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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_amendment_and_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soil amendment and stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_amendment_and_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_Material_Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_Material_Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Construction Material Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_Material_Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_Gas_Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_Gas_Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Water and Gas Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_Gas_Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Precautions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonrecycling" title="Betonrecycling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betonrecycling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανακύκλωση σκυροδέματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανακύκλωση σκυροδέματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaje_de_cemento" title="Reciclaje de cemento – 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href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_ps_0000433_Ablagerung_f%C3%BCr_eine_sp%C3%A4ter_einsetzende_Gro%C3%9Fblockproduktio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Concrete from a building being sent to a portable crusher. This is the first step in recycling concrete.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg/220px-Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg/330px-Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg/440px-Recycling_an_airfield_N03_-_geograph.org.uk_-_379756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Crushing concrete from an airfield</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Concrete recycling</b> is the use of rubble from demolished <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> structures. <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> is cheaper and more ecological than trucking rubble to a <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crushed rubble can be used for road gravel, <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetments</a>, retaining walls, landscaping gravel, or raw material for new concrete. Large pieces can be used as bricks or slabs, or incorporated with new concrete into structures, a material called <b>urbanite</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-concretenetwork.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concretenetwork.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urbanite_Construction_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanite_Construction-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circular_economy">Circular economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Circular economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete is an excellent material with which to make long-lasting and energy-efficient buildings. However, even with good design, human needs change and potential waste will be generated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concrete may be considered waste according to the European Commission decision of 2014/955/EU for the List of Waste under the codes: 17 (construction and demolition wastes, including excavated soil from contaminated sites) 01 (concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics), 01 (concrete), and 17.01.06* (mixtures of, separate fractions of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics containing hazardous substances), and 17.01.07 (mixtures of, separate fractions of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics other than those mentioned in 17.01.06).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that in 2018 the European Union generated 371,910 thousand tons of mineral waste from construction and demolition, and close to 4% of this quantity is considered hazardous. Germany, France and the United Kingdom were the top three polluters with 86,412 thousand tons, 68,976 and 68,732 thousand tons of construction waste generation, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there is not an End-of-Waste criteria for concrete materials in the EU. However, different sectors have been proposing alternatives for concrete waste and re purposing it as a secondary raw material in various applications, including concrete manufacturing itself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reuse">Reuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reuse of blocks in original form, or by cutting into smaller blocks, has even less environmental impact; however, only a limited market currently exists. Improved building designs that allow for slab reuse and building transformation without demolition could increase this use. Hollow core concrete slabs are easy to dismantle and the span is normally constant, making them good for reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cases of re-use are possible with pre-cast concrete pieces: through selective demolition, such pieces can be disassembled and collected for further use in other building sites. Studies show that back-building and remounting plans for building units (i.e., re-use of pre-fabricated concrete) is an alternative for a kind of construction which protects resources and saves energy. Especially long-living, durable, energy-intensive building materials, such as concrete, can be kept in the life-cycle longer through recycling. Prefabricated constructions are the prerequisites for constructions necessarily capable of being taken apart. In the case of optimal application in the building carcass, savings in costs are estimated in 26%, a lucrative complement to new building methods. However, this depends on several courses to be set.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viability of this alternative has to be studied as the logistics associated with transporting heavy pieces of concrete can impact the operation financially and also increase the carbon footprint of the project. Also, ever changing regulations on new buildings worldwide may require higher quality standards for construction elements and inhibit the use of old elements which may be classified as obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete debris is routinely shipped to <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> for disposal, but recycling is increasing due to improved environmental awareness, changing regulation/laws and economic benefits. Concrete can be recovered – crushed and reused as aggregate in new projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recovering concrete reduces resource exploitation and associated transport costs, and reduces landfill. However, it has little impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions as most emissions occur when cement is made. At present, most recovered concrete is used for road sub-base and civil engineering projects.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far the most common method for recycling dry and hardened concrete involves crushing. The input material can be returned concrete which is still fresh (wet), from ready-mix trucks, production waste at a pre-cast production facility, or waste from demolition. The most significant source is demolition waste, preferably pre-sorted post-demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific processing sites are typically able to produce higher quality aggregate. Screens are used to achieve desired particle size, and remove dirt, foreign particles and fine material from the coarse aggregate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final product, Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), has an angular shape, rougher surface, lower specific gravity (20%), higher water absorption, and pH greater than 11 – this elevated pH increases the risk of alkali reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCA's lower density usually increases project efficiency and lowers job cost – RCA yields more volume by weight (up to 15%).