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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Extensive and limited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensive_and_limited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moralism_and_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moralism_and_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Moralism and realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moralism_and_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conflict and co-operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>State formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forms_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Forms of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Source of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Vertical integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_dysfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_dysfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Political dysfunction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_dysfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Political corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insincere_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insincere_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Insincere politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insincere_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Levels of politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_of_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels of politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macropolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macropolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Macropolitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macropolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mesopolitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micropolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micropolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Micropolitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micropolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political values</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_values-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political values subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aggregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Aggregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Polyarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Deliberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Left–right_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left–right_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Left–right spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left–right_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authoritarianism_and_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoritarianism_and_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Authoritarianism and libertarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoritarianism_and_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 210 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%88%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="ፖለቲካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖለቲካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealdcr%C3%A6ft" title="Wealdcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wealdcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="سياسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politic%C3%A2" title="Politicâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Politicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ৰাজনীতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokuaikuaa" title="Jokuaikuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jokuaikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyas%C9%99t" title="Siyasət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiki" title="Politiki – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Politiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB" title="Chèng-tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82" title="Сәйәсәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәйәсәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палітыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палітыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="ཆབ་སྲིད་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆབ་སྲིད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikerezh" title="Politikerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Politikerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Гүрэн түрын бодолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүрэн түрын бодолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matongerwo_eNyika" title="Matongerwo eNyika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Matongerwo eNyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitica" title="Pulitica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pulitica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwleidyddiaeth" title="Gwleidyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwleidyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="سياسة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سياسة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitika" title="Poliitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πολιτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko" title="Politiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajniti" title="Rajniti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rajniti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikkur" title="Politikkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Politikkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique" title="Politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityk" title="Polityk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polityk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiche" title="Politiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Politiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polait%C3%ADocht" title="Polaitíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaitíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politickaght" title="Politickaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Politickaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poilitigs" title="Poilitigs – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poilitigs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohodid%E1%BB%8D" title="Tohodidọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Tohodidọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3n-chh%E1%B9%B3" title="Chṳn-chhṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳn-chhṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasa" title="Siyasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Siyasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lai%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Kālaiʻāina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaiʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko" title="Politiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Politiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজনীতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Политикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Политикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezombusazwe" title="Ezombusazwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezombusazwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1l" title="Stjórnmál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פוליטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik" title="Pulitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikki" title="Politikki – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Politikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಾಜನೀತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜನೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="سِیاسَتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِیاسَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Саясат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саясат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politegieth" title="Politegieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Politegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siasa" title="Siasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_(non)" title="Politik (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Politik (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset" title="Siyaset – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Саясат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саясат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitas" title="Civilitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civilitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polletiek" title="Polletiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polletiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polit%C3%ADki" title="Politíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Politíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiekku" title="Politiekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Politiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plajva" title="plajva – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plajva" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitica" title="Pulitica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pulitica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4litika" title="Pôlitika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="राजकारण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजकारण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლიტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87" title="سياسه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياسه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وتئویر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وتئویر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ng-d%C3%AA" title="Céng-dê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-dê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Политикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Политикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Улс төр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="နိုင်ငံရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiks" title="Politiks – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Politiks" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="राजनीति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiik" title="Politiik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Politiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikk" title="Politikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikk" title="Politikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique" title="Politique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Politique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosat" title="Siyosat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਿਆਸਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="ခမ်းထီရေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခမ်းထီရေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtika" title="Polítika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polítika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="واگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitix" title="Palitix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Palitix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="នយោបាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នយោបាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike" title="Politike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Politike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ACtica" title="Polìtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polìtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikis" title="Politikis – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Politikis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polityka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politic%C4%83" title="Politică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica" title="Politica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Politica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta_pusay" title="Llaqta pusay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta pusay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Політіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Політіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Бэлиитикэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэлиитикэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="राजनीतिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राजनीतिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ACtiga" title="Polìtiga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polìtiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%ACtica" title="Pulìtica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulìtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaasad" title="Siyaasad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siyaasad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA" title="سیاسەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاسەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitik" title="Pulitik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulitik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiikka" title="Politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasrtit" title="Tasrtit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasrtit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasertit" title="Tasertit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasertit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82" title="Сәясәт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәясәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပၢႆးမိူင်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးမိူင်း" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="రాజకీయాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజకీయాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtika" title="Polítika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polítika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%88%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="ፖለቲካ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖለቲካ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сиёсат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёсат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset" title="Siyaset – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%BDasat" title="Syýasat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Syýasat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Политика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Політика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngci" title="Cwngci – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngci" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%82%C3%ACtega" title="Pułìtega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pułìtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolit" title="Bolit – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bolit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiga" title="Poliitiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poliitiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike" title="Politike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Politike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politig" title="Politig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Politig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiki" title="Politiki – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Politiki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פאליטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאליטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA" title="Ìṣèlú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣèlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika" title="Politika – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Politika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Politiek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolit%C4%97ka" title="Puolitėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puolitėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Politik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Politics" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijos%C9%99t" title="Sijosət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijosət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7163#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πολιτικά">πολιτικά</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>politiká</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">affairs of the cities</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the set of activities that are associated with <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">making decisions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">groups</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power relations</a> among individuals, such as the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a>. The branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> that studies politics and government is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. </p><p>Politics may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and non-violent,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but the word often also carries a negative connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-HagueHarrop2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagueHarrop2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or in a limited way, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. </p><p>A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> with other political subjects, making <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, and exercising internal and external <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> against adversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammarlund1985_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammarlund1985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brady2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HawkesworthKogan2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HawkesworthKogan2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a> of traditional societies, through modern <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a> and institutions up to <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/International_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International politics">international level</a>. </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a>, people often form <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> to represent their ideas. Members of a party often agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders. An <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> is usually a competition between different parties. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">history of political thought</a> can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>'s political manuscripts and <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>politics</i> has its roots in the name of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s classic work, <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politiká</a></i>, which introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>politiká</i></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">Πολιτικά</i></span>, 'affairs of the cities')<i>.</i> In the mid-15th century, Aristotle's composition was rendered in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> as <i>Polettiques</i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>],<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became <i>Politics</i> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>. </p><p>The singular <i>politic</i> first attested in English in 1430, coming from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">politique</i></span>—itself taking from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">politicus</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinization</a> of the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">πολιτικός</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">politikos</i></span>) from <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">πολίτης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc">polites</i></span>, 'citizen') and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i></span>, 'city').<sup id="cite_ref-A_Greek-English_Lexicon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Greek-English_Lexicon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a>: "who gets what, when, how"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Easton" title="David Easton">David Easton</a>: "the authoritative allocation of values for a society"<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1981_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>: "the most concentrated expression of economics"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>: "the capacity of always choosing at each instant, in constantly changing situations, the least harmful, the most useful"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a>: "a distinctive form of rule whereby people act together through institutionalized procedures to resolve differences"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Leftwich" title="Adrian Leftwich">Adrian Leftwich</a>: "comprises all the activities of co-operation, negotiation and conflict within and between societies"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways in which approaching politics has been conceptualized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensive_and_limited">Extensive and limited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extensive and limited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Leftwich" title="Adrian Leftwich">Adrian Leftwich</a> has differentiated views of politics based on how extensive or limited their perception of what accounts as 'political' is.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensive view sees politics as present across the sphere of human social relations, while the limited view restricts it to certain contexts. For example, in a more restrictive way, politics may be viewed as primarily about <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a <a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">feminist perspective</a> could argue that sites which have been viewed traditionally as non-political, should indeed be viewed as political as well.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter position is encapsulated in the slogan "<i><a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">the personal is political</a></i>", which disputes the distinction between private and public issues. Politics may also be defined by the use of power, as has been argued by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moralism_and_realism">Moralism and realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moralism and realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some perspectives on politics view it empirically as an exercise of power, while others see it as a social function with a <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> basis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction has been called the difference between <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">political <i>moralism</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">political <i>realism</i></a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For moralists, politics is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, and is at its extreme in <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, the view of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was that, "to be political…meant that everything was decided through words and persuasion and not through violence";<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a>, "politics is the way in which free societies are governed. Politics is politics, and other forms of rule are something else."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, for realists, represented by those such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a>, politics is based on the use of power, irrespective of the ends being pursued.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_co-operation">Conflict and co-operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict and co-operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agonism" title="Agonism">Agonism</a> argues that politics essentially comes down to conflict between conflicting interests. Political scientist Elmer Schattschneider argued that "at the root of all politics is the universal language of conflict",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while for <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> the essence of politics is the distinction of 'friend' from 'foe'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in direct contrast to the more co-operative views of politics by Aristotle and Crick. However, a more mixed view between these extremes is provided by Irish political scientist Michael Laver, who noted that:</p><blockquote><p>Politics is about the characteristic blend of conflict and co-operation that can be found so often in human interactions. Pure conflict is war. Pure co-operation is true love. Politics is a mixture of both.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_Aristotle.jpg/180px-Head_of_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_Aristotle.jpg/270px-Head_of_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_of_Aristotle.jpg/360px-Head_of_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> criticized many of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s ideas as impracticable, but, like Plato, he admires balance and moderation and aims at a harmonious city under the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The history of politics spans <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> and is not limited to modern institutions of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prehistoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> engage in politics through "social manipulation to secure and maintain influential positions".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early human forms of social organization—bands and tribes—lacked centralized political structures.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless societies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_states">Early states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient history, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilizations">civilizations</a> did not have definite boundaries as <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">states</a> have today, and their borders could be more accurately described as <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sumer#Early_Dynastic_Period" title="Sumer">Early dynastic Sumer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt#Early_Dynastic_Period" title="Ancient Egypt">early dynastic Egypt</a> were the <a href="/wiki/First_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="First civilization">first civilizations</a> to define their <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a>. Moreover, up to the 12th century, many people lived in non-state societies. These range from relatively egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> to complex and highly stratified <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_formation">State formation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></div> <p>There are a number of different theories and hypotheses regarding early state formation that seek generalizations to explain why <b><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">the state</a></b> developed in some places but not others. Other scholars believe that generalizations are unhelpful and that each case of early state formation should be treated on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Voluntary theories</b> contend that diverse groups of people came together to form states as a result of some shared rational interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro_733–738-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theories largely focus on the development of agriculture, and the population and organizational pressure that followed and resulted in state formation. One of the most prominent theories of early and primary state formation is the <i>hydraulic hypothesis</i>, which contends that the state was a result of the need to build and maintain large-scale irrigation projects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></b> of state formation regard conflict and dominance of some population over another population as key to the formation of states.<sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro_733–738-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with voluntary theories, these arguments believe that people do not voluntarily agree to create a state to maximize benefits, but that states form due to some form of oppression by one group over others. Some theories in turn argue that warfare was critical for state formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro_733–738-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first states of sorts were those of <a href="/wiki/Sumer#Early_Dynastic_Period" title="Sumer">early dynastic Sumer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt#Early_Dynastic_Period" title="Ancient Egypt">early dynastic Egypt</a>, which arose from the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic Egypt</a> respectively around approximately 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-ancientlocations_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientlocations-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early dynastic Egypt was based around the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> in the north-east of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the kingdom's boundaries being based around the Nile and stretching to areas where <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> existed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early dynastic <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> was located in southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, with its borders extending from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to parts of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-ancientlocations_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientlocations-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptians, Romans, and the Greeks were the first people known to have explicitly formulated a political philosophy of the state, and to have rationally analyzed political institutions. Prior to this, states were described and justified in terms of religious myths.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several important political innovations of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> came from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_city_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city states">Greek city-states</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Republic</a>. The Greek city-states before the 4th century granted <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy#Citizenship_in_Athens" title="Athenian democracy">citizenship</a> rights to their free population; in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> these rights <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">were combined</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly democratic</a> form of government that was to have a long afterlife in political thought and history.