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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Precursors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pioneers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Attributes </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Working conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_popularity_and_cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_popularity_and_cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Global popularity and cultural impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_popularity_and_cultural_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global popularity and cultural impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_popularity_and_cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fan_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fan_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fan response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fan_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Anime style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_franchises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_franchises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Media franchises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_franchises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anime</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%92%E1%88%9C" title="አኒሜ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አኒሜ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A" title="أنمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87" title="এনিমে – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এনিমে" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87" title="অ্যানিমে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যানিমে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Анімэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анімэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Анімэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анімэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="أنيمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنيمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animeo" title="Animeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Animeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87" title="انیمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انیمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="أنيمه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أنيمه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="일본의 애니메이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 애니메이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5" title="Անիմե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անիմե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="ऐनिमे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐनिमे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%90%83%E1%93%83%E1%92%AB%E1%96%85" title="ᐋᐃᓃᒫᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᐃᓃᒫᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%94)" title="אנימה (הנפשה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנימה (הנפשה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="ანიმე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანიმე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AEme" title="Anîme – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anîme" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0" title="ອະນິເມະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອະນິເມະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C4%97" title="Animė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Animė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86" title="അനിമെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനിമെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="ॲनिमे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲनिमे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Анимэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анимэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2" title="အနိမဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနိမဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="एनिमे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एनिमे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81)" title="アニメ (日本のアニメーション作品) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アニメ (日本のアニメーション作品)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87" title="ଆନିମେ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆନିମେ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%BF%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87" title="ਐਨੀਮੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਨੀਮੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%92" title="انیمے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انیمے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="انیم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انیم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81" title="អានីមេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អានីមេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аніме – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Аніме" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8E" title="ئەنیمێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنیمێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C3%A9" title="Animé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Animé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87" title="அனிமே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனிமே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="อนิเมะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนิเมะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аниме – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Аниме" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Аніме – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аніме" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%92" title="انیمے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انیمے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%95%E7%95%AB" title="日本動畫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日本動畫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="日本动画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日本动画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A2" title="אנימע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנימע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%95%E7%95%AB" title="日本動畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日本動畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="日本动画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本动画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Anime" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1107#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese animation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Animé" redirects here. For the sap, see <a href="/wiki/Hymenaea_courbaril" title="Hymenaea courbaril">Hymenaea courbaril</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133511664">.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-header{background-color:#99c2ff}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-comics{width:24em}.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-label{width:40%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-comics-nationality ib-comics"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Anime</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><video id="mwe_player_0" 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the 2022 anime <a href="/wiki/Heroines_Run_the_Show" title="Heroines Run the Show">Heroines Run the Show</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publishers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">List of anime companies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists of anime</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Japanese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Related articles</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">Manfra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">La nouvelle manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">OEL manga</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945135">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">Doujin shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">Doujinshi printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/16px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/24px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/32px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryukuyuans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryukuyuans (page does not exist)">Ryukuyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Anime (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: アニメ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[aꜜɲime]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/Ja-Anime.oga\/Ja-Anime.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Anime.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Ja-Anime.oga/Ja-Anime.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Anime.oga" title="File:Ja-Anime.oga">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a>; derived from a shortening of English animation) is <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">hand-drawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer-generated</a> <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Outside Japan and in English, anime refers specifically to animation produced in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> However, in Japan and in Japanese, anime describes all animated works, regardless of style or origin. Many works of animation with a <a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">similar style to Japanese animation</a> are also produced outside Japan. <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a> sometimes also feature themes and art styles that are sometimes labelled as anime. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917. A characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> and spread in the following decades, developing a large domestic audience. Anime is distributed theatrically, through television broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">directly to home media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">over the Internet</a>. In addition to original works, anime are often adaptations of Japanese comics (<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>), <a href="/wiki/Light_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Light novels">light novels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">video games</a>. It is classified into numerous genres targeting various broad and niche audiences.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Anime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that have adapted in response to emergent technologies. It combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and other forms of imaginative and individualistic techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000139–140-4">[3]</a> Compared to Western animation, anime production generally focuses less on movement, and more on the detail of settings and use of "camera effects", such as panning, zooming, and angle shots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000139–140-4">[3]</a> Diverse art styles are used, and character proportions and features can be quite varied, with a common characteristic feature being large and emotive eyes.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> The anime industry consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">over 430 production companies</a>, including major studios such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Animation" title="Kyoto Animation">Kyoto Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Filmworks#Sunrise" title="Bandai Namco Filmworks">Sunrise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bones_(studio)" title="Bones (studio)">Bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ufotable" title="Ufotable">Ufotable</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAPPA" title="MAPPA">MAPPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wit_Studio" title="Wit Studio">Wit Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoMix_Wave_Films" title="CoMix Wave Films">CoMix Wave Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhouse,_Inc." title="Madhouse, Inc.">Madhouse, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/TMS_Entertainment" title="TMS Entertainment">TMS Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_(company)" title="Pierrot (company)">Pierrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_I.G" title="Production I.G">Production I.G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Animation" title="Nippon Animation">Nippon Animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei Animation</a>. Since the 1980s, the medium has also seen widespread international success with the rise of foreign <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitled</a> programming, and since the 2010s due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming services">streaming services</a> and a widening demographic embrace of anime culture, both within Japan and worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> As of 2016,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anime&action=edit">[update]</a> Japanese animation accounted for 60% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">animated television shows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> As a type of <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, anime is an art form that comprises many <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> found in other mediums; it is sometimes mistakenly classified as a genre itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras20007-9">[8]</a> In Japanese, the term anime is used to refer to all animated works, regardless of style or origin.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> English-language dictionaries typically define anime (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈænɪmeɪ/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> as "a style of Japanese animation"<a href="#cite_note-lexico-12">[11]</a> or as "a style of animation originating in Japan".<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Other definitions are based on origin, making production in Japan a requisite for a work to be considered "anime".<a href="#cite_note-anna-14">[13]</a> The etymology of the term anime is disputed. The English word "animation" is written in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> as アニメーション (animēshon) and as アニメ (anime, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[a.ɲi.me]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/Ja-Anime.oga\/Ja-Anime.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Anime.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Ja-Anime.oga/Ja-Anime.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Anime.oga" title="File:Ja-Anime.oga">ⓘ</a>) in its shortened form.<a href="#cite_note-anna-14">[13]</a> Some sources claim that the term is derived from the French term for animation dessin animé ("cartoon", literally 'animated drawing'),<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> but others believe this to be a myth derived from the popularity of anime in France in the late 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-anna-14">[13]</a> In English, anime—when used as a common <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>—normally functions as a <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a>. (For example: "Do you watch anime?" or "How much anime have you watched?")<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> As with a few other Japanese words, such as <a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Saké">saké</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a>, English texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as in French), with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> over the final e, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography may suggest. Prior to the widespread use of anime, the term Japanimation, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and animation, was prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began to supplant Japanimation;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten200485–86-18">[17]</a> in general, the latter term now only appears in period works where it is used to distinguish and identify Japanese animation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten200469–70-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow plays</a> (kage-e) are considered precursors of Japanese animation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> Emakimono was common in the eleventh century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes while the emakimono was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a moving panorama.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> Kage-e was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow plays of China.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic lanterns</a> from the Netherlands were also popular in the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> The paper play called <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">kamishibai</a> surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street theater until the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> Puppets of the <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a> theater and <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> Finally, manga were a heavy inspiration for anime. Cartoonists <a href="/wiki/Kitazawa_Rakuten" title="Kitazawa Rakuten">Kitzawa Rakuten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okamoto_Ippei" title="Okamoto Ippei">Okamoto Ippei</a> used film elements in their strips.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneers">Pioneers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/220px--Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="173" data-durationhint="259" data-mwtitle="Kouichi_Jun'ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_(1917)_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_(1917)_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="612" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="916" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1350" data-height="1060" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="184" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="306" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="458" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm/Kouichi_Jun%27ichi_-_Namakura_Gatana_%281917%29_-_4-minute_restored_version.