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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baekje,_Silla,_and_Goryeo_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baekje,_Silla,_and_Goryeo_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Baekje, Silla, and Goryeo periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baekje,_Silla,_and_Goryeo_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseon_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseon_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Joseon dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseon_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Korean Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_annexation_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_annexation_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Japanese annexation of Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_annexation_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Contemporary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Atmospheric pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution_inside_the_Metro_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution_inside_the_Metro_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Air pollution inside the Metro system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution_inside_the_Metro_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Business and finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Urban rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Official sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_living_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_living_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Tourism and living information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_living_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Seoul: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 206 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-206" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">206 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoel" title="Seoel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seoel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D" title="ሶውል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶውል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seorab%C4%93ol" title="Seorabēol – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Seorabēol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="سول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2" title="ছিউল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছিউল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAlu" title="Seúlu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Seúlu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84" title="سئول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سئول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2" title="সিউল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিউল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Te%CC%8Dk-pia%CC%8Dt-chh%C4%AB" title="Seoul Te̍k-pia̍t-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seoul Te̍k-pia̍t-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сэул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सियोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सियोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་ཨུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་ཨུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BCl" title="Seül – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seül" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सियोल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सियोल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB" title="Σεούλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεούλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Сеул ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сеул ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulo" title="Seulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84" title="سئول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سئول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9oul" title="Séoul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoel" title="Seoel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Seoel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAl" title="Súl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE" title="首爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="首爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C" title="서울특별시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서울특별시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Սեուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सियोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सियोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suulaq" title="Suulaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suulaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%BAl" title="Seúl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C" title="סיאול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיאול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewuuli" title="Sewuuli – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sewuuli" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೌಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="سیول – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سیول" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AA%C3%BBl" title="Sêûl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêûl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A5" title="ໂຊລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຊລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulum" title="Seulum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Seulum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seula" title="Seula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Seula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulas" title="Seulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoel" title="Seoel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Seoel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%94ul" title="Sɔul – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sɔul" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6ul" title="Szöul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szöul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="സോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სეული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სეული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="سول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84" title="سئول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سئول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сөүл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сөүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဆိုးလ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုးလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoel" title="Seoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सियोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सियोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="सोल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%B8%82" title="ソウル特別市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソウル特別市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seol" title="Seol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Seol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B2" title="ସିଓଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଓଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਿਓਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਓਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84" title="سئول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سئول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဝေင်ꩻသိုး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝေင်ꩻသိုး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="سیول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siol" title="Siol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B" title="សេអ៊ូល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សេអ៊ូល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9oul" title="Séoul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Séoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol" title="Sol – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sol" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyul" title="Siyul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siyul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Соул – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Соул" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱣᱩᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B9l" title="Seùl – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Seùl" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuli" title="Seuli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Seuli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="‍සෝල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="‍සෝල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84" title="سيئول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سيئول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyul" title="Seyul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Seyul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%84" title="سیئۆل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیئۆل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(kaupunki)" title="Soul (kaupunki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soul (kaupunki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சியோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syul" title="Syul – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Syul" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyul" title="Seyul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Seyul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="సియోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సియోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="โซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1ul" title="Sa̱ul – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sa̱ul" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сеул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сеул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%84" title="سؤل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سؤل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soujwj" title="Soujwj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soujwj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ul" title="Söul – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Söul" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Ful" title="Sŏul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sŏul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%B8%82" title="首爾特別市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="首爾特別市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoel" title="Seoel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Seoel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B0%94" title="首尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="首尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C" title="סעאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סעאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE" title="首爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="首爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuls" title="Seuls – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Seuls" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%B8%82" title="首爾特別市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="首爾特別市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9oul" title="Séoul – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Séoul" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Seoul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seul" title="Seul – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Seul" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵙⵢⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵢⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="View the content page [c]" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seoul&params=37_33_36_N_126_59_24_E_region:KR-11_type:city(9659322)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°33′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°59′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.56000°N 126.99000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.56000; 126.99000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul&action=edit&oldid=1259349047" title="Seoul">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T18:12:49Z"></span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Daydreamer02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Daydreamer02 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1259349047"><bdi>Daydreamer02</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Daydreamer02" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Daydreamer02">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Daydreamer02" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Daydreamer02">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>114</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reordered a section for conciseness, updated lead</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul&diff=next&oldid=1259349047" title="Seoul" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 166:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 166:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Seoul''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|oʊ|l}} {{respell|SOHL}}; {{Korean|hangul=서울}}; {{IPA|ko|sʰʌ.uɭ|IPA|ko-Seoul.ogg}}; {{Literal translation|Capital}}.}} officially '''Seoul Special Metropolitan City''',{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=서울특별시|rr=Seoul Teukbyeolsi|links=no}}.}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[South Korea]]. The broader [[Seoul Capital Area]], encompassing [[Gyeonggi Province]] and [[Incheon]], emerged as the world's [[List of cities by GDP|sixth largest metropolitan economy]] in 2022, trailing behind [[Paris metropolitan area|Paris]], [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco]], [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]], and [[New York metropolitan area|New York]], and hosts more than half of South Korea's population. Although Seoul's population peaked at<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> slightly</del> over 10 million, it has gradually decreased since 2014, standing at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approximately</del> 9.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">97</del> million residents as of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2020</del>. Seoul is the seat of the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean government]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Seoul''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|oʊ|l}} {{respell|SOHL}}; {{Korean|hangul=서울}}; {{IPA|ko|sʰʌ.uɭ|IPA|ko-Seoul.ogg}}; {{Literal translation|Capital}}.}} officially '''Seoul Special Metropolitan City''',{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=서울특별시|rr=Seoul Teukbyeolsi|links=no}}.}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[South Korea]]. The broader [[Seoul Capital Area]], encompassing [[Gyeonggi Province]] and [[Incheon]], emerged as the world's [[List of cities by GDP|sixth largest metropolitan economy]] in 2022, trailing behind [[Paris metropolitan area|Paris]], [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco]], [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]], and [[New York metropolitan area|New York]], and hosts more than half of South Korea's population. Although Seoul's population peaked at over 10 million, it has gradually decreased since 2014, standing at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">about</ins> 9.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins> million residents as of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2024</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{cite web |title=City Overview (Population) |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/ |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126105506/http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref></ins> Seoul is the seat of the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean government]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Seoul's history traces back to 18 BC when it was founded by the people of [[Baekje]], one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. During the [[Joseon]] dynasty, Seoul was officially designated as the capital, surrounded by the Fortress Wall of Seoul. In the early 20th century, Seoul was occupied by the [[Japanese Empire]], temporarily renamed "[[Keijō]]" ("Gyeongseong" in Korean). The [[Korean War]] brought fierce battles, with Seoul changing hands four times and leaving the city mostly in ruins. Nevertheless, the city has since undergone significant reconstruction and rapid urbanization.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Seoul's history traces back to 18 BC when it was founded by the people of [[Baekje]], one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. During the [[Joseon]] dynasty, Seoul was officially designated as the capital, surrounded by the Fortress Wall of Seoul. In the early 20th century, Seoul was occupied by the [[Japanese Empire]], temporarily renamed "[[Keijō]]" ("Gyeongseong" in Korean). The [[Korean War]] brought fierce battles, with Seoul changing hands four times and leaving the city mostly in ruins. Nevertheless, the city has since undergone significant reconstruction and rapid urbanization.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 285:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 285:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== Air pollution inside the Metro system ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== Air pollution inside the Metro system ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In January 2024 [[Seoul Metro]], whose passengers at the time numbered approximately 7 million a day, announced plans for extensive pollution reduction measures across the network. The target was to cut pollution to over 30% below the legal limit of 50 μg/m3. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The target</del> was 32 μg/m3 by 2026. The outset actuality was 38.8 μg/m3 average concentration of pollution. Starting in 2024, ₩100 billion annually for three years was earmarked for air pollution reduction measures. These included installation of air conditioning, better ventilation systems and filters, replacement of dust-inducing gravel rail tunnel beds with concrete ones, dust-capture matting at turnstiles, and constant public readings for pollution within the system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Seoul Metro initiates plans to reduce air pollution by over 30% - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-metro-initiates-plans-to-reduce-air-pollution-by-over-30/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Official Website of the |language=en-US}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In January 2024 [[Seoul Metro]], whose passengers at the time numbered approximately 7 million a day, announced plans for extensive pollution reduction measures across the network. The target was to cut pollution to over 30% below the legal limit of 50 μg/m3. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It</ins> was 32 μg/m3 by 2026. The outset actuality was 38.8 μg/m3 average concentration of pollution. Starting in 2024, ₩100 billion annually for three years was earmarked for air pollution reduction measures. These included installation of air conditioning, better ventilation systems and filters, replacement of dust-inducing gravel rail tunnel beds with concrete ones, dust-capture matting at turnstiles, and constant public readings for pollution within the system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Seoul Metro initiates plans to reduce air pollution by over 30% - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-metro-initiates-plans-to-reduce-air-pollution-by-over-30/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Official Website of the |language=en-US}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Climate===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Climate===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 309:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 309:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Historical populations|5=1949|6=1437670|7=1960|8=2445402|9=1970|10=5433198|11=1980|12=8364379|13=1990|14=10612577|15=2000|16=9895217|17=2010|18=9794304|19=2020|20=9586195|align=right|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Census|url=https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN0001_ENG&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=A111&scrId=&language=en&seqNo=&lang_mode=en&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ETITLE&path=%252Feng%252FstatisticsList%252FstatisticsListIndex.do|publisher=[[Statistics Korea]]}}</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Historical populations|5=1949|6=1437670|7=1960|8=2445402|9=1970|10=5433198|11=1980|12=8364379|13=1990|14=10612577|15=2000|16=9895217|17=2010|18=9794304|19=2020|20=9586195|align=right|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Census|url=https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN0001_ENG&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=A111&scrId=&language=en&seqNo=&lang_mode=en&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ETITLE&path=%252Feng%252FstatisticsList%252FstatisticsListIndex.do|publisher=[[Statistics Korea]]}}</ref>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Seoul proper is noted for its [[population density]], which is almost twice that of [[New York City]] and eight times greater than [[Rome]]. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated among [[OECD]] countries in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal=OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|doi=10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|access-date=11 February 2014|doi-access=free|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234115/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url-status=live}}</ref> As of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</del>, the population was 9.86&nbsp;million<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del><ref name="chosunpop">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=16 February 2014|date=14 February 2014|archive-date=4 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304224351/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|url-status=live}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in 2012, it was 10.44&nbsp;million.</del> As of 2021, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> population is 9.59 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|script-title=ko:32년 만에 '1000만 서울 시대' 막 내렸다...|url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030311020005613?t=20210417111741|access-date=17 April 2021|website=[[Hankook Ilbo]]|language=ko-KR|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111942/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030311020005613?t=20210417111741|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="seoul2">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]]|access-date=3 March 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|url-status=live}}</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As of the end of June 2011, 10.29&nbsp;million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a 0.24% decrease from the end of 2010.</del> The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living, urban sprawling to Gyeonggi region's satellite bed cities and an aging population.<ref name="chosunpop"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Seoul proper is noted for its [[population density]], which is almost twice that of [[New York City]] and eight times greater than [[Rome]]. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated among [[OECD]] countries in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal=OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|doi=10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|access-date=11 February 2014|doi-access=free|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234115/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url-status=live}}</ref> As of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the end of June 2011</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 10.29&nbsp;million Republic of Korea citizens lived in</ins> the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> city. This was a 0.24% decrease from the end of 2010. The</ins> population was<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 10.44&nbsp;million in 2012, and</ins> 9.86&nbsp;million<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in 2015.</ins><ref name="chosunpop">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=16 February 2014|date=14 February 2014|archive-date=4 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304224351/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Seoul's</ins> population is 9.59 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|script-title=ko:32년 만에 '1000만 서울 시대' 막 내렸다...|url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030311020005613?t=20210417111741|access-date=17 April 2021|website=[[Hankook Ilbo]]|language=ko-KR|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111942/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030311020005613?t=20210417111741|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="seoul2">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]]|access-date=3 March 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living, urban sprawling to Gyeonggi region's satellite bed cities and an aging population.<ref name="chosunpop"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>As of 2016, the number of foreigners living in Seoul was 404,037, 22.9% of the total foreign population in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html|title=1.76 million foreigners live in South Korea; 3.4% of population|date=17 November 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221075345/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of June 2011, 186,631 foreigners were [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who were not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were Taiwanese citizens, at 8,717.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title=Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=11 September 2011|access-date=11 February 2014|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119173111/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>As of 2016, the number of foreigners living in Seoul was 404,037, 22.9% of the total foreign population in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html|title=1.76 million foreigners live in South Korea; 3.4% of population|date=17 November 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221075345/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of June 2011, 186,631 foreigners were [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who were not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were Taiwanese citizens, at 8,717.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title=Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=11 September 2011|access-date=11 February 2014|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119173111/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 451:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 451:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div><div class="noprint"></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div><div class="noprint"></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Seoul has 23 [[sister cities]]:<ref name="Seoul sister cities">{{Cite web |title=Sister & Friendship Cities - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Official Website of the Seoul Metropolitan Government |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145318/https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Seoul has 23 [[sister cities]]:<ref name="Seoul sister cities">{{Cite web |title=Sister & Friendship Cities - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Official Website of the Seoul Metropolitan Government |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145318/https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english |title=Exchange Cities of Seoul Metropolitan Council |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Council |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907000222/https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english</ins> |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english |title=Exchange Cities of Seoul Metropolitan Council |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Council |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907000222/https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{columns-list|colwidth=23em|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{columns-list|colwidth=23em|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1968)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1968)</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 18:12, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of South Korea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital city of South Korea. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Seoul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Seoul (disambiguation)">Seoul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Special metropolitan city in Seoul Capital, South Korea</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Seoul</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서울</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special metropolitan city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Seoul Special Metropolitan City<br /><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서울특별시</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">  transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서울특별시</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서울特別市</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seoul-Teukbyeolsi</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sŏul-T'ŭkpyŏlsi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_(175734251)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Seoul_%28175734251%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Seoul" title="List of tallest buildings in Seoul">Skyline of Seoul</a> at night</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg/130px-%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg/195px-%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg/260px-%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Deoksugung" title="Deoksugung">Deoksugung</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/154px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/231px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/308px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Korea_National_Assembly_Proceeding_Hall" title="Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall">Korean National Assembly</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg/142px-Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg/213px-Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg/284px-Lotte_World_day_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lotte_World" title="Lotte World">Lotte World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower" title="Lotte World Tower">Lotte World Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg/142px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg/213px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg/284px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun" title="Gwanghwamun">Gwanghwamun</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_at_night_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Seoul_at_night_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="1294" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Seongsan_Bridge" title="Seongsan Bridge">Seongsan Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Seoul.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Seoul"><img alt="Flag of Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Seoul.svg/100px-Flag_of_Seoul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Seoul.svg/150px-Flag_of_Seoul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Seoul.svg/200px-Flag_of_Seoul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Seoul,_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Seoul"><img alt="Official seal of Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/100px-Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/150px-Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/200px-Seal_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="177" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Seoul,_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Seoul"><img alt="Coat of arms of Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/50px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/75px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/100px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="330" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Seoul, my soul"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <i>none</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="37.56" data-lon="126.99" data-overlays="["_bbb9ca93f2ffcf96996732023d1d4d098ac0589a"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/37.56/126.99/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,37.56,126.99,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seoul&revid=1259349047&groups=_bbb9ca93f2ffcf96996732023d1d4d098ac0589a" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,37.56,126.99,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seoul&revid=1259349047&groups=_bbb9ca93f2ffcf96996732023d1d4d098ac0589a 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Seoul</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="5" data-lat="36" data-lon="128" data-overlays="["_b9ad3b7e91ffa78c0826aea4aa7319f9656dd994"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/36/128/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,36,128,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seoul&revid=1259349047&groups=_b9ad3b7e91ffa78c0826aea4aa7319f9656dd994" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,36,128,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seoul&revid=1259349047&groups=_b9ad3b7e91ffa78c0826aea4aa7319f9656dd994 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show South Korea</span></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seoul&params=37_33_36_N_126_59_24_E_region:KR-11_type:city(9659322)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°33′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°59′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.56000°N 126.99000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.56000; 126.99000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">South Korea</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Area</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul Capital</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Taejo of Joseon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Seoul" title="List of districts of Seoul">25 districts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Council" title="Seoul Metropolitan Council">Seoul Metropolitan Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seoul" title="Mayor of Seoul">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a> (<a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Legislature_Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Legislature Constituencies">49</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-seoul1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoul1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special metropolitan city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">605.21 km<sup>2</sup> (233.67 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,685 km<sup>2</sup> (4,898 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">38 m (125 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Bukhansan" title="Bukhansan">Bukhansan</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">836.5 m (2,744.4 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2Q 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special metropolitan city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,659,322</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">16,000/km<sup>2</sup> (41,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">26,037,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,053/km<sup>2</sup> (5,320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Seoulite</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Dialect<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_dialect" title="Gyeonggi dialect">Gyeonggi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-index.go.kr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index.go.kr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special metropolitan city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KR%E2%82%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="KR₩">KR₩</a> 486 trillion<br />(<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 389 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">KR₩ 1,137 trillion<br />(US$ 910 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+9">UTC+9</a> (Korean Standard Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">KR-11</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_magpie" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean magpie">Korean magpie</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Seoul Red<sup id="cite_ref-Seoul_Metropolitan_Government_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_Metropolitan_Government-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">Forsythia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Font</th><td class="infobox-data">Seoul fonts (Seoul <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Hangang</a> and Seoul <a href="/wiki/Namsan" title="Namsan">Namsan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Haechi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.seoul.go.kr/">seoul.go.kr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Seoul</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially <b>Seoul Special Metropolitan City</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. The broader <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul Capital Area</a>, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, emerged as the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">sixth largest metropolitan economy</a> in 2022, trailing behind <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a>, and hosts more than half of South Korea's population. Although Seoul's population peaked at over 10 million, it has gradually decreased since 2014, standing at about 9.6 million residents as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">South Korean government</a>. </p><p>Seoul's history traces back to 18 BC when it was founded by the people of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. During the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty, Seoul was officially designated as the capital, surrounded by the Fortress Wall of Seoul. In the early 20th century, Seoul was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>, temporarily renamed "<a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a>" ("Gyeongseong" in Korean). The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> brought fierce battles, with Seoul changing hands four times and leaving the city mostly in ruins. Nevertheless, the city has since undergone significant reconstruction and rapid urbanization. </p><p>Seoul was rated Asia's most livable city, with the second-highest quality of life globally according to <a href="/wiki/Arcadis" title="Arcadis">Arcadis</a> in 2015 and a GDP per capita (PPP) of approximately $40,000. 15 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500"><i>Fortune</i> Global 500</a> companies, including industry giants such as <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group" title="Hyundai Motor Group">Hyundai</a>, are headquartered in the Seoul Capital Area, which has major technology hubs, such as Gangnam and Digital Media City.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul is ranked seventh in the <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global Power City Index</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, and is one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has also hosted major events such as the <a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986 Asian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Seoul_summit" title="2010 G20 Seoul summit">2010 G20 Seoul summit</a>, in addition to three matches at the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p>Seoul is geographically set in a mountainous and hilly terrain, with <a href="/wiki/Bukhansan" title="Bukhansan">Bukhansan</a> positioned on its northern edge. Within the Seoul Capital Area lie five UNESCO World Heritage Sites: <a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress" title="Hwaseong Fortress">Hwaseong Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jongmyo" title="Jongmyo">Jongmyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namhansanseong" title="Namhansanseong">Namhansanseong</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty">Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Seoul has witnessed a surge in modern architectural development, with iconic landmarks including the <a href="/wiki/N_Seoul_Tower" title="N Seoul Tower">N Seoul Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/63_Building" title="63 Building">63 Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower" title="Lotte World Tower">Lotte World Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza" title="Dongdaemun Design Plaza">Dongdaemun Design Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_World" title="Lotte World">Lotte World</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Tower" title="Trade Tower">Trade Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfield_COEX_Mall" title="Starfield COEX Mall">COEX</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Center_Seoul" title="International Finance Center Seoul">IFC Seoul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parc1" title="Parc1">Parc1</a>. Seoul was named the <a href="/wiki/World_Design_Capital" title="World Design Capital">World Design Capital</a> in 2010 and has served as the national hub for the music, entertainment, and cultural industries that have propelled <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a> to international prominence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Seoul" title="Names of Seoul">Names of Seoul</a></div> <p>Traditionally, <i>seoul</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서울</span></span>) has been a native Korean (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a>) <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common noun</a> simply meaning 'capital city.' The word <i>seoul</i> is believed to have descended from <i>Seorabeol</i> (서라벌; historically transliterated into the Hanja form <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">徐羅伐</span></span>), which originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wiryeseong" title="Wiryeseong">Wiryeseong</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">위례성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">慰禮城</span></span>), the capital settlement of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, was located within the boundaries of modern-day Seoul. Seoul was also known by other various historical names, such as Bukhansan-gun (북한산군; 北漢山郡, during the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> era), Namcheon (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">남천</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">南川</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the Silla era), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seoul" title="History of Seoul">Hanyang</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한양</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢陽</span></span>, during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern States period</a>), Namgyeong (남경; 南京, during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> era), and Hanseong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢城</span></span>, during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era). The word <i>seoul</i> was used colloquially to refer to the capital as early as the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Joseon capital of <i>Hanseong</i> was widely referred to as the <i>seoul.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its common usage, French missionaries called the Joseon capital <i>Séoul</i> (/se.ul/) in their writings, hence the common romanization <i>Seoul</i> in various languages today. </p><p>Under subsequent <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colonization</a>, <i>Hanseong</i> was renamed as <i>Keijō</i> (京城, literally 'capital city')<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> '<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢">漢</a></span></span>' (a transliteration of a native Korean word <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">han</i></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> great), which may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han people</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in Chinese and is associated with 'China' in Japanese context.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">liberation of Korea</a>, <i>Seoul</i> became the official name for the Korean capital. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> still acknowledges both common and proper noun definitions of <i>seoul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike most place names in Korea, as it is not a Sino-Korean word, 'Seoul' has no inherently corresponding Hanja (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used in the Korean language). Instead of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">phonetically transcribing</a> 'Seoul' to Chinese, in the <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Chinese-speaking</a> world, Seoul was called <i>Hànchéng</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">汉城</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢城</span>), which is the Chinese pronunciation of <i>Hanseong</i>. On 18 January 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a> changed Seoul's official Chinese name from the historic <i>Hànchéng</i> to <i>Shǒu'ěr</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">首尔</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">首爾</span>). <i>Shǒu'ěr</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic match</a> incorporating both sound and meaning (through 首 meaning 'head', 'chief', 'first').<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seoul" title="History of Seoul">History of Seoul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Seoul" title="Timeline of Seoul">Timeline of Seoul</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p>There is evidence of human habitation in the area now corresponding to Seoul from 30,000 to 40,000 years before the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 4,000 B.C., people of the area lived in huts with lowered floors called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umjip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umjip (page does not exist)">umjip</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">움집</span></span>). There is evidence of the consumption of cooked grain and fish by 3,000 B.C. Around 1,500 B.C., communities began transitioning into the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and farming at scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015122–123,_155_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015122–123,_155-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg/220px-Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg/330px-Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg/440px-Amsadong_IMG_2081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed <i>umjip</i> houses at Amsa-dong Neolithic Site</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to modern Seoul's significant urbanization, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amsa-dong_Neolithic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amsa-dong Neolithic Site (page does not exist)">Amsa-dong Neolithic Site</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8_%EC%95%94%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%99_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%81" class="extiw" title="ko:서울 암사동 유적">ko</a>]</span> is the only known major archaeological site in Seoul where <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> materials have been found,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201571,_121_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201571,_121-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although such materials have also been found in minor sites throughout the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201577_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201577-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often through <a href="/wiki/Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">rescue archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513–16,_70_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513–16,_70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baekje,_Silla,_and_Goryeo_periods"><span id="Baekje.2C_Silla.2C_and_Goryeo_periods"></span>Baekje, Silla, and Goryeo periods</h3></div> <p>Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern area of modern Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. <a href="/wiki/Pungnaptoseong" title="Pungnaptoseong">Pungnaptoseong</a>, an earthen wall located southeast Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site.<sup id="cite_ref-toseong_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toseong-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_sagi" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a></i>, both Baekje and Silla described the land as frontier border of Baekje, not as the capital region.<sup id="cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Jinheung Taewang Stele found at current day <a href="/wiki/Bukhansan" title="Bukhansan">Bukhansan</a> tells that the place was underdeveloped as of 6th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that the first capital Wiryeseong was not located in or nearby Seoul. </p><p>In July or August 553, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> took the control of the region from Baekje, and the city became a part of newly established Sin Province (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">신주</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">新州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sin (新) has both meaning of "New" and "Silla", thus literally means New Silla Province. </p><p>In November 555, Jinheung Taewang made a royal visit to Bukhansan, and inspected the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 557, Silla abolished Sin Province, and established Bukhansan Province (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">북한산주</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">北漢山州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word Hanseong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢城</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Han Fortress) appears on the stone wall of "Pyongyang Fortress", which was presumably built in the mid to late 6th century AD over period of 42 years, located in Pyongyang, while there is no evidence that Seoul had name Hanseong dating the three kingdoms and earlier period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 568, Jinheung Taewang made another royal visit to the northern border, visited Hanseong, and stayed in Namcheon on his way back to the capital. During his stay, he set Jinheung Taewang Stele, abolished Bukhansan Province, and established Namcheon Province (남천주; 南川州; South River Province), appointing the city as the provincial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the naming system, the actual name of Han River during this time was likely Namcheon (Nam River) itself or should have the word ending with "cheon" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">천</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">川</span></span>) not "gang" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">강</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">江</span></span>) nor "su" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">수</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">水</span></span>). In addition, "Bukhansan" Jinheung Stele clearly states that Silla had possession of Hanseong (modern day <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>), thus Bukhansan has to be located north of Hanseong. Modern day Pyongyang was not Pyongyang, <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a> was likely Han River, and Bukhansan was not Bukhansan during the three kingdoms period.<sup id="cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Pyongyang was a common noun meaning capital used by Goguryeo and Goryeo dynasties, similar to Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 603, Goguryeo attacked Bukhansanseong (북한산성; 北漢山城; Bukhan Mountain Fortress), which Silla ended up winning.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 604, Silla abolished Namcheon Province, and reestablished Bukhansan Province in order to strengthen the northern border. The city lost its provincial capital position and was put under Bukhansan Province once again.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further proves that Bukhansan was located in the North of modern-day Pyongyang as changing the provincial name and objective would not be required if Bukhansan was located within Seoul. </p><p>In the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, which succeeded <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a>, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the "Southern Capital". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseon_dynasty">Joseon dynasty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">Downtown Seoul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seongjeosimni" title="Seongjeosimni">Seongjeosimni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg/220px-%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg/330px-%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg/440px-%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall of Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyeongjoobudo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gyeongjoobudo.jpg/220px-Gyeongjoobudo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gyeongjoobudo.jpg/330px-Gyeongjoobudo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gyeongjoobudo.jpg/440px-Gyeongjoobudo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seongjeosimni" title="Seongjeosimni">Seongjeosimni</a> was included in five administrative divisions of <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Seoul" title="Names of Seoul">Hanseong</a>, in late period of Joseon dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_purpose-built_national_capitals" title="List of purpose-built national capitals">planned capital</a> of Korea by <a href="/wiki/Yi_Seong-gye" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Seong-gye">Yi Seong-gye</a>, the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty. After enthroning himself as <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">King</a> at the capital of old <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> in 1392, Yi Seong-gye changed the name of his Kingdom from Goryeo to Joseon in 1393 and began his search for a place for a new capital. After several governmental debates, Yi Seong-gye chose Hanyang (Sindo) instead of Muak in September 1394. As Joseon's new capital, Hanyang was planned as a geographic embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a>. Construction of the city began in October 1394. During its early construction stages, some major palaces, including <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a>, were finished in 1395. The <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall</a> surrounding Hanyang was partially finished around 1396.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–111">: 96–111 </span></sup> </p><p>The city of Hanyang was governed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseongbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanseongbu (page does not exist)">Hanseongbu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%84%B1%EB%B6%80" class="extiw" title="ko:한성부">ko</a>]</span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한성부</span></span>), an agency of the national government dedicated to affairs on the administration of the capital city. The Hanseongbu divided Hanyang into two major categories: areas inside the Fortress Wall, which were typically named <i>Seong-jung</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">성중</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">城中</span></span>) or <i>Doseong-an</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도성 안</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Inside the fortress), and areas 10 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Ri</a> (Korean mile) around the Fortress Wall, which were named as <i><a href="/wiki/Seongjeosimni" title="Seongjeosimni">Seongjeosimni</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">성저십리</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">城底十里</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 10 Ris around the fortress). The <i>Doseong-an</i> area later gained the informal but popular name <i>Sadaemun-an</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사대문 안</span></span>), which literally means 'areas inside of the <a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Gates_of_Seoul" title="The Eight Gates of Seoul">Four Great Gates</a>', and became the one and only <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown (city center) of Hanyang city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–100">: 90–100 </span></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began modernization. Seoul became the first city in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> to introduce electricity in the royal palace, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Illuminating_Company" title="Edison Illuminating Company">Edison Illuminating Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later the city also implemented electrical street lights.