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical properties make it the preferred material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This is because recycled aggregates often have better compaction properties and require less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain than virgin material.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cement">Cement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulverized concrete can replace <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> material in <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a>. The process produces “reactivated cement” as a byproduct. Furnaces need flux (typically lime), to purify the steel. If the leftover slag is cooled quickly in air, it becomes <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>. The technique also significantly reduces CO2 emissions compared to conventional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applications">Applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main commercial applications are: </p> <ul><li>Aggregate base course (road base), or the untreated aggregates used as foundation for roadway pavement, is the underlying layer (under pavement) which provides a structural foundation for paving.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aggregate for ready-mix concrete, by replacing from 10 to 45% of the virgin aggregates with a blend of cement, sand and water. Because the RCA contains cement, the ratios of the mix have to be adjusted to achieve desired structural requirements such as workability, strength and water absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soil Stabilization, with the incorporation of recycled aggregate, lime, or fly ash into marginal quality subgrade material used to enhance the load bearing capacity of that subgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pipe bedding: serving as a stable bed or firm foundation in which to lay underground utilities. Some countries' regulations prohibit the use of RCA and other construction and demolition wastes in filtration and drainage beds due to potential contamination with chromium and pH impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Landscape Materials: Includes boulder/stacked rock walls, underpass abutment structures, erosion structures, water features, retaining walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cradle-to-cradle_challenges">Cradle-to-cradle challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cradle-to-cradle challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg/220px-Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg/330px-Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg/440px-Circular_Economy_of_concrete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Circularity of Concrete: Cradle-to-Cradle design</figcaption></figure> <p>The applications developed for RCA so far are not exhaustive, and many more uses are to be developed as regulations, institutions and norms find ways to accommodate construction and demolition waste as secondary raw materials in a safe and economic way. However, considering the purpose of having a circularity of resources in the concrete life cycle, the only application of RCA that could be considered as recycling of concrete is the replacement of natural aggregates on concrete mixes. All the other applications would fall under the category of <a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">downcycling</a>. It is estimated that even near complete recovery of concrete from construction and demolition waste will only supply about 20% of total aggregate needs in the developed world.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The path towards circularity goes beyond concrete technology itself, depending on multilateral advances in the cement industry, research and development of alternative materials, building design and management, and demolition as well as conscious use of spaces in urban areas to reduce consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_Recycling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Concrete_Recycling.png/220px-Concrete_Recycling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Concrete_Recycling.png/330px-Concrete_Recycling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Concrete_Recycling.png/440px-Concrete_Recycling.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>A concrete recycling plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Re-purposing urbanite (concrete rubble pieces) involves selecting and transporting the pieces, and using them as slabs or bricks. The pieces can be shaped, for example using a chisel; this can be labor-intensive. </p><p>Crushing involves removing <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">trash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>; removing <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnets</a> and other devices, to be recycled separately;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sorting the <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(composite)" title="Aggregate (composite)">aggregate</a> by size; crushing it using a <a href="/wiki/Crusher" title="Crusher">crushing machine</a>; and removing other particulates by methods such as hand-picking and water flotation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crushing at the construction site using portable crushers is cheaper and causes less pollution than transporting material to and from a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a>. Large road-portable plants can crush concrete and asphalt rubble at 600 tons per hour. These systems normally include a side discharge conveyor, a screening plant, and a return conveyor from the screen back to the crusher for re-crushing large chunks. Compact, self-contained crushers can crush up to 150 tons per hour and fit into tighter areas. Crusher attachments to construction equipment such as excavators can crush up to 100 tons per hour and make crushing of smaller volumes economical.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To produce clean aggregates from crushed concrete waste, very careful dismantling and demolishing is needed to keep the concrete stream away from other materials that would diminish its quality. Once separated, the broken concrete is then sent to a wet recycling process, where the coarse fraction of broken concrete is washed to produce clean aggregate, whereas the residue generated from the washing process is sent to landfill in the form of sludge.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large pieces of concrete rubble (urbanite) can be used in walls as building stones,<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanite_Construction_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanite_Construction-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as slabs in walkways,<sup id="cite_ref-concretenetwork.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concretenetwork.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as <a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">riprap</a> revetments<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reduce stream bank erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecology_block" title="Ecology block">Ecology blocks</a> (eco-blocks) are made from recycled concrete and used for <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining walls</a> and other temporary structures, and have also been used for <a href="/wiki/Hostile_architecture" title="Hostile architecture">hostile architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small pieces are used as gravel for new construction projects. <a href="/wiki/Base_course" title="Base course">Sub-base</a> gravel is laid as the lowest layer in a road, with fresh concrete or asphalt poured over it.<sup id="cite_ref-Markets_for_Recycled_Concrete_Aggregate_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markets_for_Recycled_Concrete_Aggregate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> may use such techniques to build new highways from the materials of old highways.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concrete pavements can be broken in place and used as a base layer for an <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> pavement through a process called <a href="/wiki/Rubblization" title="Rubblization">rubblization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crushed concrete free of contaminants can be used as raw material (sometimes mixed with natural aggregate) to make new concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-graded and aesthetically pleasing materials can be used as landscaping stone and mulch.