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="458" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namakura_Gatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakura Gatana">Namakura Gatana</a> (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas</figcaption></figure> Animation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">filmmakers</a> started to experiment with techniques pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt1997-21">[20]</a> A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is <a href="/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin" title="Katsudō Shashin">Katsudō Shashin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1907),<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> a private work by an unknown creator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClementsMcCarthy2006169-23">[22]</a> In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cten_Shimokawa" title="Ōten Shimokawa">Ōten Shimokawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seitar%C5%8D_Kitayama" title="Seitarō Kitayama">Seitarō Kitayama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichi_K%C5%8Duchi" title="Jun'ichi Kōuchi">Jun'ichi Kōuchi</a> (considered the "fathers of anime") produced numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's <a href="/wiki/Namakura_Gatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakura Gatana">Namakura Gatana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Many early works were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClementsMcCarthy2006170-25">[24]</a> By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the <a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">live-action</a> industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, and many animators, including <a href="/wiki/Nobur%C5%8D_%C5%8Cfuji" title="Noburō Ōfuji">Noburō Ōfuji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasuji_Murata" title="Yasuji Murata">Yasuji Murata</a>, continued to work with cheaper <a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">cutout animation</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Cel_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cel animation">cel animation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Other creators, including <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Masaoka" title="Kenzō Masaoka">Kenzō Masaoka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Seo" title="Mitsuyo Seo">Mitsuyo Seo</a>, nevertheless made great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_propaganda_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese propaganda during World War II">propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1940, the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form the Shin Nippon <a href="/wiki/Mangaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaka">Mangaka</a> Kyōkai.<a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200022-29">[27]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a> anime was <a href="/wiki/Chikara_to_Onna_no_Yo_no_Naka" title="Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka">Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka</a> (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaricordi200012-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-kodanasha1993-31">[29]</a> The first feature-length anime film was <a href="/wiki/Momotaro:_Sacred_Sailors" title="Momotaro: Sacred Sailors">Momotaro: Sacred Sailors</a> (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements created for television.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg/220px-Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg/330px-Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Astro_Boy_1963_opening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV series <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1963 TV series)">Astro Boy</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> artist and animator <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> adapted and simplified Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner20076-34">[32]</a> Originally intended as temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced staff, many of his <a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a> practices came to define the medium's style.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Tales (anime)">Three Tales</a> (1960) was the first anime film broadcast on television;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten2004271-36">[34]</a> the first anime television series was <a href="/wiki/Instant_History" title="Instant History">Instant History</a> (1961–64).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten2004219-37">[35]</a> An early and influential success was <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1963 TV series)">Astro Boy</a> (1963–66), a television series directed by Tezuka based on <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">his manga of the same name</a>. Many animators at Tezuka's <a href="/wiki/Mushi_Production" title="Mushi Production">Mushi Production</a> later established major anime studios (including <a href="/wiki/Madhouse_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhouse (company)">Madhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (company)">Sunrise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_(company)" title="Pierrot (company)">Pierrot</a>). The 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which were later animated. Tezuka's work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">mecha</a>"), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the <a href="/wiki/Super_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Robot">super robot</a> genre under <a href="/wiki/Go_Nagai" title="Go Nagai">Go Nagai</a> and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by <a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Tomino" title="Yoshiyuki Tomino">Yoshiyuki Tomino</a>, who developed the <a href="/wiki/Real_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Robot">real robot</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten2004264-38">[36]</a> Robot anime series such as <a href="/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" title="Super Dimension Fortress Macross">Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a> became instant classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten2004306–307-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">bubble economy</a> of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime films, including <a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Space_Force:_The_Wings_of_Honn%C3%AAamise" title="Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise">Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise</a> (1987), and <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a> (1988).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_BlancOdell201756-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a> (1995), a television series produced by <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Hideaki_Anno" title="Hideaki Anno">Hideaki Anno</a>, began another era of experimental anime titles, such as <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a> (1998). In the 1990s, anime also began attracting greater interest in Western countries; major international successes include <a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(TV_series)" title="Sailor Moon (TV series)">Sailor Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a>, both of which were <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbed</a> into more than a dozen languages worldwide. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> feature film directed by <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/75th_Academy_Awards" title="75th Academy Awards">75th Academy Awards</a>. It later became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_anime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing anime films">highest-grossing anime film</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[c]</a> earning more than $355 million. Since the 2000s, an increased number of anime works have been adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novels</a>; successful examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya" class="mw-redirect" title="The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya">The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fate/stay_night" title="Fate/stay night">Fate/stay night</a> (both 2006). <a href="/wiki/Demon_Slayer:_Kimetsu_no_Yaiba_the_Movie:_Mugen_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train">Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train</a> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Japan" title="List of highest-grossing films in Japan">highest-grossing Japanese film</a> and one of the world's highest-grossing films of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-43">[40]</a> It also became the fastest grossing film in Japanese cinema, because in 10 days it made 10 billion yen ($95.3m; £72m).<a href="#cite_note-bbc-43">[40]</a> It beat the previous record of <a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a> which took 25 days.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> In 2021, the anime adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen" title="Jujutsu Kaisen">Jujutsu Kaisen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon_Slayer:_Kimetsu_no_Yaiba_(TV_series)" title="Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba (TV series)">Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Revengers" title="Tokyo Revengers">Tokyo Revengers</a> were among the top 10 most discussed TV shows worldwide on Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ktops-49">[46]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Titan_(TV_series)" title="Attack on Titan (TV series)">Attack on Titan</a> won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of World's Most In-Demand TV Show, previously held by only <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WFMZ-TV-50">[47]</a> In 2024, Jujutsu Kaisen broke the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for the "Most in-demand animated TV show" with a global demand rating 71.2 times than that of the average TV show, previously held by Attack on Titan.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modernanime.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Modernanime.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles. Clockwise from the top left: <a href="/wiki/Dead_Leaves" title="Dead Leaves">Dead Leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_(TV_series)" title="Flag (TV series)">Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain" title="Serial Experiments Lain">Serial Experiments Lain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monster_(manga)" title="Monster (manga)">Monster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_Game_(film)" title="Mind Game (film)">Mind Game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Star_(manga)" title="Lucky Star (manga)">Lucky Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_Soup" title="Cat Soup">Cat Soup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurren_Lagann" title="Gurren Lagann">Gurren Lagann</a>.</figcaption></figure> Anime differs from other forms of animation by its art styles, methods of animation, its production, and its process. Visually, anime works exhibit a wide variety of art styles, differing between creators, artists, and studios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007231-53">[50]</a> While no single art style predominates anime as a whole, they do share some similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design. Anime is fundamentally characterized by the use of limited animation, flat expression, the suspension of time, its thematic range, the presence of historical figures, its complex narrative line and, above all, a peculiar drawing style, with characters characterized by large and oval eyes, with very defined lines, bright colors and reduced movement of the lips.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique">Technique</h3></div> Modern anime follows a typical animation production process, involving <a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice acting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">character design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cel_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cel animation">cel production</a>. Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly used <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> to improve the efficiency of the production process. Early anime works were experimental, and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> animation of paper cutouts, and <a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette animation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cinémathèque2008-57">[54]</a> Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate the medium. In the 21st century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to independent <a href="/wiki/Short_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Short subject">short films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sharp2003-58">[55]</a> including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by <a href="/wiki/Tadahito_Mochinaga" title="Tadahito Mochinaga">Tadahito Mochinaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kihachir%C5%8D_Kawamoto" title="Kihachirō Kawamoto">Kihachirō Kawamoto</a> and Tomoyasu Murata.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp2004-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a> mixing cel animation with computer-generated images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200029-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji Film</a>, a major cel production company, announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200029-61">[58]</a> Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a> methods using a pose to pose approach.<a href="#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-56">[53]</a> The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">in-between</a> animation.<a href="#cite_note-ANNKeyAnimation-62">[59]</a> Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many <a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a> techniques, and have given anime a distinct set of conventions. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> animation, where the emphasis is on the movement, anime emphasizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques make up for the lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques are often used not only to meet deadlines but also as artistic devices.<a href="#cite_note-ChicksOnAnimeSep2008-63">[60]</a> Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and backgrounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt1997-21">[20]</a> The backgrounds are not always invented and are occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(film)" title="Howl's Moving Castle (film)">Howl's Moving Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (anime)">The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Oppliger stated that anime is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking "tremendously impressive".<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation. Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200058-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-production-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In anime, the animation is produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice acting first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200059-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_Art_Styles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Anime_Art_Styles.png/220px-Anime_Art_Styles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Anime_Art_Styles.png 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Anime character design is diverse, but often incorporates common elements depending on the target demographic and era. These are representative samples. Clockwise from the top left: <a href="/wiki/Ashita_no_Joe" title="Ashita no Joe">Ashita no Joe</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Macross:_Do_You_Remember_Love%3F" title="Macross: Do You Remember Love?">Macross: Do You Remember Love?</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/K-On!" title="K-On!">K-On!</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Your_Name" title="Your Name">Your Name</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Dungeon_Only_I_Can_Enter" title="The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter">The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter</a> (2021), <a href="/wiki/Fruits_Basket_(2001_TV_series)" title="Fruits Basket (2001 TV series)">Fruits Basket</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a> (1996). </figcaption></figure> The body proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the human body in reality. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion. Head to height ratios vary drastically by art style, with most anime characters falling between 5 and 8 heads tall. Anime artists occasionally make deliberate modifications to body proportions to produce <a href="/wiki/Chibi_(style)" title="Chibi (style)">chibi</a> characters that feature a disproportionately small body compared to the head; many chibi characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime works like <a href="/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan" title="Crayon Shin-chan">Crayon Shin-chan</a> completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that they resemble <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatured</a> Western <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>. A common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size. The animation of characters with large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such early animation characters as <a href="/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a>, who was drawn with disproportionately large eyes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner20076–7-70">[67]</a> Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200060-71">[68]</a> The artist adds variable color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> However, not all anime characters have large eyes. For example, the works of <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> are known for having realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras1998-74">[71]</a> Hair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely styled. The movement of hair in anime is exaggerated and "hair actions" is used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters for added visual effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200061–62-75">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Poitras" title="Gilles Poitras">Gilles Poitras</a> traces hairstyle color to cover illustrations on manga, where eye-catching artwork and colorful tones are attractive for children's manga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200061–62-75">[72]</a> Some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters.<a href="#cite_note-do1-76">[73]</a> In other cases, anime feature characters whose race or nationality is not always defined, and this is often a deliberate decision, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a> animated series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin200488-77">[74]</a> Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to denote particular moods and thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in Western animation, and they include a fixed <a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">iconography</a> that is used as shorthand for certain emotions and moods.<a href="#cite_note-bloody-79">[76]</a> For example, a male character may develop a <a href="/wiki/Nosebleed" title="Nosebleed">nosebleed</a> when aroused.<a href="#cite_note-bloody-79">[76]</a> A variety of visual symbols are employed, including sweat drops to depict nervousness, visible blushing for embarrassment, or glowing eyes for an intense glare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200752-80">[77]</a> Another recurring sight gag is the use of <a href="/wiki/Chibi_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibi (slang)">chibi</a> (deformed, simplified character designs) figures to comedically punctuate emotions like confusion or embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-bloody-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anime_composer" title="Anime composer">Anime composer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%81%EF%BD%9E%E5%AB%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E7%B7%92%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC.webm/250px--TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%81%EF%BD%9E%E5%AB%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E7%B7%92%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="TVアニメ「ヒロインたるもの！