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_states">Modern states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/250px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/330px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg/500px-Women_voter_outreach_1935_English_Yiddish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>Women voter outreach (1935)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648) is considered by <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> to be the beginning of the modern international system,<sup id="cite_ref-Osiander_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osiander-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which external powers should avoid interfering in another country's domestic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-kissinger_world_order_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kissinger_world_order-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs was laid out in the mid-18th century by Swiss jurist <a href="/wiki/Emer_de_Vattel" title="Emer de Vattel">Emer de Vattel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-krasner2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krasner2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States became the primary institutional agents in an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_system_(world-systems_theory)" title="Interstate system (world-systems theory)">interstate system</a> of relations. The Peace of Westphalia is said to have ended attempts to impose supranational authority on European states. The "Westphalian" doctrine of states as independent agents was bolstered by the rise in 19th century thought of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, under which legitimate <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a> were assumed to correspond to <i><a href="/wiki/Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations">nations</a></i>—groups of people united by language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the multinational <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Such empires also existed in Asia, Africa, and the Americas; in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muhammad">death of Muhammad</a> in 632, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> were established, which developed into multi-ethnic transnational empires.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multinational empire was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> ruled by a king, <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>. The population belonged to many ethnic groups, and they spoke many languages. The empire was dominated by one ethnic group, and their language was usually the language of public administration. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> was usually, but not always, from that group. Some of the smaller European states were not so ethnically diverse, but were also <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> states, ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal house</a>. A few of the smaller states survived, such as the independent principalities of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and the republic of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. </p><p>Most theories see the nation state as a 19th-century European phenomenon, facilitated by developments such as state-mandated education, mass <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. However, historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also note the early emergence of a relatively unified state and identity in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weber_(professor)" title="Steven Weber (professor)">Steven Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Woodward_(cartographer)" title="David Woodward (cartographer)">David Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a> have advanced the hypothesis that the nation state did not arise out of political ingenuity or an unknown undetermined source, nor was it an accident of history or political invention.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro_733–738-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the nation state is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century intellectual discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated mapping">advances in map-making technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some nation states, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, came into existence at least partly as a result of political campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a>, during the 19th century. In both cases, the territory was previously divided among other states, some of them very small. Liberal ideas of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> played a role in German unification, which was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>. National <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> was a key aspect of United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, leading to the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> lead to the creation of new nation states in place of multinational empires in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></div> <p>Political globalization began in the 20th century through <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational unions</a>. The League of Nations was founded after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a> have been signed through it. <a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a> has been pursued by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>. International political institutions on the international level include the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_science">Political science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics" title="Special:EditPage/Politics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/250px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/330px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/500px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (right), from a detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>. Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> and Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> secured the two Greek philosophers as two of the most influential political philosophers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of politics is called <b>political science</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises numerous subfields, namely three: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">neurosciences</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a> is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of <a href="/wiki/Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions">constitutions</a>, political actors, legislature and associated fields. <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> deals with the interaction between <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a> as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a> is more concerned with contributions of various classical and contemporary thinkers and philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a>. Approaches include <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">interpretivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism">behavioralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_institutionalism" title="Historical institutionalism">institutionalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>. Political science, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, <a href="/wiki/Sample_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample survey">survey</a> research, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Case studies">case studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental research">experimental research</a>, and model building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_system">Political system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/220px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/330px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg/440px-Map_of_European_nationals_coloured_by_percentage_of_vote_governing_party_got_in_last_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Map of European nations coloured by percentage of vote governing party got in last election as of 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Systems_view_of_politics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Systems_view_of_politics.png/250px-Systems_view_of_politics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Systems_view_of_politics.png/330px-Systems_view_of_politics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Systems_view_of_politics.png/500px-Systems_view_of_politics.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Systems view of politics</figcaption></figure><p>The political system defines the process for making official <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> decisions. It is usually compared to the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">cultural system</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social systems</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Easton" title="David Easton">David Easton</a>, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society."<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1981_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each political system is embedded in a society with its own political culture, and they in turn shape their societies through <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>. The interactions between different political systems are the basis for <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_government">Forms of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Forms of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg/220px-Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg/330px-Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg/440px-Eduskuntatalo_2_corrected_2020-03-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Legislatures are an important political institution. Pictured is the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Forms of government can be classified by several ways. In terms of the <b>structure of power</b>, there are <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> describes the degree of <b>horizontal integration</b> between the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and other independent institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_of_power">Source of power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Source of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The source of power determines the difference between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracies</a>. </p><p>In a democracy, political <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>. Forms of democracy include <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">demarchy</a>. These are separated by the way decisions are made, whether by <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elected</a> representatives, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizen juries</a>. Democracies can be either republics or constitutional monarchies. </p><p>Oligarchy is a power structure where a minority rules. These may be in the form of <a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">anocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">ergatocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">geniocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakistocracy" title="Kakistocracy">kakistocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">noocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">particracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>. </p><p> Autocracies are either <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorships</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png/220px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png/330px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png/440px-The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>The pathway of regional integration or separation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertical_integration">Vertical integration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vertical integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of level of vertical integration, political systems can be divided into (from least to most integrated) <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a>. </p><p>A federation (also known as a federal state) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Political entity">political entity</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">union</a> of partially <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">self-governing provinces, states, or other regions</a> under a central <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>). In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Federations were formed first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Compared to a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> has less centralized power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/250px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/330px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/500px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e000;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal states</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b0;; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary states</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e1e1e1;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No government</div></figcaption></figure> <p>All the above forms of government are variations of the same basic <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> has been defined by <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> as a political entity that has <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on violence</a> within its territory, while the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a> holds that states need to have a defined territory; a permanent population; a government; and a capacity to enter into international relations. </p><p>A stateless society is a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> that is not <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governed</a> by a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stateless societies, there is little <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">power</a> and are generally not permanently held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stateless societies are highly variable in economic organization and cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While stateless societies were the norm in human prehistory, few stateless societies exist today; almost the entire global population resides within the jurisdiction of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>. In some regions nominal state authorities may be very weak and wield <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">little or no actual power</a>. Over the course of history most stateless peoples have been <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">integrated into the state-based societies around them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some political philosophies consider the state undesirable, and thus consider the formation of a stateless society a goal to be achieved. A central tenet of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> is the advocacy of society without states.