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_Empire">Korean Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongno1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chongno1905.jpg/220px-Chongno1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chongno1905.jpg/330px-Chongno1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chongno1905.jpg/440px-Chongno1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Seoul, capital city of the Korean Empire, in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of Joseon">Gojong</a>'s proclamation of Korea as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> in 1897, Seoul was temporarily called <b>Hwangseong</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">황성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">皇城</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> the imperial city). Much of modern development around this era was propelled by trade with foreign countries like France and the United States. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Electric Company">Seoul Electric Company</a>, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–U.S. owned enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_annexation_of_Korea">Japanese annexation of Korea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg/220px-L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg/330px-L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg/440px-L%E2%80%99Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_et_la_Paix-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> in Seoul, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Annexation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty">annexation treaty</a> in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> annexed Korea and renamed the city <a href="/wiki/Gyeongseong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongseong">Gyeongseong</a> ("Kyongsong" in Korean and "<a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a>" in Japanese). The city saw significant transformation under Japanese colonial rule. Imperial Japan removed the city walls, paved roads, and built Western-style buildings. </p><p>Seoul was deprived of its special status as the capital city and downsized under imperial Japan, compared to the traditional notion among people of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty that Seoul included the area of approximately 4 km (2.5 miles) radius surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Outer_old_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer old Seoul">Outer old Seoul</a>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">성저십리</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">城底十里</span></span>). On October 1, 1910, Imperial Japan demoted Seoul as no different than any other city within the <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi Province</a>. After Imperial Japan's redistricting, Seoul only included the area inside the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_District" title="Yongsan District">Yongsan District</a>. In the 1930s, as part of Imperial Japan's war efforts leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_District" title="Yeongdeungpo District">Yeongdeungpo District</a> was annexed into Seoul on April 1, 1936, to function as an industrial complex for steel and other <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> factories. </p><p>The city was liberated by U.S. forces at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_history">Contemporary history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg/170px-Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg/255px-Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg/340px-Seoul_Station_in_1945.8.15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">Liberation of Korea</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a>, 15 August 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, following the liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the American military assumed control of Korea, including its capital city, then referred to as Kyeongseongbu in line with Japanese nomenclature. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">U.S. military government</a> published the Charter of the City of Seoul in the official gazette on October 10 of the following year. The charter declared Seoul as the name of the city and established it as a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a>. Seoul's status as a municipal corporation mirrored the <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent cities</a> in the United States that do not belong to any county, and Seoul was established as an independent administrative unit, separate from the existing provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Korean version of the Charter translated "<i>municipal corporation</i>" as "<i>special free city</i>" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">특별자유시</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">特別自由市</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later became <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cities of South Korea">special metropolitan city</a> (or special metropolitan city; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">특별시</span></span>) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Autonomy_Act_of_1949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Autonomy Act of 1949 (page does not exist)">Local Autonomy Act of 1949</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:대한민국 지방자치법">ko</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul has retained its status as the only special metropolitan city in South Korea (i.e., <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서울특별시</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. See unreliable sources list on WP:KO/RS (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The City of Seoul is hereby constituted a municipal corporation to be known as SEOUL. The boundaries of the municipal corporation are the present limits of the City of Seoul consisting of the following eight districts: <a href="/wiki/Jung_District,_Seoul" title="Jung District, Seoul">Chong Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jongro_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongro District">Chong No Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seodaemun_District" title="Seodaemun District">Sur Tai Moon Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_District" title="Dongdaemun District">Tong Tai Moon Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seongdong_District" title="Seongdong District">Sung Tong Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapo_District" title="Mapo District">Ma Po Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_District" title="Yongsan District">Yong San Koo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_District" title="Yeongdeungpo District">Yang Doung Po Koo</a>, and as such may be extended as provided by law.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>U.S. Army Military Government in Korea</i>, Charter of the City of Seoul<sup id="cite_ref-:11_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Seoul under the U.S. military government between 1945 and 1948 was much smaller than it is today. It only covered the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall</a>, marked by the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Gates_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Gates of Seoul">Eight Gates</a>, and the districts incorporated during Japanese rule to prosecute imperial Japan's war efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg/220px-Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg/330px-Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg/440px-Seoul_Battle-_Korean_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">battle for Seoul</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in late September 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Seoul changed hands between the Soviet- and Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces four times: falling to the North Koreans in the June 1950 <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Seoul" title="First Battle of Seoul">First Battle of Seoul</a>, recaptured by UN forces in the September 1950 <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">Second Battle of Seoul</a>, falling to a combined Chinese-North Korean force in the January 1951 <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">Third Battle of Seoul</a>, and finally being recaptured once more by UN forces in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">Operation Ripper</a> during the spring of 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensive fighting left the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-hamnett_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamnett-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg/220px-Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg/330px-Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg/440px-Seoul-from-Namsan-CableCar-1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>Bird's eye view of Seoul from the <a href="/wiki/Namsan_cable_car" title="Namsan cable car">Namsan cable car</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">South Korea's economy started to grow rapidly</a> from the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> also accelerated and workers began to move to Seoul and other larger cities.<sup id="cite_ref-hamnett_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamnett-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, Seoul went through two major expansions that established the shape and size of the present-day Seoul—barring minor adjustments to the borders later in 1973 and 2000. In August 1963, Seoul annexed parts of <a href="/wiki/Yangju" title="Yangju">Yangju-gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju-gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siheung" title="Siheung">Siheung-gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gimpo" title="Gimpo">Gimpo-gun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucheon" title="Bucheon">Bucheon-gun</a>, expanding the northeastern borders of Seoul. In September, Seoul again annexed present-day <a href="/wiki/Gangnam" title="Gangnam">Gangnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two consecutive expansions more than doubled the size of Seoul from approximately 268 km<sup>2</sup> (103 sq mi) to 613 km<sup>2</sup> (237 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After annexation, <a href="/wiki/Gangnam" title="Gangnam">Gangnam</a>'s development was spurred by key infrastructure projects: the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hannam_Bridge" title="Hannam Bridge">Hannam Bridge</a> (1966–1969) and <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Expressway" title="Gyeongbu Expressway">Gyeongbu Expressway</a> (1968–1970). As Seoul's population kept growing, <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a>'s regime focused its development plans on Gangnam. The main hurdle for Gangnam's development was floods because the area is low-lying and prone to flooding. Then Seoul mayor Kim Hyun-ok ordered construction of an expressway that doubled as <a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">embankment</a>, which became the present-day <a href="/wiki/Gangbyeonbuk-ro" title="Gangbyeonbuk-ro">Gangbyeon Expressway</a>. The construction started in March 1967 and completed in September of the same year. Similar projects transformed previously flood-prone areas into usable land for development. Such areas include the current <a href="/wiki/Ichon-dong" title="Ichon-dong">Ichon-dong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banpo-dong" title="Banpo-dong">Banpo apartment complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apgujeong-dong" title="Apgujeong-dong">Apgujeong-dong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamsil-dong" title="Jamsil-dong">Jamsil-dong</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul,_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg/220px-Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg/330px-Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg/440px-Seoul%2C_South_Korea_2002_World_Cup_young_people_watching_the_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13728" data-file-height="9119" /></a><figcaption>Young people watching the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1972, Seoul was claimed by North Korea as its <i>de jure</i> capital, being specified as such in Article 103 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">1948 North Korean constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seoul was the host city of the <a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986 Asian Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a> as well as one of the venues of the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">South Korea's 2019 population</a> was estimated at 51.71 million, and according to the 2018 Population and Housing Census, 49.8% of the population resided in the Seoul metropolitan area. This was up by 0.7% from 49.1% in 2010, showing a distinct trend toward the concentration of the population in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul has become the economic, political and cultural hub of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> companies, including <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/SK_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="SK Holdings">SK Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/POSCO" title="POSCO">POSCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Group">LG Group</a> headquartered there.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_from_Space-_Seoul,_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg/220px-Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg/330px-Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg/440px-Earth_from_Space-_Seoul%2C_South_Korea_ESA24817251.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8666" data-file-height="7168" /></a><figcaption>Satellite picture of Seoul</figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km<sup>2</sup> (233.69 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-seoul1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoul1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a radius of approximately 15 km (9 mi), roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a>. The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. There are four main mountains in central Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Bugaksan" title="Bugaksan">Bugaksan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inwangsan" title="Inwangsan">Inwangsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naksan" title="Naksan">Naksan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namsan" title="Namsan">Namsan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Seoul Fortress Wall</a>, which historically bounded the city, goes over these mountains. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Seoul" title="List of parks in Seoul">List of parks in Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg/220px-Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg/330px-Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg/440px-Hangang_Park_Overview_201604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hangang_Park" title="Hangang Park">Han River Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul has a large quantity of parks. One of the most famous parks is <a href="/wiki/Namsan_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namsan (Seoul)">Namsan Park</a>, which offers recreational hiking and views of the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown Seoul</a> skyline, especially via its <a href="/wiki/N_Seoul_Tower" title="N Seoul Tower">N Seoul Tower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Seoul" title="Olympic Park, Seoul">Seoul Olympic Park</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Songpa_District" title="Songpa District">Songpa District</a> and built to host the 1988 Summer Olympics, is the largest park. The areas near the stream <a href="/wiki/Tancheon" title="Tancheon">Tancheon</a> are popular for exercise. <a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a> also has spaces for recreation. In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Seoullo_7017_Skypark" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoullo 7017 Skypark">Seoullo 7017 Skypark</a> opened, spanning diagonally overtop Seoul Station. </p><p>There are also many parks along the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a>, such as Ichon Hangang Park, Yeouido Hangang Park, Mangwon Hangang Park, Nanji Hangang Park, Banpo Hangang Park, Ttukseom Hangang Park and Jamsil Hangang Park. The Seoul National Capital Area also contains a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> aimed at preventing the city from <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">sprawling</a> out into neighboring Gyeonggi Province. These areas are frequently sought after by people looking to escape from urban life on weekends and during vacations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_South_Korea" title="Air pollution in South Korea">Air pollution in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_(Copernicus_2024-01-14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg/220px-Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg/330px-Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg/440px-Air_Quality_in_Seoul%E2%80%99s_metropolitan_area_improves_thanks_to_sustainable_policies_%28Copernicus_2024-01-14%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5478" data-file-height="3522" /></a><figcaption>The Seoul metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> Satellite image taken on 3 December 2023. Air quality in Seoul's metropolitan area can be monitored in detail by the satellite.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmospheric_pollution">Atmospheric pollution</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is a major issue in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2016 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<sup id="cite_ref-who_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the annual average <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> concentration in 2014 was 24 micrograms per cubic meter (1.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> gr/cu ft), which is 2.4 times higher than that recommended by the WHO <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_guideline" title="Air quality guideline">Air Quality Guidelines</a><sup id="cite_ref-guidelines_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guidelines-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the annual mean PM2.5. The <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a> monitors and publicly shares real-time air quality data.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg/220px-Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg/330px-Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg/440px-Seoul_tower_smog_and_dusty_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian dust">Asian dust</a> affecting Seoul in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Environment (South Korea)">Ministry of Environment</a> has implemented a range of policies and air pollutant standards to improve and manage air quality for its people.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Special Act on the Improvement of Air Quality in the Seoul Metropolitan Area" was passed in December 2003. Its 1st Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2005–2014) focused on improving the concentrations of <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> by reducing emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the annual average PM10 concentrations decreased from 70.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2001 to 44.4 μg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 46 μg/m<sup>3</sup> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-who_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the annual average PM10 concentration was still at least twice than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-guidelines_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guidelines-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015–2024) added PM2.5 and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> to its list of managed pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investment in air quality improvement between 2007 and 2020 in the order of US$9 billion on the part of three key local authorities, namely Gyeonggi, Incheon and Seoul, delivered a clear legal framework of responsibility, publicly checkable results and a major focus on reduction of transport pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, South Korea, then the 11th largest world economy, announced a US$35 billion position on ending investment in coal.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2020, South Korea committed to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2005 and 2021 annual concentration levels of small particulate matter (PM10) fell by 30-40 % in Seoul, whilst concentrations of larger particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the same period fell by 19% across the country and more in Seoul and Gyeonggi.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asian_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian dust">Asian dust</a>, emissions from Seoul and in general from the rest of South Korea, as well as emissions from China, all contribute to Seoul's air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides air quality, greenhouse gas emissions represent hot issues in South Korea since the country is among top-10 strongest emitters in the world. Seoul is the strongest hotspot of greenhouse gas emissions in the country and according to satellite data, the persistent carbon dioxide anomaly over the city is one of the strongest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air quality is monitored by geo-stationary satellite measurements centred on Korea and its immediate neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_pollution_inside_the_Metro_system">Air pollution inside the Metro system</h4></div> <p>In January 2024 <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metro" title="Seoul Metro">Seoul Metro</a>, whose passengers at the time numbered approximately 7 million a day, announced plans for extensive pollution reduction measures across the network. The target was to cut pollution to over 30% below the legal limit of 50 μg/m3. It was 32 μg/m3 by 2026. The outset actuality was 38.8 μg/m3 average concentration of pollution.  Starting in 2024, ₩100 billion annually for three years was earmarked for air pollution reduction measures. These included installation of air conditioning, better ventilation systems and filters, replacement of dust-inducing gravel rail tunnel beds with concrete ones, dust-capture matting at turnstiles, and constant public readings for pollution within the system.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Seoul" title="Climate of Seoul">Climate of Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_snow_in_Seoul,_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg/220px-Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg/330px-Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg/440px-Heavy_snow_in_Seoul%2C_4_Jan._2010_-_Covered_the_park_with_snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tapgol_Park" title="Tapgol Park">Tapgol Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dwa</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cwa</i>, by −3 °C or 26.6 °F isotherm), influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>; there is great variation in temperature and precipitation throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suburbs of Seoul are generally cooler than the center of Seoul because of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are hot and humid, with the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_monsoon" title="East Asian monsoon">East Asian monsoon</a> taking place from June until September. August, the hottest month, has average high and low temperatures of 30.0 and 22.9 °C (86 and 73 °F) with higher temperatures possible. <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">Heat index</a> values can surpass 40 °C (104.0 °F) at the height of summer. Winters are usually cold to freezing with average January high and low temperatures of 2.1 and −5.5 °C (35.8 and 22.1 °F), and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 24.9 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures drop dramatically to below −10 °C (14 °F), and on some occasions as low as −15 °C (5 °F) in the mid winter period of January and February. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) have been recorded. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Seoul (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.5<br />(−8.5) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.6<br />(−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.1<br />(6.6) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.1<br />(−9.6) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.1<br />(−9.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(0.66) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(1.11) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9<br />(2.87) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.6<br />(4.08) </td> <td style="background: #37FF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.5<br />(5.10) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">414.4<br />(16.31) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">348.2<br />(13.71) </td> <td style="background: #25FF25; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.5<br />(5.57) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(2.01) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(0.89) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,417.9<br />(55.82) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.2 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.6 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.6 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.8 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.7 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.8 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.8 </td> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.6 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B756; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.9 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,143.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1 </td> <td style="background: #F8F824; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Meteorological_Administration" title="Korea Meteorological Administration">Korea Meteorological Administration</a> (percent sunshine 1981–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-KMA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KMAextremes_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMAextremes-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KMAnormals_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMAnormals-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg/220px-Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg/330px-Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg/440px-Seoul_City_Hall_from_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5883" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Hall" title="Seoul City Hall">Seoul City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Seoul Metropolitan Government is the local government for Seoul, and is responsible for the administration and provision of various services to the city, including correctional institutions, education, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. It is headed by a mayor and three vice mayors, and is divided into 25 autonomous districts and 522 administrative neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-encyber_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyber-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_districts">Administrative districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Seoul" title="List of districts of Seoul">List of districts of Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01-00-seoul-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/01-00-seoul-en.svg/220px-01-00-seoul-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/01-00-seoul-en.svg/330px-01-00-seoul-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/01-00-seoul-en.svg/440px-01-00-seoul-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Seoul">Districts of Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is divided into 25 "<i><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea#Gu_(District)" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">gu</a></i>" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">구</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">區</span></span>) (district).<sup id="cite_ref-Administrative_Districts_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administrative_Districts-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>gu</i> vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 km<sup>2</sup> or 3.9 to 18.1 sq mi) and population (from fewer than 140,000 to 630,000). <a href="/wiki/Songpa_District" title="Songpa District">Songpa</a> has the most people, while <a href="/wiki/Seocho_District" title="Seocho District">Seocho</a> has the largest area. The government of each gu handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each <i>gu</i> is divided into "<i><a href="/wiki/Dong_(neighbourhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong (neighbourhood)">dong</a></i>" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">洞</span></span>), or neighborhoods. Some gu have only a few <i>dong</i>s while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighborhoods. Seoul has 423 administrative dongs (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">행정동</span></span>) in total.