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</button> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solid_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Solid waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater_and_excreta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater_and_excreta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wastewater and excreta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater_and_excreta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Organic matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Industrial waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recovery methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recovery_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recovery methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recovery_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> space, and optimising the values created from waste.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resource recovery delays the need to use <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> in the manufacturing process. Materials found in <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">demolition</a> waste,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> of new materials and products. <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> are examples of where value can be found in waste. </p><p>Resource recovery goes further than just the <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">management of waste</a>. Resource recovery is part of a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, in which the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and generation of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">wastes</a> are minimised, and in which materials and products are <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">designed</a> more sustainably for durability, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repair_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repair café">repairability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remanufacturing" title="Remanufacturing">remanufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle analysis">Life-cycle analysis</a> (LCA) can be used to compare the resource recovery potential of different treatment technologies. </p><p>Resource recovery can also be an aim in the context of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. Here, the term refers to approaches to recover the resources that are contained in <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Human excreta">human excreta</a> (urine and feces). The term "toilet resources" has come into use recently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those resources include: nutrients (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>), organic matter, energy and water. This concept is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">ecological sanitation</a>. Separation of waste flows can help make resource recovery simpler. Examples include keeping urine separate from feces (as in <a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">urine diversion</a> toilets) and keeping <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> separate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_recovery">Sources of recovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources of recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resource recovery can be enabled by changes in government policy and regulation, circular economy <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> such as improved 'binfrastructure' to promote <a href="/wiki/Source_separation_(recycling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source separation (recycling)">source separation</a> and waste collection, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> innovative circular <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and valuing materials and products in terms of their economic but also their social and environmental costs and benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, organic materials can be treated by <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a> and turned into energy, compost or <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, wastes currently stored in industrial <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and around old <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Bioleaching" title="Bioleaching">bioleaching</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engineered nanoparticles<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to recover metals such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A limiting factor of resource recovery is the irrevocable loss of raw materials due to their increase in <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> in our current linear business model.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with the production of waste in manufacturing, the entropy increases further by mixing and diluting materials in their manufacturing assembly, followed by corrosion and wear and tear during the usage period. At the end of the life cycle, there is an exponential increase in disorder arising from the mixing of materials in landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this directionality of the entropy law, the potentials of rescource recovery are diminishing. This further motivates a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> infrastructure and business model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_waste">Solid waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solid waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_recycling_bales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/220px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/330px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/440px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Steel crushed and baled for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of disposed materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. </p><p>The most common consumer products recycled include <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> such as beverage cans, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> such as wire, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling_of_PET_Bottles" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycling of PET Bottles">PET</a> bottles, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> bottles and jars, <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartons">cartons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a>, magazines and light paper, and <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a> boxes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">PP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">PS</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin identification code</a>) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required. </p><p>The type of recycling material accepted varies by city and country. Each city and country have different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wastewater_and_excreta">Wastewater and excreta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wastewater and excreta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">Reuse of excreta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater reuse">Wastewater reuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></div> <p>Valuable resources can be recovered from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human excreta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include water, energy, and fertilizing nutrients <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, as well as micro-nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>. There is also increasing interest for recovering other raw materials from wastewater, such as <a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">bioplastics</a> and metals such as silver.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, wastewater systems were designed only to remove excreta and wastewater from urban areas. Water was used to flush away the waste, often discharging into nearby waterbodies. Since the 1970s, there has been increasing interest in treating the wastewater to protect the environment, and efforts focused primarily on cleaning the water at the end of the pipe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since around the year 2003, the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">ecological sanitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">sustainable sanitation</a> have emerged with the focus on recovering resources from wastewater.