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of society sought for varies significantly between <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist schools of thought">anarchist schools of thought</a>, ranging from extreme <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> to complete <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slevin_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slevin-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marx's theory of the state</a> considers that in a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> society the state, an undesirable institution, would be unnecessary and <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">wither away</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related concept is that of <a href="/wiki/Stateless_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless communism">stateless communism</a>, a phrase sometimes used to describe Marx's anticipated post-capitalist society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutions">Constitutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions">Constitutions</a> are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government. Although a constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten constitution. The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the legislative and judiciary branch of government; this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a> but after the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> abandoned them to be taken up later by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a> after their <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">emancipation</a> and then <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> and the rest of Europe including the European colonies. </p><p>Constitutions often set out <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, dividing the government into the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> (together referred to as the trias politica), in order to achieve checks and balances within the state. Additional independent branches may also be created, including <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">civil service commissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">election commissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">supreme audit institutions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png/250px-Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png/330px-Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Inglehart-Values-Map-Small.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inglehart%E2%80%93Welzel_cultural_map_of_the_world" title="Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world">Inglehart-Weltzel cultural map of countries</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> describes how <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> impacts politics. Every <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> is embedded in a particular political culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Lucian Pye</a>'s definition is that, "Political culture is the set of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments, which give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political system."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a> is a major factor in political culture, as its level determines the capacity of the state to function.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Postmaterialism" title="Postmaterialism">Postmaterialism</a> is the degree to which a political culture is concerned with issues which are not of immediate physical or material concern, such as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> has also an impact on political culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_dysfunction">Political dysfunction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political dysfunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_corruption">Political corruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></div> <p>Political corruption is the use of powers for illegitimate private gain, conducted by government officials or their network contacts. Forms of political corruption include <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">political patronage</a>. Forms of political patronage, in turn, includes <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmarking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barreling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">slush funds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils systems</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a>, which is a political system that operates for corrupt ends. </p><p>When corruption is embedded in political culture, this may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neopatrimonialism" title="Neopatrimonialism">neopatrimonialism</a>. A form of government that is built on corruption is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a></i> ('rule of thieves'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insincere_politics">Insincere politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Insincere politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words "politics" and "political" are sometimes used as pejoratives to mean political action that is deemed to be overzealous, performative, or insincere.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_politics">Levels of politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Levels of politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macropolitics">Macropolitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Macropolitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> addressing the UN General Assembly in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>Macropolitics can either describe political issues that affect an entire political system (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>), or refer to interactions between political systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global politics (or world politics) covers all aspects of politics that affect multiple political systems, in practice meaning any political phenomenon crossing national borders. This can include <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, nation-states, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>. An important element is international relations: the relations between nation-states may be peaceful when they are conducted through <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, or they may be violent, which is described as <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. States that are able to exert strong international influence are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, whereas less-powerful ones may be called <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle powers</a>. The international system of <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> is called the <i>world order</i>, which is affected by the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> that defines the degree of <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">polarity</a> in the system. <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging powers</a> are potentially destabilizing to it, especially if they display <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>. </p><p>Politics inside the limits of political systems, which in contemporary context correspond to national <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a>, are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic politics">domestic politics</a>. This includes most forms of <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, which are executed by the state <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopolitics"><span class="anchor" id="Mesopolitics"></span>Mesopolitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mesopolitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg/250px-Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg/330px-Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg/500px-Council_room_of_the_Province_of_Chieti_-_Meeting_of_the_Brothers_of_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Local political event organized by <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> in the council room of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Chieti" title="Province of Chieti">Province of Chieti</a> in 2025</figcaption></figure> <p>Mesopolitics describes the politics of intermediary structures within a political system, such as <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">national political parties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A political party is a <a href="/wiki/Political_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political organization">political organization</a> that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, usually by participating in <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaigns</a>, educational outreach, or <a href="/wiki/Protest_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest action">protest actions</a>. Parties often espouse an expressed <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or vision, bolstered by a written <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platform</a> with specific goals, forming a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> among disparate interests.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political parties within a particular political system together form the <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">party system</a>, which can be either <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multiparty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a>, or <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a>, depending on the level of <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>. This is affected by characteristics of the political system, including its <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a>, <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> systems are likely to lead to two-party systems, while <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> systems are more likely to create a multiparty system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micropolitics"><span class="anchor" id="Micropolitics"></span>Micropolitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Micropolitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Pajero_Bishop_Scandal)_Filipinos_protest_against_the_Bishops_that_allegedly_accepted_money_and_luxury_cars_from_former_president_Macapagal-Arroyo_in_exchange_for_support.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%28Pajero_Bishop_Scandal%29_Filipinos_protest_against_the_Bishops_that_allegedly_accepted_money_and_luxury_cars_from_former_president_Macapagal-Arroyo_in_exchange_for_support.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%28Pajero_Bishop_Scandal%29_Filipinos_protest_against_the_Bishops_that_allegedly_accepted_money_and_luxury_cars_from_former_president_Macapagal-Arroyo_in_exchange_for_support.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%28Pajero_Bishop_Scandal%29_Filipinos_protest_against_the_Bishops_that_allegedly_accepted_money_and_luxury_cars_from_former_president_Macapagal-Arroyo_in_exchange_for_support.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> protest for a local political controversy involving the Pajero <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Micropolitics describes the actions of individual actors within the political system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often described as <a href="/wiki/Political_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political participation">political participation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political participation may take many forms, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a> (or its opposite, <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_values">Political values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy#Theory" title="Democracy">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Indices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy" title="Anticipatory democracy">Anticipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitory democracy">Monitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multiparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_democracy" title="Oral democracy">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">Pluralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_democracy" title="Procedural democracy">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_democracy" title="Sectarian democracy">Sectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive democracy">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Electoral competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">Political equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Right to vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">Wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">Waves of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">Wisdom of the crowd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Americas" title="Democracy in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></div> <p>Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy. Democracy makes all forces struggle repeatedly to realize their interests and devolves power from groups of people to sets of rules.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of democracy: <i>aggregative</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggregation">Aggregation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aggregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aggregative_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggregative democracy">Aggregative democracy</a></div> <p>The theory of <i>aggregative democracy</i> claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit the preferences of citizens, and aggregate them together to determine what social policies the society should adopt. Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a>, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. </p><p>Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under <i>minimalism</i>, democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not "rule" because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> articulated this view most famously in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary proponents of minimalism include <a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Adam Przeworski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a>. </p><p>According to the theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a></i>, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socialises and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites. Most importantly, citizens do not rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. </p><p>Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter—with half to their left and the other half to their right. This is not a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a> suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments. Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book <i><a href="/wiki/An_Economic_Theory_of_Democracy" title="An Economic Theory of Democracy">An Economic Theory of Democracy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Polyarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a> argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses the term <a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">polyarchy</a> to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy. First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> argues that "democracy is a substantive, not a merely procedural, ideal".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deliberation">Deliberation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Deliberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative democracy</a> is based on the notion that democracy is government by <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberation</a>. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting. <i>Authentic deliberation</i> is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the decision-makers cannot reach <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equality">Equality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Compass_standard_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Political_Compass_standard_model.svg/250px-Political_Compass_standard_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Political_Compass_standard_model.svg/330px-Political_Compass_standard_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Political_Compass_standard_model.svg/500px-Political_Compass_standard_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Two-axis <a href="/wiki/Political_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Political compass">political compass</a> chart with a horizontal socio-economic axis and a vertical socio-cultural axis and ideologically representative <a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">political colours</a>, an example for a frequently used model of the political spectrum<sup id="cite_ref-:02_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png/220px-3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png/330px-3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png/440px-3-axis-model-of-political-ideologies-with-both-moderate-and-radical-versions-and-policies-goals.