<sup id="cite_ref-Administrative_Districts_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administrative_Districts-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1949</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,437,670</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,445,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+70.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,433,198</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+122.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,364,379</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+53.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">10,612,577</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+26.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,895,217</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,794,304</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,586,195</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Seoul proper is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, which is almost twice that of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and eight times greater than <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a 0.24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population was 10.44 million in 2012, and 9.86 million in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-chosunpop_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chosunpop-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Seoul's population is 9.59 million.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seoul2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoul2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living, urban sprawling to Gyeonggi region's satellite bed cities and an aging population.<sup id="cite_ref-chosunpop_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chosunpop-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016, the number of foreigners living in Seoul was 404,037, 22.9% of the total foreign population in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2011, 186,631 foreigners were <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a> citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who were not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were Taiwanese citizens, at 8,717.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>The two major religions in Seoul are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Korea">Buddhism</a>. Other religions include <a href="/wiki/Muism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muism">Muism</a> (indigenous religion) and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Seoul is home to one of the world's largest Christian congregations, <a href="/wiki/Yoido_Full_Gospel_Church" title="Yoido Full Gospel Church">Yoido Full Gospel Church</a>, which has around 830,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2015 census, 10.8% of the population follows Buddhism and 35% follows Christianity (24.3% Protestantism and 10.7% Catholicism). 53.6% of the population is irreligious.<sup id="cite_ref-2015census_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015census-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, <a href="/wiki/Dongguk_University" title="Dongguk University">Dongguk University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Seoul">List of universities in Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg/220px-%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg/330px-%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg/440px-%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%B8%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Compulsory education lasts from grade 1–9 (six years of elementary school and three years of middle school).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require students to wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the <a href="/wiki/College_Scholastic_Ability_Test" title="College Scholastic Ability Test">College Scholastic Ability Test</a> that is held every November. Although there is a test for non-high school graduates, called school qualification exam, most Koreans take the test. </p><p>Seoul is home to various <a href="/wiki/Specialized_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized school">specialized schools</a>, including three science high schools, and six foreign language High Schools. Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p><p>Seoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yonsei_University" title="Yonsei University">Yonsei University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_University" title="Korea University">Korea University</a>. Seoul ranked 2nd on the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings#QS_Best_Student_Cities_Ranking" title="QS World University Rankings">QS Best Student Cities 2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seoul" title="Economy of Seoul">Economy of Seoul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg/220px-Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg/330px-Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg/440px-Teheran-ro_Yeongdong-daero_crossing_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6670" data-file-height="4410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gangnam_District" title="Gangnam District">Gangnam</a> Commercial Area</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOK_main_office3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/220px-BOK_main_office3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/330px-BOK_main_office3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/440px-BOK_main_office3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a> is seated in <a href="/wiki/Sogong-dong" title="Sogong-dong">Sogong-dong</a> of Jung District, composing financial district of the Downtown Seoul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/220px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/330px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/440px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lotte_World" title="Lotte World">Lotte World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower" title="Lotte World Tower">Lotte World Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/220px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/330px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/440px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Town" title="Samsung Town">Samsung Town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gangnam_station" title="Gangnam station">Gangnam station</a> area of Seoul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night,_Seoul,_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg/220px-Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg/330px-Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg/440px-Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza_at_night%2C_Seoul%2C_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_Design_Plaza" title="Dongdaemun Design Plaza">Dongdaemun Design Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city generated 23 percent of the country's GDP overall in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Centers_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Centers of Commerce">Worldwide Centers of Commerce</a> Index ranked Seoul No.9.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> in 2015 listed Seoul as the 6th financially most competitive city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Intelligence_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist Intelligence Unit">The Economist Intelligence Unit</a> ranked Seoul 15th in the list of "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" regarding future competitiveness of cities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_South_Korea" title="Manufacturing in South Korea">Manufacturing in South Korea</a></div> <p>The traditional, labor-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and assembly-type of industries;<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-economy_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-economy-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, food and beverage production, as well as printing and publishing remained among the core industries.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-economy_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-economy-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major manufacturers are headquartered in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia</a> and <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK</a>. Notable food and beverage companies include <a href="/wiki/Jinro" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinro">Jinro</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a> is the most sold alcoholic drink in the world, beating out <a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-bestselling_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestselling-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> top selling beer producers <a href="/wiki/Hite_Brewery" title="Hite Brewery">Hite</a> (merged with Jinro) and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Brewery" title="Oriental Brewery">Oriental Brewery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosts food giants like <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Milk" title="Seoul Milk">Seoul Dairy Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nongshim_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongshim Group">Nongshim Group</a>, Ottogi, <a href="/wiki/CJ_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="CJ Corporation">CJ</a>, Orion, Maeil Holdings, <a href="/wiki/Namyang_Dairy_Products" title="Namyang Dairy Products">Namyang Dairy Products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotte_(conglomerate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotte (conglomerate)">Lotte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_finance">Business and finance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yeouido" title="Yeouido">Yeouido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_Exchange" title="Korea Exchange">Korea Exchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeouido,_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg/220px-Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg/330px-Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg/440px-Yeouido%2C_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yeouido" title="Yeouido">Yeouido</a>, the main financial district of Seoul</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centerss Index report</a> released in 2024, Seoul ranked 10th. The city ranked 13th in business environment and financial sector development, seventh in human capital, 10th in infrastructure and 12th in reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seoul has three <a href="/wiki/Central_business_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Central business districts">central business districts</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">Downtown Seoul</a>(CBD), <a href="/wiki/Gangnam" title="Gangnam">Gangnam</a>(GBD), and <a href="/wiki/Yeouido" title="Yeouido">Yeouido</a>(YBD).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Downtown Seoul, which has 600 years of history as unparalleled business district in entire Korea, is now a densely concentrated area around <a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun" title="Gwanghwamun">Gwanghwamun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a> with headquarters of major companies, foreign financial institutions, largest news agencies and law firms. Other two business districts are developed in 1970s and have different characteristic; while Gangnam is well known for tech, luxury and private education industries, Yeouido is famous for securities exchange and asset management.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the city announced plans to invest $44.7 million over six years to create a dedicated area to attract foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Seoul" title="Shopping in Seoul">Shopping in Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg/220px-Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg/330px-Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg/440px-Namdaemun-ro_and_Aloft_Seoul_Myeongdong_by_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5680" data-file-height="3777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myeong-dong" title="Myeong-dong">Myeong-dong</a> is one of the most popular destinations in Seoul.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_Market" title="Dongdaemun Market">Dongdaemun Market</a>, is located in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Myeongdong" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeongdong">Myeongdong</a> is a shopping and entertainment area in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown Seoul</a> with mid- to high-end stores, fashion boutiques and international brand outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Namdaemun_Market" title="Namdaemun Market">Namdaemun Market</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Namdaemun_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Namdaemun Gate">Namdaemun Gate</a>, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Insadong" class="mw-redirect" title="Insadong">Insadong</a> is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hwanghak-dong_Flea_Market" title="Hwanghak-dong Flea Market">Hwanghak-dong Flea Market</a> and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shops for local designers have opened in <a href="/wiki/Samcheong-dong" title="Samcheong-dong">Samcheong-dong</a>, where numerous small art galleries are located. While <a href="/wiki/Itaewon" title="Itaewon">Itaewon</a> had catered mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city, Koreans now comprise the majority of visitors to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-KT_Itaewon_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KT_Itaewon-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gangnam_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangnam district">Gangnam district</a> is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul<sup id="cite_ref-KT_Itaewon_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KT_Itaewon-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is noted for the fashionable and upscale <a href="/wiki/Apgujeong-dong" title="Apgujeong-dong">Apgujeong-dong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheongdam-dong" title="Cheongdam-dong">Cheongdam-dong</a> areas and the <a href="/wiki/COEX_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="COEX Mall">COEX Mall</a>. Wholesale markets include <a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak Market</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_Electronics_Market" title="Yongsan Electronics Market">Yongsan Electronics Market</a> is the largest electronics market in Asia. Electronics markets are Gangbyeon station metro line 2 Techno mart, ENTER6 MALL & Shindorim station Technomart mall complex.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Times_Square_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square (Seoul)">Times Square</a> is one of Seoul's largest shopping malls, and contains the world's largest permanent <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a> cinema screen, the <a href="/wiki/CJ_CGV" title="CJ CGV">CGV Starium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korea World Trade Center Complex, which comprises COEX mall, congress center, 3 Inter-continental hotels, Business tower (Asem tower), Residence hotel, Casino and City airport terminal was established in 1988 in time for the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Olympics">Seoul Olympics</a>. The 2nd World trade trade center is being planned at Seoul Olympic stadium complex as MICE HUB by Seoul. Ex-Kepco head office building was purchased by Hyundai motor group with 9billion USD to build 115-storey Hyundai GBC & hotel complex until 2021. Now ex-kepco 25-storey building is under demolition. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the logistics and shipping company: <a href="/wiki/Ilyang_Logistics" title="Ilyang Logistics">Ilyang Logistics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_robotics" title="South Korean robotics">South Korean robotics</a></div> <p>Seoul has been described as the world's "most wired city",<sup id="cite_ref-travel.cnn.com_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travel.cnn.com-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranked first in technology readiness by <a href="/wiki/PwC" title="PwC">PwC</a>'s <i>Cities of Opportunity</i> report.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul has a very technologically advanced <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seoul is among the world leaders in Internet connectivity, being the capital of South Korea, which has the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic</a> broadband penetration and highest global average internet speeds of 26.1 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2015, Seoul has provided free Wi-Fi access in outdoor spaces through a 47.7 billion won ($44 million) project with Internet access at 10,430 parks, streets and other public places.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet speeds in some apartment buildings reach up to 52.5 Gbit/s with assistance from Nokia, and though the average standard consists of 100 Mbit/s services, providers nationwide are rapidly rolling out 1<a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> connections at the equivalent of US$20 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">KTX</a> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Subway">Seoul Subway</a>, which provides <a href="/wiki/4G_LTE" class="mw-redirect" title="4G LTE">4G LTE</a>, Wi-Fi, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Multimedia Broadcasting">DMB</a> inside subway cars. 5G will be introduced commercially in March 2019 in Seoul. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Seoul"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg/1000px-Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg/1500px-Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg/2000px-Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_from_Namsan_3.jpg" title="File:Seoul from Namsan 3.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of Seoul</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Seoul" title="List of tallest buildings in Seoul">List of tallest buildings in Seoul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Korea" title="Architecture of South Korea">Architecture of South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84(Bukchon_Hanok_Village)_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_(Seoul_best_attractions)_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg/220px-%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg/330px-%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg/440px-%EB%B6%81%EC%B4%8C_%ED%95%9C%EC%98%A5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%28Bukchon_Hanok_Village%29_2011%EB%85%84_11%EC%9B%94_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%85%EC%86%8C_%28Seoul_best_attractions%29_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14043" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bukchon_Hanok_Village" title="Bukchon Hanok Village">Bukchon Hanok Village</a>, a traditional Seoul village built during the Joseon era</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon dynasty city, now the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown area</a>, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. <a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a>, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jongno" title="Jongno">Jongno</a> street, meaning "Bell Street", has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial streets of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which one can find <a href="/wiki/Bosingak" title="Bosingak">Bosingak</a>, a pavilion containing a large bell. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg/220px-Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg/330px-Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg/440px-Sungryemun_of_seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namdaemun" title="Namdaemun">Sungnyemun</a> (commonly known as Namdaemun)</figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In <a href="/wiki/Amsa-dong" title="Amsa-dong">Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangdong_District" title="Gangdong District">Gangdong District</a>, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Joseon dynasty built the "Five Grand Palaces" in Seoul—<a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changgyeonggung" title="Changgyeonggung">Changgyeonggung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoksugung" title="Deoksugung">Deoksugung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyeonghuigung" title="Gyeonghuigung">Gyeonghuigung</a>—all of which are located in the Jongno and Jung Districts. Among them, Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> List in 1997 as an "outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design". The main palace, Gyeongbokgung, underwent a large-scale restoration project.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul has been surrounded by walls that were built to regulate visitors from other regions and protect the city in case of an invasion. <a href="/wiki/Pungnap_Toseong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pungnap Toseong">Pungnap Toseong</a> is a flat earthen wall built at the edge of the Han River, which is widely believed to be the site of <a href="/wiki/Wiryeseong" title="Wiryeseong">Wiryeseong</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mongchontoseong" title="Mongchontoseong">Mongchon Toseong</a> is another earthen wall built during the Baekje period that is now located inside the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Seoul" title="Olympic Park, Seoul">Olympic Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toseong_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toseong-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Wall_of_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Wall of Seoul">Fortress Wall</a> of Seoul was built early in the Joseon dynasty for protection of the city. After many centuries of destruction and rebuilding, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the wall remains, as well as six of the original <a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Gates_of_Seoul" title="The Eight Gates of Seoul">eight gates</a>. These gates include the south gate <a href="/wiki/Namdaemun" title="Namdaemun">Namdaemun</a> and the east gate Dongdaemun. Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Seoul" title="List of museums in Seoul">List of museums in Seoul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_South_Korea" title="List of museums in South Korea">List of museums in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is home to 115 museums,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including four national and nine official municipal museums. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a> has a collection of 220,000 artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Folk Museum of Korea">National Folk Museum</a> is located on the grounds of Gyeongbokgung and focuses on the daily life of historical Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bukchon_Hanok_Village" title="Bukchon Hanok Village">Bukchon Hanok Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namsangol_Hanok_Village" title="Namsangol Hanok Village">Namsangol Hanok Village</a> are old residential districts consisting of <i><a href="/wiki/Hanok" title="Hanok">hanok</a></i> (traditional Korean houses).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial</a> covers the history of wars that Korea has been involved with, especially the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seodaemun_Prison" title="Seodaemun Prison">Seodaemun Prison</a> is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is used as a historic museum.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Museum_of_Art" title="Seoul Museum of Art">Seoul Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeum,_Samsung_Museum_of_Art" title="Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art">Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilmin_Museum_of_Art" title="Ilmin Museum of Art">Ilmin Museum of Art</a> are art museums in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_festivals" title="List of South Korean festivals">List of South Korean festivals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg/330px-Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg/440px-Korea-Hi_Seoul_Festival-2006-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Street_Art_Festival" title="Seoul Street Art Festival">Seoul Street Art Festival</a> concert in <a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Hall" title="Seoul City Hall">Seoul City Hall</a> Square</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2012, <a href="/wiki/KBS_Hall" title="KBS Hall">KBS Hall</a> in Seoul hosted major international music festivals – First ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals within frameworks of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Broadcasting_Union" title="Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union">Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union</a> 49th General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="ESCKaz is banned by WikiProject Eurovision. (April 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Street_Art_Festival" title="Seoul Street Art Festival">Seoul Street Art Festival</a> is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the "Seoul Citizens' Day" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Seoul has hosted <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival" title="Ultra Music Festival">Ultra Music Festival</a> Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Foreign_Correspondents%27_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Foreign Correspondents' Club (page does not exist)">Seoul Foreign Correspondents' Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg/220px-KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg/330px-KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg/440px-KBS_Main_Building_in_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Yeouido" title="Yeouido">Yeouido</a>, Seoul</figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is home of the major South Korean networks <a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a>. The city is also home to the major South Korean newspapers <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo" title="Hankook Ilbo">Hankook Ilbo</a></i>. In Seoul, there is a digital news operation for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. It can accommodate up to 50 employees. It has about 20 editors and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Seoul Hub is one of the key bases of the Wall Street Journal along with that of London.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Seoul" title="Sports in Seoul">Sports in Seoul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/220px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/330px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/440px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Sports_Complex" title="Seoul Sports Complex">Seoul Sports Complex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is a major center of <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in South Korea">South Korean sports</a>, and has the largest number of professional sports teams and facilities in the country. In the history of South Korea's major professional sports league championships, which include the <a href="/wiki/K_League" title="K League">K League</a>, <a href="/wiki/KBO_League" title="KBO League">KBO League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Basketball_League" title="Korean Basketball League">KBL</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-League_(South_Korea)" title="V-League (South Korea)">V-League</a>, Seoul had multiple championship winners during the same season twice; in 1990, when <a href="/wiki/FC_Seoul" title="FC Seoul">Lucky-Goldstar FC</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/FC_Seoul" title="FC Seoul">FC Seoul</a>) won the <a href="/wiki/1990_K_League" title="1990 K League">1990 K League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LG_Twins" title="LG Twins">LG Twins</a> won the 1990 KBO League, and in 2016, when FC Seoul won the <a href="/wiki/2016_K_League_Classic" title="2016 K League Classic">2016 K League Classic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Bears" title="Doosan Bears">Doosan Bears</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_KBO_League_season" title="2016 KBO League season">2016 KBO League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seoul hosted the <a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986 Asian Games</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Olympic Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a>. It also served as one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup 2002">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_World_Cup_Stadium" title="Seoul World Cup Stadium">Seoul World Cup Stadium</a> hosted the opening ceremony and first game of the tournament. <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> is South Korea's national sport and Seoul is the location of the <a href="/wiki/Kukkiwon" title="Kukkiwon">Kukkiwon</a>, the world headquarters of taekwondo, as well as the <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">World Taekwondo Federation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Seoul" title="Transportation in Seoul">Transportation in Seoul</a></div> <p>Seoul has a well developed transportation network. Its system dates back to the era of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Incheon was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown Seoul</a> include <a href="/wiki/Euljiro" title="Euljiro">Euljiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teheranno" class="mw-redirect" title="Teheranno">Teheranno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejongno" title="Sejongno">Sejongno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chungmuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungmuro">Chungmuro</a>, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km (155 mi), with one additional line planned. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or longer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Buses">Seoul Buses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Buses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seoul_Buses.png/220px-Seoul_Buses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seoul_Buses.png/330px-Seoul_Buses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seoul_Buses.png/440px-Seoul_Buses.png 2x" data-file-width="4438" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>Seoul buses</figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Seocho_District" title="Seocho District">Seocho District</a>. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in <a href="/wiki/Gwangjin_District" title="Gwangjin District">Gwangjin District</a> and Sangbong Terminal in <a href="/wiki/Jungnang_District" title="Jungnang District">Jungnang District</a> handles traffics mainly from Gangwon and Chungcheong provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_rail">Urban rail</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg/220px-Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg/330px-Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg/440px-Seoul-station-20181122-072342.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Seoul Metropolitan Subway</a></div> <p>Seoul has a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban railway</a> network of 21 <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">light metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter</a> lines that interconnects every district of the city and the surrounding areas of <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi province">Gyeonggi province</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon Province</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">South Chungcheong Province</a>. With more than 8 million passengers per day, the subway is one of the <a href="/wiki/Metro_systems_by_annual_passenger_rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro systems by annual passenger rides">busiest subway systems in the world</a> and the largest in the world, with a total track length of 940 km (580 mi). In addition, in order to cope with the various modes of transport, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable. The various lines are run by <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metro" title="Seoul Metro">Seoul Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeoTrans_Co._Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="NeoTrans Co. Ltd.">NeoTrans Co. Ltd.</a>, <a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a>, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/220px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/330px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/440px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KTX_Sancheon" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX Sancheon">KTX Sancheon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Most major South Korean cities are linked via the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">KTX</a> high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h (186 mph). The Mugunghwa and Saemaeul trains also stop at all major stations. Major railroad stations include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_District" title="Yongsan District">Yongsan District</a>: Gyeongbu line (<a href="/wiki/KTX" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX">KTX</a>/<a href="/wiki/ITX-Saemaeul" title="ITX-Saemaeul">ITX-Saemaeul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nuriro" title="Nuriro">Nuriro</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mugunghwa-ho" title="Mugunghwa-ho">Mugunghwa-ho</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongsan station">Yongsan station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_District" title="Yongsan District">Yongsan District</a>: Honam line (KTX/ITX-Saemaeul/Nuriro/Mugunghwa), Jeolla/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongdeungpo station">Yeongdeungpo station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_District" title="Yeongdeungpo District">Yeongdeungpo District</a>: Gyeongbu/Honam/Janghang lines (KTX/ITX-Saemaeul/Saemaul/Nuriro/Mugunghwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongnyangni_station" title="Cheongnyangni station">Cheongnyangni station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_District" title="Dongdaemun District">Dongdaemun District</a>: Gyeongchun/Jungang/Yeongdong/Taebaek lines (<a href="/wiki/ITX-Cheongchun" title="ITX-Cheongchun">ITX-Cheongchun</a>/ITX-Saemaeul/Mugunghwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suseo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo station">Suseo station</a> (HSR), <a href="/wiki/Gangnam_District" title="Gangnam District">Gangnam District</a>: <a href="/wiki/Suseo_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo High Speed Railway">Suseo HSR</a> (SRT)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <p>Seoul is served by two international airports, <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo International Airport</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Incheon_Airport_(27833094934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg/220px-Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg/330px-Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg/440px-Seoul_Incheon_Airport_%2827833094934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo International Airport</a> opened in 1939 as an airfield for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial Army">Japanese Imperial Army</a> and opened for civil aircraft in 1957. Since the opening of Incheon International, Gimpo International handles domestic flights along with some short haul international flights to <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Tokyo Haneda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Kansai_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Kansai International Airport">Osaka Kansai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Songshan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei Songshan Airport">Taipei Songshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital</a> although flights to <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Kansai_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Kansai International Airport">Osaka Kansai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital</a> also operate from Incheon International. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> opened in March 2001 in <a href="/wiki/Yeongjong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongjong">Yeongjong</a> island. It is now responsible for major international flights. Incheon International Airport is Asia's eighth busiest airport in terms of passengers, the world's <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_cargo_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by cargo traffic">fourth busiest airport</a> by cargo traffic, and the world's <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic">eighth busiest airport</a> in terms of international passengers in 2014. In 2016, 57,765,397 passengers used the airport. Incheon International Airport opened terminal 2 on 18 January 2018. </p><p>Incheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport_Expressway" title="Incheon International Airport Expressway">expressway</a>, and to each other by the <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Incheon International Airport Railroad">AREX</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a>. Intercity bus services are available to various destinations around the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a> is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle-sharing system</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ddareungi" title="Ddareungi">Ddareungi</a> (and named Seoul Bike in English).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Korea">List of diplomatic missions in South Korea</a></div> <p>Seoul is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>. In addition, Seoul hosts many embassies of countries it has diplomatic ties with. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea">List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea</a></div> <div class="noprint"> <p>Seoul has 23 <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Seoul_sister_cities_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_sister_cities-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan (1968)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (1971)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, United States (1976)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, United States (1976)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil (1977)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia (1995)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy (2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan (2010)</li></ul></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif/27px-Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif/41px-Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif/54px-Flag_of_Seoul_cropped.gif 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="210" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Seoul" title="Portal:Seoul">Seoul portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities">List of most populous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Seoul" title="List of tallest buildings in Seoul">List of tallest buildings in Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seoul" title="Economy of Seoul">Economy of Seoul</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seoul has no Hanja-derived names. The official Chinese translation of the city is <i>Shou'er</i>, based on its pronunciation. See the <a href="#Toponomy">toponomy section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOHL</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서울</span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[sʰʌ.uɭ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/Ko-Seoul.ogg\/Ko-Seoul.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ko-Seoul.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Ko-Seoul.ogg/Ko-Seoul.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko-Seoul.ogg" title="File:Ko-Seoul.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Capital</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서울특별시</span></span>; <abbr title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</abbr>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Seoul Teukbyeolsi</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also referred to as Gyeongseong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">경성</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">京城</span></span>) via its Korean pronunciation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As written in the Korean version of the charter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>第一條「京城府」를「서울市」라稱하고此를特別自由市로함</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Official Gazette, USAMGIK Charter City of Seoul<sup id="cite_ref-:11_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notably, <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_District" title="Yeongdeungpo District">Yeongdeungpo District</a> was incorporated into Kyeongseong (or Keijō) and developed under imperial Japan as a major industrial complex.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-my-soul-selected-as-the-citys-new-slogan/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Seoul, my soul" selected as the city's new slogan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. 5 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507212039/https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-my-soul-selected-as-the-citys-new-slogan/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Seoul%2C+my+soul%22+selected+as+the+city%27s+new+slogan&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fseoul-my-soul-selected-as-the-citys-new-slogan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/19815271"><bdi lang="ko">서울시 사이트에 서울 시가인 서울의 찬가가 없습니다.</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922144023/https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/19815271">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9C+%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%97%90+%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8+%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B8+%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%9D%98+%EC%B0%AC%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80+%EC%97%86%EC%8A%B5%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4.&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopengov.seoul.go.kr%2Fsanction%2F19815271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seoul1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seoul1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seoul1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412">"Seoul Statistics (Land Area)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019175850/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul+Statistics+%28Land+Area%29&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.seoul.go.kr%2FSeoul_System5.jsp%3Fstc_cd%3D412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul Capital Area</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/">"City Overview (Population)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126105506/http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Overview+%28Population%29&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fseoul-views%2Fmeaning-of-seoul%2F4-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-index.go.kr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-index.go.kr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kostat.go.kr/boardDownload.es?bid=243&list_no=428565&seq=3"><bdi lang="ko">2022년 지역소득(잠정)</bdi></a>. <i>www.kostat.go.kr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kostat.go.kr&rft.atitle=2022%EB%85%84+%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%93%9D%28%EC%9E%A0%EC%A0%95%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkostat.go.kr%2FboardDownload.es%3Fbid%3D243%26list_no%3D428565%26seq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_Metropolitan_Government-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_Metropolitan_Government_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html">"Color"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511085412/http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.go.kr%2Fv2012%2Fseoul%2Fsymbol%2Fcolor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819172405/http://english.seoul.go.kr/get-to-know-us/city-hall/seoul-symbols/5-fonts/">"Seoul's symbols"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/get-to-know-us/city-hall/seoul-symbols/5-fonts/">the original</a> on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul%27s+symbols&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fget-to-know-us%2Fcity-hall%2Fseoul-symbols%2F5-fonts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/">"City Overview (Population)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126105506/http://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/meaning-of-seoul/4-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Overview+%28Population%29&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fseoul-views%2Fmeaning-of-seoul%2F4-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/">"Samsung Electronics"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024065549/http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Samsung+Electronics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fglobal500%2Fsamsung-electronics-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html">"Tech capitals of the world"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 15 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912100420/http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Tech+capitals+of+the+world&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Ftech-capitals-of-the-world%2F2007%2F06%2F16%2F1181414598292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf">Union of International Associations (UIA) International Meetings Statistics for the Year 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703095242/http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf">Archived</a> 3 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Joel Fischer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr">"Lists: Republic of Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225050657/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lists%3A+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fkr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF정" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">정, 구복. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0027956"><bdi lang="ko">서울</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8&rft.aulast=%EC%A0%95&rft.aufirst=%EA%B5%AC%EB%B3%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0027956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ju, Bo Don (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijkaa.org:443/v.13/0/15/8">"Gyeongju, a City of History"</a>. <i>Journal of Korean Art & Archaeology</i>. <b>13</b>: 15–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23158%2Fjkaa.2019.v13_02">10.23158/jkaa.2019.v13_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2951-4983">2951-4983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Korean+Art+%26+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Gyeongju%2C+a+City+of+History&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=15-23&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23158%2Fjkaa.2019.v13_02&rft.issn=2951-4983&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Bo+Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijkaa.org%3A443%2Fv.13%2F0%2F15%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jinheung_Taewang_Stele_Seoul_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0020&oneLevelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0030">"Monument on Bukhansan Mountain Commemorating the Border Inspection by King Jinheung of Silla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122050003/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0020&oneLevelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_003_0010_0090_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Monument+on+Bukhansan+Mountain+Commemorating+the+Border+Inspection+by+King+Jinheung+of+Silla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_003_0010_0090_0020%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_003_0010_0090_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_003_0010_0090_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Hamel" title="Hendrick Hamel">Hendrick Hamel</a>, a 17th-century Dutch sailor who was shipwrecked on <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>, referred to the Joseon capital as <i>Sior</i> in his book "Hamel's Journal and a Description of the Kingdom of Korea, 1653–1666." Refer to the English translation of the book on this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/holland6.htm">website</a> created by Dr. Henny Savenije, a Dutch scholar known for his research on Hamel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuLee2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yu, Woo-ik; Lee, Chan (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Seoul">"Seoul"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609191034/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>The city was popularly called Seoul in Korean during both the <a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn">Chosŏn</a> (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) and the period of Japanese rule (1910–45), although the official names in those periods were Hansŏng (Hanseong) and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyŏngsŏng">Kyŏngsŏng</a> (Gyeongseong), respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seoul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Woo-ik&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSeoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2017" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Dong Hoon (22 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZYDwAAQBAJ&q=Hanseong+was+renamed+to+Keij%C5%8D&pg=PT136"><i>Eclipsed Cinema: The Film Culture of Colonial Korea</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474421829" title="Special:BookSources/9781474421829"><bdi>9781474421829</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714164921/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZYDwAAQBAJ&q=Hanseong+was+renamed+to+Keij%C5%8D&pg=PT136">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclipsed+Cinema%3A+The+Film+Culture+of+Colonial+Korea&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.isbn=9781474421829&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Dong+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDZYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHanseong%2Bwas%2Brenamed%2Bto%2BKeij%25C5%258D%26pg%3DPT136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stdict.korean.go.kr/m/search/searchView.do"><bdi lang="ko">국립국어원 표준국어대사전</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%90+%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstdict.korean.go.kr%2Fm%2Fsearch%2FsearchView.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=022&aid=0000126138"><bdi lang="ko">서울특별시표기 <i>首爾</i>로...중국, 곧 정식 사용키로</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Naver_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Naver News">Naver News</a>. 23 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042516/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=022&aid=0000126138">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0+%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%EB%A1%9C...%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%2C+%EA%B3%A7+%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D+%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%82%A4%EB%A1%9C&rft.pub=Naver+News&rft.date=2005-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D104%26oid%3D022%26aid%3D0000126138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html">"Chinese Naming Crisis Danger Opportunity Summer 2006 – Good Characters"</a>. <i>goodcharacters.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930195048/http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goodcharacters.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Naming+Crisis+Danger+Opportunity+Summer+2006+%E2%80%93+Good+Characters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodcharacters.com%2Fnewsletters%2Fsummer2006-seoul-korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History Vol. 2 2015</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015122–123,_155-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015122–123,_155_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History Vol. 2 2015</a>, pp. 122–123, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201571,_121-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201571,_121_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History Vol. 2 2015</a>, pp. 71, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201577-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201577_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History Vol. 2 2015</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513–16,_70-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._2201513–16,_70_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History Vol. 2 2015</a>, pp. 13–16, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024">"Seoul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100436/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seoul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F534948%2FSeoul%2F24023%2FCultural-life%23toc24024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toseong-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toseong_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toseong_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140222005911/http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType">"Pungnap-toseong (Earthen Ramparts)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pungnap-toseong+%28Earthen+Ramparts%29&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.visitseoul.net%2Fen%2Fm%2Farticle%2Farticle.do%3F_method%3Dview%26m%26p%3D02%26menu%3D0004003002017%26art_id%3D535%26searchLoca%26searchTheme%3D0002000001003%26flag%26searchType&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant2012" class="citation book cs1">Tennant, Roger (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjgsBgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+korea"><i>History Of Korea</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136166983" title="Special:BookSources/9781136166983"><bdi>9781136166983</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010214851/https://books.google.com/books?id=LjgsBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=three+kingdoms+korea">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Korea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136166983&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjgsBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthree%2Bkingdoms%2Bkorea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Silla_Jinheung_19_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0190">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinheung 19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045955/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0190">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinheung+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0040_0190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samguk_Sagi_Baekje_Seong_19_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_026_0060_0190">"Samguk Sagi Baekje Seong 19"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045942/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_026_0060_0190">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Baekje+Seong+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_026_0060_0190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0240">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinheung 24"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122090207/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0240">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinheung+24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0040_0240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0280">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinheung 28"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122050001/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0280">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinheung+28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0040_0280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0020&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0030">"Pyongyang Fortress Stone 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074047/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0020&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0020_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+Fortress+Stone+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0020_0020%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0020_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0020_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0030_0030">"Pyongyang Fortress Stone 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074047/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0030_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+Fortress+Stone+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0030%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0030_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0040_0030">"Pyongyang Fortress Stone 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074045/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0040_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+Fortress+Stone+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0030%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0040_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030">"Pyongyang Fortress Stone 4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122033727/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0050_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+Fortress+Stone+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0030%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0050_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0030">"Pyongyang Fortress Stone 6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074045/https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareVerticalViewer.do?levelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0030&oneLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0020&otherLevelId=gskh_001_0030_0070_0030">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+Fortress+Stone+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareVerticalViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0070_0030%26oneLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0070_0020%26otherLevelId%3Dgskh_001_0030_0070_0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0450">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinheung 45"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045941/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0040_0450">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinheung+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0040_0450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/111825/1"><bdi lang="ko">"고구려 수도 평양은 북한땅에 없었다"</bdi></a>. <i>신동아</i> (in Korean). 