～嫌われヒロインと内緒のお仕事～」オープニングムービー.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%81%EF%BD%9E%E5%AB%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E7%B7%92%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%81%EF%BD%9E%E5%AB%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E7%B7%92%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC.webm/TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%81%EF%BD%9E%E5%AB%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%86%85%E7%B7%92%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>An example of a 2022 anime video with music</figcaption></figure> The opening and credits sequences of most anime television series are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">J-rock</a> songs, often by reputed bands—as written with the series in mind—but are also aimed at the general music market, therefore they often allude only vaguely or not at all, to the thematic settings or plot of the series. Also, they are often used as incidental music ("insert songs") in an episode, in order to highlight particularly important scenes.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Future_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Future funk">Future funk</a>, a musical <a href="/wiki/Microgenre" title="Microgenre">microgenre</a> that evolved in the early 2010s from <a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a> with a <a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a> <a href="/wiki/Euro_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro disco">Euro disco</a> influence, heavily uses anime visuals and samples along with Japanese <a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a> to build an aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Since the 2020s <a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">anime songs</a> have experienced a rapid growth in global online popularity due to their widened availability on music streaming services like <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> and promotion by fans and artists on social media.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In 2023, the opening theme "<a href="/wiki/Idol_(Yoasobi_song)" title="Idol (Yoasobi song)">Idol</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Yoasobi" title="Yoasobi">Yoasobi</a> of the anime series <a href="/wiki/Oshi_no_Ko" title="Oshi no Ko">Oshi no Ko</a> topped the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Global_200" title="Billboard Global 200">Billboard Global 200</a> Excl. U.S. charts with 45.7 million streams and 24,000 copies sold outside the U.S. "Idol" has become the first Japanese song and anime song to top the Billboard Global chart as well as taking the first spot on the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>'s Top 100: Global chart.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3></div> Anime are often classified by target demographic, including children's (子供, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">kodomo</a>), girls' (少女, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo</a>), boys' (少年, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen</a>), young men (青年, <a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a>), young women (女性, <a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">josei</a>) and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience. Shōjo and shōnen anime sometimes contain elements popular with children of all genders in an attempt to gain crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find unappealing, as well as adult themes and situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200044–48-86">[83]</a> A subset of adult anime works featuring pornographic elements are labeled "R18" in Japan, and are internationally known as <a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">hentai</a> (originating from pervert (変態, hentai)). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate <a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">ecchi</a>, sexual themes or undertones without depictions of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, as typified in the comedic or <a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">harem</a> genres; due to its popularity among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">fan service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askjohn-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200789-88">[85]</a> Some genres explore homosexual romances, such as <a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">yaoi</a> (male homosexuality) and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a> (female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic context, the terms yaoi and yuri can also be used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on the themes or the development of the relationships themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200050-89">[86]</a> Anime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple classification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200034-90">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Poitras" title="Gilles Poitras">Gilles Poitras</a> compared the labeling of <a href="/wiki/Gundam_0080" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundam 0080">Gundam 0080</a> and its complex depiction of war as a "giant robot" anime akin to simply labeling <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> a "war novel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200034-90">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction genre">Science fiction</a> is a major anime genre and includes important historical works like Tezuka's <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsuteru_Yokoyama" title="Mitsuteru Yokoyama">Yokoyama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tetsujin_28-go" title="Tetsujin 28-go">Tetsujin 28-go</a>. A major subgenre of science fiction is <a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">mecha</a>, with the Gundam <a href="/wiki/Metaseries" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaseries">metaseries</a> being iconic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200035-91">[88]</a> The diverse <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy genre">fantasy genre</a> includes works based on Asian and Western traditions and folklore; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale <a href="/wiki/InuYasha" class="mw-redirect" title="InuYasha">InuYasha</a>, and the depiction of Scandinavian goddesses who move to Japan to maintain a computer called <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!" title="Oh My Goddess!">Ah! My Goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200037–40-92">[89]</a> Genre crossing in anime is also prevalent, such as the blend of fantasy and comedy in <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Half" title="Dragon Half">Dragon Half</a>, and the incorporation of slapstick humor in the crime anime film <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Cagliostro" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Cagliostro">Castle of Cagliostro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200041–43-93">[90]</a> Other subgenres found in anime include <a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">magical girl</a>, harem, sports, martial arts, literary adaptations, <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> and war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200045–49-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formats">Formats</h3></div> Early anime works were made for theatrical viewing, and required played musical components before sound and vocal components were added to the production. In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Television" title="Nippon Television">Nippon Television</a> aired Mogura no Abanchūru ("<a href="/wiki/Mole%27s_Adventure" title="Mole's Adventure">Mole's Adventure</a>"), both the first televised and first color anime to debut.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> It was not until the 1960s when the first televised series were broadcast and it has remained a popular medium since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200013-97">[94]</a> Works released in a direct-to-video format are called "<a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">original video animation</a>" (OVA) or "original animation video" (OAV); and are typically not released theatrically or televised prior to home media release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200014-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The emergence of the Internet has led some animators to distribute works online in a format called "<a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">original net animation</a>" (ONA).<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The home distribution of anime releases was popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> formats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200014-98">[95]</a> The VHS <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited with aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200014-98">[95]</a> The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015-101">[98]</a> The DVD format also has its drawbacks in its usage of <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">region coding</a>; adopted by the industry to solve licensing, piracy and export problems and restricted region indicated on the DVD player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015-101">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (VCD) format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the United States that was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">bootleg</a> copies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015-101">[98]</a> A key characteristic of many anime television shows is serialization, where a continuous <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arc</a> stretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Traditional <a href="/wiki/American_television" class="mw-redirect" title="American television">American television</a> had an episodic format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story. In contrast, anime shows such as <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a> had a serialization format, where continuous story arcs stretch over multiple episodes or seasons, which distinguished them from traditional American television shows; serialization has since also become a common characteristic of American <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a> shows during the "<a href="/wiki/Peak_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak TV">Peak TV</a>" era.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">List of anime companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">List of Japanese animation studios</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akihabara_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akihabara_Night.jpg/250px-Akihabara_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akihabara_Night.jpg/375px-Akihabara_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Akihabara_Night.jpg/500px-Akihabara_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> district of Tokyo is popular with anime and manga fans as well as <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a> subculture in Japan.</figcaption></figure> The animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies with some of the major studios including <a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhouse_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhouse (company)">Madhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonzo_(company)" title="Gonzo (company)">Gonzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (company)">Sunrise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bones_(studio)" title="Bones (studio)">Bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/TMS_Entertainment" title="TMS Entertainment">TMS Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Animation" title="Nippon Animation">Nippon Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.A.Works" class="mw-redirect" title="P.A.Works">P.A.Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studio_Pierrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Pierrot">Studio Pierrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_I.G" title="Production I.G">Production I.G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ufotable" title="Ufotable">Ufotable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717-103">[100]</a> Many of the studios are organized into a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Japanese_Animations" title="The Association of Japanese Animations">The Association of Japanese Animations</a>. There is also a labor union for workers in the industry, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association" title="Japanese Animation Creators Association">Japanese Animation Creators Association</a>. Studios will often work together to produce more complex and costly projects, as done with Studio Ghibli's <a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717-103">[100]</a> An anime episode can cost between US$100,000 and US$300,000 to produce.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> In 2001, animation accounted for 7% of the Japanese film market, above the 4.6% market share for live-action works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717-103">[100]</a> The popularity and success of anime is seen through the profitability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of total sales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717-103">[100]</a> According to a 2016 article on Nikkei Asian Review, Japanese television stations have bought over ¥60 billion worth of anime from production companies "over the past few years", compared with under ¥20 billion from overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-105">[102]</a> There has been a rise in sales of shows to television stations in Japan, caused by <a href="/wiki/Late_night_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night anime">late night anime</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">adults as the target demographic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-105">[102]</a> This type of anime is less popular outside Japan, being considered "more of a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche product</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a> (2001) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Japan" title="List of highest-grossing films in Japan">all-time highest-grossing film in Japan</a> until overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Demon_Slayer:_Kimetsu_no_Yaiba_%E2%80%93_The_Movie:_Mugen_Train" title="Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train">Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-gross-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> It was also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_anime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing anime films">highest-grossing anime film worldwide</a> until it was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Shinkai" title="Makoto Shinkai">Makoto Shinkai</a>'s 2016 film <a href="/wiki/Your_Name" title="Your Name">Your Name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Anime films represent a large part of the highest-grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the top 10 in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_films_of_2014#Highest-grossing_films" title="List of Japanese films of 2014">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_films_of_2015#Highest-grossing_films" title="List of Japanese films of 2015">2015</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_films_of_2016#Highest-grossing_films" title="List of Japanese films of 2016">2016</a>. Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as <a href="/wiki/Gatchaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatchaman">Gatchaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Harlock" title="Captain Harlock">Captain Harlock</a> were licensed from their Japanese parent companies for distribution in the US market. The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the 1980s with the licensing of titles such as <a href="/wiki/Voltron_(1984_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltron (1984 TV series)">Voltron</a> and the 'creation' of new series such as <a href="/wiki/Robotech" title="Robotech">Robotech</a> through the use of source material from several original series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200711-110">[107]</a> In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less child-oriented material. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/A.D._Vision" title="A.D. Vision">A.D. Vision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Media" title="Central Park Media">Central Park Media</a> and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime market. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/AnimEigo" title="AnimEigo">AnimEigo</a>, achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American operations. Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands for one movie.<a href="#cite_note-ADVcourt-111">[108]</a> The prices vary widely; for example, <a href="/wiki/Jinki:_Extend" title="Jinki: Extend">Jinki: Extend</a> cost only $91,000 to license while <a href="/wiki/Kurau_Phantom_Memory" title="Kurau Phantom Memory">Kurau Phantom Memory</a> cost $960,000.<a href="#cite_note-ADVcourt-111">[108]</a> Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper, with prices around $1,000–2,000 an episode,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> but can also be more expensive, with some series costing more than US$200,000 per episode.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> The anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Dubbed animation began airing in the United States in 2000 on networks like <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">The WB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200718-115">[112]</a> In 2005, this resulted in five of the top ten anime titles having previously aired on Cartoon Network.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200718-115">[112]</a> As a part of localization, some <a href="/wiki/Editing_of_anime_in_American_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Editing of anime in American distribution">editing</a> of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The cost of English localization averages US$10,000 per episode.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for <a href="/wiki/Fansubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fansubs">fansubs</a>, the addition of unlicensed and unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007206-118">[115]</a> Fansubs, which were originally distributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and disseminated online since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007206-118">[115]</a> Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime once an official translated or subtitled version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it comes out in English, although fansubs typically continue to circulate through file-sharing networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007207-119">[116]</a> Even so, the laid back regulations of the Japanese animation industry tend to overlook these issues, allowing it to grow underground and thus increasing its popularity until there is a demand for official high-quality releases for animation companies. This has led to an increase in global popularity of Japanese animation, reaching $40 million in sales in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-fansubbingimpact-120">[117]</a> Fansub practices have rapidly declined since the early-2010s due to the advent of legal streaming services which <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> new anime series often within a few hours of their domestic release.