some <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language#Dialects" title="Welsh language">southern dialects</a> it is produced when /s/ follows /ɪ/ or /iː/, e.g. mis /miːʃ/ ('month'). The voiceless fricative /χ/ is realised as uvular except by some southwestern speakers, who produce the sound in the velar region as [x]. The /r/ phoneme is reportedly pronounced as the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> [ʁ] by some speakers in <a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, in a pronunciation known as tafod tew ('thick tongue').<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In some dialects of north-western Welsh, the /l/ phoneme is consistently <a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants#Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">velarised</a> or "dark" ([ɫ], not to be confused with [ɬ]) in all positions,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but remains unvelarised or "clear" ([l]) in the south, except in rare exceptions where [ɫ] is found after /d/, e.g. dlos [dɫos] 'pretty'. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Welsh_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Welsh_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 343px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Welsh_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Welsh_vowel_chart.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="343" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Welsh_vowel_chart.svg/450px-Welsh_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Welsh_vowel_chart.svg/600px-Welsh_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A chart plotting the vowel <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a> of a Welsh speaker from <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor, Gwynedd</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> phonemes of Welsh are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Ball-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hannahs1-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨː</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The vowels /ɨ̞/ and /ɨː/ merged with /ɪ/ and /iː/ in southern dialects, but are retained in northern dialects. In all dialects, the contrast between long and short vowels is found in stressed penultimate syllables of polysyllabic words or in monosyllabic words. Word-final vowels show a contrast between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">vowel quality</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a> proper, e.g. ysbyty /əsˈbə.tiː/ is realised as [əsˈpə.ti] with final short [i] rather than with final long [iː]. The vowel /ə/ does not occur in the final syllable of words (except a few monosyllabic <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitics</a>). It is always pronounced short except when emphasised in the name of the letter y.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The long counterpart to short /a/ is sometimes misleadingly transcribed /ɑ/. This is often found in solely quality-distinctive transcriptions to avoid using a length mark. The actual pronunciation of long /a/ is [aː], which makes the vowel pair unique in that there is no significant quality difference. Regional realisations of /aː/ may be [æː] or [ɛː] in north-central and (decreasingly) south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> or sporadically as [ɑː] in some southern areas undoubtedly under the influence of English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a></th> <th colspan="3">Second component </th></tr> <tr> <th>First component</th> <th>front</th> <th>central</th> <th>back </th></tr> <tr> <th>close </th> <td>ʊi </td> <td>ʊɨ </td> <td>ɪu, ɨu </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <td>əi/ɛi, ɔi </td> <td>əɨ/ɛɨ, ɔɨ </td> <td>əu/ɛu, ɔu </td></tr> <tr> <th>open </th> <td>ai </td> <td>aɨ, aːɨ </td> <td>au </td></tr></tbody></table> The diphthongs containing /ɨ/ occur only in northern dialects; in southern dialects /ʊɨ/ is replaced by /ʊi/ and /ɨu, əɨ~ɛɨ, ɔɨ, a(ː)ɨ/ are merged with /ɪu, əi~ɛi, ɔi, ai/. There is a general tendency in the South to simplify diphthongs in <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">everyday speech</a>, e.g. Northern /ɡwaːɨθ/ corresponding to /ɡwaːθ/ in the South, or Northern /ɡwɛiθjɔ/ and Southern /ɡwiθɔ/. The long vowels are not inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> vowels, which were transformed into separate vowels, but instead from the <a href="/wiki/New_Quantity_System" title="New Quantity System">New Quantity System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-willis-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Stress_and_pitch">Stress and pitch</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stress and pitch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> in polysyllabic words occurs most commonly on the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penultimate" class="extiw" title="wikt:penultimate">penultimate</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, more rarely on the final syllable (e.g. verbs ending in -áu).<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983-13">[13]</a> Exceptions can arise in relation to borrowings from foreign words, such as ambiwlans and testament (both stressed on the first syllable). According to its positioning, related words or concepts (or even <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plurals</a>) can sound quite different, as syllables are added to the end of a word and the stress moves correspondingly: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word</th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ysgrif </td> <td style="text-align: left;">/ˈəsɡrɪv/</td> <td>"article, essay" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ysgrifen </td> <td style="text-align: left;">/əsˈɡrivɛn/</td> <td>"writing" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ysgrifennydd </td> <td style="text-align: left;">/əsɡrɪˈvɛnɪð/</td> <td>"secretary" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ysgrifenyddes </td> <td style="text-align: left;">/əsɡrɪvɛnˈəðɛs/</td> <td>"female secretary" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ysgrifenyddesau </td> <td style="text-align: left;">/əsɡrɪvɛnəðˈɛsai/</td> <td>"female secretaries" </td></tr></tbody></table> Note also how adding a syllable to ysgrifennydd to form ysgrifenyddes changes the pronunciation of the second ⟨y⟩. This is because the pronunciation of ⟨y⟩ depends on whether or not it is in the final syllable. Stress on penultimate syllables is characterised by a low <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a>, which is followed by a high pitch on the (unstressed) word-final syllable. In words where stress is on the final syllable, that syllable also bears the high pitch.