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122055048/https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/111825/1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%8B%A0%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84&rft.atitle=%22%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4+%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%9D%80+%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C%EB%95%85%EC%97%90+%EC%97%86%EC%97%88%EB%8B%A4%22&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshindonga.donga.com%2F3%2Fall%2F13%2F111825%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikoreanspirit.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=47046"><bdi lang="ko">고대 평양은 지금의 평양이 아니다</bdi></a>. <i>K스피릿</i> (in Korean). 11 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122062318/http://www.ikoreanspirit.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=47046">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=K%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%BF&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%9D%80+%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%88%EC%9D%98+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%9D%B4+%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikoreanspirit.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D47046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0060_0300">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinpyeong 30"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122101657/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0060_0300">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinpyeong+30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0060_0300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_020_0020_0150">"Samguk Sagi Goguryeo Yeongyang 15"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122101658/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_020_0020_0150">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Goguryeo+Yeongyang+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_020_0020_0150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0060_0320">"Samguk Sagi Silla Jinpyeong 32"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122051026/https://db.history.go.kr/item/oldBookViewer.do?levelId=sg_004_0060_0320">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=Samguk+Sagi+Silla+Jinpyeong+32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FoldBookViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Dsg_004_0060_0320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김기호김웅호염복규김영심2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김기호; 김웅호; 염복규; 김영심; 김도연; 유승희; 박준형 (30 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.seoul.go.kr/search/detail/CATTOT000001524017"><bdi lang="ko">서울도시계획사 1 현대 이전의 도시계획 (서울역사총서 12)</bdi></a> [<i>History of urban planning in Seoul, Vol. 1., Urban planning before contemporary age</i>] (in Korean). Seoul: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Historiography_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Historiography Institute (page does not exist)">Seoul Historiography Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%8E%B8%EC%B0%AC%EC%9B%90" class="extiw" title="ko:서울역사편찬원">ko</a>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791160711301" title="Special:BookSources/9791160711301"><bdi>9791160711301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D%EC%82%AC+1+%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80+%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%98+%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D+%28%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%B4%9D%EC%84%9C+12%29&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Seoul+Historiography+Institute%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.isbn=9791160711301&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%9B%85%ED%98%B8&rft.au=%EC%97%BC%EB%B3%B5%EA%B7%9C&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%98%81%EC%8B%AC&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EB%8F%84%EC%97%B0&rft.au=%EC%9C%A0%EC%8A%B9%ED%9D%AC&rft.au=%EB%B0%95%EC%A4%80%ED%98%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.seoul.go.kr%2Fsearch%2Fdetail%2FCATTOT000001524017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김경록유승희김경태이현진2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김경록; 유승희; 김경태; 이현진; 정은주; 최진아; 이민우; 진윤정 (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.seoul.go.kr/search/detail/CATTOT000001318441"><bdi lang="ko">조선시대 다스림으로 본 성저십리 (서울역사중점연구 5)</bdi></a> [<i>Seongjeosimni in governance of Joseon (Studies on special topics of Seoul History, Vol. 5.)</i>] (in Korean). Seoul: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Historiography_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Historiography Institute (page does not exist)">Seoul Historiography Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%8E%B8%EC%B0%AC%EC%9B%90" class="extiw" title="ko:서울역사편찬원">ko</a>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791160710670" title="Special:BookSources/9791160710670"><bdi>9791160710670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%EB%8B%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%BC%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EB%B3%B8+%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%80%EC%8B%AD%EB%A6%AC+%28%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A4%91%EC%A0%90%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC+5%29&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Seoul+Historiography+Institute%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.isbn=9791160710670&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9D&rft.au=%EC%9C%A0%EC%8A%B9%ED%9D%AC&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EA%B2%BD%ED%83%9C&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%ED%98%84%EC%A7%84&rft.au=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%80%EC%A3%BC&rft.au=%EC%B5%9C%EC%A7%84%EC%95%84&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%9A%B0&rft.au=%EC%A7%84%EC%9C%A4%EC%A0%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.seoul.go.kr%2Fsearch%2Fdetail%2FCATTOT000001318441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNam_Moon_Hyon" class="citation web cs1">Nam Moon Hyon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf">"Early History of Electrical Engineering in Korea: Edison and First Electric Lighting in the Kingdom of Corea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Promoting the History of EE Jan 23–26, 2000</i>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222020732/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Promoting+the+History+of+EE+Jan+23%E2%80%9326%2C+2000&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+Electrical+Engineering+in+Korea%3A+Edison+and+First+Electric+Lighting+in+the+Kingdom+of+Corea&rft.au=Nam+Moon+Hyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2F8%2F85%2FNam-Early_History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyung_Moon_Hwang2010" class="citation book cs1">Kyung Moon Hwang (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Korea</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230364523" title="Special:BookSources/9780230364523"><bdi>9780230364523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042515/https://books.google.com/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230364523&rft.au=Kyung+Moon+Hwang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbRhAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2006" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Young-Iob (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreaundersiege10000chun"><i>Korea under Siege, 1876–1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreaundersiege10000chun/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198039662" title="Special:BookSources/9780198039662"><bdi>9780198039662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+under+Siege%2C+1876%E2%80%931945+%3A+Capital+Formation+and+Economic+Transformation&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198039662&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Young-Iob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreaundersiege10000chun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.seoul.go.kr/bbsctt/view.do?bbscttSn=2212200396&key=2210200045"><bdi lang="ko">서울은 어떻게 '특별시'가 됐나…근거 문서 '서울시헌장' 공개</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Historiography_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Historiography Institute (page does not exist)">Seoul Historiography Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%8E%B8%EC%B0%AC%EC%9B%90" class="extiw" title="ko:서울역사편찬원">ko</a>]</span></i> (in Korean). 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Historiography+Institute%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%9D%80+%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C+%27%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C%27%EA%B0%80+%EB%90%90%EB%82%98%E2%80%A6%EA%B7%BC%EA%B1%B0+%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C+%27%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%8C%EC%9E%A5%27+%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.seoul.go.kr%2Fbbsctt%2Fview.do%3FbbscttSn%3D2212200396%26key%3D2210200045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF정2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">정, 현수 (12 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2021091211392562588"><bdi lang="ko">번역이 만든 '서울특별시'…서울은 어떻게 '특별한' 시가 됐나</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Money Today (page does not exist)">Money Today</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%ED%88%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:머니투데이">ko</a>]</span></i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money+Today%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD%EC%9D%B4+%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A0+%27%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C%27%E2%80%A6%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%9D%80+%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C+%27%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%ED%95%9C%27+%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%80+%EB%90%90%EB%82%98&rft.date=2021-09-12&rft.aulast=%EC%A0%95&rft.aufirst=%ED%98%84%EC%88%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mt.co.kr%2Fmtview.php%3Fno%3D2021091211392562588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF최2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">최, 현영 (3 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000096899"><bdi lang="ko">서울특별시, 광역시로 변경해야</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/OhmyNews" title="OhmyNews">OhmyNews</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C%2C+%EA%B4%91%EC%97%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%A1%9C+%EB%B3%80%EA%B2%BD%ED%95%B4%EC%95%BC&rft.pub=OhmyNews&rft.date=2002-12-03&rft.aulast=%EC%B5%9C&rft.aufirst=%ED%98%84%EC%98%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohmynews.com%2FNWS_Web%2FView%2Fat_pg.aspx%3FCNTN_CD%3DA0000096899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/reference/korea/kw-chrono.htm">"The Korean War Chronology"</a>. <i>U.S. Army Center of Military History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909160307/https://history.army.mil/reference/Korea/kw-chrono.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Freference%2Fkorea%2Fkw-chrono.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/sn26.htm">"Chapter XXVI: The Capture of Seoul"</a>. <i>U.S. Army Center of Military History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207134826/https://history.army.mil/BOOKS/KOREA/20-2-1/sn26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+The+Capture+of+Seoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Fsn26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamnett-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamnett_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamnett_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Hamnett,_Dean_Forbes2012" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Hamnett, Dean Forbes, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Planning Asian Cities: Risks and Resilience</i></a>. Routledge. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639272" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639272"><bdi>9781136639272</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042515/https://books.google.com/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Asian+Cities%3A+Risks+and+Resilience&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136639272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GSpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seoul.go.kr/seoul/history.do"><bdi lang="ko">서울의 역사</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a></i> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.go.kr%2Fseoul%2Fhistory.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==">"Urban Planning of Seoul"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042517/http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Planning+of+Seoul&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspp.seoul.go.kr%2Fcms%2Fboard%2FDownload.jsp%3FfileId%3DIUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.si.re.kr/data/지표로-본-서울-변천-2003/374"><bdi lang="ko">면적과 인구밀도</bdi></a>. <i>data.si.re.kr</i>. 서울연구데이터서비스.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.si.re.kr&rft.atitle=%EB%A9%B4%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.si.re.kr%2Fdata%2F%EC%A7%80%ED%91%9C%EB%A1%9C-%EB%B3%B8-%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8-%EB%B3%80%EC%B2%9C-2003%2F374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914164442/http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/DPRK_Constitution.pdf">"Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/DPRK_Constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FDPRK_Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.korean-culture.org/en/1025/korea/672">"Korean Cultural Centre India New Delhi"</a>. <i>Korean Cultural Centre India New Delhi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720011803/http://india.korean-culture.org/en/1025/korea/672">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+Cultural+Centre+India+New+Delhi&rft.atitle=Korean+Cultural+Centre+India+New+Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.korean-culture.org%2Fen%2F1025%2Fkorea%2F672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html">"GLOBAL 500"</a>. <i>CNNMoney</i>. 23 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119093541/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+500&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2012%2Fcountries%2FSouthKorea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Hyun-jeong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150323000889">"Korea Wrestles with Growing Health Threat from Fined Dust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409113453/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150323000889">Archived</a> 9 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Korea Herald</i>. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hu, Elise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/06/03/478796463/koreas-air-is-dirty-but-its-not-all-close-neighbor-chinas-fault">"Korea's Air Is Dirty, But It's Not All Close-Neighbor China's Fault"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809133256/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/06/03/478796463/koreas-air-is-dirty-but-its-not-all-close-neighbor-chinas-fault">Archived</a> 9 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NPR. 3 June 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul+Statistics+%28Population%29&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.seoul.go.kr%2Fjsp2%2FOctagon%2Fjsp%2FWWS00%2Fouter_Seoul.jsp%3Fstc_cd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html">"1.76 million foreigners live in South Korea; 3.4% of population"</a>. 17 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221075345/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/11/281_239423.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.76+million+foreigners+live+in+South+Korea%3B+3.4%25+of+population&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2017%2F11%2F281_239423.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html">"Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 11 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119173111/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Korean+Chinese+account+for+nearly+70%25+of+foreigners+in+Seoul&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2011%2F09%2F117_94610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21532340">"South Korean mega-churches. For God and country"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Korean+mega-churches.+For+God+and+country&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21532340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015census-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2015census_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1PM1502&conn_path=I2">"2015 Census – Religion Results"</a> (in Korean). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Census+%E2%80%93+Religion+Results&rft.pub=KOSIS+KOrean+Statistical+Information+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosis.kr%2FstatHtml%2FstatHtml.do%3ForgId%3D101%26tblId%3DDT_1PM1502%26conn_path%3DI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dongguk.edu/mbs/en/subview.jsp?id=en_010200000000">"Dongguk University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192209/https://www.dongguk.edu/mbs/en/subview.jsp?id=en_010200000000">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dongguk+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dongguk.edu%2Fmbs%2Fen%2Fsubview.jsp%3Fid%3Den_010200000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=71152&cid=43667&categoryId=43667"><bdi lang="ko">의무교육(무상의무교육)</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010214907/https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=71152&cid=43667&categoryId=43667">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%98%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1%28%EB%AC%B4%EC%83%81%EC%9D%98%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3FdocId%3D71152%26cid%3D43667%26categoryId%3D43667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings/2023">"QS Best Student Cities 2023"</a>. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 29 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707082508/https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+Best+Student+Cities+2023&rft.pub=Quacquarelli+Symonds+Limited&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fcity-rankings%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYim" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yim, Seok-hui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp/geo/pdf/frombelow/0308_frombelow_yim.pdf">"Geographical Features of Social Polarization in Seoul, South Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Mizuuchi, Toshio (ed.). <i>Representing Local Places and Raising Voices from Below</i>. Osaka City University. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423223541/http://www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp/geo/pdf/frombelow/0308_frombelow_yim.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geographical+Features+of+Social+Polarization+in+Seoul%2C+South+Korea&rft.btitle=Representing+Local+Places+and+Raising+Voices+from+Below&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Osaka+City+University&rft.aulast=Yim&rft.aufirst=Seok-hui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp%2Fgeo%2Fpdf%2Ffrombelow%2F0308_frombelow_yim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEsoeOgHbOAC&pg=PA58"><i>Industrial Policy and Territorial Development: Lessons from Korea</i></a>. OECD Development Center. 16 May 2012. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264173897" title="Special:BookSources/9789264173897"><bdi>9789264173897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy+and+Territorial+Development%3A+Lessons+from+Korea&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=OECD+Development+Center&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.isbn=9789264173897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEsoeOgHbOAC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211344/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf">"Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Centers+of+Commerce+Index&rft.pub=MasterCard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mastercard.com%2Fus%2Fcompany%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fpdfs%2F2008%2FMCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125707/http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Z/Yen Group. 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Spots+2025%3A+Benchmarking+the+Future+Competitiveness+of+Cities&rft.pub=The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citigroup.com%2Fciti%2Fcitiforcities%2Fpdfs%2Fhotspots2025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-economy-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-economy_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-economy_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019">"Seoul: Economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135110/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNNTravel&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%3A+Jinro+soju+is+the+world%27s+best-selling+liquor&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fseoul%2Fdrink%2Fsoju-most-sold-drink-world-930177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economist_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer">"Fiery food, boring beer"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 24 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701164429/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fiery+food%2C+boring+beer&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240321050743">"Seoul rises one spot to 10th in Global Financial Centres Index"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>. 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Seoul+rises+one+spot+to+10th+in+Global+Financial+Centres+Index&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20240321050743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearsonkorea.com/insights/Top-3-Main-CBD-in-Seoul-Korea-%E2%80%93-Bringing-Best-Business-Practices-to-the-Table/">"Top 3 Major Business Districts (CBD) in Seoul, Korea"</a>. <i>pearsonkorea.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Permanent+35mm+Cinema+Screen&rft.pub=Guinnessworldrecords.com&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords-4000%2Flargest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travel.cnn.com-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-travel.cnn.com_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720">"50 reasons why Seoul is world's greatest city"</a>. 12 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022092637/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+reasons+why+Seoul+is+world%27s+greatest+city&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fseoul%2Flife%2F50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPricewaterhouseCoopers" class="citation web cs1">PricewaterhouseCoopers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf">"Cities of Opportunity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001115/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Opportunity&rft.au=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fcities-of-opportunity%2F2014%2Fassets%2Fcities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216151508/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697">"KOREA: Future is now for Korean info-tech"</a>. <i>AsiaMedia</i>. Regents of the University of California. 14 June 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Tech+capitals+of+the+world+%E2%80%93+Technology&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Ftech-capitals-of-the-world%2F2007%2F06%2F16%2F1181414598292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/q4-2016-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWlRFMk1qTTBOakkxTldReiIsInQiOiJsY3ZxaVErOFdncXo4NnJscW0wN1BNSjUrQUcwTjV1OUNRd2pLUkpCTTZKMTZkVGszVUFsR25hNTh0MGlNd1JBQ0I1OFUrdVE2RjJ4YW9kN0RkemR2QTBRdzdEUkluU0tRN1pXNk9EaXFIWS85SEFka2FLbmZiNGdlY3pYVHJyTSJ9">akamai's [state of the internet] Q4 2016 report</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513141349/https://www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/q4-2016-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWlRFMk1qTTBOakkxTldReiIsInQiOiJsY3ZxaVErOFdncXo4NnJscW0wN1BNSjUrQUcwTjV1OUNRd2pLUkpCTTZKMTZkVGszVUFsR25hNTh0MGlNd1JBQ0I1OFUrdVE2RjJ4YW9kN0RkemR2QTBRdzdEUkluU0tRN1pXNk9EaXFIWS85SEFka2FLbmZiNGdlY3pYVHJyTSJ9">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=akamai%27s+%5Bstate+of+the+internet%5D+Q4+2016+report&rft.pub=Akamai+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akamai.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fmultimedia%2Fdocuments%2Fstate-of-the-internet%2Fq4-2016-state-of-the-internet-connectivity-report.pdf%3Fmkt_tok%3DeyJpIjoiWlRFMk1qTTBOakkxTldReiIsInQiOiJsY3ZxaVErOFdncXo4NnJscW0wN1BNSjUrQUcwTjV1OUNRd2pLUkpCTTZKMTZkVGszVUFsR25hNTh0MGlNd1JBQ0I1OFUrdVE2RjJ4YW9kN0RkemR2QTBRdzdEUkluU0tRN1pXNk9EaXFIWS85SEFka2FLbmZiNGdlY3pYVHJyTSJ9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710194425/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php">"Hi Seoul, SOUL OF ASIA – Seoul Located In the Center of Asian Metropolises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php">the original</a> on 10 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hi+Seoul%2C+SOUL+OF+ASIA+%E2%80%93+Seoul+Located+In+the+Center+of+Asian+Metropolises&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fgtk%2Fabout%2Ffact.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom">Wifi in All Public Areas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617170449/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220041457/http://www.cjhellovision.com/CJ"><bdi lang="ko">CJ헬로비전-에러페이지</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjhellovision.com/CJ">the original</a> on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CJ%ED%97%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84-%EC%97%90%EB%9F%AC%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjhellovision.com%2FCJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750">"Seoul's Cheonggyecheon Stream symbolizes Korea's past, present and tomorrow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142757/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul%27s+Cheonggyecheon+Stream+symbolizes+Korea%27s+past%2C+present+and+tomorrow&rft.pub=Korea.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FCulture%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D85750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinayak_Bharne2013" class="citation book cs1">Vinayak Bharne, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC"><i>The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms</i></a>. Routledge. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415525978" title="Special:BookSources/9780415525978"><bdi>9780415525978</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042515/https://books.google.com/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+Asian+City%3A+Concomitant+Urbanities+and+Urbanisms&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415525978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8Xj7pHu1jEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrei_Lankov2010" class="citation web cs1">Andrei Lankov (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html">"Jongno walk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001120702/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Jongno+walk&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.au=Andrei+Lankov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fopinon%2F2012%2F06%2F137_68203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111">"Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135311/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsa-dong+Prehistoric+Settlement+Site&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D264111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614221413/http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&dep2=1">"About the Palace"</a>. Gyeongbokgung Palace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&dep2=1">the original</a> on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Palace&rft.pub=Gyeongbokgung+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalpalace.go.kr%2Fhtml%2Feng%2Fdata%2Fdata_01.jsp%3Fdep1%3D2%26dep2%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738">"Sungnyemun to open to great fanfare after more than five years of renovation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. 