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Since the 2010s, anime has become a global multibillion industry setting a sales record in 2017 of ¥2.15 trillion ($19.8 billion), driven largely by demand from overseas audiences.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In 2019, Japan's anime industry was valued at $24 billion a year with 48% of that revenue coming from overseas (which is now its largest industry sector).<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> By 2025 the anime industry is expected to reach a value of $30 billion with over 60% of that revenue coming from overseas.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markets">Markets</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a> (JETRO) valued the domestic anime market in Japan at ¥2.4 trillion ($24 billion), including ¥2 trillion from licensed products, in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-J-Marketing-125">[122]</a> JETRO reported sales of overseas anime exports in 2004 to be ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> JETRO valued the anime market in the United States at ¥520 billion ($5.2 billion),<a href="#cite_note-J-Marketing-125">[122]</a> including $500 million in <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> sales and over $4 billion from licensed products, in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-ann-market-127">[124]</a> JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market, including sales of licensed products, would grow to ¥10 trillion ($100 billion).<a href="#cite_note-J-Marketing-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-ann-market-127">[124]</a> The anime market in China was valued at $21 billion in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> and is projected to reach $31 billion by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> the anime <a href="/wiki/Merchandising" title="Merchandising">merchandising</a> market was valued at about $950 million with the <a href="/wiki/Model_figure" title="Model figure">figurine</a> segment accounting for most of the share and is expected to reach a value of over $2 billion by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The global anime market size was valued at $26.055 billion in 2021 with 29% of the revenue coming from <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a>. It is expected that the global anime market will reach a value of $47.14 billion by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In 2023 the anime industry generated a $19.8 billion in total global revenue, including $5.5 billion from streaming and $14.3 billion from merchandising sales. North America and Asia contributed a combined $14.3 billion in total revenue, accounting for over 72% of anime's global impact.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> By 2030 the global anime market is expected to reach a value of $48.3 Billion with the largest contributors to this growth being <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, Europe, <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="The Middle East">The Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The global anime market size was valued at $25.8 Billion in 2022 and is expected to have a market size of $62.7 Billion by 2032 with a <a href="/wiki/CAGR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAGR">CAGR</a> of 9.4%.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> In 2019, the annual overseas exports of Japanese animation exceeded $10 billion for the first time in history.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> The anime industry has several annual awards that honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in Japan include the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuji_Nobur%C5%8D_Award" title="Ōfuji Noburō Award">Ōfuji Noburō Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Film_Award_for_Best_Animation_Film" title="Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film">Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Animation_Kobe" title="Animation Kobe">Animation Kobe</a> Awards, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival" title="Japan Media Arts Festival">Japan Media Arts Festival</a> animation awards, the <a href="/wiki/Seiyu_Awards" title="Seiyu Awards">Seiyu Awards</a> for voice actors, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award" title="Tokyo Anime Award">Tokyo Anime Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Animation_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year">Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year</a>. In the United States, anime films compete in the <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_Anime_Awards" title="Crunchyroll Anime Awards">Crunchyroll Anime Awards</a>. There were also the <a href="/wiki/American_Anime_Awards" title="American Anime Awards">American Anime Awards</a>, which were designed to recognize excellence in anime titles nominated by the industry, and were held only once in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007257–258-140">[137]</a> Anime productions have also been nominated and won awards not exclusively for anime, like the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Academy Award for Best Animated Feature</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h3></div> In recent years, the anime industry has been accused by both Japanese and foreign media of underpaying and overworking its animators.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> In response the Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Fumio Kishida</a> promised to improve the working conditions and salary of all animators and creators working in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> A few anime studios such as <a href="/wiki/MAPPA" title="MAPPA">MAPPA</a> have taken actions to improve the working conditions of their employees.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> There has also been a slight increase in production costs and animator pays during the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Throughout 2020 and 2021 the American streaming service <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> announced that it will greatly invest and fund the anime industry as well as support training programs for new animators.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> On April 27, 2023, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Anime_Film_Culture_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Anime Film Culture Association (page does not exist)">Nippon Anime Film Culture Association</a> (NAFCA) was officially founded. The association aims to solve problems in the industry, including the improvement of conditions of the workers.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_popularity_and_cultural_impact">Global popularity and cultural impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Japanese pop culture in the United States">Japanese pop culture in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_anime_in_the_United_States" title="History of anime in the United States">History of anime in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_theatrically_released_in_the_United_States" title="List of anime theatrically released in the United States">List of anime theatrically released in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_distributed_in_India" title="List of anime distributed in India">List of anime distributed in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_influence_on_Chinese_culture" title="Japanese influence on Chinese culture">Japanese influence on Chinese culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_influence_on_Korean_culture" title="Japanese influence on Korean culture">Japanese influence on Korean culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime in hip hop">Anime in hip hop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_anime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing anime films">List of highest-grossing anime films</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg/300px-Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg/450px-Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg/600px-Anime_expo_2022_Convention_Opening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anime_Expo" title="Anime Expo">Anime Expo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States – one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Fan_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan conventions">fan conventions</a> in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> Anime has become commercially profitable in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> as demonstrated by early commercially successful Western adaptations of anime, such as <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1963 TV series)">Astro Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_Racer" title="Speed Racer">Speed Racer</a>. Early American adaptions in the 1960s made Japan expand into the continental European market, first with productions aimed at European and Japanese children, such as <a href="/wiki/Heidi,_Girl_of_the_Alps" title="Heidi, Girl of the Alps">Heidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicky_the_Viking" title="Vicky the Viking">Vicky the Viking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbapapa" title="Barbapapa">Barbapapa</a>, which aired in various countries. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> grew a particular interest in Japan's output, due to its cheap selling price and productive output. As of 2014, Italy imported the most anime outside Japan.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Anime and manga were introduced to France in the late 1970s and became massively popular in spite of a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> led by French politicians in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> These mass imports influenced anime popularity in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendazzi2015363-167">[164]</a> The beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series into the American culture.<a href="#cite_note-Ruh-168">[165]</a> In the 1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in America. Media companies such as Viz and Mixx began publishing and releasing animation into the American market.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The 1988 film <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a> is largely credited with popularizing anime in the Western world during the early 1990s, before anime was further popularized by television shows such as <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a> in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-vice-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-filmschoolrejects-171">[168]</a> By 1997, Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre in the American video industry.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The growth of the Internet later provided international audiences with an easy way to access Japanese content.<a href="#cite_note-fansubbingimpact-120">[117]</a> Early on, online piracy played a major role in this, through over time many legal alternatives appeared which significantly reduced illegal practices. Since the 2010s streaming services have become increasingly involved in the production, licensing and distribution of anime for the international markets.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> This is especially the case with net services such as <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a> which have large catalogs in Western countries, although until 2020 anime fans in multiple developing countries, such as India<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, had fewer options for obtaining access to legal content, and therefore would still turn to online piracy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[174]</a> However beginning with the 2020s anime has been experiencing yet another boom in global popularity and demand due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and streaming services like Netflix, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/HBO_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="HBO Max">HBO Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> and anime-only services like Crunchyroll and <a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a>, increasing the international availability of the amount of new licensed anime shows as well as the size of their catalogs.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Netflix reported that, between October 2019 and September 2020, more than 100 million member households worldwide had watched at least one anime title on the platform. Anime titles appeared on the streaming platform's top-ten lists in almost 100 countries within the one-year period.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> As of 2021, anime series are the most demanded foreign-language television shows in the United States accounting for 30.5% of the market share. (In comparison, Spanish-language and Korean-language shows account for 21% and 11% of the market share, respectively.)<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> In 2021 more than half of Netflix's global members watched anime.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> In 2022, the anime series <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Titan_(TV_series)" title="Attack on Titan (TV series)">Attack on Titan</a> won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of "World's Most In-Demand TV Show", previously held by only <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WFMZ-TV-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> In 2024, the anime series <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen" title="Jujutsu Kaisen">Jujutsu Kaisen</a> won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2023" in the Global TV Demand Awards.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Rising interest in anime as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japanese video games</a> has led to an increase of university students in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> wanting to get a degree in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The word anime alongside other Japanese pop cultural terms like shonen, shojo and <a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">isekai</a> have been added to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> Various anime and manga series have influenced <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> in the making of numerous famous movies and characters.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Hollywood itself has produced <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> adaptations of various anime series such as <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017)">Ghost in the Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_Note_(2017_film)" title="Death Note (2017 film)">Death Note</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Ball Evolution">Dragon Ball Evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop_(2021_TV_series)" title="Cowboy Bebop (2021 TV series)">Cowboy Bebop</a>. However most of these adaptations have been reviewed negatively by both the critics and the audience and have become <a href="/wiki/Box-office_bomb" title="Box-office bomb">box-office flops</a>. The main reasons for the unsuccessfulness of Hollywood's adaptions of anime being the often change of plot and characters from the original source material and the limited capabilities a live-action movie or series can do in comparison to an animated counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> One of the few particular exceptions to this includes <a href="/wiki/Alita:_Battle_Angel" title="Alita: Battle Angel">Alita: Battle Angel</a>, which has become a moderate commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews from both the critics and the audience for its visual effects and following the source material. The movie grossed $404 million worldwide, making it director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez" title="Robert Rodriguez">Robert Rodriguez</a>'s highest-grossing film.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga" title="Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a> alongside many other imports of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pop culture">Japanese pop culture</a> have helped Japan to gain a positive worldwide image and improve its relations with other countries.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> In 2015, during remarks welcoming Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> to the White House, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> thanked Japan for its cultural contributions to the United States by saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This visit is a celebration of the ties of friendship and family that bind our peoples. I first felt it when I was 6 years old when my mother took me to Japan. I felt it growing up in Hawaii, like communities across our country, home to so many proud Japanese Americans... Today is also a chance for Americans, especially our young people, to say thank you for all the things we love from Japan. Like <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> and anime. And, of course, <a href="/wiki/Emojis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emojis">emojis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a></blockquote> In July 2020, after the approval of a Chilean government project in which citizens of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> would be allowed to withdraw up to 10% of their privately held retirement savings, journalist <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jiles_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Jiles (journalist)">Pamela Jiles</a> celebrated by running through Congress with her arms spread out behind her, imitating the move of many characters of the anime and manga series <a href="/wiki/Naruto" title="Naruto">Naruto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> politicians Jorge Hugo Romero of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">PPC</a> and Milagros Juárez of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peru" title="Union for Peru">UPP</a> cosplayed as anime characters to get the <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a> vote.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> On October 28, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">The Vatican</a> unveiled its own anime-styled mascot, "<a href="/wiki/Luce_(mascot)" title="Luce (mascot)">Luce</a>", in order to connect with Catholic youth through pop culture.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> In April 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Business_Federation" title="Japan Business Federation">Japan Business Federation</a> laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a> by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">video games</a>, for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Japan" title="Tourism in Japan">tourism sector</a> to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks on quadrupling the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> A 2018 survey conducted in 20 countries and territories using a sample consisting of 6,600 respondents held by <a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a> revealed that 34% of all surveyed people found excellency in <a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga" title="Anime and manga">anime and manga</a> more than other Japanese cultural or technological aspects, which makes this mass Japanese media the third most-liked "Japanese thing", below <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a> (34.