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983-13">[13]</a> This high pitch is a remnant of the high-pitched word-final stress of early <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> (derived from original penultimate stress in <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> by the loss of final syllables); the stress shift from final to penultimate occurred in the Old Welsh period without affecting the overall pitch of the word.<a href="#cite_note-willis-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Welsh/Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Welsh/Pronunciation">Welsh/Pronunciation</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ball-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBall1984" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Martin J. (1984). "Phonetics for phonology". In Ball, M. J.; Jones, G. E. (eds.). Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 5–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0861-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-0861-9"><bdi>0-7083-0861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonetics+for+phonology&rft.btitle=Welsh+Phonology%3A+Selected+Readings&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7083-0861-9&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1996" class="citation book cs1">King, Gareth (1996). "Sounds and Spelling". Modern Welsh, A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. pp. 3–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82630-4"><bdi>978-1-138-82630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sounds+and+Spelling&rft.btitle=Modern+Welsh%2C+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82630-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1913" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John Morris (1913). "Phonology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/welshgrammarhist00joneuoft/">A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–188. pibn 1000706503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonology&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Grammar%2C+Historical+and+Comparative&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwelshgrammarhist00joneuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen J. (1980). "Phonology". A Welsh Grammar. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-0737-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-0737-X"><bdi>0-7083-0737-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonology&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Grammar&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7083-0737-X&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2018" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Zirui (2018). "Background on the Welsh language". Phonetics of Southern Welsh Stress. London: University College London. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Background+on+the+Welsh+language&rft.btitle=Phonetics+of+Southern+Welsh+Stress&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zirui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannahs1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannahs1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannahs1_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannahs2013" class="citation book cs1">Hannahs, S. J. (2013). "A Survey of Welsh Phonetics". The Phonology of Welsh. 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Journal of Celtic Linguistics. 20 (1): 31–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16922%2Fjcl.20.3">10.16922/jcl.20.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165438641">165438641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Celtic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Voiceless+Nasals+in+Welsh&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16922%2Fjcl.20.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165438641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.16922%2Fjcl.20.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Elise (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100321000165">"Northern Welsh"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (2): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100321000165">10.1017/S0025100321000165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Northern+Welsh&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100321000165&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100321000165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkins_1993-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Watkins_1993_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1993" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, T. Arwyn (1993). "Welsh". In Ball, Martin J. (ed.). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 300–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7"><bdi>0-415-01035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welsh&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-01035-7&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=T.+Arwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2"><bdi>0-521-28540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-28540-2&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3-ElL71fikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWmffre2013" class="citation book cs1">Wmffre, Iwan (2013). The Qualities and the Origins of the Welsh Vowel [ɨː]. 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