30 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430200528/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sungnyemun+to+open+to+great+fanfare+after+more+than+five+years+of+renovation&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20130430000738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng">"Status of Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123740/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Museum&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.seoul.go.kr%2Fjsp2%2FOctagon%2Fjsp%2FWWS7%2FWWSDS7100.jsp%3Fstc_cd%3D401%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916014140/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516">"Seoul's best museums"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 27 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516">the original</a> on 16 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul%27s+best+museums&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fseoul%2Fplay%2Fseouls-best-museums-060516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152">"National Folk Museum of Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225730/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Folk+Museum+of+Korea&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D268152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116">"Namsangol Hanok Village"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013656/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namsangol+Hanok+Village&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D264116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382">"Bukchon Hanok Village"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192817/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bukchon+Hanok+Village&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D561382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeale" class="citation magazine cs1">Veale, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html">"Seoul: 10 Things to Do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927065439/http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Seoul%3A+10+Things+to+Do&rft.aulast=Veale&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Ftravel%2Fcityguide%2Farticle%2F0%2C31489%2C1848378_1848364_1848280%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131">"The War Memorial of Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214704/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+Memorial+of+Korea&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D268131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143">"Seodaemun Prison History Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201044/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seodaemun+Prison+History+Museum&rft.pub=Korea+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D268143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm">"ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals 2012"</a>. ESCKAZ.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410022318/http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABU+TV+and+Radio+Song+Festivals+2012&rft.pub=ESCKAZ.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesckaz.com%2F2012%2Fabu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011118/http://www.abu2012seoul.com/">"ABU GA Seoul 2012"</a>. Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abu2012seoul.com/">the original</a> on 3 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABU+GA+Seoul+2012&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Broadcasting+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abu2012seoul.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906042259/http://umfkorea.com/">"Ultra Korea – June 8, 9, 10 2018"</a>. <i>Ultra Korea</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umfkorea.com/">the original</a> on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ultra+Korea&rft.atitle=Ultra+Korea+%E2%80%93+June+8%2C+9%2C+10+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umfkorea.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/05/11/national/socialAffairs/New-York-Times-Stephen-DunbarJohnson-Hong-Kong/20210511194200448.html">"New York Times opens Asia news hub in Seoul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a></i>. 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+opens+Asia+news+hub+in+Seoul&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Fnational%2FsocialAffairs%2FNew-York-Times-Stephen-DunbarJohnson-Hong-Kong%2F20210511194200448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/2021/07/12/washington-post-announces-breaking-news-reporters-seoul-hub/">"The Washington Post announces breaking-news reporters for Seoul hub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post+announces+breaking-news+reporters+for+Seoul+hub&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpr%2F2021%2F07%2F12%2Fwashington-post-announces-breaking-news-reporters-seoul-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaus.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=70906"><bdi lang="ko">2016 프로야구와 프로축구는 모두'서울의 봄'</bdi></a> (in Korean). Medeaus Ilbo. 7 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222705/http://www.mediaus.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=70906">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2016+%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%BC%EA%B5%AC%EC%99%80+%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%B6%95%EA%B5%AC%EB%8A%94+%EB%AA%A8%EB%91%90%27%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%9D%98+%EB%B4%84%27&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaus.co.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D70906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218084413/https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=121100">"The subway's past and present"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=121100">the original</a> on 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=The+subway%27s+past+and+present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FSociety%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D121100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/expanded-operation-seoul-bike-ddareungi/">"Expanded Operation of Seoul Bike "Ddareungi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a></i>. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405125139/http://english.seoul.go.kr/expanded-operation-seoul-bike-ddareungi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=Expanded+Operation+of+Seoul+Bike+%22Ddareungi%22&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fexpanded-operation-seoul-bike-ddareungi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_sister_cities-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_sister_cities_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/">"Sister & Friendship Cities -"</a>. <i>Official Website of the Seoul Metropolitan Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145318/https://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-friendship-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Website+of+the+Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=Sister+%26+Friendship+Cities+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fpolicy%2Finternational-exchange%2Fsister-friendship-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english">"Exchange Cities of Seoul Metropolitan Council"</a>. Seoul Metropolitan Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907000222/https://www.smc.seoul.kr/foreign/view.do?menuId=026004003&lang=english">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+Cities+of+Seoul+Metropolitan+Council&rft.pub=Seoul+Metropolitan+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smc.seoul.kr%2Fforeign%2Fview.do%3FmenuId%3D026004003%26lang%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeoul:_A_2,000-Year_History_Vol._22015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.seoul.go.kr/archive/ebook/view.do?bookguid=4018D15F-7502-9E47-DF0A-BF36B10FD533&codeId=EBK0018&key=2211220003&pageIndex=2&orderBy=registDe+desc&sw=&arrSc=&period=&sc_wDateS=2024.11.02&sc_wDateE=2024.11.09&sw=&separator=and&sw=&separator=and"><bdi lang="ko">서울 2천년사</bdi></a> [<i><a href="/wiki/Seoul:_A_2,000-Year_History" title="Seoul: A 2,000-Year History">Seoul: A 2,000-Year History</a></i>] (in Korean). Vol. 2. 서울지역의 선사문화. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Historiography_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Historiography Institute (page does not exist)">Seoul Historiography Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%8E%B8%EC%B0%AC%EC%9B%90" class="extiw" title="ko:서울역사편찬원">ko</a>]</span>. 20 December 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788994033839" title="Special:BookSources/9788994033839"><bdi>9788994033839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8+2%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EC%82%AC&rft.pub=Seoul+Historiography+Institute%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bko%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.isbn=9788994033839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.seoul.go.kr%2Farchive%2Febook%2Fview.do%3Fbookguid%3D4018D15F-7502-9E47-DF0A-BF36B10FD533%26codeId%3DEBK0018%26key%3D2211220003%26pageIndex%3D2%26orderBy%3DregistDe%2Bdesc%26sw%3D%26arrSc%3D%26period%3D%26sc_wDateS%3D2024.11.02%26sc_wDateE%3D2024.11.09%26sw%3D%26separator%3Dand%26sw%3D%26separator%3Dand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeoul" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Seoul" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Seoul"><i>Seoul</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Seoul" class="extiw" title="commons:Seoul">Seoul</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seoul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seoul">category</a>) at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Seoul" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Seoul">Seoul</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Seoul#Q8684" class="extiw" title="voy:Seoul">Seoul</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_sites">Official sites</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.seoul.go.kr/">Official website</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/">Seoul Information & Communication Plaza website</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_living_information">Tourism and living information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitseoul.net/">i Tour Seoul</a> – The Official Seoul Tourism Guide Site</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Korea" title="Capital of Korea">Capital of Baekje</a> </b><br />18 BC – 475 AD </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gongju" title="Gongju">Ungjin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Gaegyeong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Korea" title="Capital of Korea">Capital of Korea</a> </b><br />1394–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Korea" title="Capital of Korea">Capital of South Korea</a> </b><br />1948–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Incumbent</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seoul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seoul" title="Template:Seoul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seoul" title="Template talk:Seoul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seoul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seoul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seoul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Council" title="Seoul Metropolitan Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seoul" title="Mayor of Seoul">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Hall" title="Seoul City Hall">City Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seoul" title="History of Seoul">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Seoul" title="Names of Seoul">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Seoul" title="Timeline of Seoul">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Seoul" title="Climate of Seoul">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seoul" title="Economy of Seoul">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Seoul" title="Shopping in Seoul">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Seoul" title="Sports in Seoul">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Seoul" title="Transportation in Seoul">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Seoul" title="List of districts of Seoul">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> (Gangbuk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobong_District" title="Dobong District">Dobong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdaemun_District" title="Dongdaemun District">Dongdaemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunpyeong_District" title="Eunpyeong District">Eunpyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangbuk_District" title="Gangbuk District">Gangbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangjin_District" title="Gwangjin District">Gwangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongno_District" title="Jongno District">Jongno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_District,_Seoul" title="Jung District, Seoul">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungnang_District" title="Jungnang District">Jungnang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapo_District" title="Mapo District">Mapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowon_District" title="Nowon District">Nowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seodaemun_District" title="Seodaemun District">Seodaemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongbuk_District" title="Seongbuk District">Seongbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongdong_District" title="Seongdong District">Seongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsan_District" title="Yongsan District">Yongsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gangnam_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangnam (Seoul)">Gangnam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongjak_District" title="Dongjak District">Dongjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangdong_District" title="Gangdong District">Gangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangnam_District" title="Gangnam District">Gangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangseo_District,_Seoul" title="Gangseo District, Seoul">Gangseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geumcheon_District" title="Geumcheon District">Geumcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_District,_Seoul" title="Guro District, Seoul">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwanak_District" title="Gwanak District">Gwanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songpa_District" title="Songpa District">Songpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seocho_District" title="Seocho District">Seocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangcheon_District" title="Yangcheon District">Yangcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_District" title="Yeongdeungpo District">Yeongdeungpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Seoul,_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Seoul"><img alt="Coat of arms of Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/60px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/90px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Seoul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Seoul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Seoul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Template:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">administrative divisions of South Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_(region)" title="Gyeonggi (region)">Gyeonggi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Capital area</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandong" title="Gwandong">Gwandong</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_(region)" title="Yeongdong (region)">Yeongdong</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yeongseo" title="Yeongseo">Yeongseo</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseo" title="Hoseo">Hoseo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">Daejeon–Sejong–Chungnam</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">Chungbuk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam" title="Honam">Honam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongnam" title="Yeongnam">Yeongnam</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daegu%E2%80%93Gyeongbuk" title="Daegu–Gyeongbuk">Daegu–Gyeongbuk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Busan%E2%80%93Gyeongnam_Area" title="Busan–Gyeongnam Area">Busan–Ulsan–Gyeongnam</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Maritime_Industrial_Region" title="Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region">Southeastern MIR</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">North Chungcheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">South Chungcheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">North Gyeongsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla</a></li> <li><small>(<a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">Claimed five Northern Korean Provinces</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Special self-governing province and States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonbuk_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeonbuk State">Jeonbuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special self-governing city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Metropolitan cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Seoul_Public_transportation_in_Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ae1932; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport_in_the_Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template:Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport_in_the_Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template talk:Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport_in_the_Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Seoul_Public_transportation_in_Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/20px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/30px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg/40px-Logo_of_Seoul%2C_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Seoul" title="Transportation in Seoul"><span style="color:white">Public transportation </span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_Capital_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul National Capital Area"><span style="color:white">Seoul Metropolitan Area</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ae1932; text-align:center; color:white;">Railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbu line">Gyeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongwon_Line" title="Gyeongwon Line">Gyeongwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line" title="Gyeongchun Line">Gyeongchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongin_Line" title="Gyeongin Line">Gyeongin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suseo%E2%80%93Pyeongtaek_high-speed_railway" title="Suseo–Pyeongtaek high-speed railway">Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Metropolitan Subway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#0052A4;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1" title="Seoul Subway Line 1">Line 1</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#00A84D;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_2" title="Seoul Subway Line 2">Line 2</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#EF7C1C;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_3" title="Seoul Subway Line 3">Line 3</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#00A4E3;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_4" title="Seoul Subway Line 4">Line 4</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#996CAC;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_5" title="Seoul Subway Line 5">Line 5</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#CD7C2F;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_6" title="Seoul Subway Line 6">Line 6</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#747F00;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_7" title="Seoul Subway Line 7">Line 7</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#E6186C;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_8" title="Seoul Subway Line 8">Line 8</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#BDB092;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_9" title="Seoul Subway Line 9">Line 9</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#8cadcb;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Subway_Line_1" title="Incheon Subway Line 1">Incheon Line 1</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#f06a00;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Subway_Line_2" title="Incheon Subway Line 2">Incheon Line 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Suburban railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#77C4A3;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gyeongui%E2%80%93Jungang_Line" title="Gyeongui–Jungang Line">Gyeongui–Jungang Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#178C72;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line" title="Gyeongchun Line">Gyeongchun Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#FABE00;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Suin%E2%80%93Bundang_Line" title="Suin–Bundang Line">Suin–Bundang Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#0054A6;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#8FC31F;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Seohae_Line" title="Seohae Line">Seohae Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#D31145;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Shinbundang_Line" title="Shinbundang Line">Shinbundang Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#0090D2;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#ffcd12;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Incheon Airport Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Light_Rapid_Transit" title="Seoul Light Rapid Transit">Light Metro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#FD8100;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/U_Line" title="U Line">U Line</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#56AD2D;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Everline" class="mw-redirect" title="Everline">EverLine</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#B7C450;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Ui_LRT" title="Ui LRT">Ui LRT</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#A17800;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Gimpo_Goldline" title="Gimpo Goldline">Gimpo Goldline</a></li> <li><span style="color:inherit;background-color:#6789CA;border:1px solid #000">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Sillim_Line" title="Sillim Line">Sillim Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Under construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Train_eXpress" title="Great Train eXpress">GTX A</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinansan_Line" title="Sinansan Line">Sinansan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbuk_Line" title="Dongbuk Line">Dongbuk</a> (S3)</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Light_Rapid_Transit" title="Seoul Light Rapid Transit">Seoul LRT lines</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myeonmok_Line" title="Myeonmok Line">Myeonmok</a> (S4)</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seobu_Line" title="Seobu Line">Seobu</a> (S5)</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mok-dong_Line" title="Mok-dong Line">Mok-dong</a> (S6)</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wirye%E2%80%93Sinsa_Line" title="Wirye–Sinsa Line">Wirye–Sinsa</a> (S7)</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongtan%E2%80%93Indeogwon_Line" title="Dongtan–Indeogwon Line">Dongtan–Indeogwon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wirye_Line" title="Wirye Line">Wirye</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gangbukhoengdan_Line" title="Gangbukhoengdan Line">Gangbukhoengdan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Train_eXpress" title="Great Train eXpress">GTX B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Train_eXpress" title="Great Train eXpress">GTX C</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incheon_Subway_Line_3" title="Incheon Subway Line 3">Incheon 3</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Main stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongsan station">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongdeungpo station">Yeongdeungpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongnyangni_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongnyangni Station">Cheongnyangni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suseo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo station">Suseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangbong_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangbong station">Sangbong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ae1932; text-align:center; color:white;">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/Expressways_in_South_Korea" title="Expressways in South Korea">Expressways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Expressway" title="Gyeongbu Expressway">Gyeongbu (1)</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/25px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/38px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/50px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seohaean_Expressway" title="Seohaean Expressway">Seohaean (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongtaek-Paju_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyeongtaek-Paju Expressway">Pyeongtaek-Paju (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejong-Pocheon_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejong-Pocheon Expressway">Sejong-Pocheon (29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul-Yangyang_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul-Yangyang Expressway">Seoul-Yangyang (60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Ring_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Ring Expressway">Seoul Ring (100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongin_Expressway" title="Gyeongin Expressway">Gyeongin (120)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport_Expressway" title="Incheon International Airport Expressway">Incheon International Airport (130)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongin-Seoul_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongin-Seoul Expressway">Yongin-Seoul (171)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_South_Korea" title="National highways of South Korea">National roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_1_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 1 (South Korea)">#1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_3_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 3 (South Korea)">#3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_6_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 6 (South Korea)">#6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_39_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 39 (South Korea)">#39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_43_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 43 (South Korea)">#43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_46_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 46 (South Korea)">#46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_47_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 47 (South Korea)">#47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_48_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 48 (South Korea)">#48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Route_77_(South_Korea)" title="National Route 77 (South Korea)">#77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;"><a href="/wiki/Local_highways_of_South_Korea" title="Local highways of South Korea">Local roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Route_23_(South_Korea)" title="Local Route 23 (South Korea)">#23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Route_78_(South_Korea)" title="Local Route 78 (South Korea)">#78</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Urban expressways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukbu_Expressway" title="Bukbu Expressway">Bukbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbu_Expressway" title="Dongbu Expressway">Dongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangbyeonbuk-ro" title="Gangbyeonbuk-ro">Gangbyeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangnam_Beltway" title="Gangnam Beltway">Gangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambu_Beltway" title="Nambu Beltway">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naebu_Expressway" title="Naebu Expressway">Naebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic-daero" title="Olympic-daero">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seobu_Ganseondoro" title="Seobu Ganseondoro">Seobu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">City routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_20" title="Seoul City Route 20">#20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_21_(Trunk)" title="Seoul City Route 21 (Trunk)">#21</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/25px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/38px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/50px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul City Route 