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_robotics" title="Japanese robotics">Japanese robotics</a> (35.1%). The advertisement company views anime as a profitable tool for marketing campaigns in foreign countries due to its popularity and high reception.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Anime plays a role in driving tourism to Japan. In surveys held by <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a> between 2019 and 2020, 24.2% of tourists from the United States, 7.7% of tourists from China and 6.1% of tourists from South Korea said they were motivated to visit Japan because of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> In a 2021 survey held by Crunchyroll market research, 94% of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Gen-Z's</a> and 73% of the general population said that they are familiar with anime.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fan_response">Fan response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACG_(subculture)" title="ACG (subculture)">ACG (subculture)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">List of anime conventions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracon_2013_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tracon_2013_06.jpg/220px-Tracon_2013_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tracon_2013_06.jpg/330px-Tracon_2013_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tracon_2013_06.jpg/440px-Tracon_2013_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madoka_Kaname" title="Madoka Kaname">Madoka Kaname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyubey" title="Kyubey">Kyubey</a> from <a href="/wiki/Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica" title="Puella Magi Madoka Magica">Puella Magi Madoka Magica</a> during Tracon 2013 event at the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Hall" title="Tampere Hall">Tampere Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Anime clubs</a> gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">anime conventions</a> in the 1990s with the "anime boom", a period marked by anime's increased global popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200073-211">[208]</a> These conventions are dedicated to anime and manga and include elements like <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a> contests and industry talk panels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007211-212">[209]</a> Cosplay, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "costume play", is not unique to anime and has become popular in contests and masquerades at anime conventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007214–215-213">[210]</a> Japanese culture and words have entered English usage through the popularity of the medium, including <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a>, an unflattering Japanese term commonly used in English to denote an obsessive fan of anime or manga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007195-214">[211]</a> Another word that has arisen describing obsessive fans in the United States is wapanese meaning 'white individuals who want to be Japanese, or later known as <a href="/wiki/Japanophilia#21st_century" title="Japanophilia">weeaboo</a> or weeb, individuals who demonstrate an obsession with Japanese anime subculture, a term that originated from abusive content posted on the website <a href="/wiki/4chan.org" class="mw-redirect" title="4chan.org">4chan.org</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> While originally derogatory, the terms "Otaku" and "Weeb" have been <a href="/wiki/Reappropriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappropriated">reappropriated</a> by the anime fandom overtime and today are used by some fans to refer to themselves in a comedic and more positive way.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> Anime enthusiasts have produced <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a>, including computer wallpapers, and <a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">anime music videos</a> (AMVs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007201–205-217">[214]</a> Many fans visit sites depicted in anime, games, manga and other forms of otaku culture. This behavior is known as "<a href="/wiki/Seichi_junrei" title="Seichi junrei">Anime pilgrimage</a>".<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> As of the 2020s, many anime fans and followers use social media platforms and other sites like <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fandom_(website)" title="Fandom (website)">Fandom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-ktops-49">[46]</a> with online communities and databases such as <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>, <a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a> to discuss anime, manga and track their progress watching respective series as well as using news outlets such as <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kotakumal-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-225">[222]</a> According to Crunchyroll's research data from 2023 to 2024 provided by its President Rahul Parini, revealed that there are approximately 800 million people globally (outside of China and Japan) who are either highly aware of anime, show interest in anime or currently watch anime and identify as fans.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> According to a 2024 survey conducted on anime fans by <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a>, 65% of the surveyed anime fans said that they find anime more emotionally compelling than other forms of media and more than 3 in 4 of <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">Millennial</a> and Gen-Z fans use the medium as a form of <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapism</a>. Almost two-thirds of the anime-watching Gen Z audience said they emotionally connect better with anime than they do with traditional media. Over 50% of surveyed Gen-Z anime fans said that anime influences their identity, fashion and social understanding.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Due to anime's increased popularity in recent years, a large number of celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTS" title="BTS">BTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a> have come out as anime fans.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_style">Anime style</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></div> One of the key points that differentiated anime from a handful of Western cartoons is the potential for visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation are just for children is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality, pain, and death can all be storytelling elements utilized in anime just as much as other media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacWilliams2008307-231">[228]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Lavender;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Japanese animation is so different from what airs here. It's far edgier, more adult and violent." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lazzo" title="Mike Lazzo">Mike Lazzo</a> of the American <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a></cite></div> </div> However, as anime itself became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire and serious creative productions.<a href="#cite_note-anna-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Chinpokomon" title="Chinpokomon">Chinpokomon</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_with_Weapons" title="Good Times with Weapons">Good Times with Weapons</a>" episodes, <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Hair_Forever" title="Perfect Hair Forever">Perfect Hair Forever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Mikey" title="Kappa Mikey">Kappa Mikey</a> are examples of Western satirical depictions of Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been satirized by some anime such as <a href="/wiki/KonoSuba" title="KonoSuba">KonoSuba</a>. Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate about blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime-style productions <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Legend_of_Korra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatar: The Legend of Korra">Avatar: The Legend of Korra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-escapist-233">[230]</a> These anime-styled works have become defined as <a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">anime-influenced animation</a>, in an attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.<a href="#cite_note-whatisanime-234">[231]</a> Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration, for example the French production team for <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers" title="Ōban Star-Racers">Ōban Star-Racers</a> that moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-company-237">[234]</a> When anime is defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries,<a href="#cite_note-escapist-233">[230]</a> but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to original American art as Japanese "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity."<a href="#cite_note-anna-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> While some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters,<a href="#cite_note-do1-76">[73]</a> there are some styles that deliberately forgo any identification of its characters with real-world ethnicities or nationalities, termed in criticism as <a href="/wiki/Mukokuseki" title="Mukokuseki">mukokuseki</a> (statelessness). Mukokuseki characters can significantly impact the reception of a property outside of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-CuteCult-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBRnation-240">[237]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a>-<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show", and is currently in production<a href="#cite_note-Torkaizer-241">[238]</a> and looking for funding.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Netflix has produced multiple anime series in collaboration with Japanese animation studios,<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> and in doing so, has offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Similar initiatives have been enacted by the US-based streaming service Crunchyroll,<a href="#cite_note-CrunchyOriginals-245">[242]</a> producing titles such as <a href="/wiki/High_Guardian_Spice" title="High Guardian Spice">High Guardian Spice</a> and an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_God" title="Tower of God">Tower of God</a>. The web-based series <a href="/wiki/RWBY" title="RWBY">RWBY</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>-based company <a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a>, is produced using an anime art style, and the series has been described as "anime" by multiple sources. For example, <a href="/wiki/Adweek" title="Adweek">Adweek</a>, in the headline to one of its articles, described the series as "American-made anime",<a href="#cite_note-AdweekRWBY-246">[243]</a> and in another headline, <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a> described it as simply "anime", without referencing its country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Monty_Oum" title="Monty Oum">Monty Oum</a>, the creator of RWBY, said "Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can't make anime. I think that's a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is wrong."<a href="#cite_note-rwby-248">[245]</a> RWBY has been released in Japan with a Japanese language dub;<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Hullum" title="Matt Hullum">Matt Hullum</a>, commented "This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that."<a href="#cite_note-AdweekRWBY-246">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_franchises">Media franchises</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises" title="List of highest-grossing media franchises">List of highest-grossing media franchises</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg/220px-Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg/330px-Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg/440px-Pokemon_Center_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Center" title="Pokémon Center">Pokémon Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport" title="Jewel Changi Airport">Jewel Changi Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a> and entertainment, media mix is a strategy to disperse content across multiple representations: different <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a>, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>, and other methods.<a href="#cite_note-jen-250">[247]</a> It is the Japanese term for a <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise#Transmedia_franchise" title="Media franchise">transmedia franchise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> The term gained its circulation in late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods.<a href="#cite_note-amm-253">[250]</a> A number of anime and manga <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchises</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Demon_Slayer:_Kimetsu_no_Yaiba" title="Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba">Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a> have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises" title="List of highest-grossing media franchises">highest-grossing media franchises</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a> in particular is estimated to be the highest-grossing media franchise of all time.<a href="#cite_note-licensing-254">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists of anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Mass media in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechademia" title="Mechademia">Mechademia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power#Japan" title="Soft power">Soft power § Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vtuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vtuber">Vtuber</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈænɪmeɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 新日本漫画家協会, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "New Japan Manga Artist Association" </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Spirited Away was later surpassed as the highest-grossing anime film by <a href="/wiki/Your_Name" title="Your Name">Your Name</a> (2016). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2021" class="citation web cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (May 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/what-anime-means-1689582070">"What "Anime" Means"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>. <a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved March 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=What+%22Anime%22+Means&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fwhat-anime-means-1689582070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/0QXxgxls0jJ5Kg">"Manga and Anime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Arts and Culture">Google Arts and Culture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027160025/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/0QXxgxls0jJ5Kg">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Manga+and+Anime&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Ministry+of+Economy%2C+Trade+and+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2F0QXxgxls0jJ5Kg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000139–140-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000139–140_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000139–140_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig2000">Craig 2000</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2016" class="citation news cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (September 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/a-serious-look-at-big-anime-eyes-1737751337">"A Serious Look at Big Anime Eyes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204054308/https://kotaku.com/a-serious-look-at-big-anime-eyes-1737751337">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=A+Serious+Look+at+Big+Anime+Eyes&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fa-serious-look-at-big-anime-eyes-1737751337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzeski2022" class="citation web cs1">Brzeski, Patrick (May 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/cannes-japanese-anime-worlds-most-bankable-genre-1235146810/">"How Japanese Anime Became the World's Most Bankable Genre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206221632/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/japanese-anime-worlds-most-bankable-genre-1235146810/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=How+Japanese+Anime+Became+the+World%27s+Most+Bankable+Genre&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft.aulast=Brzeski&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fcannes-japanese-anime-worlds-most-bankable-genre-1235146810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vfxvoice.com/decades-of-growth-rise-of-vod-and-streaming-trigger-anime-avalanche/">"Decades of Growth, Rise of VOD and Streaming Trigger Anime Avalanche"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society" title="Visual Effects Society">vfxvoice</a>. October 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vfxvoice&rft.atitle=Decades+of+Growth%2C+Rise+of+VOD+and+Streaming+Trigger+Anime+Avalanche&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vfxvoice.com%2Fdecades-of-growth-rise-of-vod-and-streaming-trigger-anime-avalanche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2016" class="citation book cs1">Napier, Susan J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnuLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250117724" title="Special:BookSources/9781250117724"><bdi>9781250117724</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924132817/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnuLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023. 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Art Gallery New South Wales. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/9842/Tezuka_Kit_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 30, 2007. 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Retrieved July 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Anime+-+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fanime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexico-12"><a href="#cite_ref-lexico_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303181402/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/anime">"Anime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/anime">the original</a> on March 3, 2020. 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Retrieved September 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Lexicon+-+Anime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Flexicon.php%3Fid%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroon2010" class="citation book cs1">Kroon, Richard W. 