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Three axis model of political ideologies with both moderate and radical versions and the goals of their policies</figcaption></figure> <p>Equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> or isolated group have the same <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, including protection of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>, as well as access to certain <a href="/wiki/Social_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Social goods">social goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>. Furthermore, it may also include <a href="/wiki/Health_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Health equality">health equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality (economics)">economic equality</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social securities</a>. Social equality requires the absence of legally enforced <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> boundaries and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on by an inalienable aspect of a person's identity. To this end, there must be <a href="/wiki/Equal_justice_under_law" title="Equal justice under law">equal justice under law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a> regardless of, sex, gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, origin, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> or class, income or property, language, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, convictions, opinions, health or disability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left–right_spectrum"><span id="Left.E2.80.93right_spectrum"></span>Left–right spectrum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Left–right spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></div> <p>A common way of understanding politics is through the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>, which ranges from <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> via <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>. This classification is comparatively recent and dates from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, when those members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a> who supported the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, the common people and a <a href="/wiki/Secular_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular society">secular society</a> sat on the left and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> privilege and the Church sat on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the left is generally <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivist</a>, seeking social <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. The more extreme elements of the left, named the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a>, tend to support <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> means for achieving this. This includes ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">center-left</a>, on the other hand, advocates for more <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> approaches, for example that of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. </p><p>In contrast, the right is generally motivated by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, which seeks to conserve what it sees as the important elements of society such as law and order, limited government and preserving individual freedoms. The <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> goes beyond this, and often represents a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> turn against progress, seeking to undo it. Examples of such ideologies have included <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a> may be less clear-cut and more mixed in this regard, with <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> supporting the spread of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">one-nation conservatives</a> more open to social welfare programs. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Norberto Bobbio</a>, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality—believing it to be unethical or unnatural,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobbio_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobbio-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ideologies, notably <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democracy">Christian Democracy</a>, claim to combine left and right-wing politics; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, "In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide include Fascist <a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a> economic politics in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom">Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></div> <p>Political freedom (also known as <b>political liberty</b> or <b>autonomy</b>) is a central <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> in political thought and one of the most important features of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> societies. <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative liberty</a> has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion and unreasonable external constraints on action, often enacted through <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a> is the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society. This <a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">capability approach</a> to freedom requires <a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">economic, social and cultural rights</a> in order to be realized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authoritarianism_and_libertarianism">Authoritarianism and libertarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Authoritarianism and libertarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">libertarianism</a> disagree the amount of individual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a> each person possesses in that society relative to the state. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where "individual <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities",<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while libertarians generally oppose the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and hold the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> as sovereign. In their purest form, libertarians are <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who argue for the total abolition of the state, of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">other political entities</a>, while the purest authoritarians are, by definition, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarians</a> who support state control over all aspects of society.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> (also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> liberalism</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>, the protection of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> and others. According to the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Humane_Studies" title="Institute for Humane Studies">Institute for Humane Studies</a>, "the libertarian, or 'classical liberal', perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by 'as much liberty as possible' and 'as little government as necessary'."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For anarchist political philosopher <a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">L. Susan Brown</a> (1993), "liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of will">freedom</a> yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism's competitive property relations."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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– structured list of political topics, arranged by subject area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lists" title="Political lists">Political lists</a> – lists of political topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The book of Etiques and of Polettiques [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]" (Bhuler 1961/1941:154).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2015">Leftwich 2015</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HagueHarrop2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HagueHarrop2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagueHarrop2013">Hague & Harrop 2013</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammarlund1985-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammarlund1985_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammarlund1985">Hammarlund 1985</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brady2017_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrady2017">Brady 2017</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HawkesworthKogan2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HawkesworthKogan2013_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkesworthKogan2013">Hawkesworth & Kogan 2013</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2012">Taylor 2012</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlantonKegley2016">Blanton & Kegley 2016</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKabashimaWhite_III1986">Kabashima & White III 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buhler, C. F., ed. 1961 [1941]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictes_and_Sayings_of_the_Philosophers" title="Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers">The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers</a>.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Text_Society" title="Early English Text Society">Early English Text Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7G0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Original Series</i> No. 211</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905030633/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7G0AAAAIAAJ&q=">Archived</a> 5 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisShort1879">Lewis & Short 1879</a>, online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Greek-English_Lexicon-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Greek-English_Lexicon_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203856/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpolitiko%2Fs">"A Greek-English Lexicon"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i>. Tufts Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpolitiko%2Fs">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dpolitiko%252Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLasswell1963">Lasswell 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easton_1981-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Easton_1981_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easton_1981_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaston1981">Easton 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenin1965">Lenin 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: <i>Bismarck, The Collected Works</i>. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrick1972">Crick 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl2003">Dahl 2003</a>, pp. 1–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorlino2017">Morlino 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2013">Atkinson 2013</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeftwich2004">Leftwich 2004</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorlino2017">Morlino 2017</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchattschneider1960" class="citation book cs1">Schattschneider, Elmer Eric (1960). <i>The semisovereign people : a realist's view of democracy in America</i>. Dryden P. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-013366-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-013366-1"><bdi>0-03-013366-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859587564">859587564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+semisovereign+people+%3A+a+realist%27s+view+of+democracy+in+America&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Dryden+P&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859587564&rft.isbn=0-03-013366-1&rft.aulast=Schattschneider&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMouffe1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe, Chantal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yIEQ1RPGx8C&q=carl+schmitt+1999&pg=PR7"><i>The Challenge of Carl Schmitt</i></a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-244-7"><bdi>978-1-85984-244-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126155532/https://books.google.com/books?id=8yIEQ1RPGx8C&q=carl+schmitt+1999&pg=PR7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Carl+Schmitt&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-244-7&rft.aulast=Mouffe&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yIEQ1RPGx8C%26q%3Dcarl%2Bschmitt%2B1999%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Eijk2018">van der Eijk 2018</a>, pp. 11, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-26-1-plato-and-aristotle-on-tyranny-and-the-rule-of-law.html#:~:text=Plato%20and%20Aristotle%20both%20developed,is%20granted%20to%20a%20ruler">"Constitutional Rights Foundation"</a>. Crf-usa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216184550/https://www.crf-usa.org//bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-26-1-plato-and-aristotle-on-tyranny-and-the-rule-of-law.html#:~:text=Plato%20and%20Aristotle%20both%20developed,is%20granted%20to%20a%20ruler">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Rights+Foundation&rft.pub=Crf-usa.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crf-usa.org%2Fbill-of-rights-in-action%2Fbria-26-1-plato-and-aristotle-on-tyranny-and-the-rule-of-law.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPlato%2520and%2520Aristotle%2520both%2520developed%2Cis%2520granted%2520to%2520a%2520ruler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2007" class="citation book cs1">de Waal, Frans (2007). <i>Chimpanzee politics power and sex among apes</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8656-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8656-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/493546705">493546705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+politics+power+and+sex+among+apes&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F493546705&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8656-0&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (2012). <i>The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9"><bdi>978-0-374-53322-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082411117">1082411117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+political+order+%3A+from+prehuman+times+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082411117&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53322-9&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencerRedmond2004" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Charles S.; Redmond, Elsa M. (15 September 2004). "Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.33.070203.143823">10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Primary+State+Formation+in+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2004-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.33.070203.143823&rft.issn=0084-6570&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft.au=Redmond%2C+Elsa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carneiro_733–738-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carneiro_733–738_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarneiro1970">Carneiro 1970</a>, pp. 733–738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse"><i>Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution</i></a>. Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues. 1978. p. 30 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+state+%3A+the+anthropology+of+political+evolution&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Philadelphia+%3A+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Human+Issues&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofstatean0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientlocations-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancientlocations_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancientlocations_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel2003">Daniel 2003</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel2003">Daniel 2003</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelsonNelson2006">Nelson & Nelson 2006</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2021" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sanjay (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53"><i>A Handbook of Political Geography</i></a>. K.K. Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145301/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Political+Geography&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGc9EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BGreek%2Bcity-states%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2B4th%2Bcentury%2Bgranted%2Bcitizenship%2Brights%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bfree%2Bpopulation%253B%2Bin%2BAthens%2Bthese%2Brights%2Bwere%2Bcombined%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bdirectly%2Bdemocratic%2Bform%2Bof%2Bgovernment%2Bthat%2Bwas%2Bto%2Bhave%2Ba%2Blong%2Bafterlife%2Bin%2Bpolitical%2Bthought%2Band%2Bhistory.%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osiander-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osiander_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsiander2001">Osiander 2001</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gross_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1948">Gross 1948</a>, pp. 20–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, R. H. 2005. "The Evolution of World Society" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globalization_of_World_Politics" title="The Globalization of World Politics">The Globalization of World Politics</a>: An Introduction to International Relations</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Owens_(academic)" title="Patricia Owens (academic)">P. Owens</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Bayliss" title="John Bayliss">J. Baylis</a> and S. Smith. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-727-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-727-X">1-56584-727-X</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kissinger_world_order-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kissinger_world_order_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKissinger2014">Kissinger 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krasner2010-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krasner2010_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrasner2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krasner, Stephen D. (2010). "The durability of organized hypocrisy". In Kalmo, Hent; Skinner, Quentin (eds.). <i>Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+durability+of+organized+hypocrisy&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+in+Fragments%3A+The+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+a+Contested+Concept&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-westphalia-with-love/950804/">"From Westphalia, with love – Indian Express"</a>. <i>archive.indianexpress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806091803/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-westphalia-with-love/950804/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=From+Westphalia%2C+with+love+%E2%80%93+Indian+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Ffrom-westphalia-with-love%2F950804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Hobsbawm, <i>Nations and Nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43961-2">0-521-43961-2</a>) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp. 80–81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). According to Hobsbawm, the main source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed.), <i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, Paris, 1927–1943, 13 volumes, in particular volume IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a widespread national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) <i>The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic</i>. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-RasheedKerstenShterin2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9"><bdi>978-0-19-932795-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710020511/https://books.google.com/books?id=EAMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+the+Caliphate%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Contemporary+Contexts&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932795-9&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rft.au=Kersten%2C+Carool&rft.au=Shterin%2C+Marat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAMqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Howard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344"><i>Understanding the Global Economy</i></a>. Peace Education Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748961-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9748961-0-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521084057/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kw5vLbYq-4C&q=early+emergence+of+a+relatively+unified+state,+and+a+sense+of+common+identity,+in+Portugal+and+the+Dutch+Republic.&pg=PA344">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Global+Economy&rft.pub=Peace+Education+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9748961-0-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Kw5vLbYq-4C%26q%3Dearly%2Bemergence%2Bof%2Ba%2Brelatively%2Bunified%2Bstate%2C%2Band%2Ba%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bcommon%2Bidentity%2C%2Bin%2BPortugal%2Band%2Bthe%2BDutch%2BRepublic.%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>.1998. <a href="/wiki/Maps_and_Politics:_A_Review_of_the_Ethnographic_Cartography_of_Macedonia" title="Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia"><i>Maps and Politics</i></a>. pp. 59–98, 100–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault, Michel</a>. [1977–1978] 2007. <i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a>: Lectures at the Collège de France</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rizaldy, Aldino, and Wildan Firdaus. 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXIX-B1/5/2012/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012.pdf">Direct Georeferencing: A New Standard in Photogrammetry for High Accuracy Mapping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121347/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XXXIX-B1/5/2012/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</a></i> 39(B1):5–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012">10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-5-2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellezza, Giuliano. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/1/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013.pdf">On Borders: From Ancient to Postmodern Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926125037/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/1/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</a></i> 40-4(W3):1–7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013">10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-1-2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikhailova, E. V. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/105/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013.pdf">Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124128/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/105/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</a></i> 40-4(W3):105–110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013">10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-105-2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickering, S. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/111/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013.pdf">Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One – The European Context</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Photogrammetry_and_Remote_Sensing" title="International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</a></i> 40-4(W3):111–116. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fisprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013">10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121100/https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-4-W3/111/2013/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-111-2013.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranch2011">Branch 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polisci.washington.edu/what-political-science">"What is Political Science?"</a>. <i>www.polisci.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polisci.washington.edu&rft.atitle=What+is+Political+Science%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polisci.washington.edu%2Fwhat-political-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaramani2020" class="citation book cs1">Caramani, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQfcDwAAQBAJ"><i>Comparative politics</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882060-4"><bdi>978-0-19-882060-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144813972">1144813972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144813972&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882060-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQfcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Political_Science_and_Civics/Introduction_to_Comparative_Government_and_Politics_(Bozonelos_et_al.)/01%3A_Why_Study_Comparative_Politics/1.01%3A_What_is_Comparative_Politics">"What is Comparative Politics?"</a>. <i>Social Sci LibreTexts</i>. 22 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Sci+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=What+is+Comparative+Politics%3F&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPolitical_Science_and_Civics%2FIntroduction_to_Comparative_Government_and_Politics_%28Bozonelos_et_al.%29%2F01%253A_Why_Study_Comparative_Politics%2F1.01%253A_What_is_Comparative_Politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge2_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge2_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig2005">Craig 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2001" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Stephen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLAWMGqKMb4C&pg=PA198"><i>The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2219-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-2219-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213821/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLAWMGqKMb4C&pg=PA198">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask+of+Anarchy%3A+The+Destruction+of+Liberia+and+the+Religious+Dimension+of+an+African+Civil+War&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2219-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLAWMGqKMb4C%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBéteille2002">Béteille 2002</a>, pp. 1042–1043.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaulks2000" class="citation book cs1">Faulks, Keith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fjCczhvWj0C&pg=PA23"><i>Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2709-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-2709-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055203/https://books.google.com/books?id=_fjCczhvWj0C&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Sociology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2709-6&rft.aulast=Faulks&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fjCczhvWj0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2004" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Sean (2004). <i>Anarchism</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slevin-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slevin_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2003" class="citation book cs1">Slevin, Carl (2003). "Anarchism". In McLean, Iain & McMillan, Alistair (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordconcisedic00iain"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280276-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280276-7&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordconcisedic00iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngels1880" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Frederick (1880). "Part III: Historical Materialism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm"><i>Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207174438/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span> – via Marx/Engels Internet Archive (marxists.org). <q>State interference in social relations becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The State is not "abolished". It dies out...Socialized production upon a predetermined plan becomes henceforth possible. The development of production makes the existence of different classes of society thenceforth an anachronism. In proportion as anarchy in social production vanishes, the political authority of the State dies out. Man, at last the master of his own form of social organization, becomes at the same time the lord over Nature, his own master—free.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+III%3A+Historical+Materialism&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+Utopian+and+Scientific&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1880%2Fsoc-utop%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution">"Britain's unwritten constitution"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401113644/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Motivated, especially inappropriately, by political (electoral or other party political) calculation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onelook.com&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonelook.com%2F%3Fw%3Dpolitical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017">Morlino, Berg-Schlosser & Badie 2017</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettitt2014">Pettitt 2014</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017">Morlino, Berg-Schlosser & Badie 2017</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrzeworski1991" class="citation book cs1">Przeworski, Adam (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracymarket00prze"><i>Democracy and the Market</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracymarket00prze/page/10">10–14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Market&rft.pages=10-14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Przeworski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracymarket00prze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Springer, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/354048">"Public Space as Emancipation: Meditations on Anarchism, Radical Democracy, Neoliberalism and Violence"</a>. <i>Antipode</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Antip..43..525S">2011Antip..43..525S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.2010.00827.x">10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00827.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4812">0066-4812</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818002746/https://www.academia.edu/354048">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harper Perennial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-133008-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-133008-6">0-06-133008-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowns1957">Downs 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl1989">Dahl 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin, Ronald</a>. 2006. <i>Is Democracy Possible Here?</i> Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13872-5">978-0-691-13872-5</a>. p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutman" title="Amy Gutman">Gutmann, Amy</a>, and Dennis Thompson. 2002. <i>Why Deliberative Democracy?