<sup id="cite_ref-Markets_for_Recycled_Concrete_Aggregate_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markets_for_Recycled_Concrete_Aggregate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wire <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabions</a> (cages), can be filled with crushed concrete and stacked as retaining walls or privacy walls (instead of fencing).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_recycling_of_concrete_waste">Chemical recycling of concrete waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical recycling of concrete waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_amendment_and_stabilization">Soil amendment and stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soil amendment and stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improper disposal and treatment of concrete waste negatively affect soil, but proper treatment and recycling processes can be used to amend and stabilize soil. In general, alkali-activated mixtures improve and stabilize soil through cation exchange, hydration reactions, and enhanced pozzolanic reactions. Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions in an alkali-activated mixture exchanges with other metal ions, decreasing electric double layers and increasing flocculation, making soil more granular and friable. Alkali-activated mixtures improve soil by sorbing the water in the soil through hydration reactions, which decreases the water content in the soil and improves soft soil with a high moisture content. Finally, the dissociation of calcium oxide in water in the soil increases electrolyte concentrations and pH, and hence SiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dissolve more readily and promotes pozzolanic reactions. Materials such as Portland cement, fly ash, and lime are already used extensively to amend and stabilize soil, so the same concept can be extended to concrete waste, which is itself an alkali-activated mixture. In general, studies have shown that the cementitious material of concrete waste that is added to weak soil causes hydration reactions that increase the soil pH, amount of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and amount of free Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> that could react with SiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> through pozzolanic reactions that improve soil.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_Material_Production">Construction Material Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction Material Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete waste contains abundant silicon and some aluminum, so they can be used to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Geopolymer" title="Geopolymer">geopolymers</a>. Geopolymeric binder combined with metakaolin can yield material with desired silicon, aluminum, and calcium contents. Geopolymer concrete from waste concrete has been analyzed, and it has been suggested that it could be used in applications that require moderately strong concrete, thermally insulating concrete, lightweight concrete, and bricks or blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_Gas_Treatment">Water and Gas Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water and Gas Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concrete waste that is rich in alkaline calcium compounds can be used to remove and recover various elements from an aqueous solution. Waste concrete has been used as a sorbent to remove phosphorus from wastewater after the removal of excess sludge in sewage treatment plants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concrete waste may also be used as an inexpensive gas treatment agent. This would offer advantages over using conventional gas treatment agents because concrete waste is cheap and produced in large amounts. Research has shown that waste concrete can contribute to the sorption of NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and Fluorine gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Precautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been concerns about the recycling of painted concrete due to possible lead content. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>' Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) and others have studied the risks, and concluded that concrete with <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead-based paint</a> should be safely used as fill without an impervious cover as long as it is covered by soil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some experiments showed that recycled concrete is less strong and durable than concrete from natural aggregate. This can be remedied by mixing in materials such as fly ash.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412102245/http://www.concreterecycling.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>ConcreteRecycling.org</i>. 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Associated Construction Publications. 21 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landfill-site.com/recycling-revisited.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recycling+Revisited&rft.pub=Associated+Construction+Publications&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flandfill-site.com%2Frecycling-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoJhaMisra2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Akash; Jha, Kumar N.; Misra, Sudhir (2007-03-01). "Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete". <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 71–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2006.05.010">10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.05.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Use+of+aggregates+from+recycled+construction+and+demolition+waste+in+concrete&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-81&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2006.05.010&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Akash&rft.au=Jha%2C+Kumar+N.&rft.au=Misra%2C+Sudhir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarMorawska2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Prashant; Morawska, Lidia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/73117/3/73117.pdf">"Recycling concrete: An undiscovered source of ultrafine particles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>90</b>. Elsevier BV: 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..90...51K">2014AtmEn..90...51K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2014.03.035">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17596839">17596839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Recycling+concrete%3A+An+undiscovered+source+of+ultrafine+particles&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2014.03.035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17596839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AtmEn..90...51K&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Prashant&rft.au=Morawska%2C+Lidia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F73117%2F3%2F73117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcrete+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_recycling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdrecycling.org/">Construction Materials Recycling Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/smm/electric-arc-furnace-eaf-slag">Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inhabitat.com/amazing-ero-concrete-recycling-robot-can-erase-entire-buildings/">Omer Haciomeroglu's ERO Concrete Recycling Robot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40069-015-0100-0">Strength and Durability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344906001315">Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Concrete#History" title="Concrete">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_architectural_revolution" title="Roman architectural revolution">Roman architectural revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Roman concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">Roman engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_concrete#Mix_design" title="Types of concrete">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements" title="Calcium aluminate cements">Calcium aluminate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energetically_modified_cement" title="Energetically modified cement">Energetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosendale_cement" title="Rosendale cement">Rosendale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water%E2%80%93cement_ratio" title="Water–cement ratio">Water–cement ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_granulated_blast-furnace_slag" title="Ground granulated blast-furnace slag">Ground granulated blast-furnace slag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_fume" title="Silica fume">Silica fume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metakaolin" title="Metakaolin">Metakaolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Production" title="Concrete">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_plant" title="Concrete plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_concrete_mixer" title="Volumetric concrete mixer">Volumetric mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_drum_mixer" title="Reversing drum mixer">Reversing drum mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_slump_test" title="Concrete slump test">Slump test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_table_test" title="Flow table test">Flow table test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Curing" title="Concrete">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_cover" title="Concrete cover">Concrete cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_meter" title="Cover meter">Cover meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">Rebar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">Precast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast-in-place_concrete" title="Cast-in-place concrete">Cast-in-place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">Formwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_formwork" title="Climbing formwork">Climbing formwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screed" title="Screed">Screed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_concrete_screed" class="mw-redirect" title="Power concrete screed">Power screed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_grinder" title="Concrete grinder">Grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_trowel" title="Power trowel">Power trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_pump" title="Concrete pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_float" title="Concrete float">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_sealer" title="Concrete sealer">Sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_concrete" title="Properties of concrete">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_structures_durability" title="Reinforced concrete structures durability">Durability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_degradation" title="Concrete degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_concrete" title="Segregation in concrete">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction" title="Alkali–silica reaction">Alkali–silica reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_concrete" title="Types of concrete">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AstroCrete" class="mw-redirect" title="AstroCrete">AstroCrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_concrete" title="Fiber-reinforced concrete">Fiber-reinforced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree_concrete" title="Filigree concrete">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_concrete" title="Foam concrete">Foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunarcrete" title="Lunarcrete">Lunarcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concrete" title="Mass concrete">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoconcrete" title="Nanoconcrete">Nanoconcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervious_concrete" title="Pervious concrete">Pervious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_concrete" title="Polished concrete">Polished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_concrete" title="Polymer concrete">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">Prestressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller-compacted_concrete" title="Roller-compacted concrete">Roller-compacting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consolidating_concrete" title="Self-consolidating concrete">Self-consolidating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-leveling_concrete" title="Self-leveling concrete">Self-leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_concrete" title="Sulfur concrete">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby_concrete" title="Tabby concrete">Tabby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translucent_concrete" title="Translucent concrete">Translucent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_light_concrete" title="Waste light concrete">Waste light</a></li> <li>Aerated <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete" title="Autoclaved aerated concrete">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_autoclaved_aerated_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete">RAAC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_slab" title="Concrete slab">Slab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_slab" title="Waffle slab">waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-core_slab" title="Hollow-core slab">hollow-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voided_biaxial_slab" title="Voided biaxial slab">voided biaxial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation#Slab_on_grade" title="Shallow foundation">slab on grade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_block" title="Concrete block">Concrete block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface#Concrete" title="Road surface">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_column" title="Reinforced concrete column">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete#Use_in_construction" title="Reinforced concrete">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concrete_Institute" title="American Concrete Institute">American Concrete Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Concrete_Institute" title="Indian Concrete Institute">Indian Concrete Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocem" title="Nanocem">Nanocem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Cement_Association" title="Portland Cement Association">Portland Cement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Structural_Concrete" title="International Federation for Structural Concrete">International Federation for Structural Concrete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocode_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocode 2">Eurocode 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EN_197-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EN 197-1 (page does not exist)">EN 197-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_206-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EN 206-1">EN 206-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_10080" title="EN 10080">EN 10080</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Concrete" title="Category:Concrete">Category:Concrete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia" title="Recycling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel" title="Recycling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia" title="Recycling in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia" title="Recycling in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan" title="Recycling in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(campaign)" title="Refill (campaign)">Refill (campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">Green Dot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cutting" title="Bottle cutting">Bottle cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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