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Retrieved May 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%2FV+A+to+Z%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Media%2C+Entertainment+and+Other+Audiovisual+Terms&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3&rft.aulast=Kroon&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjmNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Anime". <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a> (4th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anime&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/anime">"Anime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged (v 1.1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331214659/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/anime">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged+%28v+1.1%29&rft.atitle=Anime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fanime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten200485–86-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatten200485–86_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatten200469–70-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatten200469–70_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatten2004">Patten 2004</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovielli2018" class="citation book cs1">Novielli, Maria Roberta (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020690005">Floating worlds: a short history of Japanese animation</a>. Boca Raton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-33482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-33482-2"><bdi>978-1-351-33482-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020690005">1020690005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floating+worlds%3A+a+short+history+of+Japanese+animation&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020690005&rft.isbn=978-1-351-33482-2&rft.aulast=Novielli&rft.aufirst=Maria+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1020690005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt1997-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchodt1997_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchodt1997_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchodt1997">Schodt 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitten2014" class="citation web cs1">Litten, Frederick S. 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Retrieved April 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Guinness+World+Records+Names+Jujutsu+Kaisen+%27Most+In-Demand+Animated+TV+Show%27&rft.date=2024-04-05&rft.aulast=Mateo&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2024-04-05%2Fguinness-world-records-names-jujutsu-kaisen-most-in-demand-animated-tv-show%2F.209592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007231-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007231_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorno_Lopez2012" class="citation journal cs1">Horno Lopez, Antonio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/CAA/article/view/1055">"Controversia sobre el origen del anime. Una nueva perspectiva sobre el primer dibujo animado japonés"</a>. Con a de animación (2). Spain: <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Valencia" title="Technical University of Valencia">Technical University of Valencia</a>: 106–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4995%2Fcaa.2012.1055">10.4995/caa.2012.1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10251%2F14879">10251/14879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2173-3511">2173-3511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422112422/https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/CAA/article/view/1055">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2022. 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Anime News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002014105/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=37">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Original+Net+Anime+%28ONA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Flexicon.php%3Fid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoitras200015_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoitras2000">Poitras 2000</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieglerRichards2020" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, John R.; Richards, Leah (January 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Representation in Steven Universe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-31881-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-31881-9"><bdi>978-3-030-31881-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928172717/https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representation+in+Steven+Universe&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.isbn=978-3-030-31881-9&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1m_JDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200717_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Sevakis2012" class="citation web cs1">Justin Sevakis (March 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05">"The Anime Economy - Part 1: Let's Make An Anime!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929131718/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+Anime+Economy+-+Part+1%3A+Let%27s+Make+An+Anime%21&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.au=Justin+Sevakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2012-03-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobayashi-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashi2016" class="citation web cs1">Kobayashi, Akira (September 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Movie-version-of-Osamu-Tezuka-s-Black-Jack-coming-to-China">"Movie version of Osamu Tezuka's 'Black Jack' coming to China"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910062313/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Movie-version-of-Osamu-Tezuka-s-Black-Jack-coming-to-China">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Movie+version+of+Osamu+Tezuka%27s+%27Black+Jack%27+coming+to+China&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FTrends%2FMovie-version-of-Osamu-Tezuka-s-Black-Jack-coming-to-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gross-106"><a href="#cite_ref-gross_106-0">^</a> <dl><dt>Gross</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=spiritedaway.htm">"Spirited Away (2002) – International Box Office Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129013240/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=spiritedaway.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Spirited+Away+%282002%29+%E2%80%93+International+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fpage%3Dintl%26id%3Dspiritedaway.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>North American gross: $10,055,859</dd> <dd>Japanese gross: $229,607,878 (March 31, 2002)</dd> <dd>Other territories: $28,940,019</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Japanese gross</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzacher2002" class="citation news cs1">Schwarzacher, Lukas (February 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2002/digital/awards/japan-box-office-spirited-away-1117860800/">"Japan box office 'Spirited Away'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826123724/http://variety.com/2002/digital/awards/japan-box-office-spirited-away-1117860800/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Japan+box+office+%27Spirited+Away%27&rft.date=2002-02-17&rft.aulast=Schwarzacher&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2002%2Fdigital%2Fawards%2Fjapan-box-office-spirited-away-1117860800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>End of 2001: $227 million</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzacher2003" class="citation news cs1">Schwarzacher, Lukas (February 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/h-wood-eclipses-local-fare-1117880584/">"H'wood eclipses local fare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826123741/http://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/h-wood-eclipses-local-fare-1117880584/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=H%27wood+eclipses+local+fare&rft.date=2003-02-16&rft.aulast=Schwarzacher&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2003%2Fscene%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fh-wood-eclipses-local-fare-1117880584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Across 2001 and 2002: $270 million</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling2008" class="citation news cs1">Schilling, Mark (May 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/ponyo-likely-to-heat-up-japan-1117985910/">"Miyazaki's animated pic to open this summer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715010653/http://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/ponyo-likely-to-heat-up-japan-1117985910/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Miyazaki%27s+animated+pic+to+open+this+summer&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Fscene%2Fmarkets-festivals%2Fponyo-likely-to-heat-up-japan-1117985910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>As of 2008: $290 million</dd></dl></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131004126/http://www.canime.co/">"7 Animes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canime.co/">the original</a> on January 31, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Animes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canime.co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2020" class="citation web cs1">Harding, Daryl (December 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/12/27-1/demon-slayer-mugen-train-dethrones-spirited-away-to-become-the-no-1-film-in-japan-of-all-time">"Demon Slayer: Mugen Train Dethrones Spirited Away to Become the No. 1 Film in Japan of All Time"</a>. Crunchyroll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229114208/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/12/27-1/demon-slayer-mugen-train-dethrones-spirited-away-to-become-the-no-1-film-in-japan-of-all-time">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crunchyroll&rft.atitle=Demon+Slayer%3A+Mugen+Train+Dethrones+Spirited+Away+to+Become+the+No.+1+Film+in+Japan+of+All+Time&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchyroll.com%2Fanime-news%2F2020%2F12%2F27-1%2Fdemon-slayer-mugen-train-dethrones-spirited-away-to-become-the-no-1-film-in-japan-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-17/shinkai-your-name-tops-spirited-away-as-highest-grossing-anime-film-worldwide/.111141">"Shinkai's 'your name.' Tops Spirited Away as Highest Grossing Anime Film Worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. January 17, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030221/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-17/shinkai-your-name-tops-spirited-away-as-highest-grossing-anime-film-worldwide/.111141">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Shinkai%27s+%27your+name.%27+Tops+Spirited+Away+as+Highest+Grossing+Anime+Film+Worldwide&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2017-01-17%2Fshinkai-your-name-tops-spirited-away-as-highest-grossing-anime-film-worldwide%2F.111141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200711-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200711_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-ADVcourt-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADVcourt_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADVcourt_111-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-30/adv-court-documents-reveal-amounts-paid-for-29-anime-titles">ADV Court Documents Reveal Amounts Paid for 29 Anime Titles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423194657/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-30/adv-court-documents-reveal-amounts-paid-for-29-anime-titles">Archived</a> April 23, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-09">The Anime Economy Part 3: Digital Pennies</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502060952/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-09">Archived</a> May 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevakis2016" class="citation web cs1">Sevakis, Justin (September 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2016-09-09/.106251">"Why Are Funimation And Crunchyroll Getting Married?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910033129/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2016-09-09/.106251">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Are+Funimation+And+Crunchyroll+Getting+Married%3F&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=Sevakis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fanswerman%2F2016-09-09%2F.106251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-15/america-2009-anime-market-pegged-at-us%242.741-billion">"America's 2009 Anime Market Pegged at US$2.741 Billion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. April 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228095646/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-15/america-2009-anime-market-pegged-at-us%242.741-billion">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=America%27s+2009+Anime+Market+Pegged+at+US%242.741+Billion&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2011-04-15%2Famerica-2009-anime-market-pegged-at-us%25242.741-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200718-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200718_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner200718_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.salemstate.edu/~poehlkers/Emerson/Pokemon.html">"Pokemon Case Study"</a>. W3.salemstate.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820181118/http://w3.salemstate.edu/%7Epoehlkers/Emerson/Pokemon.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pokemon+Case+Study&rft.pub=W3.salemstate.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.salemstate.edu%2F~poehlkers%2FEmerson%2FPokemon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppliger2012" class="citation web cs1">Oppliger, John (February 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619020459/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/02/24/ask-john-why-does-dubbing-cost-so-much/">"Ask John: Why Does Dubbing Cost So Much?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AnimeNation" title="AnimeNation">AnimeNation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/02/24/ask-john-why-does-dubbing-cost-so-much/">the original</a> on June 19, 2012. 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October 22, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182202/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/10/22/2319206/0/en/Anime-Market-Size-to-Worth-Around-US-48-3-Billion-by-2030.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anime+Market+Size+to+Worth+Around+US%24+48.3+Billion+by+2030&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2F2319206%2F0%2Fen%2FAnime-Market-Size-to-Worth-Around-US-48-3-Billion-by-2030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/shows/make-me-smart/why-anime-is-everywhere-all-at-once/">"Why anime is everywhere all at once"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a>. February 27, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228211619/https://www.marketplace.org/shows/make-me-smart/why-anime-is-everywhere-all-at-once/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Why+anime+is+everywhere+all+at+once&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2Fshows%2Fmake-me-smart%2Fwhy-anime-is-everywhere-all-at-once%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/anime-market-reach-usd-62-120000412.html">"Anime Market to Reach USD 62.7 Billion by 2032 CAGR: 9.4% DataHorizzon Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>. September 18, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228211619/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/anime-market-reach-usd-62-120000412.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Finance&rft.atitle=Anime+Market+to+Reach+USD+62.7+Billion+by+2032+CAGR%3A+9.4%25+DataHorizzon+Research&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fanime-market-reach-usd-62-120000412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahorizzonresearch.com/anime-market-2172">"Anime Market Size, Growth, Share, Statistics Report, By Type (T.V., Movie, Video Games, Internet Distribution, Merchandising, Music, Pachinko, Live Entertainment), By Age Group (Adults and Teens), By Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2023-2032"</a>. datahorizonresearch.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228211619/https://datahorizzonresearch.com/anime-market-2172">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datahorizonresearch.com&rft.atitle=Anime+Market+Size%2C+Growth%2C+Share%2C+Statistics+Report%2C+By+Type+%28T.V.%2C+Movie%2C+Video+Games%2C+Internet+Distribution%2C+Merchandising%2C+Music%2C+Pachinko%2C+Live+Entertainment%29%2C+By+Age+Group+%28Adults+and+Teens%29%2C+By+Region%2C+and+Segment+Forecasts%2C+2023-2032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahorizzonresearch.com%2Fanime-market-2172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m-dojo.hatenadiary.com/entry/2019/12/16/095922">"The export value of anime has more than quadrupled "under the Abe administration" and reached the first trillion yen scale"</a>. 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Retrieved January 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hatena+Blog%28In+Japanese%29&rft.atitle=The+export+value+of+anime+has+more+than+quadrupled+%22under+the+Abe+administration%22+and+reached+the+first+trillion+yen+scale&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm-dojo.hatenadiary.com%2Fentry%2F2019%2F12%2F16%2F095922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007257–258-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007257–258_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/7/2/20677237/anime-industry-japan-artists-pay-labor-abuse-neon-genesis-evangelion-netflix">"The dark side of Japan's anime industry"</a>. 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Retrieved January 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+dark+side+of+Japan%27s+anime+industry&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fculture%2F2019%2F7%2F2%2F20677237%2Fanime-industry-japan-artists-pay-labor-abuse-neon-genesis-evangelion-netflix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/24/business/japan-anime.html">"Anime is Booming. So Why Are Animators Living in Poverty?"</a>. The New York Times. February 24, 2021. 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Retrieved November 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Despite+global+anime+market%27s+explosive+growth%2C+Japan%27s+animators+continue+to+live+in+poverty&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdespite-global-anime-markets-explosive-growth-japans-animators-continue-to-live-in-poverty-9365001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2021" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Narayan (October 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/japan-prime-minister-demon-slayer-fan-support-manga-anime/">"Japan's New Prime Minister Is a Demon Slayer Fan, Plans to Support Manga and Anime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005233923/https://www.cbr.com/japan-prime-minister-demon-slayer-fan-support-manga-anime/">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2021. 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Retrieved March 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%95%E7%94%BB%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=Anime+Industry+Report+2020+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faja.gr.jp%2Fdownload%2Fanime-industry-report-2020-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-animeslate">"Netflix Bets Big on Aspirational and Diverse Anime Adding Five Major Projects"</a>. Netflix. 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Retrieved November 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+School+Rejects&rft.atitle=%27Akira%27+Is+Frequently+Cited+as+Influential.+Why+Is+That%3F&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmschoolrejects.com%2Fakira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Phipps, Lang (October 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QugCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47">"Is Amano the Best Artist You've Never Heard Of?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Magazine">New York Magazine</a>. Vol. 30, no. 38. pp. 45–48 (47). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369">0028-7369</a>. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=Is+Amano+the+Best+Artist+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=45-48+%2847%29&rft.date=1997-10-06&rft.issn=0028-7369&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Lang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQugCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/10/18/netflix-is-currently-funding-thirty-original-anime-productions/">"Netflix is Currently Funding 30 Original Anime Productions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018215755/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/10/18/netflix-is-currently-funding-thirty-original-anime-productions/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Netflix+is+Currently+Funding+30+Original+Anime+Productions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Folliebarder%2F2017%2F10%2F18%2Fnetflix-is-currently-funding-thirty-original-anime-productions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/23/21003549/anime-streaming-wars-netflix-amazon-att-sony-crunchyroll-funimation">"Anime is one of the biggest fronts in the streaming wars"</a>. The Verge. December 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328045549/https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/23/21003549/anime-streaming-wars-netflix-amazon-att-sony-crunchyroll-funimation">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Anime+is+one+of+the+biggest+fronts+in+the+streaming+wars&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F12%2F23%2F21003549%2Fanime-streaming-wars-netflix-amazon-att-sony-crunchyroll-funimation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/the-rise-and-rise-of-anime-culture-in-india-and-it-is-here-to-stay-10083378">"The Rise and Rise of 'Anime' Culture in India and Why It Is Here To Stay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jagran_Prakashan" title="Jagran Prakashan">Jagran Prakashan</a>. June 18, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421171218/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/the-rise-and-rise-of-anime-culture-in-india-and-it-is-here-to-stay-10083378">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jagran+Prakashan&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Rise+of+%27Anime%27+Culture+in+India+and+Why+It+Is+Here+To+Stay&rft.date=2023-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jagran.com%2Fentertainment%2Fthe-rise-and-rise-of-anime-culture-in-india-and-it-is-here-to-stay-10083378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-176"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Sar2020" class="citation web cs1">Van der Sar, Ernesto (August 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/piracy-giants-kissanime-and-kissmanga-shut-down-200815/">"Piracy Giants KissAnime and KissManga Shut Down"</a>. 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Retrieved August 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Piracy+Giants+KissAnime+and+KissManga+Shut+Down&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft.aulast=Van+der+Sar&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fpiracy-giants-kissanime-and-kissmanga-shut-down-200815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-177"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrissy2020" class="citation web cs1">Morrissy, Kim (August 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2020-08-19/southeast-asia-india-fans-disproportionately-affected-by-pirate-site-kissanime-closure/.163071">"Southeast Asia, India Fans Disproportionately Affected by Pirate Site KissAnime Closure"</a>. 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Retrieved August 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia%2C+India+Fans+Disproportionately+Affected+by+Pirate+Site+KissAnime+Closure&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.aulast=Morrissy&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2020-08-19%2Fsoutheast-asia-india-fans-disproportionately-affected-by-pirate-site-kissanime-closure%2F.163071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-is-watching-more-animeand-streaming-services-are-buying-11605365629">"The world is watching more anime and streaming services are buying"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. November 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422222339/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-is-watching-more-animeand-streaming-services-are-buying-11605365629">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+world+is+watching+more+anime+and+streaming+services+are+buying&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-world-is-watching-more-animeand-streaming-services-are-buying-11605365629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/2021/06/05/streaming-and-covid-19-have-entrenched-animes-global-popularity">"Streaming and covid-19 have entrenched anime's global popularity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. June 5, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109124437/https://www.economist.com/business/2021/06/05/streaming-and-covid-19-have-entrenched-animes-global-popularity">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Streaming+and+covid-19+have+entrenched+anime%27s+global+popularity&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2F06%2F05%2Fstreaming-and-covid-19-have-entrenched-animes-global-popularity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/anime-manga-global-interest/">"Exploring the Anime and Manga Global Takeover"</a>. Brandwatch. 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June 19, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109124437/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-19/funimation-expands-streaming-service-to-colombia-chile-peru/.174064">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Funimation+Expands+Streaming+Service+to+Colombia%2C+Chile%2C+Peru&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2021-06-19%2Ffunimation-expands-streaming-service-to-colombia-chile-peru%2F.174064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/02/22-1/crunchyroll-expands-one-piece-territories-to-europe-and-mena">"Crunchyroll announces major One Piece catalog expansion across international regions"</a>. Crunchyroll. 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Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crunchyroll&rft.atitle=Crunchyroll+announces+major+One+Piece+catalog+expansion+across+international+regions&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchyroll.com%2Fanime-news%2F2020%2F02%2F22-1%2Fcrunchyroll-expands-one-piece-territories-to-europe-and-mena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrater2020" class="citation news cs1">Frater, Patrick (October 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/japanese-anime-is-growing-success-netflix-1234816488/">"Japanese Anime Is Growing Success Story for Netflix"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212045242/https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/japanese-anime-is-growing-success-netflix-1234816488/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Japanese+Anime+Is+Growing+Success+Story+for+Netflix&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Frater&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2020%2Fstreaming%2Fasia%2Fjapanese-anime-is-growing-success-netflix-1234816488%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-11/u-s-audiences-can-t-get-enough-of-japan-s-anime-action-shows">"US audiences can't get enough of Japan's anime action shows"</a>. Bloomberg. May 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110233558/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-11/u-s-audiences-can-t-get-enough-of-japan-s-anime-action-shows">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=US+audiences+can%27t+get+enough+of+Japan%27s+anime+action+shows&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-05-11%2Fu-s-audiences-can-t-get-enough-of-japan-s-anime-action-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/ghost-in-the-shell-netflix-anime-1235216752/">"'Ghost in the Shell SAC_2045,' 'JoJo's Bizarre Adventure' Return as Netflix Reveals 40 Anime Titles for 2022"</a>. Variety. March 28, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403175754/https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/ghost-in-the-shell-netflix-anime-1235216752/">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2022. 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March 30, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403175754/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2022-03-30/netflix-more-than-half-of-members-globally-watched-anime-last-year/.184167">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2022. 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April 14, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225847/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-04-14/peruvian-politicians-cosplay-anime-characters-to-score-the-otaku-vote/.171709">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2022. 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Retrieved June 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+leading+business+lobby+group+says+anime%2C+manga+key+to+economic+growth&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fvideo%2Fasia%2F3216598%2Fjapans-leading-business-lobby-group-says-anime-manga-key-economic-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/japan-manga-to-spearhead-nations-economic-growth/a-65393781">"Japan: Manga to spearhead nation's economic growth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a>. 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Statista. January 17, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204121928/https://www.statista.com/topics/7495/anime-industry-in-japan/#dossierKeyfigures">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Anime+industry+in+Japan+-+statistics+and+facts&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Ftopics%2F7495%2Fanime-industry-in-japan%2F%23dossierKeyfigures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-07-09/crunchyroll-market-research-only-6-percent-of-gen-z-dont-know-what-anime-is/.174962">"Crunchyroll Market Research: Only 6% of Gen Z Don't Know What Anime Is"</a>. Anime News Network. July 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118132722/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-07-09/crunchyroll-market-research-only-6-percent-of-gen-z-dont-know-what-anime-is/.174962">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Crunchyroll+Market+Research%3A+Only+6%25+of+Gen+Z+Don%27t+Know+What+Anime+Is&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2021-07-09%2Fcrunchyroll-market-research-only-6-percent-of-gen-z-dont-know-what-anime-is%2F.174962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbook.com/anime/news/anime-manga-popularity-gen-z-adults/">"Anime Poll Reveals How Popular It Has Become with Gen Z"</a>. CBR. 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Retrieved December 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+animation+in+America+and+its+fans&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1957%2F8736%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/otaku-or-weeb-the-differences-insults/">"Otaku or Weeb: The Differences Between Anime Fandom's Most Famous Insults"</a>. CBR. May 31, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122193854/https://www.cbr.com/otaku-or-weeb-the-differences-insults/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=Otaku+or+Weeb%3A+The+Differences+Between+Anime+Fandom%27s+Most+Famous+Insults&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fotaku-or-weeb-the-differences-insults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007201–205-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2007201–205_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2007">Brenner 2007</a>, p. 201–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLaiLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Shang; Lai, Dan; Li, Zhiyong (March 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016073832200024X">"The identity construction of Chinese anime pilgrims"</a>. Annals of Tourism Research. 93: 103373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2022.103373">10.1016/j.annals.2022.103373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-7383">0160-7383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246853441">246853441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tourism+Research&rft.atitle=The+identity+construction+of+Chinese+anime+pilgrims&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=103373&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246853441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0160-7383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annals.2022.103373&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shang&rft.au=Lai%2C+Dan&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhiyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS016073832200024X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.twitch.tv/en/2017/10/05/anime-returns-to-twitch-with-two-back-to-back-marathons-73f25941fa6b/">"Anime returns to Twitch with two back-to-back marathons"</a>. blog.twitch.tv. October 5, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014225745/https://blog.twitch.tv/en/2017/10/05/anime-returns-to-twitch-with-two-back-to-back-marathons-73f25941fa6b/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.twitch.tv&rft.atitle=Anime+returns+to+Twitch+with+two+back-to-back+marathons&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.twitch.tv%2Fen%2F2017%2F10%2F05%2Fanime-returns-to-twitch-with-two-back-to-back-marathons-73f25941fa6b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203117927-6/wikis-participatory-fandom-jason-mittell">"Wikis and Participatory Fandom"</a>. The Participatory Cultures Handbook. Routledge. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203117927-6">10.4324/9780203117927-6</a> (inactive November 1, 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203117927" title="Special:BookSources/9780203117927"><bdi>9780203117927</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419173429/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203117927-6/wikis-participatory-fandom-jason-mittell">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wikis+and+Participatory+Fandom&rft.btitle=The+Participatory+Cultures+Handbook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203117927-6&rft.isbn=9780203117927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203117927-6%2Fwikis-participatory-fandom-jason-mittell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20514">KB URN resolver</a>. 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Retrieved November 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OtakuUSA&rft.atitle=Netflix+May+Produce+Anime&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Schley&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otakuusamagazine.com%2FLatestNews%2FNews1%2FNetflix-May-Produce-Anime-7035.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarder" class="citation web cs1">Barder, Ollie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/">"Netflix Is Interested In Producing Its Own Anime"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729115913/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Netflix+Is+Interested+In+Producing+Its+Own+Anime&rft.aulast=Barder&rft.aufirst=Ollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Folliebarder%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2Fnetflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrunchyOriginals-245"><a href="#cite_ref-CrunchyOriginals_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/crunchyroll-unveils-7-crunchyroll-originals-works-including-tower-of-god-noblesse-god-of-high-school/.156748">"Crunchyroll Unveils 7 'Crunchyroll Originals' Works Including Tower of God, Noblesse, God of High School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>. February 25, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225153220/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/crunchyroll-unveils-7-crunchyroll-originals-works-including-tower-of-god-noblesse-god-of-high-school/.156748">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crunchyroll+Unveils+7+%27Crunchyroll+Originals%27+Works+Including+Tower+of+God%2C+Noblesse%2C+God+of+High+School&rft.pub=Anime+News+Network&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2020-02-25%2Fcrunchyroll-unveils-7-crunchyroll-originals-works-including-tower-of-god-noblesse-god-of-high-school%2F.156748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdweekRWBY-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdweekRWBY_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdweekRWBY_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo2014" class="citation web cs1">Castillo, Michelle (August 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/american-made-anime-rooster-teeth-gets-licensed-japan-159528">"American-Made Anime From Rooster Teeth Gets Licensed In Japan"</a>. AdWeek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090314/http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/american-made-anime-rooster-teeth-gets-licensed-japan-159528">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdWeek&rft.atitle=American-Made+Anime+From+Rooster+Teeth+Gets+Licensed+In+Japan&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Famerican-made-anime-rooster-teeth-gets-licensed-japan-159528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazar2013" class="citation web cs1">Lazar, Shira (August 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shira-lazar/roosterteeth-adds-anime-r_b_3720316.html">"Roosterteeth Adds Anime RWBY To YouTube Slate (WATCH)"</a>. 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Retrieved August 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roosterteeth+Adds+Anime+RWBY+To+YouTube+Slate+%28WATCH%29&rft.pub=Huffingtonpost&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fshira-lazar%2Froosterteeth-adds-anime-r_b_3720316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rwby-248"><a href="#cite_ref-rwby_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush2013" class="citation web cs1">Rush, Amanda (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/07/12/feature-inside-rooster-teeths-rwby">"FEATURE: Inside Rooster Teeth's "RWBY""</a>. 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August 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232942/http://kai-you.net/article/7931">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KAI-YOU&rft.atitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%963DCG%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8ERWBY%E3%80%8F%E5%90%B9%E3%81%8D%E6%9B%BF%E3%81%88%E7%89%88BD%E3%83%BBDVD%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%81+%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B1%E3%81%A7%E7%99%BA%E8%A1%A8&rft.date=2014-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkai-you.net%2Farticle%2F7931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jen-250"><a href="#cite_ref-jen_250-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a>, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814742815/page/110">p. 110</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg_251-0">^</a> Marc Steinberg, Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenison" class="citation journal cs1">Denison, Rayna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3693690">"Manga Movies Project Report 1 - Transmedia Japanese Franchising"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318040903/https://www.academia.edu/3693690">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Manga+Movies+Project+Report+1+-+Transmedia+Japanese+Franchising&rft.aulast=Denison&rft.aufirst=Rayna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3693690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amm-253"><a href="#cite_ref-amm_253-0">^</a> Steinberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzGqyHaUGYkC&q=%22media+mix%22">p. vi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031111347/https://books.google.com/books?id=rzGqyHaUGYkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22media%20mix%22">Archived</a> October 31, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-licensing-254"><a href="#cite_ref-licensing_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins2018" class="citation news cs1">Hutchins, Robert (June 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145711/https://www.licensing.biz/entertainment/anime-will-only-get-stronger-as-pok%C3%A9mon-beats-marvel-as-highest-grossing-franchise">"'Anime will only get stronger,' as Pokémon beats Marvel as highest grossing franchise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Licensing.biz" title="Licensing.biz">Licensing.biz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.licensing.biz/entertainment/anime-will-only-get-stronger-as-pok%C3%A9mon-beats-marvel-as-highest-grossing-franchise">the original</a> on November 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Licensing.biz&rft.atitle=%27Anime+will+only+get+stronger%2C%27+as+Pok%C3%A9mon+beats+Marvel+as+highest+grossing+franchise&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.licensing.biz%2Fentertainment%2Fanime-will-only-get-stronger-as-pok%25C3%25A9mon-beats-marvel-as-highest-grossing-franchise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaricordi2000" class="citation book cs1">Baricordi, Andrea; de Giovanni, Massimiliano; Pietroni, Andrea; Rossi, Barbara; Tunesi, Sabrina (December 2000). Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958–1988). <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Protoculture_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Protoculture Inc.">Protoculture Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9805759-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-9805759-0-9"><bdi>2-9805759-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime%3A+A+Guide+to+Japanese+Animation+%281958%E2%80%931988%29&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Protoculture+Inc.&rft.date=2000-12&rft.isbn=2-9805759-0-9&rft.aulast=Baricordi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=de+Giovanni%2C+Massimiliano&rft.au=Pietroni%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Tunesi%2C+Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendazzi2015" class="citation book cs1">Bendazzi, Giannalberto (October 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0azMCgAAQBAJ">Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3175-1991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3175-1991-1"><bdi>978-1-3175-1991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation%3A+A+World+History%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Birth+of+a+Style+-+The+Three+Markets&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-3175-1991-1&rft.aulast=Bendazzi&rft.aufirst=Giannalberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0azMCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2007" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Robin (2007). Understanding Manga and Anime. Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-332-5"><bdi>978-1-59158-332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Manga+and+Anime&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-332-5&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsMcCarthy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helen_McCarthy" title="Helen McCarthy">McCarthy, Helen</a> (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Berkeley, Calif: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-10-5"><bdi>978-1-933330-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anime+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Guide+to+Japanese+Animation+Since+1917&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933330-10-5&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Timothy J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai">Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture</a>. Armonk, NY [u.a.]: Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0561-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Pop%21%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0561-0&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanpopinsidew00crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrazen2003" class="citation book cs1">Drazen, Patrick (2003). Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611720136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611720136"><bdi>978-1611720136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Explosion%21%3A+The+What%3F+Why%3F+%26+Wow%21+of+Japanese+Animation&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1611720136&rft.aulast=Drazen&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2000" class="citation book cs1">Kinsella, Sharon (2000). Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824823184" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824823184"><bdi>978-0824823184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Manga%3A+Culture+and+Power+in+Contemporary+Japanese+Society&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0824823184&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_BlancOdell2017" class="citation book cs1">Le Blanc, Michelle; Odell, Colin (2017). Akira. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844578108" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844578108"><bdi>978-1844578108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akira&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1844578108&rft.aulast=Le+Blanc&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Odell%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">MacWilliams, Mark W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesevisualcu0000unse">Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime</a>. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1602-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-1602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Visual+Culture%3A+Explorations+in+the+World+of+Manga+and+Anime&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1602-9&rft.aulast=MacWilliams&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesevisualcu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2005" class="citation book cs1">Napier, Susan J. (2005). Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-7051-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-7051-3"><bdi>1-4039-7051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+from+Akira+to+Howl%27s+Moving+Castle%3A+Experiencing+Contemporary+Japanese+Animation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-7051-3&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten2004" class="citation book cs1">Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880656-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-880656-92-2"><bdi>1-880656-92-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching+Anime%2C+Reading+Manga%3A+25+Years+of+Essays+and+Reviews&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-880656-92-2&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoitras1998" class="citation book cs1">Poitras, Gilles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animecompanionwh0000poit">Anime Companion</a>. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880656-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-880656-32-9"><bdi>1-880656-32-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Companion&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-880656-32-9&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimecompanionwh0000poit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoitras2000" class="citation book cs1">Poitras, Gilles (2000). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2"><bdi>978-1-880656-53-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Essentials%3A+Every+Thing+a+Fan+Needs+to+Know&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-53-2&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuh2014" class="citation book cs1">Ruh, Brian (2014). Stray Dog of Anime. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35567-6"><bdi>978-1-137-35567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stray+Dog+of+Anime&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35567-6&rft.aulast=Ruh&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (August 18, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mangamanga00fred">Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics</a> (Reprint ed.). Tokyo, Japan: <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a> International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-752-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-752-1"><bdi>0-87011-752-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21%3A+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1997-08-18&rft.isbn=0-87011-752-1&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmangamanga00fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2004" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3287-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3287-6"><bdi>0-8223-3287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pikachu%27s+Global+Adventure%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Pok%C3%A9mon&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8223-3287-6&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenBeregeron2021" class="citation news cs1">Green, Ronald S.; Beregeron, Susan J. (2021). "Teaching Cultural, Historical, and Religious Landscapes with the Anime". Education About ASIA. pp. 48–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+About+ASIA&rft.atitle=Teaching+Cultural%2C+Historical%2C+and+Religious+Landscapes+with+the+Anime&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S.&rft.au=Beregeron%2C+Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanwongNg2017" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Yee-Han; wong, Ngan-Ling; Ng, Lee-Luan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/6862">"Japanese Language Student's Perception of Using Anime as a Teaching Tool"</a>. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7.1. pp. 93–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815031924/https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/6862">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesian+Journal+of+Applied+Linguistics+7.1&rft.atitle=Japanese+Language+Student%27s+Perception+of+Using+Anime+as+a+Teaching+Tool&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Yee-Han&rft.au=wong%2C+Ngan-Ling&rft.au=Ng%2C+Lee-Luan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournal.upi.edu%2Findex.php%2FIJAL%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanLing2017" class="citation news cs1">Han, Chan Yee; Ling, Wong Ngan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1142396">"The Use of Anime in Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language"</a>. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology 5.2. pp. 66–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054740/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1142396">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Online+Journal+of+Educational+Technology+5.2&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Anime+in+Teaching+Japanese+as+a+Foreign+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Chan+Yee&rft.au=Ling%2C+Wong+Ngan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DEJ1142396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunjieNishiharaYamanishi2018" class="citation news cs1">Junjie, Shan; Nishihara, Yoko; Yamanishi, Ryosuke (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918313073">"A System for Japanese Listening Training Support With Watching Japanese Anime Scenes"</a>. Procedia Computer Science 126. Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference, KES-2018, Belgrade, Serbia. Vol. 126. pp. 947–956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.procs.2018.08.029">10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429034955/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918313073">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Computer+Science+126&rft.atitle=A+System+for+Japanese+Listening+Training+Support+With+Watching+Japanese+Anime+Scenes&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E947-%3C%2Fspan%3E956&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.procs.2018.08.029&rft.aulast=Junjie&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft.au=Nishihara%2C+Yoko&rft.au=Yamanishi%2C+Ryosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1877050918313073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnime" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_Japan227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animation industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Japanese_Animations" title="The Association of Japanese Animations">The Association of Japanese Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association" title="Japanese Animation Creators Association">Japanese Animation Creators Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Kobe" title="Animation Kobe">Animation Kobe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animax_Anison_Grand_Prix" title="Animax Anison Grand Prix">Animax Anison Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Anime Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Animation_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year">Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival" title="Japan Media Arts Festival">Japan Media Arts Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Film_Award_for_Best_Animation_Film" title="Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film">Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype Anime Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuji_Nobur%C5%8D_Award" title="Ōfuji Noburō Award">Ōfuji Noburō Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiyu_Awards" title="Seiyu Awards">Seiyu Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoi_Japan_Award" title="Sugoi Japan Award">Sugoi Japan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award" title="Tokyo Anime Award">Tokyo Anime Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation (ONA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation (OVA)</a></li> <li>Television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_night_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night anime">Late night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anime programming blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animeism" title="Animeism">Animeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(TV_programming_block)" title="Noise (TV programming block)">Noise</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noitamina" title="Noitamina">Noitamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%2BUltra" title="+Ultra">+Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Animage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">List of anime directors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animedia" title="Animedia">Animedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin" title="Katsudō Shashin">Katsudō Shashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Anime">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_topics320" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_animation" title="Experimental animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">influenced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_franchises207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_franchises" title="Template:Media franchises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_franchises" title="Template talk:Media franchises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_franchises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media franchises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_franchises207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchises</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">anime series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_franchise" title="Film franchise">Film franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_series" title="Film series">Film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_franchises" title="List of video game franchises">Video game franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_multimedia_franchises" title="Lists of multimedia franchises">Multimedia franchises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_print" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in print">print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_television_series" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in television series">television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_films" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multimedia_franchises_originating_in_games,_toys,_and_merchandise" title="List of multimedia franchises originating in games, toys, and merchandise">games, toys, and merchandise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_feature_film_series" title="Lists of feature film series">Film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_programs" title="Lists of television programs">Television shows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts" title="List of most-watched television broadcasts">most watched</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_franchises" title="List of video game franchises">Video game franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_series" title="List of web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highest-grossing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises" title="List of highest-grossing media franchises">Media franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films#Highest-grossing_franchises_and_film_series" title="List of highest-grossing films">Film series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Best-selling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Comic book series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">Video game franchises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_franchises" title="Category:Mass media franchises">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/19px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/29px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/38px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/20px-Animation_disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/31px-Animation_disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/41px-Animation_disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Animation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Mad_scientist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/20px-Mad_scientist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/31px-Mad_scientist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/41px-Mad_scientist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cartoon" title="Portal:Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/21px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/42px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Anime at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anime" class="extiw" title="wikt:anime">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anime" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Anime">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Anime" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Anime">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Anime" class="extiw" title="v:Anime">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Anime_and_manga_in_Japan" class="extiw" title="voy:Anime and manga in Japan">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107" class="extiw" title="d:Q1107">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox588" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99004993">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2001025154">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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