</i> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12019-5">978-0-691-12019-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Joshua. 1997. "Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy." In <i>Essays on Reason and Politics: Deliberative Democracy</i>, edited by J. Bohman and W. Rehg. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethan J. 2006. "Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative?" <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Law_Review" title="Buffalo Law Review">Buffalo Law Review</a></i> 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, pp. 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLove2006">Love 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrik2010">Petrik 2010</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSznajd-WeronSznajd2005">Sznajd-Weron & Sznajd 2005</a>, pp. 593–604</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFormanBaldwin1999" class="citation book cs1">Forman, F. N.; Baldwin, N. D. J. (1999). <i>Mastering British Politics</i>. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 8 f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-15045-8">10.1007/978-1-349-15045-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76548-7"><bdi>978-0-333-76548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+British+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8+f&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-15045-8&rft.isbn=978-0-333-76548-7&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=F.+N.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+N.+D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFennaRobbinsSummers2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John (2013). <i>Government Politics in Australia</i>. 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Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IHS. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theihs.org/about/id.1084/default.asp">What Is Libertarian?</a>." <i>Institute for Humane Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324231417/http://www.theihs.org/about/id.1084/default.asp">Archived</a> 24 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">Brown, L. Susan</a>. 1993. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Individualism:_Liberalism,_Liberal_Feminism,_and_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism">The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Sam (2013). <i>The politics book</i>. DK. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-6445-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-6445-0"><bdi>978-1-4093-6445-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868135821">868135821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868135821&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-6445-0&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBéteille2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Beteille" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Beteille">Béteille, André</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKzSc02tbaMC&pg=PA1042">"Inequality and Equality"</a>. In Ingold, Tim (ed.). <i>Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">1042–</span>1043. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28604-6"><bdi>978-0-415-28604-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819115018/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKzSc02tbaMC&pg=PA1042">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inequality+and+Equality&rft.btitle=Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1042-%3C%2Fspan%3E1043&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28604-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9teille&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKzSc02tbaMC%26pg%3DPA1042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlantonKegley2016" class="citation book cs1">Blanton, Shannon L.; Kegley, Charles W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iVTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>World Politics: Trend and Transformation, 2016–2017</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-50487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-50487-5"><bdi>978-1-305-50487-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702151756/https://books.google.com/books?id=_iVTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Politics%3A+Trend+and+Transformation%2C+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-50487-5&rft.aulast=Blanton&rft.aufirst=Shannon+L.&rft.au=Kegley%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iVTCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBobbio1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio, Norberto</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_The_Significance_of_a_Political_Distinction" title="Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction">Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cameron_(author)" title="Allan Cameron (author)">Cameron, A.</a> Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06246-4"><bdi>978-0-226-06246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06246-4&rft.aulast=Bobbio&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrady2017" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Linda P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47"><i>The Politics of Negotiation: America's Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3960-4"><bdi>978-1-4696-3960-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702141049/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNA3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Negotiation%3A+America%27s+Dealings+with+Allies%2C+Adversaries%2C+and+Friends&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-3960-4&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Linda+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNA3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBranch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Branch, Jordan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818310000299">"Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)" title="International Organization (journal)">International Organization</a></i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818310000299">10.1017/S0020818310000299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23016102">23016102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144712038">144712038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Sovereign+State%3A+Technology%2C+Authority%2C+and+Systemic+Change&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144712038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23016102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818310000299&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020818310000299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/_/how-maps-made-the-world">"How Maps Made the World"</a>. <i>The Wilson Quarterly</i>. Summer 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730081755/https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/_/how-maps-made-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Maps+Made+the+World&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonquarterly.com%2Fquarterly%2F_%2Fhow-maps-made-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Branch, Jordan Nathaniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m"><i>Mapping the Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104175945/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tt0p94m">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mapping+the+Sovereign+State%3A+Cartographic+Technology%2C+Political+Authority%2C+and+Systemic+Change&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Jordan+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2tt0p94m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarneiro1970" class="citation journal cs1">Carneiro, Robert L. (21 August 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.169.3947.733">"A Theory of the Origin of the State: Traditional theories of state origins are considered and rejected in favor of a new ecological hypothesis"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>169</b> (3947): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820299">17820299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11536431">11536431</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117104150/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/169/3947/733">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+the+Origin+of+the+State%3A+Traditional+theories+of+state+origins+are+considered+and+rejected+in+favor+of+a+new+ecological+hypothesis&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3947&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=1970-08-21&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11536431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Craig, Edward, ed. (2005). "Anarchism". <i>The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34409-3"><bdi>978-1-134-34409-3</bdi></a>. <q>Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-34409-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrick1972" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Bernard (1972). <i>In defence of politics</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-12064-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-12064-3"><bdi>0-226-12064-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/575753">575753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+defence+of+politics&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F575753&rft.isbn=0-226-12064-3&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahl1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Dahl, Robert A.</a> (1989). <i>Democracy and its critics</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04938-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04938-2"><bdi>0-300-04938-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+its+critics&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-300-04938-2&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahl2003" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert A. (2003). <i>Modern political analysis</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-049702-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-049702-9"><bdi>0-13-049702-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49611149">49611149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+political+analysis&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49611149&rft.isbn=0-13-049702-9&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Daniel" title="Glyn Daniel">Daniel, Glyn</a> (2003) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wx9FAAAAMAAJ"><i>The First Civilizations: The Archaeology of their Origins</i></a>. New York: Phoenix Press. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-500-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-500-1"><bdi>1-84212-500-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629061346/http://books.google.com/books?id=wx9FAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Civilizations%3A+The+Archaeology+of+their+Origins&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84212-500-1&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwx9FAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowns1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Downs, Anthony</a> (1957). <i>An Economic Theory of Democracy</i>. New York: Harper Collins College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-041750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-041750-5"><bdi>978-0-06-041750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+Theory+of+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+College&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-06-041750-5&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaston1981" class="citation book cs1">Easton, David (1981). <i>The political system: an inquiry into the state of political science</i> (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18017-5"><bdi>978-0-226-18017-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781301164">781301164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+system%3A+an+inquiry+into+the+state+of+political+science&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781301164&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18017-5&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross1948" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Leo (January 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/bbrown/classes/IntlOrgSp07/CourseDocs/IGross_PeaceofWestphalia1648_1948.pdf">"The Peace of Westphalia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2193560">10.2307/2193560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2193560">2193560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246010450">246010450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806111018/http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/bbrown/classes/IntlOrgSp07/CourseDocs/IGross_PeaceofWestphalia1648_1948.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Peace+of+Westphalia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246010450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2193560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2193560&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentlaw.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fbbrown%2Fclasses%2FIntlOrgSp07%2FCourseDocs%2FIGross_PeaceofWestphalia1648_1948.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagueHarrop2013" class="citation book cs1">Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUEdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction</i></a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31786-5"><bdi>978-1-137-31786-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707194650/https://books.google.com/books?id=IUEdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Government+and+Politics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-31786-5&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft.au=Harrop%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUEdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHague2017" class="citation book cs1">Hague, Rod (2017). <i>Political Science: A Comparative Introduction</i>. Macmillan Education UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60123-0"><bdi>978-1-137-60123-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970345358">970345358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science%3A+A+Comparative+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970345358&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60123-0&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammarlund1985" class="citation book cs1">Hammarlund, Bo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnRlAAAAIAAJ"><i>Politik utan partier: studier i Sveriges politiska liv 1726–1727</i></a>. Almqvist & Wiksell International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-22-00780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-22-00780-7"><bdi>978-91-22-00780-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703043410/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnRlAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politik+utan+partier%3A+studier+i+Sveriges+politiska+liv+1726%E2%80%931727&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-91-22-00780-7&rft.aulast=Hammarlund&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnRlAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawkesworthKogan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXgKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299"><i>Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume Set</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91332-7"><bdi>978-1-136-91332-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702181253/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXgKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Government+and+Politics%3A+2-volume+Set&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-91332-7&rft.aulast=Hawkesworth&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Kogan%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXgKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2017" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2017). <i>Political Ideologies: An Introduction</i> (6th ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60604-4"><bdi>978-1-137-60604-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988218349">988218349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988218349&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60604-4&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesKavanagh2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis (2003). <i>British Politics Today</i>. Kavanagh, Dennis. (7th ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6509-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-6509-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52876930">52876930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Politics+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52876930&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6509-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKabashimaWhite_III1986" class="citation book cs1">Kabashima, Ikuo; White III, Lynn T., eds. (1986). <i>Political System and Change: A World Politics Reader</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61037-5"><bdi>978-0-691-61037-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7ztn7s">j.ctt7ztn7s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+System+and+Change%3A+A+World+Politics+Reader&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7ztn7s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-61037-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemmelmeierBurnsteinKrumovGenkova2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markus_Kemmelmeier" title="Markus Kemmelmeier">Kemmelmeier, Markus</a>; et al. (2003). "Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cross-Cultural_Psychology" title="Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology">Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">304–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022103034003005">10.1177/0022022103034003005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32361036">32361036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cross-Cultural+Psychology&rft.atitle=Individualism%2C+Collectivism%2C+and+Authoritarianism+in+Seven+Societies&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022022103034003005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32361036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kemmelmeier&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Burnstein%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Krumov%2C+Krum&rft.au=Genkova%2C+Petia&rft.au=Kanagawa%2C+Chie&rft.au=Hirshberg%2C+Matthew+S.&rft.au=Erb%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Wieczorkowska%2C+Grazyna&rft.au=Noels%2C+Kimberly+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKissinger2014" class="citation book cs1">Kissinger, Henry (2014). <i>World Order</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-16572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-16572-4"><bdi>978-0-698-16572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Order&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-698-16572-4&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLasswell1963" class="citation book cs1">Lasswell, Harold D. (1963) [1958]. <i>Politics: who gets what, when how. : With postscript</i>. World. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61585455">61585455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%3A+who+gets+what%2C+when+how.+%3A+With+postscript&rft.pub=World&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61585455&rft.aulast=Lasswell&rft.aufirst=Harold+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeftwich2004" class="citation book cs1">Leftwich, Adrian (2004). <i>What is politics? : the activity and its study</i>. Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3055-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3055-3"><bdi>0-7456-3055-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1044115261">1044115261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+politics%3F+%3A+the+activity+and+its+study&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1044115261&rft.isbn=0-7456-3055-3&rft.aulast=Leftwich&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeftwich2015" class="citation book cs1">Leftwich, Adrian (2015). <i>What is politics? : the activity and its study</i>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-9852-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-9852-6"><bdi>978-0-7456-9852-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911200604">911200604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+politics%3F+%3A+the+activity+and+its+study&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911200604&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-9852-6&rft.aulast=Leftwich&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1">Lenin, Vladimir I. (1965). <i>Collected works. September 1903 – December 1904</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929381958">929381958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+works.+September+1903+%E2%80%93+December+1904&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929381958&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dpoliticus">"pŏlītĭcus"</a>. <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>. Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204836/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry%3Dpoliticus">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span> – via Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=p%C5%8Fl%C4%ABt%C4%ADcus&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253Dpoliticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLove2006" class="citation book cs1">Love, Nancy Sue (2006). <i>Understanding Dogmas and Dreams</i> (2nd ed.). Washington, District of Columbia: CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-7111-5"><bdi>978-1-4833-7111-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893684473">893684473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Dogmas+and+Dreams&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893684473&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-7111-5&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorlino2017" class="citation book cs1">Morlino, Leonardo (2017). <i>Political science</i>. Sage Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6213-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-6213-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951226897">951226897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+science.&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951226897&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6213-1&rft.aulast=Morlino&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017" class="citation book cs1">Morlino, Leonardo; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Badie, Bertrand (2017). <i>Political science : a global perspective</i>. London, England: SAGE. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5264-1303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5264-1303-1"><bdi>978-1-5264-1303-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124515503">1124515503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+science+%3A+a+global+perspective&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124515503&rft.isbn=978-1-5264-1303-1&rft.aulast=Morlino&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Berg-Schlosser%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Badie%2C+Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelsonNelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, B.; Nelson, Brian R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+State%3A+A+Theoretical+Evolution&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7189-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvtYZmiOjT8C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsiander2001" class="citation journal cs1">Osiander, Andreas (2001). "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>55</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F00208180151140577">10.1162/00208180151140577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145407931">145407931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Sovereignty%2C+International+Relations%2C+and+the+Westphalian+Myth&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E287&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F00208180151140577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145407931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osiander&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrik2010" class="citation journal cs1">Petrik, Andreas (3 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622050457/http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538">"Core Concept 'Political Compass'. How Kitschelt's Model of Liberal, Socialist, Libertarian and Conservative Orientations Can Fill the Ideology Gap in Civic Education"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Science Education</i>: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4119%2Fjsse-541">10.4119/jsse-541</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsse.org/index.php/jsse/article/view/541/538">the original</a> on 22 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Core+Concept+%27Political+Compass%27.+How+Kitschelt%27s+Model+of+Liberal%2C+Socialist%2C+Libertarian+and+Conservative+Orientations+Can+Fill+the+Ideology+Gap+in+Civic+Education&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4119%2Fjsse-541&rft.aulast=Petrik&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsse.org%2Findex.php%2Fjsse%2Farticle%2Fview%2F541%2F538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettitt2014" class="citation book cs1">Pettitt, Robin T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Party+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-41264-5&rft.aulast=Pettitt&rft.aufirst=Robin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFYdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRobertsHogwood1997">Roberts and Hogwood, <i>European Politics Today</i>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 1997.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSznajd-WeronSznajd2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Józef (June 2005). 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CV281jLqLPgC&pg=PT130"><i>30-Second Politics: The 50 most thought-provoking ideas in politics, each explained in half a minute</i></a>. Icon Books Limited. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-427-6"><bdi>978-1-84831-427-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706214027/https://books.google.com/books?id=CV281jLqLPgC&pg=PT130">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30-Second+Politics%3A+The+50+most+thought-provoking+ideas+in+politics%2C+each+explained+in+half+a+minute&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84831-427-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCV281jLqLPgC%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTore2014" class="citation book cs1">Tore, Bjorgo (2014). <i>Terror from the Extreme Right</i>. 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"What Is Politics?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvf3w22g"><i>The Essence of Politics</i></a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvf3w22g.4">10.2307/j.ctvf3w22g.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvf3w22g">j.ctvf3w22g</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157611448">157611448</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211010/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvf3w22g">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Politics%3F&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Politics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157611448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvf3w22g%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvf3w22g.4&rft.aulast=van+der+Eijk&rft.aufirst=Cees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvf3w22g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Adcock, Robert. 2014. <i>Liberalism and the Emergence of American Political Science: A Transatlantic Tale</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Adcock, Robert, Mark Bevir, and Shannon Stimson (eds.). 2007. <i>Modern Political Science: Anglo-American Exchanges Since 1870</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Almond, Gabriel A. 1996. "Political Science: The History of the Discipline", pp. 50–96, in Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann (eds.), <i>The New Handbook of Political Science</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Connolly" title="William E. Connolly">Connolly, William</a> (1981). <i>Appearance and Reality in Politics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appearance+and+Reality+in+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesSoguk2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Raul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nevzat_Soguk" title="Nevzat Soguk">Soguk, Nevzat</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7285675"><i>Globalization and Politics, Vol. 1: Global Political and Legal Governance</i></a>. London: Sage Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Politics%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Global+Political+and+Legal+Governance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft.au=Soguk%2C+Nevzat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7285675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount" title="Ferdinand Mount">Mount, Ferdinand</a>, "Ruthless and Truthless" (review of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oborne" title="Peter Oborne">Peter Oborne</a>, <i>The Assault on Truth: Boris Johnson, Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New Moral Barbarism</i>, Simon and Schuster, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3985-0100-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3985-0100-3">978-1-3985-0100-3</a>, 192 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Colin Kidd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Rose" title="Jacqueline Rose">Jacqueline Rose</a>, eds., <i>Political Advice: Past, Present and Future</i>, I.B. Tauris, February 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-004-4">978-1-83860-004-4</a>, 240 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>, vol. 43, no. 9 (6 May 2021), pp. 3, 5–8.</li> <li>Munck, Gerardo L., and Richard Snyder (eds.). <i>Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics.</i> Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ross_(historian)" title="Dorothy Ross (historian)">Ross, Dorothy</a>. 1991. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_American_Social_Science" title="The Origins of American Social Science">The Origins of American Social Science</a></i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Alan (2012). <i>On Politics: A History of Political Thought from Herodotus to the Present</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9364-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Politics%3A+A+History+of+Political+Thought+from+Herodotus+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9364-6&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Associate Minister (disambiguation)">Associate Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">Public sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_humanities_field" title="List of people considered a founder in a humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Politics</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-6dmbm","wgBackendResponseTime":283,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.524","walltime":"1.964","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10496,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":408058,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":54936,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":364376,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1597.018 1 -total"," 31.57% 504.167 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.15% 321.852 54 Template:Cite_book"," 8.47% 135.287 1 Template:Etymology"," 8.09% 129.212 2 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 7.94% 126.803 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.87% 109.705 1 Template:Politics"," 6.30% 100.629 50 Template:Harvnb"," 6.22% 99.351 1 Template:Wikt-lang"," 6.19% 98.893 9 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