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2016, the term "toilet resources" came into use, and encouraged more attention to the potential for resource recovery from toilets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following resources can be recovered: </p> <ul><li>Water: In many water-scarce areas there are increasing pressures to recover water from wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Program</a> (UNEP), developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many national governments have their own regulations regarding the use of recovered water.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore for example aims to recover enough water from its wastewater systems to meet the water needs of half the city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They call this <a href="/wiki/NEWater" title="NEWater">NEWater</a>. Another related concept for waste<a href="/wiki/Water_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Water reuse">water reuse</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">sewer mining</a>.</li> <li>Energy: The production of <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">wastewater sludge</a> is now common practice at <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment plants</a>. In addition, a number of methods have been researched regarding use of wastewater sludge and excreta as fuel sources.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fertilizing nutrients: Human excreta contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other micronutrients that are needed for agricultural production. These can be recovered through <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">chemical precipitation</a> or stripping processes, or simply by use of the wastewater or <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>. However, reuse of sewage sludge poses risks due to high concentrations of undesirable compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a> and other chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the majority of fertilizing nutrients are found in excreta, it can be useful to separate the excreta fractions of wastewater (e.g. toilet waste) from the rest of the wastewater flows.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces the risk for undesirable compounds and reduces the volume that needs to be treated before applying recovered nutrients in agricultural production.</li></ul> <p>Other methods are also being developed for transforming wastewater into valuable products. Growing <a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black Soldier Flies</a> in excreta or organic waste can produce fly larvae as a protein feed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers are harvesting <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> from wastewater to make bioplastics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_matter">Organic matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organic matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">Composting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_composting" title="Home composting">Home composting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_fuel_cell" title="Microbial fuel cell">Microbial fuel cell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compost_Heap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Compost_Heap.jpg/220px-Compost_Heap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Compost_Heap.jpg/330px-Compost_Heap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Compost_Heap.jpg/440px-Compost_Heap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>An active <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> heap</figcaption></figure> <p>Disposed materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to <a href="/wiki/Decompose" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompose">decompose</a> the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/<a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a>) maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. </p><p>There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">mechanical biological treatment</a>). Methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic decomposition">aerobic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic</a> methods, though hybrids of the two methods also exist. </p><p>Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> (MSW) has been found to be more environmentally effective, than landfill, incineration or <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life cycle analysis</a> (LCA) was used to compare different technologies. The resulting biogas (methane) though must be used for cogeneration (electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used with a little upgrading in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> for use in stationary cogeneration fuel cells. Its use in fuel cells eliminates the pollution from products of combustion. There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale, enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">mechanical biological treatment</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_waste">Industrial waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_valorization&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization, beneficial reuse, beneficial use, value recovery</a> or waste reclamation<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> products or <a href="/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Residue (chemistry)">residues</a> from an economic process being <a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">valorized</a> (given economic value), by <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> in order to create economically useful materials.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from practices in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">sustainable manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>. The term is usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for another industrial process.<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial wastes</a> in particular are good candidates for valorization because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other waste, such as <a href="/wiki/Household_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Household waste">household waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:2_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Historically, most industrial processes treated waste products as something to be disposed of, causing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Pollution">industrial pollution</a> unless handled properly.<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, increased regulation of residual materials and socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> in the 1990s and 2000s increased focus on industrial practices to recover these resources as <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value add</a> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waste_valorization_:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics focus on finding economic value to reduce environmental impact of other industries as well, for example the development of <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber forest products</a> to encourage conservation.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery_methods">Recovery methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recovery methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, source-separated <a href="/wiki/Curbside_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Curbside collection">curbside collection</a> is one method of resource recovery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, households are provided with several bins: one for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> (yellow lid), another for general waste (usually a red lid) and another for garden materials (green lid). The garden recycling bin is provided by the municipality if requested. Some localities have <a href="/wiki/Dual-stream_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-stream recycling">dual-stream recycling</a>, with paper collected in bags or boxes and all other materials in a recycling bin. In either case, the recovered materials are trucked to a <a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">materials recovery facility</a> for further processing. </p><p>Municipal, commercial and industrial, construction and demolition debris is dumped at landfills and some is recycled. Household disposal materials are segregated: recyclables sorted and made into new products, and unusable material is dumped in landfill areas. According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (ABS), the recycling rate is high and is "increasing, with 99% of households reporting that they had recycled or reused within the past year (2003 survey), up from 85% in 1992".