30">#30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_31_(Trunk)" title="Seoul City Route 31 (Trunk)">#31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_41_(Trunk)" title="Seoul City Route 41 (Trunk)">#41</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/25px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/38px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tabliczka_AH1.svg/50px-Tabliczka_AH1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_50" title="Seoul City Route 50">#50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_51" title="Seoul City Route 51">#51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_60" title="Seoul City Route 60">#60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbu_Expressway" title="Dongbu Expressway">#61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangbyeonbuk-ro" title="Gangbyeonbuk-ro">#70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_71" title="Seoul City Route 71">#71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic-daero" title="Olympic-daero">#88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_90" title="Seoul City Route 90">#90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_City_Route_92" title="Seoul City Route 92">#92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangnam_Beltway" title="Gangnam Beltway">#94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ae1932; text-align:center; color:white;">Buses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Buses">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyeonggi_Buses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyeonggi Buses (page does not exist)">Gyeonggi-do</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%B4%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" class="extiw" title="ko:경기도의 시내버스">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incheon_Buses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incheon Buses (page does not exist)">Incheon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%97%AD%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%B4%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" class="extiw" title="ko:인천광역시의 시내버스">ko</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;background-color: #eed1d6;">Major terminals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Express_Bus_Terminal" title="Seoul Express Bus Terminal">Seoul Express Bus Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City_(Seoul)" title="Central City (Seoul)">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Seoul_Bus_Terminal" title="Dong Seoul Bus Terminal">Dong Seoul Bus Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangbong_Intercity_Bus_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangbong Intercity Bus Terminal (page does not exist)">Sangbong Intercity Bus Terminal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%B4%89%EC%8B%9C%EC%99%B8%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%AF%B8%EB%84%90" class="extiw" title="ko:상봉시외버스터미널">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Nambu_Bus_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Nambu Bus Terminal (page does not exist)">Seoul Nambu Bus Terminal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%80%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%AF%B8%EB%84%90" class="extiw" title="ko:서울남부버스터미널">ko</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ae1932; text-align:center; color:white;">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station_City_Airport_Terminal" title="Seoul Station City Airport Terminal">Seoul Station City Airport Terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Air_Base" title="Seoul Air Base">Seoul Air Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ae1932; text-align:center; color:white;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-money" title="T-money">T-money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upass" title="Upass">Upass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mybi" title="Mybi">Mybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX_Family_Card" title="KTX Family Card">KTX Family Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-pass" title="Hi-pass">hi-pass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CashBee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CashBee (page does not exist)">CashBee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8B%9C%EB%B9%84" class="extiw" title="ko:캐시비">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rail+ (page does not exist)">Rail+</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" class="extiw" title="ko:레일플러스">ko</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_South_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Cities in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Cities in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_South_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">Cities in South Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cities of South Korea">Special city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cities of South Korea">Metropolitan city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cities of South Korea">Special autonomous city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of South Korea">Big municipal city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansan" title="Ansan">Ansan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi" title="Anyang, Gyeonggi">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucheon" title="Bucheon">Bucheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju" title="Cheongju">Cheongju</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae">Gimhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyang" title="Goyang">Goyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwaseong,_Gyeonggi" title="Hwaseong, Gyeonggi">Hwaseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namyangju" title="Namyangju">Namyangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang" title="Pohang">Pohang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongnam" title="Seongnam">Seongnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongin" title="Yongin">Yongin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of South Korea">Municipal city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andong" title="Andong">Andong</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anseong" title="Anseong">Anseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan" title="Asan">Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryeong" title="Boryeong">Boryeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuncheon" title="Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungju" title="Chungju">Chungju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangjin" title="Dangjin">Dangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongducheon" title="Dongducheon">Dongducheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghae_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Donghae City">Donghae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoje" title="Geoje">Geoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimcheon" title="Gimcheon">Gimcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimje" title="Gimje">Gimje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimpo" title="Gimpo">Gimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongju" title="Gongju">Gongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumi,_North_Gyeongsang" title="Gumi, North Gyeongsang">Gumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpo" title="Gunpo">Gunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guri" title="Guri">Guri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsan" title="Gunsan">Gunsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwacheon" title="Gwacheon">Gwacheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju,_Gyeonggi" title="Gwangju, Gyeonggi">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong" title="Gwangmyeong">Gwangmyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangyang" title="Gwangyang">Gwangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongsan" title="Gyeongsan">Gyeongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeryong" title="Gyeryong">Gyeryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanam" title="Hanam">Hanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icheon" title="Icheon">Icheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan" title="Iksan">Iksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jecheon" title="Jecheon">Jecheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongeup" title="Jeongeup">Jeongeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinju" title="Jinju">Jinju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miryang" title="Miryang">Miryang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokpo" title="Mokpo">Mokpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungyeong" title="Mungyeong">Mungyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namwon" title="Namwon">Namwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naju" title="Naju">Naju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsan" title="Nonsan">Nonsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osan" title="Osan">Osan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paju" title="Paju">Paju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocheon" title="Pocheon">Pocheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongtaek" title="Pyeongtaek">Pyeongtaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacheon" title="Sacheon">Sacheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samcheok" title="Samcheok">Samcheok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangju" title="Sangju">Sangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seosan" title="Seosan">Seosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siheung" title="Siheung">Siheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokcho" title="Sokcho">Sokcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncheon" title="Suncheon">Suncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taebaek" title="Taebaek">Taebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyeong" title="Tongyeong">Tongyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uijeongbu" title="Uijeongbu">Uijeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uiwang" title="Uiwang">Uiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju" title="Wonju">Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangju" title="Yangju">Yangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangsan" title="Yangsan">Yangsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoju" title="Yeoju">Yeoju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongcheon" title="Yeongcheon">Yeongcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongju" title="Yeongju">Yeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of South Korea">Administrative city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_City" title="Jeju City">Jeju</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seogwipo" title="Seogwipo">Seogwipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_South_Korea" title="List of capitals in South Korea">Provincial capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongseong_County" title="Hongseong County">Hongseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muan_County" title="Muan County">Muan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>Note:</b></i> <sup>※</sup> also a provincial capital</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c1]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics">1944</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Athens</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Tokyo<sup>[c3]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[c1]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; <sup>[c2]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; <sup>[c3]</sup> Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPC_logo_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/30px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/45px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/60px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Paralympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Paralympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Paralympics" title="1964 Summer Paralympics">1964</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="1968 Summer Paralympics">1968</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Paralympics" title="1972 Summer Paralympics">1972</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="1976 Summer Paralympics">1976</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="1980 Summer Paralympics">1980</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">1984</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville" title="Stoke Mandeville">Stoke Mandeville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">1988</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">1992</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">1996</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">2020</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Paralympics" title="2028 Summer Paralympics">2028</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Paralympics" title="2032 Summer Paralympics">2032</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986</a>:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Games" title="1990 Asian Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Asian_Games" title="1994 Asian Games">1994</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Asian_Games" title="2002 Asian Games">2002</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_Asian_Games" title="2006 Asian Games">2006</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Asian_Games" title="2022 Asian Games">2022</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2026_Asian_Games" title="2026 Asian Games">2026</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian Games logo"><img alt="Asian Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/70px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/105px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/140px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1986 Asian Winter Games">1986</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1990 Asian Winter Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1999 Asian Winter Games">1999</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2003 Asian Winter Games">2003</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2007 Asian Winter Games">2007</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2017 Asian Winter Games">2017</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2029_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2029 Asian Winter Games">2029</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Trojena" title="Trojena">Trojena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seoul_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seoul_landmarks" title="Template:Seoul landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seoul_landmarks" title="Template talk:Seoul landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seoul_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seoul landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seoul_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings<br />and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starfield_COEX_Mall" title="Starfield COEX Mall">COEX Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Cube_City" title="D-Cube City">D-Cube City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdaemun" title="Namdaemun">Namdaemun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_Seoul_Tower" title="N Seoul Tower">N Seoul Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Library" title="Seoul Metropolitan Library">Seoul Metropolitan Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Plaza" title="Seoul Plaza">Seoul Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_(shopping_mall)" title="Times Square (shopping mall)">Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63_Building" title="63 Building">63 Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongdae_(area)" title="Hongdae (area)">Hongdae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insa-dong" title="Insa-dong">Insadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itaewon" title="Itaewon">Itaewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdaemun_Market" title="Namdaemun Market">Namdaemun Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teheran-ro" title="Teheran-ro">Teheranno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhansan" title="Bukhansan">Bukhansan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwangsan" title="Inwangsan">Inwangsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naksan" title="Naksan">Naksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsan_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namsan (Seoul)">Namsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeongdong_Cathedral" title="Myeongdong Cathedral">Myeongdong Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogyesa" title="Jogyesa">Jogyesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Korea" title="National Library of Korea">National Library of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial of Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Seoul" title="Olympic Park, Seoul">Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_World_Cup_Stadium" title="Seoul World Cup Stadium">Seoul World Cup Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsan_Station" title="Yongsan Station">Yongsan Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambu_Bus_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambu Bus Terminal">Nambu Bus Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Template:ABU Radio Song Festival"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Template talk:ABU Radio Song Festival"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ABU Radio Song Festival"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="ABU Radio Song Festival">ABU Radio Song Festival</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Song_Festivals" title="ABU Song Festivals">ABU Song Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_International_Dance_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="ABU International Dance Festival">ABU International Dance Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="ABU TV Song Festival">ABU TV Song Festival</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Indonesia in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Iran in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Maldives in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Maldives</a></li> <li>Nepal</li> <li>Sri Lanka</li> <li>Turkmenistan</li> <li>Vietnam</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Australia in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Brunei in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="China in the ABU Radio Song Festival">China</a></li> <li>Fiji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="India in the ABU Radio Song Festival">India</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan</li> <li>Kyrgyzstan</li> <li>Macau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Malaysia in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Malaysia</a></li> <li>Myanmar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Pakistan in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="Singapore in the ABU Radio Song Festival">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="South Korea in the ABU Radio Song Festival">South Korea</a></li> <li>Sudan</li> <li>Thailand</li> <li>Turkey</li> <li>Vanuatu</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2012" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2014" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2015" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2016" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2018" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="ABU Radio Song Festival 2019">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ABU_TV_Song_Festival" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Template:ABU TV Song Festival"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Template talk:ABU TV Song Festival"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ABU TV Song Festival"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ABU_TV_Song_Festival" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="ABU TV Song Festival">ABU TV Song Festival</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Song_Festivals" title="ABU Song Festivals">ABU Song Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_International_Dance_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="ABU International Dance Festival">ABU International Dance Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_Radio_Song_Festival" title="ABU Radio Song Festival">ABU Radio Song Festival</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="China in the ABU TV Song Festival">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Hong Kong in the ABU TV Song Festival">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="India in the ABU TV Song Festival">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Japan in the ABU TV Song Festival">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Macau in the ABU TV Song Festival">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Malaysia in the ABU TV Song Festival">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="South Korea in the ABU TV Song Festival">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Sri Lanka in the ABU TV Song Festival">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Turkey in the ABU TV Song Festival">Turkey</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Vietnam in the ABU TV Song Festival">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Afghanistan in the ABU TV Song Festival">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Australia in the ABU TV Song Festival">Australia</a></li> <li>Benin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Brunei in the ABU TV Song Festival">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Indonesia in the ABU TV Song Festival">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Kazakhstan in the ABU TV Song Festival">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Kyrgyzstan in the ABU TV Song Festival">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Maldives in the ABU TV Song Festival">Maldives</a></li> <li>Mongolia</li> <li>Nepal</li> <li>Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Singapore in the ABU TV Song Festival">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Thailand in the ABU TV Song Festival">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia_in_the_ABU_TV_Song_Festival" title="Tunisia in the ABU TV Song Festival">Tunisia</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan</li> <li>Vanuatu</li> <li>Zambia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2012" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2013" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2014" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2015" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2016" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2017" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2018" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2019" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2020" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2021" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2022" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABU_TV_Song_Festival_2023" title="ABU TV Song Festival 2023">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Korea&#124;link=South_Korea_South_Korea_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Most populous cities in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Korea&#124;link=South_Korea_South_Korea_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">South Korea cities with a 200,000+ population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyang" title="Goyang">Goyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongin" title="Yongin">Yongin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seongnam" title="Seongnam">Seongnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucheon" title="Bucheon">Bucheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju" title="Cheongju">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansan" title="Ansan">Ansan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namyangju" title="Namyangju">Namyangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwaseong,_Gyeonggi" title="Hwaseong, Gyeonggi">Hwaseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi" title="Anyang, Gyeonggi">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae">Gimhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang" title="Pohang">Pohang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongtaek" title="Pyeongtaek">Pyeongtaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siheung" title="Siheung">Siheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_City" title="Jeju City">Jeju City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uijeongbu" title="Uijeongbu">Uijeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paju" title="Paju">Paju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumi,_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumi, South Korea">Gumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimpo" title="Gimpo">Gimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinju" title="Jinju">Jinju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong" title="Gwangmyeong">Gwangmyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju" title="Wonju">Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju,_Gyeonggi" title="Gwangju, Gyeonggi">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangsan" title="Yangsan">Yangsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan" title="Asan">Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan" title="Iksan">Iksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpo" title="Gunpo">Gunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuncheon" title="Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncheon" title="Suncheon">Suncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsan" title="Gunsan">Gunsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongsan" title="Gyeongsan">Gyeongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoje" title="Geoje">Geoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokpo" title="Mokpo">Mokpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanam" title="Hanam">Hanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icheon" title="Icheon">Icheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osan" title="Osan">Osan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangju" title="Yangju">Yangju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109432764">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138220682">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRXCpCH3KFDQ8ycmyTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122021-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066627">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Séoul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351202g">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Séoul (Corée S.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947836k">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Séoul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351202g">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Séoul (Corée S.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947836k">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628694">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soul (Korea)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134498&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hansŏng (Korea)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge865429&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453082">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=270058">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="서울(특별시)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998006663">Korea</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564231105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250934206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/aa03e165-4c73-4959-91c0-a99f9fa8ecab">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/237714078">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044367">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul&oldid=1259349047">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul&oldid=1259349047</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seoul" title="Category:Seoul">Seoul</a></li><li><a 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Metropolitan Area\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Seoul\"] = 1,\n [\"Seoul landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Seoul weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 3,\n [\"URL\"] = 3,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"World's most populated urban areas\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Seoul","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seoul","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8684","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8684","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T01:44:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T18:12:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/%EB%8D%95%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%84.jpg","headline":"capital and largest city of South Korea"}</script> </body> </html>