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002–03 "30% of materials from municipalities, 45% from commercial and industrial generators and 57% from construction and demolition debris" was recycled. Energy is produced is part of resource recovery as well: some <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> is captured for fuel or electricity generation, although this is considered the last resort, as the point of resource recovery is avoidance of landfill disposal altogether.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resource recovery is a key component in a business' ability to maintaining <a href="/wiki/ISO14001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO14001">ISO14001</a> accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by changing a company from a system of managing wastes to a resource recovery system (such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> in the area of resource recovery is increasingly important from a global perspective of <a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talloires_Declaration" title="Talloires Declaration">Talloires Declaration</a> is a declaration for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">degradation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">depletion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. Local, regional, and global <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>; depletion of the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental management">environmental management</a> and resource recovery programs. <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocational" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational">vocational</a> education are promoted by various organizations, e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=WAMITAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAMITAB (page does not exist)">WAMITAB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Wastes_Management" title="Chartered Institution of Wastes Management">Chartered Institution of Wastes Management</a>. Many supermarkets encourage customers to use their <a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse vending machines">reverse vending machines</a> to deposit used purchased containers and receive a refund from the recycling fees. Brands that manufacture such machines include <a href="/wiki/Tomra" title="Tomra">Tomra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envipco" title="Envipco">Envipco</a>. </p><p>In 2010, CNBC aired the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Trash_Inc:_The_Secret_Life_of_Garbage" title="Trash Inc: The Secret Life of Garbage">Trash Inc: The Secret Life of Garbage</a></i> about waste, what happens to it when it is "thrown away", and its impact on the world.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations set 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDG) in 2015. <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">SDG 12</a>, for "responsible consumption and production", measures progress against 11 targets with 13 indicators. Targets 3, 4, and 5 focus on waste generation across food and chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_producer_responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extended producer responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a> (EPR) is a pricing strategy that promotes integrating all costs associated with a given product throughout its life cycle. Having the market price also reflect the "end-of-life disposal costs" encourages more accuracy in pricing. Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products, from production, to packaging, to transport and disposal or reuse. EPR requires firms that manufacture, import and/or sell products to be responsible for those products throughout the life and disposal or reuse of products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle-to-cradle">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_mining" title="Curb mining">Curb mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Bone_ash_and_guano" title="Phosphorus">Bone ash as source of phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_station_(waste_management)" title="Transfer station (waste management)">Transfer station (waste management)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_recovery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIacovidouMillward-HopkinsBuschPurnell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iacovidou, Eleni; Millward-Hopkins, Joel; Busch, Jonathan; Purnell, Philip; Velis, Costas A.; Hahladakis, John N.; Zwirner, Oliver; Brown, Andrew (2017-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.09.002">"A pathway to circular economy: Developing a conceptual framework for complex value assessment of resources recovered from waste"</a>. <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>168</b>: 1279–1288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biogreen-energy.com&rft.atitle=When+a+waste+becomes+a+resource+for+energy+and+new+materials&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogreen-energy.com%2Fwaste-valorization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waste_valorization_:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzihouLifset2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nzihou, Ange; Lifset, Reid (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2010.00242.x">"Waste Valorization, Loop-Closing, and Industrial Ecology"</a>. <i>Journal of Industrial Ecology</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 196–199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JInEc..14..196N">2010JInEc..14..196N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2010.00242.x">10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00242.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155060338">155060338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Waste+Valorization%2C+Loop-Closing%2C+and+Industrial+Ecology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-199&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155060338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2010.00242.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JInEc..14..196N&rft.aulast=Nzihou&rft.aufirst=Ange&rft.au=Lifset%2C+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1530-9290.2010.00242.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+recovery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waste_valorization_:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waste_valorization_:3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/journal/12649">"Waste and Biomass Valorization"</a>. <i>Springer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Chapter+-+Household+waste&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft.aulast=Statistics&rft.aufirst=c%3DAU%3B+o%3DCommonwealth+of+Australia%3B+ou%3DAustralian+Bureau+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Flatestproducts%2FE1E64A4DB813BC8BCA25732C00207FF7%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+recovery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-secret-garbage-20100929,0,2134032.story">Television review: 'Trash Inc.'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Carpenter" title="Susan Carpenter">Susan Carpenter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, 29 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">A/RES/71/313</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia" title="Recycling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel" title="Recycling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia" title="Recycling in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia" title="Recycling in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan" title="Recycling in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(campaign)" title="Refill (campaign)">Refill (campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">Green Dot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cutting" title="Bottle cutting">Bottle cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country" title="Category:Recycling by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations" title="Category:Recycling organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Commons</a></b></li></ul> 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